Japan's economy after World War II presentation. Presentation on the history of japan after the second world war

04.03.2022

1.      Postwar Japan. San Francisco Treaty. Economic development. political development. Modern Japan.
2. August 9, 1945 The first, and extremely difficult, period of Japanese development dates back to 1945-1951. It was a time when the country was trying to overcome the upheavals of war and post-war times. The post-war shock was particularly strong here. The Japanese called their cities "scorched fields". According to rough estimates, the war cost Japan a third of all wealth. The country lost all its "overseas possessions". Production in Japan was destroyed, and was 14% of the pre-war level. The atomic bombing of Horoshima and Nagasaki, the defeat of the Kwantung Army by the Soviet troops in August 1945, huge casualties (3 million people died) forced Japan to sign the act of surrender on September 2, 1945.
3. D. MacArthur All of Japan was under the complete control of the American occupation authorities. In fact, Japan was led by the commander of the occupying forces, General Douglas MacArthur. In 1946, the Americans wrote a completely modern and fairly liberal constitution for the Japanese, with a long list of personal rights and freedoms. According to this constitution, approved by the Japanese parliament, women were given the right to participate in elections, and workers were given the right to form trade unions. The country was subjected to, so to speak, forced democratization. The principle of complete supremacy of parliament was fixed in the constitution. Japan was forever forbidden to have any armed forces.
4. The American administration in Japan made important democratic reforms. Trade unions and political parties resumed their activities, including the CPJ, the SPJ liberal (former seiyukai) and progressive parties (former minseito). Fascist organizations were banned, more than 200,000 reactionaries were dismissed from public service. According to the verdict of the Tokyo International Tribunal, 7 war criminals headed by Hideki Tojo were executed, large concerns were disbanded. H. Tojo
5. A system of social legislation and security was introduced, an eight-hour working day, paid holidays, etc. Landlordism was abolished. Peasants received land in private ownership. Small and medium-sized farms and cooperatives began to develop. The intensification of the "cold war" between the US and the USSR, the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek and the threat of the emergence of "red China" forced the US to change its policy towards Japan. The "reverse course" of the United States in Japan meant the transformation of this country into an ally of the Americans in East Asia. American financiers and experts helped stabilize the Japanese economy. The United States provided loans and assistance to the Japanese, which gave impetus to the growth of industry and trade. From the end of 1949, the remilitarization of Japan began. In 1951, Japanese industry exceeded the pre-war level of production.
6. In 1951, in San Francisco, Japan signed a peace treaty with Western countries. The sovereignty of the country was limited. She gave up all possessions except the Japanese islands. Until 1972, there were US troops in Japan (based on Okinawa). The USSR, China and the MPR did not conclude peace with Japan during the Cold War. Therefore Japan lays claim to the Southern Kuriles. In 1956, Japan and the USSR restored diplomatic relations. "Northern Territories" - Kuril Islands
7. March of Peace. 2006 In 1953, the working people of Japan supported the inhabitants of the village of Utinada, who advocated the elimination of the American test site. The Americans were forced to leave the military base. On March 1, 1954, after the explosion of an American hydrogen bomb on the Bikini Atoll (Marshall Islands), a Japanese fishing schooner was exposed to radioactive contamination. After this tragedy, a call for a ban on nuclear weapons was signed by 30 million people. In Japan, such a form of the struggle of the working people for peace as mass demonstrations and campaigns has become traditional. For example, since 1958 peace marches have been organized annually from Hiroshima and Nagasaki to Tokyo.
8. Production of a satellite Already in the 50s. went down in history as the decade at the end of which the "Japanese economic miracle" began: those ten years were marked by a 5-fold increase in production. The results of the reforms of 1945-1949 had an effect, the domestic market and exports expanded, and treasury revenues increased due to the fulfillment of orders during the Korean War. US aid and the traditional industriousness of the Japanese played their role. However, the main factor in the rise of the economy was the correct choice of development strategy. The bet was placed on the creation and growth of new industries, buying up patents and licenses for advanced technology and inventions. Electrical and radio engineering, petrochemistry, synthetic materials, automotive industry developed at a rapid pace. The Japanese managed to sharply increase the export of finished products and compete
9. Modern Tokyo In the 60s. Japan continued to develop with astonishing and increasing economic dynamism: an annual economic growth rate of 1014%, and sometimes as high as 20%. Tokyo changed. Immediately after the war, the capital of Japan was a real ruin - what was left after the American "carpet bombing". The Japanese said: the Germans partially bombed England - they restored the enterprises and reproduced outdated technological cycles with them, the Americans bombed us completely - we built everything new, brand new, the most modern. Japan has begun mass buying of foreign patents and licenses. Enormous funds were allocated for the development of scientific research conducted in their own country. This contributed to the emergence of new industries.
10. Tokyo Stock Exchange Over the past 10-15 years, Japan has made the transition from an industrial to a post-industrial productivity system, from a material production economy to a service economy and an information society. This means the electronization of the economy, extensive automation, robotization and computerization of labor, the transition to the production of new materials, and the widespread use of microelectronics and biotechnologies. In a post-industrial society, the service sector has become a priority: the development of trade, transport, healthcare, education and science, and leisure. The creation of a strong banking system also contributed to the success of the “miracle”. An important reason for economic prosperity is the traditional worldview. According to Shintoism, the Japanese view their society as a single family-state.
11. Party and political system of Japan right-wing forces Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) centrist forces Democratic Socialism Party (PDS) Pure Politics Party (Komeito) left-wing forces Socialist Party of Japan (SPJ) In political life, the formation of the country's party-political system was completed. In 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was created, which began to play the role of the main bourgeois political party and formed one-party cabinets until 1993. The Socialist Party became the main opposition party. In the early 60s. two centrist parties were formed. The Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) was supported by the All Japan Confederation of Labor. In November 1964, the Buddhist organization "Soka Gakkai" founded the party of pure politics ("Komeito") advocated the creation of the "Society of the Third Civilization", "Buddhist socialism".
12. Tanaka Kakuei However, Japanese development was hampered by the factual one-party system established in the country. For a long time, the Liberal Democratic Party was almost invariably in power. At the same time, the long-term rule of one party and the clannish nature of Japanese political circles caused political stagnation, corruption, and high-profile political scandals, which became especially frequent from the mid-1970s. The top of the LDP turned out to be involved in the affairs of Lockheed, Toshiba, Kiova and others. shan and former Prime Minister Tanaka, who then went to jail. The mafia - the yakuza - interfered with the normal development of the Japanese economy and society.
13. Akihito Hirohito Under such circumstances, the SPJ managed to take the second place in terms of the number of deputies in parliament after the LDP. In the early 90s. There was a split in the LDP. In the 1993 elections, the LDP was defeated for the first time in 40 years. A government coalition was formed. It included social democrats, neoconservatives and centrists. However, the coalition cabinets proved unstable and quickly changed. In the mid 90s. The LDP returned to power and stabilized the political situation in the country. In 1989, Emperor Hirohito of Japan, who had held the throne since 1926, died. The era of Showa (“brilliant world”) ended. His son Akihito became the Japanese monarch, proclaiming the Heisei era (“achieving peace”).
14. Since the early 1980s. the first signs of a crisis began to appear in the economy. The depression that began in 1991 turned into a crisis in 1994. The main causes of economic difficulties in Japan Lagging behind in social infrastructure Declining competitiveness of Japanese goods on the world market Growth in the share of pensioners in the total population Sharp increase in real estate prices Dependence on American technologies Lack of breakthroughs in leading industries (aerospace, space exploration, etc.) Sensitivity of the banking system to any changes in the global financial system
15. Tokyo In the field of foreign policy, despite the "trade wars" with the United States, Japan remains their staunch ally. In 1972, diplomatic relations were established with the PRC, and in 1987, China and Japan signed the Peace and Friendship Treaty. The Japanese government apologized for the aggression against China in 1931-1945. Japan sharply condemned the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan in 1979. It imposed economic sanctions against the USSR, boycotted the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow in the summer of 1980, and intensified the struggle for the return of the "northern territories." After the collapse of the USSR, Japan began to strive to quickly resolve the territorial issue with Russia, promising to provide economic assistance to the Russian Federation in the event of a positive outcome.

"Japan 2 World War" - Results. Hidden movement towards consensus. Content: Regulatory. Marxist ideas. Economy after the war. Causes of the "Japanese miracle". Korea. agricultural state. Represents the middle line between the interests of Tokyo and Washington. Kuriles South Sakhalin. Purchase of patents and licenses. Japan in the modern world.

"Culture of Japan" - Fundamental Question: This project is dedicated to the culture of Japan, in particular the corporate one. Brief annotation: What is the difference between Japanese culture and the cultures of other countries? Issues of concern: Study plan: Study:

"Islands of Japan" - The area of \u200b\u200bthe country - 377.9 thousand km? The capital is Tokyo. Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Japan. Geography. Religion. Relief. The waters of many rivers are used for irrigation. Christians are a religious minority, only 2% of the population. The highest point in Japan is Mount Fuji. The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku.

"Japan Grade 11" - And least of all - a glass vase. Japanese architecture. It is not customary to fry fish and other seafood. During cooking, do not stir the rice and wait until all the water has boiled away. The walls slide open like bookcase doors. Rock garden. The houses are made of wooden planks. Hieroglyphs. A popular method of non-thermal cooking of fish is soaking in vinegar (marinade).

"Culture in Japan" - Ryoanji Rock Garden in Kyoto. Buddhism is a creed with a complex philosophy, ideas of impermanence and fragility of all things. Poetic game. "Find the ending haiku." Composing the last line in haiku. Spiritual and religious foundations of Japanese culture. Noh Theatre, Kabuki Theatre, Joruri Theatre. Moral values are embodied in the images of nature and revealed through the image of man.

"Japan as a country" - Agriculture. Malaysia and Canada have been and remain major suppliers of iron ore. Major partners are the Republic of Korea and China. Emperor Akihito. The rivers of Japan are numerous, but short. Geography lessons. Geographic reference. Shinto temple. In the export of finished industrial products (64%) falls on machinery and equipment.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Japan after World War II. Plan: First Occupation Period (1945 - 1947) Second Occupation Period (1948 - 1951) Japanese “Economic Miracle” Russo-Japanese Relations

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The first period of occupation On September 2, 1945, Japan capitulated. Unlike Germany, Japan was not occupied in the course of hostilities, but only two weeks after the acceptance of the terms of surrender. During this time, the ruling circles managed to keep the main officer cadres of the army and navy, turning them into "civilian" persons and dispersing them in separate areas, private firms and enterprises. As a result of the occupation, the state apparatus was not destroyed, as in Germany

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During the first period of occupation, Japan was occupied only by American troops. During the first period of the occupation, American monopoly capital sought to use the military victory to weaken Japan. The economic situation of the country after the surrender was difficult. The volume of industrial production in 1946 was only about 30% of the 1936 level.

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The first period of occupation During this period, under the control of the American occupation authorities, political and land reforms were carried out, and a labor law was adopted. As a result, landownership was liquidated for redemption and the land was redistributed in favor of the prosperous peasantry. A land maximum of 3 hectares was set, payment in kind was replaced by cash. The land became the property of the peasants. There was a strengthening of the layer of wealthy peasants and middle peasants

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The first period of occupation On May 3, 1947, a constitution was adopted that limited the power of the emperor. He was declared "a symbol of the unity of the nation", but the deification of his person was canceled. Akihito. Years of government: 1989-present Akihito (jap.; December 23, 1933, Tokyo) the ruling emperor of Japan, the 125th in the dynasty. His posthumous name will be Heisei. Akihito is currently the world's only reigning emperor.

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The first period of occupation of the Privy Council, increased the role of the Cabinet of Ministers as an executive body, expanded the rights of the bicameral parliament. The legislature is a bicameral parliament; consists of the House of Councilors and the House of Representatives

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The first period of occupation Universal suffrage was introduced not only for men, but also for women, democratic rights and freedoms of citizens were proclaimed, religion was separated from politics.

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The first period of occupation In 1947 anti-monopoly legislation was adopted, which in 1948 was actually repealed. Japan's military monopolies and associations fell under the American demonopolization, which were often disbanded because they were competitors of American companies. The “liquidation” of pre-war monopolistic associations (zaibatsu) led to the replacement of family groups by industrial and financial concerns headed by banks, which began to control the Japanese economy

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The Second Period of Occupation In 1948, there was a reorientation of the American occupation course towards Japan. This was due to the events that took place in China, in particular in Northern China. Since the main goal of the United States in the Far East is to turn Japan into the main base of its policy, relying on which they could strengthen their positions in the region, the Americans are betting on the development of heavy industry in Japan, the reconstruction of the army and navy.

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The second period of occupation On September 8, 1951, a peace treaty was signed by a number of countries that fought in World War II with Japan (San Francisco Peace Treaty), which entered into force on April 28, 1952. about. Taiwan, Peskadorsky, Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin Island

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The Second Period of Occupation Under the treaty, Japan agreed to the establishment of US custody (administration) over the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) and a number of other islands. Japan assumed the obligation to renounce the threat of the use of force in its relations with other states. In 1952, the American-Japanese "security pact" was signed, which allowed the United States to deploy its ground, air and sea forces in Japan, in 1960 this pact was extended.

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The second period of occupation In 1956, the state of war between the USSR and Japan was eliminated, but there is still no peace treaty between these countries. (pictured: the signing of the declaration by the USSR and Japan to end the war in 1956)

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The capital of Japan is Tokyo. Administrative division of the state - 9 districts, 47 prefectures Hokkaido Tohoku Kanto Chyubu Kinki Chugoku Shikoku Okinawa Kyushu Urbanization in 2000

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Japan's “Economic Miracle” Japan does not have an official coat of arms, but the coat of arms of the imperial house of Japan is often used instead - a stylized image of a chrysanthemum with sixteen petals. The same image is also on the foreign passports of the Japanese (they do not have internal ones). Before the beginning of the Heisei period (1989), Japan was emerging from the crisis, restoring its economy and industry, which during the Heisei period led to a qualitative leap in the development of the country's economy and to the "Japanese economic miracle

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Japanese “economic miracle” “Economic miracle” - the rapid growth of the economy, which in the shortest possible time allowed Japan not only to fully recover from the defeat in the war, but also to take second place in terms of economic power, consistently surpassing France, Italy, Canada, Great Britain, Germany , the USSR and second only to the USA. Japan has been the world's second largest economy since 1968, surpassed by China in 2010.

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Japanese "economic miracle" Restoration of Japan's economic position in the world in 50 - 60 years, and the exit of this country to the second place in the world in terms of economic potential in the beginning. 90s - one of the most important events in world post-war history, of interest not only from a political, but also from a scientific point of view.

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Japan's “Economic Miracle” In the early post-war years, the rate of recovery of the Japanese economy was lower than in Western Europe. The turning point came in 1948-49, with the beginning of “shock therapy”, the characteristic features of which were:

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Japan's “economic miracle” Insignificant military spending. Purchase of patents, licenses, their rapid introduction into production. Use of high technologies. State regulation of the economy. High qualification of workers. Features of the Japanese mentality - diligence and enthusiasm. Export orientation of the economy. Unique control system.

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Japan's “Economic Miracle” Based on the need to maintain peace in society, the Government strongly encouraged the system of lifetime employment in industrial enterprises. What characterizes Japan is not the competition of the unemployed for jobs, often requiring them to be costly retrained for new professions or maintained at the expense of social funds, but the competition of workers within firms, which helps to increase their productivity. In addition, such a system softens the difference in wages for employees of firms in which labor and capital relations are built on a paternalistic basis (if in the USA the difference in the income of the President of an average company and an unskilled worker reaches 20:1, then in Japan it is only 8: one).

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Japanese “Economic Miracle “The End of the Miracle” Dr. Econ. Sciences Belousov Andrey Removich relates the end of the "miracle" to 1985, when Japan signed the famous Plaza agreements (named after the hotel in which they were signed), as a result of which the yen revalued (increased) 1.5 times, and the economic growth rate Japan fell from 8% to 2% in the 1990s. became a "lost decade" for Japan, as the bursting "bubble" of the Japanese economy caused serious damage to all industries, as well as banking and financial sectors. The country managed to get out only in 2000

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Russian-Japanese Relations after the Second World War The absence of the Soviet representative's signature on the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan left an unfavorable imprint on the further development of relations between Moscow and Tokyo. Nevertheless, the economic needs of Japan and its desire to increase its independence in the international arena and weaken the excessive one-sided orientation towards Washington led to the establishment of Soviet-Japanese relations with the Ser. 50 years

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Russian-Japanese Relations after the Second World War The 1956 Declaration increased Japan's independence in world politics and turned it into an equal member of the world community, which displeased Washington. Under his pressure, the next Kishi Government sabotaged the preparation and signing of the Soviet-Japanese Peace Treaty, and at the same time forced the modernization of the Japanese-American Security Pact in the new edition of 1960, which provided for the maintenance of the American military presence on Japanese territory for at least another 10 years.

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Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World War In this regard, in the Statement of the Soviet Government made in 1960, the transfer of the islands of Habomai and Shikotan to Japan was conditional on the preliminary fulfillment by Tokyo of two conditions: the signing of the Peace Treaty and the withdrawal of foreign (i.e., American) troops from its territory. Since then, political relations between Moscow and Tokyo have been poisoned not only by the absence of a peace treaty and the US military presence in Japan, but also by the problem of the "northern territories", which the Japanese side insists on "returning".

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Russian-Japanese Relations after World War II Unsettled political relations between the two countries did not always affect economic ties between them (largely due to the parallel “unofficial” policy of Japanese business circles, which ignored Washington's displeasure on this issue).

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Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World War With the collapse of the USSR, the Russian government placed certain hopes on Japan's economic support for the course of reforms. Sympathizing in principle with market reforms in Russia, Tokyo, in turn, expected territorial and political concessions from Moscow (the return of the “northern territories”) and a favorable investment climate for business. Since none of these wishes of the Japanese side is fulfilled, the political relations of the two countries remain restrained.

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Russian-Japanese relations after World War II 08/10/13 Russian President Vladimir Putin considers it possible to conclude a peace treaty with Japan - at the practical level, this work has already been resumed. “All this (economic cooperation) creates the conditions for us not only to dream, but also in practical terms to work on the conclusion of a peace treaty. In order for us to approach this, we need to create not the image of an enemy, but the image of a friend. It seems to me that with Japan it is quite possible,” Putin told reporters. Leaders of Russia and Japan Vladimir Putin and Shinzo Abe discussed the subject of a peace treaty

Post-war economic development. At the end of the war in 1945, a quarter of the national
the wealth of the country was destroyed, production fell to the level
1935. The occupying forces, which were under
by the American command, along with the demilitarization
forced Japan to carry out land reform, dissolution
financial and industrial oligarchic groups "zaibatsu",
liberalization of the labor movement and other democratic
transformations. Thus, in Japanese society
reforms were carried out based on the principles of democracy
"American style". Compulsory education was also
increased from 6 to 9 years. All this then had a great impact.
to the development of the country. It was a kind of revolution and
served as the basis on which rapid growth became possible
Japanese economy after the war. With extensive help
United States, their transfer of technology to Japan, as well as opening up for
Japanese of their colossal market, in the 50s and 60s, Japan was able to
achieve accelerated economic growth. Besides,
the escalation of the Cold War made it almost inevitable
the rebirth of Japan as a stronghold of a free economy.

Oil crisis 1973

The oil crisis of 1973 was hard
responded in Japan. Due to a sharp jump
oil prices in 1974 in Japan
economy was for the first time after the war
registered negative growth minus zero point two percent.
However, due to the strict policy
energy saving and revolutionary
technologies, as well as a comprehensive
economic structure reform,
Japan's economy has come out of the oil
crisis, possessing an even more powerful
competitiveness.

Political life in the early 70s

In political life in the early 70s
years, the ruling LDP encouraged
militaristic tendencies, grew
military spending. Prestige
governments undermined the facts
direct intervention of a major
campaign capital
(Lockheed case)
»).

Foreign policy in the 60s

was characterized by strengthening
relations with the USA. However, under
the influence of the needs of the economy
showed interest in developing relationships
with various countries.

In the 1990s, Japan paid attention
ensuring security in the Asia-Pacific region,
vigorously explores Asian markets
(working out options for organizing
"Asian Free Trade Area,
pays great attention to China and the Asia-Pacific region),
looking for a "new path" and a new role in the world,
became a member of the UN Security Council
settlement of the issue of more than 20 US military bases on its territory.
In relations with the USSR and Russia
there were periods of rise and fall,
distinct from political, diplomatic and
military, economic relations
develop under great pressure.

Made by a student of the group E-121 Titova Elizaveta 2012

Slide 2: The country was occupied by American troops

and paid reparations

Slide 3: After the war:

Loss of 44%: of their former possessions Stopped imports of raw materials, fuel and food The level of industrial production fell to 28.5% The last place in the world in terms of the rate of recovery of industrial production Military losses (2 million 800 thousand) Inflation 5000%

Slide 4: Anti-crisis measures program:

1. Increasing production with the maximum use of internal resources. 2. Improving the distribution of controlled goods. 3. Improving the distribution of food and the growth of its volumes. 4. Firm observance of state prices, punishment of violators. 5. Flexible policy of maintaining salary stability. 6. Implementation of a plan to increase tax revenues, criminal prosecution for evasion. 7. Increase in income, improvement of the tax system, introduction of new tax levers. 8. Organized reduction of the state budget deficit. 9. Improving the management of foreign trade.

Slide 5: In 1948, industrial output was 52% compared to 1938

the real wages of workers were 13% of the pre-war level of the unemployed 10 million people

Slide 6: inflation: the amount of paper money has quadrupled

Slide 7

1946 - 1947 new labor legislation was introduced: 8-hour working day increased wages for overtime paid holidays and social insurance introduced workers had the right to strike provided for the protection of women and adolescents

Slide 8

The goal of the reforms is to build a model of democratic capitalism in Japan and disarm the former aggressor. The peculiarity of the Japanese reforms was that the occupation authorities ensured political stability in society.

Slide 9

land reform 80% of all land was taken from former landowners who were not engaged in the productive use of their agricultural resources and sold to peasants at low prices. RESULT: the food crisis was overcome. The new owners of the land managed to solve the problem of hunger.