The ranking of the strongest countries in the world is compiled according to the criterion of nominal GDP volume; it also takes into account the ever-increasing influence of the East on the planet’s economy. Russia strengthened its ninth position in the top ten countries.

1. USA

A few facts

GDP US$15,094,025

Capital Washington

Population 313,232,044 people

Year of foundation 1776

Territory 9,518,900 km2 (excluding dependent territories)

US Economy has held the lead for the last 100 years. Its components are the world's largest banking system and stock Exchange, transnational corporations, highly productive Agriculture and leadership in the innovative and high-tech industry, in particular computer and telecommunications (Apple, Microsoft).

In 1732, Great Britain decided to close hat factories throughout America and obliged the colonists to buy expensive hats made in English factories. They say that such a dictatorship was one of the reasons for the American Revolution and the subsequent economic boom in the country.

On this moment The United States is home to 139 of the world's 500 largest companies, nearly twice as many as any other country. About 60% of the planet's foreign exchange reserves are converted into US dollars and only 24% into euros. The country has deployed one of the most influential financial markets peace.

In the field information technologies The USA has no equal. Thus, in the ranking of Business Week magazine, out of 100 companies in the IT field, 75 are from the United States, and in the top twenty there are 17 “Americans,” including Apple, Microsoft, IBM, Adobe and others.

Statistics show that during the American Football Championship, the average American spends about work time 10 minutes a day. Damage amounts to more than $800 million.

The first skyscraper in the world appeared in 1885 in Chicago. For 2011, only 4 of the 25 most tall buildings planets are located in the USA

In the USA, children of rich parents do not live off their money, but try to build their own careers, relying only on their education and the connections acquired during their studies.

2. China

A few facts

GDP US$7,298,147

Capital Beijing

Population 1,347,374,752 people

Year of foundation 1949 (PRC)

Territory 9,596,960 km2

China at the beginning of the 21st century- a space and nuclear power, which by 2020, according to the plan of the Communist Party of China, should overtake the United States in total GDP income. Exports provide 80% of China's government foreign exchange earnings. The country is a leader in the production of more than a hundred types of products, of which the most advanced are automotive and textiles.

The Chinese economy is the fastest growing in the world; its consistent growth rate is about 10% over the past 30 years. The country is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's per capita GDP is $7,544. According to average expert estimates, in 8–10 years the absolute figures of China's GDP will catch up with and perhaps exceed those of the United States.

Provinces in China's coastal regions tend to be more industrialized than peripheral regions. By the way, the territories of Hong Kong and Macau are de facto independent and have special status. To visit them you need special permission.

The national currency is the yuan, which measures the value of Chinese “people’s money” Renminbi (RMB). The yuan exchange rate is set by the state, and it cannot be purchased abroad. 1 euro costs about 8 yuan, 1 yuan is a little more than 5 rubles. The Starbucks coffee chain in China is much more famous and stronger in various respects than the fast food restaurant McDonalds.

The population of China in 2012 was more than 1.3 billion people. According to average estimates, it will stop growing by 2030, when it will reach 1.465 billion.

Every year China hosts exhibitions of achievements in the field of high technology, the most famous of which is the Canton Fair in Guangzhou (CECF, Canton Fair). It is one of the most important events in the world of production and trade.

3. Japan

A few facts

GDP US$5,869,471

Capital Tokyo

Population 126,400,000 people

Year of foundation 660 BC e.

Territory 377,944 km2

By GDP size and volume industrial production Japan ranks 3rd after the USA and China. High technologies are developed - electronics and robotics, as well as transport engineering, including automobile, shipbuilding, and machine tools. The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the government, but 55% of food is imported.

For three decades from 1960, Japan experienced rapid economic growth as a consequence of the post-war economic miracle" The average rate was 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s and 4% in the 1980s.

Japan has a high degree of economic freedom: the government works closely with the manufacturer, stimulating its development. The main emphasis is on science and high technology. All this, as well as strict labor discipline, contribute to the rise of the Japanese economy.

A distinctive feature of the country is “keiretsu” - associations of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors around powerful banks, as well as relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. In addition, there are many more social than industrial agreements: for example, a guarantee of lifelong employment in large companies.

The country's three main banks - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Mizuho and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) - are now overflowing with deposits.

Japan is the “robot capital” of the world. In terms of the number of industrial robots used, it is even ahead of the United States.

MUFG alone has 129 trillion yen ($1.6 trillion) in deposits and is the world's second-largest bank. The problem is that MUFG does not yet know how to manage this money.

4. Germany

A few facts

GDP US$3,577,031

Capital Berlin

Population 81,751,600 people

Year of foundation 1990

Territory 357,021 km2

Economy of Germany- the largest in Europe. The engine of foreign trade is industry, which makes up a large share of GDP. Agriculture and energy are also developed: the country is a confident leader in the production of wind and solar generators, information and biotechnologies. Germany is the world's second largest exporter: a third of national production goes abroad.

Germany has the leading economy in the European Union and is the main creditor for most European countries, including crisis-ridden Greece. Most of the country's products are related to technology: cars and equipment. The chemical industry is also widely developed. The largest German companies operating in these industries have their branches, research centers and production facilities around the world.

Among them are the famous automobile concerns Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler, chemical companies Bayer, BASF, Henkel Group, the Siemens conglomerate, energy companies E.ON and RWE or the Bosch group. Cities such as Hanover, Frankfurt and Berlin host the largest annual international exhibitions and congresses.

Germany is the leading manufacturer of wind turbines and the main developer of solar energy technologies in the world.

At the end of the 19th century, Great Britain, in an attempt to protect its market from second-rate imports, required that German goods be labeled “Made in Germany.”

Now Germany is experiencing a real “boom” in the automobile industry. It owes this to its key market – China.

However, after a couple of decades, the quality of goods from Germany improved so much that this marking turned into a sign of the highest standard.

5. France

A few facts

GDP US$2,776,324

Capital Paris

Population 65,447,374 people

Year of foundation 843 (Treaty of Verdun)

Territory 674,685 km2

France by total economy occupies leading positions in the EU and consistently ranks among the world's top ten. Leaders in mechanical engineering, chemical and aerospace industries. In terms of agricultural production it is ahead of Germany, and in terms of agricultural exports it is ahead of the United States. Traditionally, the share of wines in exports is high. A major tourism center: more than 75 million travelers visit France every year.

The French economy is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest in Europe (after its main partner, Germany). The country entered the 2008–2009 recession late and was able to exit earlier than most of its peers. From January to March 2011 GDP growth France was more dynamic than expected and amounted to 1%. One of the best indicators in Europe!

France is a nuclear power and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and it is the most visited country in the world. Paris can be called the tourist capital of the planet, and the Eiffel Tower is the most popular attraction on Earth. These facts automatically make France a champion of world tourism, which accounts for a large share of the state budget revenue. By the way, tips here are already included in your bill and amount to 15% of the order amount.

It is the most famous wine-producing country in the world. Wine was produced here even during the Roman invasion under the leadership of Julius Caesar. According to statistics, 72% of French people have difficulty understanding numerous wine brands.

Champagne was first produced in France in the 17th century. The drink was immediately nicknamed “devilish” - it exploded the barrels in which it was stored

The legendary Bordeaux alone has more than 9,000 varieties! The world's best liqueurs are also produced in France.

6. Brazil

A few facts

GDP US$2,476,908

Capital Brasilia

Population 189,987,291 people

Year of foundation 1822

Territory 8,514,877 km2

Brazil has the greatest economic potential among Latin American countries and produces a variety of products: from petroleum products, steel and consumer goods to computers, cars and aircraft. One of Brazil's main exports is coffee. The country is also a leader in the production of sugar cane, from which ethanol is produced.

Brazil operates one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with its GDP growing at an average rate of more than 5% per year. The country still maintains a high level social inequality, inherited by the state from the time of long colonization by Portugal. However, in last years he went down.

The 1970s marked the beginning of the Brazilian “economic miracle.” It was at this time that a successful national program was initiated to replace gasoline with more environmentally friendly and cheaper ethanol. As part of it, the government also obliged the largest automobile concerns to assemble only those models that can run on ethanol.

Currently, more than a third of GDP is provided by agriculture. The most important fact: Brazilians own 46% of the world market for Arabica coffee - the best type of coffee. At the same time, this state is the most controversial in Latin America in terms of investment. All large companies, as a rule, are extremely monopolized, and management is carried out by closed groups with state participation. The country has a number of customs bans on imports, which makes it difficult to purchase household appliances.

You can get to Mount Corcovado, where the statue of Christ the Savior stands, by rail - a train with two carriages rushes up the jungle-tangled slopes

According to Forbes (2011), Brazil has the eighth largest number of billionaires in the world.

7. UK

A few facts

GDP US$2,417,570

Capital London

Population e 62,698,362 people.

Year of foundation 1801

Territory 243,809 km2

Main export items– mechanical engineering, industrial goods and chemicals. The industrial corporation British Petroleum, which ranks 2nd in Europe in the ranking of the largest, allows you to save on the import of petroleum products and generates significant profits. The UK is also the world's second largest exporter of white clay, from which porcelain is made.

Many historians are inclined to believe that if Russia had passed the Great October Revolution, the country would have developed along the path of Great Britain. Today Britain is one of the most globalized countries in the world. London, along with New York, is the world's largest financial center and has the largest GDP of any city in Europe.

The pharmaceutical industry and oil production play an important role in the British economy - the country has oil and gas reserves in the North Sea worth about £250 billion. Britain carries out 10% of the world's exports of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, consulting, as well as in the field of computer programming. The country is currently ranked 4th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index.

The United Kingdom's National Health Service is the third largest employer in the world after the Chinese Red Army and railway India.

According to tradition established at the beginning of the twentieth century, the birthday of the monarch is celebrated in Great Britain on one of the Saturdays in June - regardless of the actual date

Despite the deep integration (including economic) of all countries of the Kingdom, you will be refused if you wish to pay in Scottish pounds in shops in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Most Britons don't even know what this money looks like!

8. Italy

A few facts

GDP US$2,198,730

Capital Rome

Population 56,995,744 people

Year of foundation 1946

Territory 301,340, with islands 309,547 km2

Italy is a global supplier household appliances, one of the leaders in the automotive and industrial equipment industries. Exporter of food products: cheese, pasta, wine, olive oil, canned fruit and vegetables, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes. However, Italy has few natural resources and imports most raw materials and more than 80% of energy.

After World War II, Italy went a long way through significant economic transformations: starting from a total lag, it achieved developed industrial economy. Per capita income was three times less than in the United States during the same period. Almost half of the country (42.2%) was employed in agriculture. At the moment, according to the IMF and World Bank, Italy's economy is the eighth largest in the world and fourth in Europe in terms of nominal GDP, and tenth in the world and fifth in Europe in terms of PPP GDP.

Italy is significantly focused on foreign trade. Many of its food products are famous all over the world. Thus, legendary Italian wines, cheeses, and pizza are exported. Almost all products are marked with a special DOC mark (Denominazione di origine controllata), which is a designation of the highest quality - this helps foreign consumers to “weed out” simply similar products (for example, German Gambozola cheese is an imitation of Italian Gorgonzola).

Italian fashion houses Versace, Gucci, Prada, Cavalli, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and others have become widely known.

The status of expensive car purchased a 1962 Italian Ferrari 250 GTO sports car, sold in 2012 for $35 million

Car enthusiasts are well familiar with the names of Italian car brands: Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini.

9. Russia

A few facts

GDP US$1,850,401

Capital Moscow

Population 143,030,106 people

Year of foundation 862 (beginning of Russian statehood)

Territory 17,098,246 km2

Russian economy characterized by significant dependence on energy prices. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 65.9% of Russia's exports consist of mineral raw materials. The remaining share includes metals and precious stones (16.3%), chemical products, machinery and equipment.

Russia is historically rich in intellectual resources. Unfortunately, most of them realize their potential in the West. For example, the founder of the Max Factor company was Maximilian Faktorovich, who opened his first store in Ryazan and emigrated in 1904. It is also worth remembering Google founder Sergei Brin and Daimler engineer Boris Lutsky.

Thanks to economic reforms in the 1990s, Russia privatized most industrial assets, with the exception of energy and defense enterprises. The main problem The country is heavily dependent on energy resources, in particular oil and gas. Stock market is also on the path of its formation and is assessed by many as speculative. By the way, since 2011, Moscow has had the highest concentration of billionaires in the world.

According to the calculations of the consulting giant PricewaterhouseCoopers, by 2014 Russia will overtake Germany in terms of GDP and enter the top five countries.

Negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO began in 1995, and the accession itself will take place in September 2012

Large influx of foreign investment and new stage in economic development, according to experts, should follow in the near future - they are associated with world-scale sporting events: the Sochi Olympics in 2014 and the FIFA World Cup in 2018.

10. India

A few facts

GDP US$1,430,020

Capital New Delhi

Population 1,210,193,422 people

Founded 1950 (full independence from Great Britain)

Territory 3,287,590 km2

Economy of India covers all sectors: from agricultural production to industry. 67% of the working population is directly dependent on agriculture, which accounts for a third of GDP. India is the largest tea exporter and has the world's largest cattle population. At the same time, the defense, nuclear and space industries are highly developed

In the 17th century, India was the richest country in the world - until the arrival of colonialists from Great Britain. The Dutch, Danes, French, Portuguese and other peoples fought to gain trading privileges here. The country is the birthplace of algebra, trigonometry and chess. Now India is a vibrant and diverse state, its economy is increasingly integrated with the world.

The economic reforms carried out in the country since 1990 have had far-reaching consequences. General Electric Capital considers this country unique, PepsiCo finds it the fastest growing, and Motorola is confident that India is becoming one of the leading powers on the planet. Currently, the state is dynamically ascending to the position of a world leader in the IT sector.

One of the main advantages of India is high qualifications and relatively low labor costs, which are actively used by transnational corporations. Now in terms of GDP at parity purchasing power India has reached 4th place in the world, and in 2050 its volume will overtake the American one.

The Taj Mahal monument-mausoleum is a symbol of the tender love of King Shah Jahan for his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal

Despite rapid economic growth, India continues to face problems of social inequality and high unemployment.

Text by Dmitry Zolotavin, financial consultant at A-Club in Tyumen, Alfa-Bank

Many countries around the world are using technology to improve the quality of life of their people. The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry, is the most important factor for the development of the state. Which countries are the most technologically advanced in the world? TopSweet gives the answer to this question:

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12. China

China is often touted as a future superpower. Some say that China is already a superpower. The people of this country have surprised the whole world with their major achievements in the field of technology. Gunpowder and the compass were first used in China.

Today, China has focused on areas such as robotics, semiconductors, high-speed trains, supercomputers, genetics and automobiles. It is constantly expanding its space exploration program. China contains the world's largest reserves of some rare earth metals, so necessary for the development of technology.

* * *

11. Netherlands

The Netherlands is home to inventions such as the compact disc, artificial kidney, microscope and telescope. Telecommunications, computer and electronic instrumentation companies have achieved significant success in the Netherlands.

Mechanical engineering, including traditional shipbuilding, is very developed in the Netherlands.

* * *

10. Singapore

Singapore is a high-tech and business-attractive country, or rather a city-state. Singapore has shown the world how a poor country can be transformed into a rich and prosperous society based on knowledge and innovation.

Residents of Singapore have the fastest Internet in the world. Every citizen has at least one smartphone. The city is known for its high-tech infrastructure. A public transport Singapore is the most innovative and convenient in the world.

9. Canada

Canada has a highly developed technology sector. The Government of Canada encourages industrial research. The nation specializes in biotechnology research and development, as well as space exploration.

The Government of Canada allocates 1.8 percent of its GDP to research and development. Canada strives to develop science, innovation and technology to significantly improve the quality of life of its citizens.

Canada is home to such famous brands as Bombardier, ATI Technologies, Corel, International Nickel, Alcan, Magna International, Blackberry, Air Canada.

* * *

8. UK

Great Britain is the most industrialized developed country in the world. It was the British who gave the world many technological innovations, including the steam locomotive, the jet engine, the Internet, the electric motor, the incandescent light bulb and the commercial electric telegraph.

Currently, the UK is developing in the aviation industry, where it plays a leading role; in the automotive industry the UK is major player on the world stage; UK pharmaceutical companies are also among the most modern in the world.

Great Britain is the birthplace of such brands as BBC, British Petroleum, Aston Martin, Rolls-Royce.

* * *

7. Finland

Finland is famous for its high-tech projects. The Finns use their technology for the benefit of the nation. Finland has one of the most modern and technologically advanced healthcare systems.

Finland was home to Nokia, which was the world leader in mobile communications for many years.

Currently, the Finns are focusing on the development of biological sciences, energy and ecology.

* * *

Russia has given the world many brilliant minds. The Russians were the first to launch a man into space; the first to send a lunar rover to the Moon. In addition to space technology, Russia is famous for its developed heavy engineering.

Russia has in its arsenal latest systems defense It exports high-tech military equipment to many countries. Russian S300, S400, S500 anti-aircraft missile systems and long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles are very effective and have no analogues in the world.

And the Russian Soyuz are the only spacecraft for safe flights into space.

* * *

Germany has been a high-tech nation for many decades. This country is well known for its achievements in the field of mechanical engineering. The works of German scientists helped in the development of such areas as astronautics, nanotechnology, and mechanical engineering.

Scientific developments are an integral part of the German economy. Scientific research is in demand by many industries in the country.

Germany is home to many scientific research organizations such as the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz scientific community, the Fraunhofer Society and the Max Planck Society.

Automotive technology in Germany is famous for its premium brands such as Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Volkswagen and Porsche.

* * *

35 percent of the country's export earnings come from technology products. Israel is one of the five countries with developed space technologies.

Israel is also known for its innovation in the defense industry. It was here that the world's first unmanned aerial vehicle was developed, which operated in real-time surveillance mode.

This state is one of the few that has a modern infrastructure network for recharging electric vehicles. You can see charging points for electric vehicles all over the country.

* * *

South Korea is home to technology companies such as LG, Hyundai and Samsung. These brands compete with global brands such as Apple, Toyota and many others.

South Korean scientists have made significant contributions in areas such as robotics, nanotechnology and others.

The average Internet speed in South Korea is three times faster than the Internet speed in the United States.

* * *

2. United States

Advances in space and military technology play an important role in maintaining the United States' superpower status.

The United States has been a powerhouse of technology development for many years. The USA has made a huge contribution to the development of many areas of science. The United States was the first to create the atomic bomb and send people to the moon.

Space exploration, pharmaceuticals, defense and telecommunications have been the focus of the United States for decades. This nation has the most powerful and technologically advanced army in the world.

The US is home to the world's largest technology companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple, Intel, IBM and Microsoft. These tech giants have changed the way people live all over the world.

* * *

1. Japan

Japan is well known for its scientific developments. The research of Japanese scientists has made enormous contributions in various fields such as automobile manufacturing, electronic engineering, earthquake-resistant construction, optics, industrial robotics and even metallurgy.

The Japanese people have wanted to become less dependent on imported fuel since 1973, and their efforts bore fruit in 2008 when seven nuclear reactors opened in Japan. The share of nuclear energy is about 34 percent of all energy in the country.

Special attention is paid to education and science in the country. Japanese researchers have received many Nobel and other prestigious prizes. Modern Japan is a completely different world - the world of the future, the world of high technology and innovation.

The standard of living, its quality, the effectiveness of environmental policy, the average level of wages - there are a lot of indicators on the basis of which ratings of countries around the world are compiled. Which of them most accurately characterize the level of well-being of the population? How objective are these ratings? What are the subtleties of their compilation? What ratings should someone who is thinking about changing their place of residence pay especially close attention to? Which countries are the richest and poorest in the world? The answers to all these questions are of great interest to a potential emigrant.

Standard of living: what is it?

The standard of living is a multidimensional indicator that reflects how satisfied the population of a certain country is with the mass of goods and services that are available for consumption and use. Determining the indicator is not easy - to do this, scientists study a number of factors. Thus, the standard of living is a broader concept than the level of income of the population, which reflects only the material component, or the level of happiness, which characterizes the attitude of the country’s residents.

What criteria are used to assess the standard of living of the population?

The main factor determining a country's position in the ranking in terms of living standards is the level of real income of the population. Different authors take as a basis GDP or GNI per capita, the size of the minimum living wage. At the same time, the methodology involves taking into account not only the material component, but also assessing other areas of life:

• life expectancy;
• opportunity to get an education;
• population literacy level;
• accessibility and quality of medical services;
• living conditions;
• provision of social benefits;
• unemployment rate;
• poverty ratio (the ratio of the richest 10% to the poorest 10% of citizens);
• degree of discrimination;
• security, etc.

The standard of living includes several evaluation criteria, in particular, the Gini coefficient, which shows the degree of stratification of society by income level

Rating of countries in the world by standard of living

There are several methodologies for determining the standard of living of the population, but the generally accepted one is that used by the United Nations. Scientists from the UN carry out such analytical work every year and publish a ranking of countries in the world by living standards in the so-called report on human development. When compiling it, the authors evaluate a wide range of criteria, ranging from the level of income of the population to gender discrimination in the world of work. You can view the full text of the 2015 report in Russian. The results of 2015 are as follows: the leader of the ranking is Norway, and the world outsider is the Republic of Niger, located in the west of the African continent.

Countries with the highest standard of living are indicated in dark green.

Russia's position

In total, there are 188 countries in the ranking. Russia ranks 50th on this list. It must be said that despite all the crisis trends, our country managed to improve its position - in 2013 it ranked only 57th. Enough good position Russia in the ranking to a greater extent due to the high quality of education in the country. Freedom of enterprise and the level of security, on the contrary, are not at their best.

Table: list of leading and outsider countries in terms of living standards according to UN estimates

Characteristics of countries with the highest standard of living

Traditionally, the TOP includes the countries of Scandinavia, Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand. What factors ensured their high positions?

Norway

What is attractive about living in a country that has successfully maintained its leading position for 5 years?

• there are some of the lowest housing prices in all of Europe;
• a developed system of social guarantees, in particular good unemployment benefits. But only taxpayers can claim it;
• quality medicine and good ecology.

Norway is a country with the highest salaries, impressive taxes and beautiful nature

Norway is the leader in the ranking of countries in the world in terms of living standards. But this does not mean that everyone here is rich, employed and fully enjoys material benefits. Remember that the ranking even takes into account indicators such as the rule of law, the level of development of democracy, or the number of people with higher education per share of the population, so a high position does not mean overall well-being.

Video: life in Norway - dispelling the main stereotypes

Australia

Australia's undoubted advantage is its warm and comfortable climate. In addition, migrants are attracted by:

• high level of employment (unemployment rate about 5%);
• unlimited opportunities for active recreation;
• After 4 years of legal residence in Australia, a foreigner can expect to receive citizenship.

Australia's largest minimum bid wages per hour - in 2016 it is 17 dollars

The sun here is very cruel and dangerous. To avoid getting skin cancer, you need to regularly apply cream and it is advisable not to be in the midday sun.

IMJULI_AU

http://imjuli-au.livejournal.com/80103.html

Switzerland is also a traditional member of the TOP Five. This position is due to the status of the world's largest financial center. However, it should be notedthat all benefits can only be enjoyed by residents of the country. Migrants will have to face discrimination in employment for highly qualified positions and the extremely high cost of living here. At the same time, Switzerland is an extremely calm country. Many wealthy citizens come here, tired of the daily bustle of big cities. Life in Switzerland is leisurely, and it is also one of the safest countries in the world.

Price square meter housing in Switzerland is 50–100 thousand euros. Rent will cost at least 2.5 thousand euros.

Switzerland occupies a leading position due to its status as a global financial center

Denmark

Denmark is a country with a stable economy, a cult of a healthy lifestyle and extremely high prices. However, the level wages here it is quite high - even working in low-skilled positions, you can count on 3.5 thousand euros per month. However, it will not be easy for migrants to get used to the realities of local life:

• if you want to adapt to local conditions and become a full member of society, you must know the Danish language, and it is very difficult for people from the CIS countries;
• Russian-speaking migrants are unfamiliar with the local mentality, in particular absolute equality in relations between men and women. Here, for example, no one will be surprised that it is not the mother but the father who is on maternity leave;
• Denmark is a mono-ethnic country, so migrants are treated with caution here. Finding true friends in this country is not easy.

Denmark ranks 4th in the world in terms of environmental performance index. It is second only to Finland, Iceland and Sweden

Netherlands

In terms of quality of life, the Netherlands is quite a bit inferior to Denmark, which is a good result. Many are attracted by the fact that soft drugs are legalized here: weed, mushrooms. But this is mainly in the sphere of interests of tourists who come here to relax and feel the taste of freedom. The locals play sports with all their might; they have attended sports clubs since childhood; adults revere field hockey.

What are the traditions in this country? Goodwill. While you buy a loaf of bread at the market, they will say thank you/please to you three times. And here there is a problem - politeness should be mutual, but we are not used to it... So we have to learn this too.

Eduard Bespalov

http://zagranicey.ru/holland/

The first six months were very difficult. The language barrier caused a feeling of acute isolation. Ignorance of local rules, laws, procedures and traditions only increased feelings of anxiety, uncertainty and insecurity. Moral and financial dependence on the husband. But when I took language courses and got a job, everything began to improve quite quickly. By the way, it took me 5 months to sign up for language courses :) So there is bureaucracy there too, and sometimes it’s worse than ours.

Kira_489

http://pora-valit.livejournal.com/1072401.html

Video: the benefits of living in five top ten countries

Rating of the richest and poorest countries in the world

How to determine how rich a country is? The main criterion for evaluation is an indicator such as GDP per capita. It allows you to form an idea of ​​the level of development of the country’s economy and evaluate its dynamics. The GDP of countries around the world is assessed annually by the International Monetary Fund and The World Bank. In addition to them, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development also conducts analytics, but its sample does not include all countries in the world, but only member states, of which there are currently only 34.

Regarding the research results, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are of the same opinion - Qatar is the richest country in the world.

This tiny Middle Eastern state owes its leadership status to the rich oil fields located on its territory. In addition, Qatar ranks 3rd in terms of natural gas reserves. The country's economy is developing rapidly. In recent years, the emphasis has been placed on the development of the metallurgical cluster and the tourism sector. The per capita income here is $146 thousand. Following the results of the crisis year 2015, our country gave way to Kazakhstan. This is the first time that Russia GDP level

per capita overtook another country in the post-Soviet space. The fall of the ruble and the increase in the country’s population by as much as 2.5 million people due to the annexation of Crimea played a role.

Qatar is the richest country in the world, whose prosperity is due to the huge volumes of oil production.

• The list of the richest countries in the world in 2015 also includes:
• Luxembourg;
• Singapore;
• Brunei;
• Kuwait;

Norway;

0.7% of the world's inhabitants control 45.2% of the world's wealth.

Credit Suisse, Swiss financial conglomerate

The Central African Republic is the poorest country in the world, with almost no resources for a normal existence

Rating of countries by level of happiness

To compare the characteristics of life in different countries, scientists use various indicators: GDP per capita, human development index, quality of life coefficient, income level. Researchers from the British research center New Economics Foundation considered that all these categories are not able to characterize the real state of affairs. And we can agree with them, because, for example, income level is not an indicator of whether people are satisfied with their life in this country. To correct the situation, in 2006, scientists from NEF for the first time presented to the world a new ranking of countries - by level of happiness. The rating is based on 3 indicators:

• satisfaction of the country's residents with their lives;
• life expectancy;
• the degree of environmental damage caused natural resources countries, local production, lifestyle of the population and other factors. In scientific terminology, this term is called “ecological footprint”.

The goal of every person is not to be rich, but happy and healthy - this is what British scientists decided and presented to the world a new ranking of countries in the world.

Countries where the population is happy are colored green. “Red countries” have the lowest levels of happiness.

And, indeed, the results turned out completely different. Thus, Costa Rica, which was not included in any of the above ratings, became the leader here - a small state on the isthmus between North and South America turned out to be the happiest on Earth.

In terms of GDP per capita, the country is only in the eighth decade. In terms of quality of life, it ranks only 35th. The country is very poor, the main sources of income are the export of coffee and bananas, as well as light industry. However, it is here, as it turns out, that a person can live a long, and most importantly, happy life.

Table: the happiest countries in the world

The ranking of countries by the number of representatives of the so-called middle class is considered more revealing. The largest number of people who lead a lifestyle characterized by sociologists as “decent” is found in Australia - here 66% of the country’s total adult population belongs to the middle class. Next come Singapore, Belgium, Italy and Japan. Russia, according to experts from the Swiss financial conglomerate Credit Suisse, has a middle class share of only 4%. This is a very low figure: our country’s closest neighbors in this rating are Indonesia and Argentina. The United States leads in the number of millionaires - almost half of all millionaires on the planet are concentrated in this country.

The USA has the most dollar millionaires. Russia in this diagram belongs to the “Rest of world” block, which means “rest of the world”

Where can migrants live well?

When choosing a country for immigration, it is certainly necessary to take into account the ranking of countries by standard of living. However, its subjectivity should also be taken into account, because for native citizens and immigrants the realities of life are very different. Here are just a few examples:

1. In Denmark, only those who have lived in the country for at least 40 years can receive a full state pension. It is almost impossible to get a highly qualified job here, even if you speak excellent English, but do not know the Danish language. As a result, many Russian-speaking migrants with higher education are forced to take jobs as maids, nannies, and farm workers.
2. In the prosperous United Arab Emirates, the indigenous population receives a consistently high income from the sale of petroleum products, and the parents of a newborn child receive a payment of up to $100,000, but immigrants cannot take advantage of such privileges.

The United Arab Emirates has an extremely high standard of living, but only indigenous residents of the country have the right to take advantage of the privileges

The best countries to raise children

Those who are planning to go abroad with a child or are thinking about the birth of a child in a new place of residence need to assess all risk factors in advance:

• Raising children in Australia is very expensive. Many women are unable to pursue a career because the cost of keeping a child in kindergarten is at least 100 euros per day. Even for a wealthy family this is significant amount. Nanny services are even more expensive;
• In the USA, staying in a kindergarten costs an average of 1 thousand dollars a month. The intelligentsia prefers to raise a child at home;
• In Germany, prices for a child’s stay in kindergarten depend on family income. If it is less than 13 thousand euros per year, then this service will be free.

In Germany, children are accepted into kindergarten from the age of three years, the payment ranges from 70 to 400 euros per month. It depends on the availability of lunches, on how much time the child spends in the establishment (whether he stays until lunch or until the evening).

Tatiana, lives in Berlin

In Oslo, kindergartens are full; you can wait months for a place to be found. In other cities in Norway this is easier. They go to kindergarten from the age of one, the payment is approximately the same everywhere - 2500 crowns per month - that's about 430 dollars.

Victoria, mother of two children

http://www.baby.ru/community/view/30500/forum/post/424713193/

One of the best countries to raise children is Denmark. There is powerful support for mothers during the period maternity leave, stable social guarantees. When a child reaches the age of 6 months, he is guaranteed to be accepted into a nursery if the parents have reserved a free place 3 months in advance. The state pays benefits to the family quarterly until the child reaches the age of 17. Confirmation of effectiveness social support parents - right on the streets of the city. Seeing a family with three children is not uncommon, as in Russia, but rather the rule.

There are a lot of bicycles in Denmark, there are also family models

However, in many Western countries, especially in Scandinavia, the principles of raising children are different than in Russia and the CIS countries:

1. There is no quiet time here. It is believed that forcing a child to sleep means disturbing his personal boundaries. If the baby wants to sleep, he can do so. If not, the teachers will not insist on it.
2. Democracy has been elevated to absolute. You can’t yell at a child; for this you can even be deprived of parental rights.
3. It is believed that a child is already a full-fledged person. Hence permissiveness and a minimum number of prohibitions.
4. In kindergartens in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, more attention is paid not to the education of children, but to their socialization. It is believed that there is no need to take away a child’s childhood. The guys spend most of their time walking, rather than spending time in classes.

Interesting fact: in kindergartens in France it is forbidden to bring toys, wear scarves (this is a potential choking hazard) and feed children milk and cookies (this can lead to obesity). In addition, on Wednesdays children do not go to kindergarten - this is a day for visiting various clubs and sections.

Leaders in living comfort

Canada and Germany, which, although not included in the TOP 5 countries with the highest standard of living, are, on the contrary, considered more attractive for migrants.

• This situation is due to the following factors:
• stability of social guarantees;
• loyal attitude towards immigrants;
• high level of employment;

presence of Russian communities.

Video: about the salary that visitors to Germany can count on A large number of Russians traditionally live in Germany - this is due, among other things, to the ongoing government policy

repatriation of Volga Germans. Many took advantage of this opportunity and left for Germany for permanent residence.

The quality of social support is well illustrated by such an indicator as the average size of pensions

Leaders in ease of obtaining citizenship

If we evaluate the attractiveness of countries in the world not from the point of view of the comfort of living in them, but by the ease of obtaining citizenship, the leader is St. Kitts and Nevis.

The condition for obtaining a passport from this country is an investment of at least 400 thousand dollars. The resident status of St. Kitts and Nevis allows you to visit Schengen countries, Canada, the UK and a number of other countries without a visa. Many people enjoy this privilege, being a citizen of this Caribbean state only formally, but in fact living in Western European countries.

Latvia is also among the leaders in attractiveness for migrants. Subject to the purchase of real estate worth more than 140 thousand euros, the state is ready to offer the investor a residence permit for 5 years, and after 10 years make him a full resident of the country. Going to live in Latvia is not as difficult as, for example, in the UK world, we need to consider several indicators: standard of living, average wages, the share occupied by the middle class in the overall population structure, quality of life, etc. The most revealing and most fully characterizing the state of affairs in the state is the ranking of countries by standard of living, which is compiled by researchers from the UN. But even it cannot be called absolutely objective, despite the fact that it takes into account completely diverse indicators: life expectancy, level of literacy, safety, welfare, etc. Even in those countries where there are colossal national wealth and local residents are already provided with income from birth, the situation is completely different for visitors. When choosing a country to move to, it is worth considering the results of various ratings, but in the end it is better to rely on your own worldview, because the happiest citizens are Costa Rican citizens, where there are no high salaries, no career prospects, no reliable social guarantees. When choosing a country for immigration, everything is individual: some will decide to go to conservative Germany, while others will prefer sunny Thailand.

Leading countries in gold mining - who are they? It is believed that the first states to begin mining it were Akad and Sumer. Statistics for 2015 showed that in total it was possible to extract more than 190,000 tons of precious metal this year. If it were melted into a huge cube, it would reach the height of a five-story building. In total, 1 cubic meter of gold weighs 19,321 kg. The growth rate is increasing, so in 2016, compared to the previous year, it was possible to extract 5% more of the coveted mineral resource.

How many leading gold mining countries are there? This question must be fully answered in order to put everything in its place.

World gold production

How is gold produced? All mined ore is smelted into gold bars. After that, national banks buy them and send them to their own warehouses. Thanks to this approach, the state's gold reserve is formed. It performs 3 important tasks:

• stabilizes the country's currency exchange rate;
• ensures her safety;
• is an economic reserve in case many financial crises occur.

Regarding the last point, an interesting point emerged: after 2008, the main countries of the world began to significantly replenish their national banks gold reserves. As a result, the United States of America and Germany today are the leading countries in the main gold production. In addition, there are cases when a number of entrepreneurs have accumulations of these precious metals that exceed the state budget small countries.

How is gold mined? If you carefully analyze its entire history, it becomes clear that the methods have practically not changed, only the approaches and equipment have changed. Today, the method of washing river sand is still used.

The leading countries in global gold production are:

• 12.9% – China. He takes first place. 300 tons - this is the record of Chinese gold mining corporations. At the same time, the country is not going to slow down the pace of development. According to forecasts, it will not be possible for anyone to catch up with her for a very long time.
• 11.2% – Russia. In 2016, 288 tons of this mineral were extracted. The list of leaders includes the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Altai.
• 9.5% – South Africa. The annual volume is 250 tons of precious metal. In the 70s, an unprecedented record was set here - more than 1 million kilograms of the yellow metal were mined. This is the largest gold mine in the world.
• 9% – Australia. The country ranks fourth. Gold mining companies send more than 225 tons per year to the national reserve. The largest deposits are located in the east and north of the mainland.
• 8.9% – USA. Most gold is mined in Peru. Every year, 175 tons are supplied to the country's banks. After extraction, the yellow metal is thoroughly washed in the waters of Mariategui. Illegal gold mining also flourishes in these places; its market share reaches 20%.

Mining gold reserves in the world: methods

Gold is an unwritten symbol of power and true wealth. This was and still is the case in all countries. The legendary Mephistopheles correctly noticed when he said that people die for metal. World history knows dozens of cases of gold rush manifestations, when a brother rebelled against his brother over a piece of a valuable ingot. In addition, hundreds of thousands of people went to new deposits and tried to extract something. Sometimes summer was even called the golden season. Only the most persistent few were lucky, and they became rich because of their true belief in miracles and perseverance. History is silent about how many people disappeared without a trace in the struggle for bullion. In addition, it is not known for certain how much gold there was in the world at that time.

IN natural conditions Several centuries ago, native gold was found that did not contain foreign impurities. Luck did not smile on all countries; such rare nuggets did not appear in other countries.

Today, secondary or ore deposits are used for industrial purposes. The first ones are easiest to find closer to the ground. Because of this, in the 19th century, almost the entire people of Australia went in search of it. There was gold here in countless quantities. For second deposits, people have to build mines. The leading countries in the rapid production of gold succeed in this.

Due to constantly changing economic and political events, prices for precious metals vary. Today they are actively rising, and tomorrow they are rapidly falling down. A number of experts predicted that there would be no gold left on earth, but so far the situation shows the opposite. Without this valuable metal, many countries would not be economically protected in the event of a critical force majeure event. Today, the amount of gold in the world is constantly growing. No one knows when this process will stop.

The volume of industrial production in China is 2.5 times larger than the USA!!!

When China overtook the United States in industrial production in 2011. production, there was no particular noise (according to the IMF and World Bank PPP data). Now, they say, we have post-industrial and information societies, so the “old-fashioned” industry “doesn’t work.”

In 2014, the IMF and the World Bank “admitted” that China had surpassed the United States in terms of GDP at PPP. There was no noise either. They say that in the USA the population is 4 times smaller, therefore the GDP per capita in China is 4 times less than the US. That is, the states are still “cooler”.

But over the past five years, the situation has changed again. Although China has slowed down its growth rate to 6-7%, industry already 2.5 times larger than the USA. Although per capita it is still 1.8 times less.

I think industry is more important than GDP indicator or the volume of the service sector in GDP, since I believe that industrial production is “primary” to the service sector, and rural production is now without tractors, diesel fuel and chemicals. fertilizers are hard to imagine.

1. Table of TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP.

2. “Debriefing”, or my amateur analysis of the table.

3. In conclusion, let’s compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States before the battle of the giants.

1. Table of TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP.

Before presenting the TOP 20 countries by industrial volume. production, a few words about sources of information.

There's some strangeness here. Since GDP is divided only into three parts, industry, agriculture and services, but where construction “disappeared” is not indicated. Apparently construction has been “added” to industry according to one of the “modern” classifications.

Quote about one of the “modern” classifications.

“According to this model, the GDP of each state is divided

1) for the primary sector (agriculture: agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting),

2) secondary sector (industry: mining and manufacturing industries, construction, utilities, including electricity, gas and water supply)

3) tertiary sector or service sector (services: trade, finance, real estate, communications, transport and warehousing, information services, science, education, healthcare, consumer services, culture, tourism, management, defense).”

For example, this is the case for the world.

Knowing the world GDP at PPP is 120 trillion dollars ($119,428,098,290,000), it is not difficult to calculate in dollars.

Like this (2016, CIA).

By performing this operation for all countries and sorting, we obtain the desired table.

TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP(2016).

		industrial production in $ at PPP	industrial production	Population	industrial production in $ at PPP per person	industrial production per person in %
	The whole world	37 142 138 568 190		7 515 284 153
		9 082 290 000 000
2	USA	3 860 480 000 000	10,39%	326 474 013	11 825	239%
		2 572 695 000 000
	Russia	1 340 710 000 000
5	Japan	1 311 912 000 000	3,53%	126 045 211	10 408	211%
	Indonesia	1 295 984 000 000
7	Germany	1 201 658 000 000	3,24%	80 636 124	14 902	302%
	Saudi Arabia
	South Korea
	Brazil
13	Great Britain	549 236 000 000	1,48%	65 511 098	8 384	170%
14	France	528 241 000 000	1,42%	64 938 716	8 134	165%
15	Italy	524 156 000 000	1,41%	59 797 978	8 765	177%
16	Canada	483 786 000 000	1,30%	36 626 083	13 209	267%
	All 20 countries	28 109 159 000 000

China produces a quarter of the world's industrial output (24.45%).

China + USA produce 35%.

All 20 countries in the Top 20 produce 75%.

2. “Debriefing”, or my amateur analysis of the table.

A) Prom. production per capita.

Saudi Arabia surprised me (two rightmost columns). Almost 25 thousand industrial dollars. products per capita! 5 times higher than the world average (502%)!!!

I always thought that the leaders were Germany (302%) or Japan (211%). But it turned out that Japan has even less than the United States (239%) and slightly more than Russia (189%).

Great Britain (19th century Workshop of the World) is worse than Russia. Only 170% of the world average.

China (132%) will catch up with England in five years, since the growth rate, although decreased to 6-7%, is much higher than the world average, and even more so in England.

Let's take another look at two fast-growing giants.

China is 1.32 times higher than the world average (132%), but it will be more difficult to move further due to Energy shortages.

India is still very backward (39%), 2.5 times below the world average. With Energy, it will also be difficult for it, like China, but the “low base effect” should help.

B) Let's move on to volumes prom. production.

The Big Three (2016).

China is the undoubted leader, accounting for a quarter of world production (24.45%).

The USA is already 2.5 times behind (10.39%).

India is “sneaking” behind the USA and since its growth rate is higher than the USA, then in 2026 India will overtake the USA.

As we see, these three countries with 41.77% determine the entire world industry and therefore world economy, and represent three different worlds.

1) The USA is the core and the “richest” part of the “Golden Billion”, the face of the “civilized world”.

2) China is the “Golden Mean”. Industrial leader. Competitor for energy for the “golden billion”.

3) India is still in the shadows. Poor part of the world, but what prospects!!!

These three countries are the world's largest economies in terms of GDP (total 41%) and population (total 41%) and energy consumption (44%).

The Big Three (2016).					China+USA+India
GDP at PPP (%)
Volume of industrial production by PPP (in%)
Energy data for 2014.
Total Primary Energy Consumption (%)
Electricity production per year (in%)

Although Russia is only slightly inferior to India in energy consumption, this is not for long. But you know about the territory.

In general, further analysis of the table could be stopped here, since the Big Three determines the world industry (41.77%), and therefore the world economy. The rest of the “small fry” only “get in the way.” But the Big Three are followed by the Little Four, where Russia is present, so it is necessary.

B) Small Four(apparently 2016) .

		industrial production	Population
	The whole world		7 515 284 153
	Russia
5	Japan	3,53%	126 045 211
	Indonesia
7	Germany	3,24%	80 636 124

It’s nice that Russia is in 4th place, ahead of Japan and Germany (in terms of GDP, Japan is ahead, but we compete with the Krauts). But if we remember that the RSFSR in the eighties produced 12% of the world's industrial output. production, and now the Russian Federation is only 3.61%, it becomes sad. Although, of course, “the numbers are oh-so-very” not accurate. I took the data profitable for the Russian Federation from here http://www.proza.ru/2009/10/01/311

Quote .

“According to the US CIA, the USSR’s GNP in 1989 was $2.66 trillion, which was equal to 51% of that of the United States. If in 1960 the volume of industrial production of the USSR compared to the USA was 55%, then 20 years later, in 1980 - already more than 80%. During the period from 1950 to 1981, the GNP of the USSR, according to the same CIA, grew by an average of 4.6% per year, while the growth of US GNP over the same period averaged 3.4% per year. In 1985, the USSR economy accounted for about 20 % world industrial production. The share of Russia in 1913 was 5.3%, the RSFSR in 1985 was about 12% “Russia’s share in 2000 was 4.4%, in 2013 about 3.2%.”

In Russia, Japan and Germany, the population is decreasing, so at best, these three will retain their share in the global industrial sector. production, but Indonesia will take 4th place.

And we will complete the “debriefing” with England, the former leader.

		industrial production in $ at PPP	industrial production	Population
	The whole world	37 142 138 568 190		7 515 284 153
13	Great Britain	549 236 000 000	1,48%	65 511 098
14	France	528 241 000 000	1,42%	64 938 716
15	Italy	524 156 000 000	1,41%	59 797 978
16	Canada	483 786 000 000	1,30%	36 626 083

Yes. The world factory of the 19th century ranks 13th, with a pitiful 1.48%, behind its former semi-colony Iran, and the gap per capita industrial. production with Iran is not very large. All.

In general, you shouldn’t pay attention to such “small fry”. Population of England less than a percent world population. Prom. production is 1.5%, GDP according to PPP is also weak, only 2.4%.

On this sad note (for those who adore England) we will conclude our amateur review of the Top 20 table. Let's move on to the final part.

3. In conclusion, let’s compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States before the battle of the giants.

First, I present a table from the IEA.

The data can be checked here on page 5.

TOP 10 countries in 2014 by TPES and comparison with 1971.

( TPES or TPES - apparently Total Primary Energy Consumption)

		OPPE in 2014
	China
	India
	Russian Federation
	Germany
	Brazil
	The rest of the world

We see that the leader has changed. In 1971, the US consumed 29% of the world's energy. Considering that the entire world population at that time was 3.7 billion people, and in the United States 203 million, we find that 5.5% of US residents consumed 29% of the energy. That is, 29%/5.5% = 5.3 times the global average.

Now (2014) the US share in energy consumption has decreased to 16%, they have been overtaken by China (22%). But per capita the gap is colossal.

US = energy/population = 16%/4.4% = 3.6 times higher world average level.

China = energy/population = 22%/18.5% = only 1.2 times higher world average level.

India = energy/population = 6%/18% = 1/3 of the world, that is, 3 times less than the world average!!!

In these “figures” (USA 3.6 times higher, China 1.2 times above, but here India 3 times below average world level) I see the main contradiction of our time.

China and India will tell the Golden Billion that they need to share energy.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that third energy crisis.

In 1929, “peak coal” arrived in the United States. All the “cream” from the coal fields was skimmed off, and the cost of coal production increased sharply. All this resulted in the Great Depression and the first falling global energy consumption after the start of the industrial revolution.

But a way out was found. Oil. Therefore, the growth in energy consumption continued, including per capita of the population of planet Earth.

Second crisis came in 1972. The predicted “peak oil” has arrived in the United States.

Again, the world's energy consumption fell in 1974 and especially in 1981. There was no cheap substitute for oil here. Neither atom, nor gas, nor coal could replace cheap oil.

Since 1980 shower world energy consumption stopped growing.

In the 20 years from 1960 to 1980, energy consumption per capita increased worldwide 1,435 times. My details.

1.16 times. Data from the first figure of the article.

CONCLUSION. Since 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.

As I thought.

Period 1960-1980.

Population

in 1960 there were 3,035 million people.

That is, it increased by 4442/3035= 1.464 times

World energy production.

in 1960 there were 5,000 million tons of fuel equivalent.

in 1980 there were 10,500 million tons of fuel equivalent.

That is, it increased by 10500/5000= 2,100 times

Conclusion. Over 20 years, per capita consumption increased by 2.1/1.464= 1.435 times.

Period 1980-2014.

Population

in 1980 there were 4,442 million people.

in 2014 there were 7,270 million people.

That is, it increased by 7270/4442= 1.64 times

World energy production. This is from the article's graph.

in 1980 it was on schedule 284 Quadrillion BTU

in 2014 it was on schedule 541 Quadrillion BTU

That is, it increased by 541/284= 1.90 times

Conclusion. Over 34 years, per capita consumption increased by 1.90/1.64= 1.16 times.

I repeat the conclusion.

From 1960 to 1980, energy consumption per capita increased worldwide 1,435 times..

Over the 34 years from 1980 to 2014, energy consumption per capita increased globally by 1.16 times.

CONCLUSIONSince 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.

Total energy consumption is growing, but the rate of growth is almost identical to the growth of the Earth's population.

The third crisis began in 2008. Energy consumption fell in 2009, and even global GDP fell for the first time since 1945.

It is not yet clear what is happening here. But apparently all three crises merged. And “Peak Oil” and “Peak Coal” and “Peak Gas”.

At least in China, coal production peaked in 2013.

I'm afraid that at best, the world's per capita energy consumption will not fall.

And for this it is necessary to urgently build nuclear power plants and increase coal production. But, most likely, the “green demons” will not allow this scenario to proceed.

Therefore, in the Baseline Scenario, I think there will be a slight decrease in per capita consumption of the planet's population.

They will build nuclear power plants, increase capital investments in coal mining, etc.

But the “Energy Catastrophe” scenario is also possible. Politicians “will not agree” and there will be a “battle for energy” between China, India and the rest of the Golden Billion. The United States will not participate in this fight with the help of the “shale revolution” (see).