Newly industrialized countries (NICs) are a group of developing countries that have experienced a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators over the past decades. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one.

“First generation” research vessels: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Argentina, Brazil

“Second generation” research vessels: Malaysia, Thailand, India

“Third generation” research vessels: Cyprus, Tunisia, Türkiye, Indonesia

“Fourth generation” research vessel: Philippines

The world of developing countries at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. is experiencing enormous changes - economic growth is accelerating, economic and socio-political structures are changing, a new model of society is emerging,

Initially, these processes began to develop in some countries of Southeast Asia. Journalists call them “Asian tigers” or “dragons.” Subsequently, similar changes occurred in some other countries. The UN currently applies the concept of “newly industrialized countries” (NIC) to all these states. And the first “dragons” are now called “new industrial countries of the first wave.”

These include: Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong (currently Hong Kong). NIS of Latin America - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico. They are followed by NIS of subsequent generations. For example, 2nd generation - Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile; 3 – Cyprus, Tunisia, Türkiye, Indonesia; 4 – Philippines, southern provinces of China, etc.

The criteria by which certain states are classified as NIS are as follows:

1.size of GDP per capita;

2.average annual growth rates;

3. share of manufacturing industry in GDP. It should be more than 20%;

4. volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports;

5.volume of direct investment abroad.

The role of foreign economic factors in economic model NIS. Investments in the NIS economy.

The formation of the modern structure of the NIS economy was greatly influenced by direct investments. Among developed countries, the leading investor of entrepreneurial capital in NIS is the United States, followed by Japan in 2nd place (they contributed to the industrialization of NIS and the growth of the competitiveness of their exports). It was typical for NIS Asia that entrepreneurial capital was directed mainly in the manufacturing and primary industries. In Latin American NIS it went to trade, services, manufacturing. In fact, there is not a single sector of the economy in NIS where there is no foreign capital.

The role of TNCs. The situation in the development of the world economy in the late 60s developed in such a way that the interests and development strategy of TNCs coincided with the capabilities and aspirations of a number of countries in the Asian region.

An important role in attracting TNCs specifically in the Asian region The following circumstances played a role:

1.profitable geographical position NIS. All of them are located at the crossroads of world trade and economic routes, close to the centers of the world economy - the USA, Japan;

2.political stability was ensured in the NIS; democratic and political transformations were postponed in favor of economic reforms.

Foreign investors were provided with a high degree of guarantees of the security of their investments.

2 NIS models.

The first one involves the development of the national economy with a primary focus on the foreign market, export (more efficient and flexible).

The second model is focused on import substitution (typical of Latin American NIS).

The NIS system of economics and politics is formed under the influence of a number of factors. The most important of them is a sharp increase in economic growth rates.

An example is Taiwan. Since the mid-50s. The island lives in a zone of rapid economic development. The growth rate of industrial production reached 8.2% in the 50s, 9.1 - in the 60s, 10.2 - in the 70s, 8.2 - in the 80s and 9.2% - in the 90s. As a result, during this time (according to 2001 data), Taiwan's GDP grew to $374.4 billion, that is, almost 20 times, and per capita GDP - 130 times (from $145 to $19,870). A similar picture occurred in other NIS countries of the “first wave” (Singapore, Hong Kong and the Republic of Korea).

First of all, “the high rates of their economic growth were associated with the influence of the international factor, as well as with the peculiarities of the policies of state and private structures. Some national traditions inherent in these countries had a significant influence on development.

International factor in particular, the huge role of foreign economic relations and the massive expansion of TNCs served as a catalyst for radical changes in the economy and policy of the NIS. The growth rate of their exports was 1.5-2 times higher than the indicators of domestic development. As a result, an export-oriented economy was created, occupying a prominent place in global economic turnover. NIS's position in international trade has become relatively stronger than in other areas of the economy and in production in general. For example, Hong Kong in last years inferior to the United States in terms of GDP by more than 60 times (in 2000, Hong Kong's GDP was 163.2 billion dollars, the USA - 9882.8 billion), and in terms of the volume of merchandise exports it is only 3-4 times (Hong Kong's exports in 2000 . - 202.4 billion dollars, USA - 782.4 billion).

One of the main roles in these changes is played by transnational corporations of developed countries. They created here, as it were, “world factories,” first for the production of shoes, clothing, textiles, and then electronic and electrical goods and other manufacturing products. In terms of the total cost of exporting electronic components, NIS already in the late 80s. ahead of both Japan and the USA. Their share currently accounts for 1/4 of the world's exports of ships, specialized machines, vehicles, and about 25% of the world's exports of products from a number of organic chemical industries.

Among internal factors is of utmost importance active role of the state and his policies, as well activities of private commercial structures.

At the first stage, the state in the NIS stimulated economic growth by creating a powerful business sector. State-owned enterprises have become the leading force in the basic sectors of the NIS economy. But their activities needed coordination. This led to the creation of a state planning system. An example is the Republic of Korea. Here already in the first place economic development(1962-1968) stimulated the transition from labor-intensive to capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries. The third plan (1972-1976) declared the creation of an industrial economic model in the country. The task of creating heavy industry was also the main one in the fourth plan (1977-1981). Subsequent plans, the fifth (1982-1986) and sixth (1987-1991), focused on enhancing external economic activity, providing assistance to large corporations, especially in heavy industries, particularly in shipbuilding. Liberalization characteristic of economic policy in subsequent years, leads to changes in planning mechanisms. They become more flexible. The number of digital indicators is reduced.

But state policy in stimulating scientific and technological progress is still of paramount importance. Special laws are being adopted on the scientific and technological development of the country, on promoting national industry in this area, on the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation, etc. The state is increasing attention to the problems of education, especially higher education.

Over the past decades, the number of students in the country has increased more than 30 times,

Along with the state, the leading role in the development of NIS still belongs to private commercial structures, which have sharply increased their power in recent decades. For example, currently, out of the 200 largest banks operating in developing countries, 60 are controlled by NIS capital

The history of the “economic miracle” in all NIS is inseparable from the history of the largest corporations formed in these countries. One of the most striking examples is Korean family holdings - chaebols. The largest of them over the past three decades has been the Hyundai group, created in 1947 by Chung Ju Yong. Everything was reflected in her, as if in a mirror. recent history the largest of the "Asian tigers". Like other chaebols, the company began to diversify. In 1973, the Hyundai shipyard began operating, which in 1984 made Korea the second shipbuilding power in the world. By 1990, the group became one of the world's leading automobile manufacturers. The Hyundai Group then grew into one of the world's largest semiconductor manufacturers,

In the late 80s - early 90s. The Hyundai concern, which alternately occupied first or second place in the list of Korean chaebols, united 34 companies employing 159 thousand people. Although the group is experiencing considerable difficulties in modern conditions, it is clear that during the half-century of its existence, Hyundai has left a significant mark on both Korean and world history.

Some people had a certain influence on the development of NIS socio-psychological traditions, inherent in these countries. We are talking about the dominance in the public consciousness of these states of a version of Confucian philosophy with a pronounced emphasis on group interests and social guarantees. Confucianism, many researchers emphasize, began to recognize the dignity of man and the power of the people much earlier than the democratic ideas of the Western world were formed. Therefore, in their opinion, relying on the wisdom and desire for education, which are characteristic features of Confucian society, it will be possible to further develop market economy. Features of Korean management, for example, is the desire to combine Japanese and American business styles. In this area, they are trying to make the individualism of the employee’s personal aspirations and the team management style in top-down decision making complementary. The Korean national character is characterized by high work morale. Work is seen not just as an occupation, but as a way of self-expression.

The widespread dissemination of Confucianism, the emphasis placed on hard work, education, the ideals of success in life and devotion to one's nation - all this stimulates the labor efforts of a significant part of society. Thus, the determining factors in the emergence and development of NIS are the use of the international division of labor, the high activity of TNCs; stimulating activities of the state, and the growing power of the private commercial sector, based on the socio-psychological and other traditions of the population of these Asian countries. As for foreign capital, it must be emphasized that NIS accounts for over 40% of all direct capital investments of developed countries in their economies. Best positions possessed by companies in the USA, Japan, Great Britain and Germany. In recent years, the activity of corporations in France and small countries of Western Europe (Sweden, Switzerland, etc.) has been increasing. In the political sphere, the struggle for dominance is primarily between the United States, which plays the main role, and Japan, whose political influence is increasing as Japanese groups penetrate into the NIS economy

The participation of the entrepreneurial state in the NIS, as in other countries, has been declining in recent years. The modern state is no longer a catalyst for the initial accumulation of capital, as it was at the first stage of the development of the NIS. Privatization reduced the scope of state-owned industries. But the state retains an important role in regulating economic activity and protecting the interests of private companies.

TAIWAN MODEL OF PROSPERITY

The high rate of development of Taiwan's economy is all the more surprising given that we are talking about a country poor in mineral resources and fuel. Taiwan is forced to import half of the energy resources and raw materials needed by the economy from abroad. These factors determined the paramount importance of international economic relations, and above all foreign trade.

The country's economic policy has gone through several stages of development. Initially, Taiwan was faced with a simple task - to feed the local population and immigrants from mainland China. Then they tried to create an import substitution model. But they quickly abandoned this and switched to an export-oriented economy. This was one of the most important reasons for our success. Exports were increased to 50% of the value of GDP; For a number of years, 40% of exports went to the USA. In recent years, the share of the USA was 27.9%, the EU - 16.1%, Asia - 47.5%. A positive trade balance (about $12 billion per year, in 1999 imports - $110.9 billion, exports - $121.5 billion) made it possible to increase purchases of everything necessary and build up large foreign exchange reserves (more than $70 billion). ).

Another reason for the growth of the economy was the combination of three forces: small and medium-sized businesses, large corporations and a powerful state.

The principle of “effective small” has been successfully introduced into economic organizations from the very beginning. This was facilitated by centuries-old Chinese family traditions. And the “psychology of refugees” further strengthened the importance of family structures and increased the role of family ties within clans. Currently, 8 million Taiwanese work in 70 thousand small and medium-sized enterprises. This creates a very flexible business production structure. Family ties act as strengthening structures that guarantee and often save from ruin. The state plays the same role.

The second pole is large capital. Over the past decades, 100 largest corporations have been formed here, actively participating in certain industries, in foreign trade and in operations on the stock market.

The third participant in economic activity is the state. Under his control is half of the country's financial resources, 70% of land, all banking system and the entire telecommunications system, as well as the metallurgical industry, railways, cement industry, petrochemicals.

The state regulates the most important processes in the economy and stimulates export operations. A special area of ​​activity of the state is the creation of special economic zones and research and production parks. Currently, there are more than 100 such zones in the country and their activities contribute to the further growth of scientific and technological progress.

Purpose of the lecture : study the economics of NIS

Main questions:

1. NIS Southeast Asia.

2. NIS Latin America.

1.NIS Southeast Asia.

NIS is a group of countries that have chosen a specific model of economic development, which was later called “new industrial”. The emergence of countries with this type of economy is a natural consequence of the differentiation of developing countries, which, after the collapse of the colonial empire, chose different development paths. The following groups of NIS can be distinguished:

1. Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mexico*, Brazil*, Argentina*.

2.Malaysia, India, Chile, Thailand.

3.Turkey, Tunisia, Cyprus, Indonesia.

4.China, Philippines, Venezuela, Egypt, Vietnam

*-in some sources they refer to waves 3 and 4.

Some NIS - Mexico, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey, Cyprus, Chile - in the second half of the 1990s. began to be classified as economically developed countries, as evidenced by the admission of most of them to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In 1995, the status of an industrialized state was awarded to Singapore, the first of the Asian NIS. In 1996, the Republic of Korea was admitted to the OECD.

The NIS economy is characterized by high rates of industrialization, in which two directions are distinguished: import substitution and export-oriented. The first is typical primarily for Latin American NIS and for Asian ones at the initial stage of development, since its use as the main line of development strategy inevitably leads to a crisis associated with a drop in the competitiveness of products of industries developing in “hothouse” conditions due to protectionist government policies. The process of industrialization can be divided into three stages:

1. Development of import-substituting industries, which was accompanied by the protection of national industry from competition from imported goods.

2.Creation of export potential and basic industries.

3. Development of knowledge-intensive industries.

Main features of the import substitution model:

1. State subsidies for priority industries

2. Protectionism in relation to most national sectors. economics

3. State monopoly of foreign trade

4. Application of high import tariffs and administrative restrictions

5. Inconvertibility of the national currency

Main features of the export-oriented development model:

1. Openness of the economy, high degree of liberalization

2. Orientation of industries to the foreign market, active participation in MRI

3. Export promotion

4. Attracting foreign capital to export production

One of the components of the success of NIS was the openness of their economy, the skillful combination of external and internal factors with flexible and balanced government policy, the creation of favorable conditions for the activities of TNCs and the active attraction of foreign capital. The leading investors of entrepreneurial capital in NIS are the USA and Japan. The activities of TNCs and foreign investments contributed to the introduction of NIS to new technologies (which made it possible to increase labor productivity), their involvement in MRI, the development of capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries, the economic growth of newly industrialized countries and the increasing expansion of their foreign economic activities. Many large joint ventures, industrial and production parks, and international financial centers were created, primarily in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China.

The following factors can be identified that played an important role in attracting TNCs to the Asian region:

1. Geographical.

Advantageous geographical position of NIS at the crossroads of world trade and economic routes, close to the centers of the world economy - the USA, Japan.

2. Political.

Autocratic political regimes loyal to industrialized countries have emerged in the NIS, political stability and a high degree of guarantees for the security of investments of foreign investors have been ensured.

3. Socio-economic.

Factors such as hard work, diligence, discipline, and thrift of the population of NIS Asia played a certain role.

The following main features of the socio-economic development of newly industrialized countries can be identified:

1. Accelerated annual GDP growth rates (up to 7-10%, i.e. 2-4 times higher than the world average).

Income in NIS is significantly higher than in the rest of the developing world. So, for example, in 2004. per capita income in Singapore reached $25,191, in Korea - $14,136, in Hong Kong - $23,684, in Colombia - $2,176, in Syria - $1,293, in Honduras - $1,046, in Pakistan - $632

2. High rates of export development. Orientation of leading sectors of the economy towards exports of the manufacturing industry, including high-tech industries, and the non-manufacturing sector, growth in exports of goods and services. The growth rate and share of exports and imports in NIS's GDP significantly exceeds these indicators in other groups of countries.

The share of final products in exports is 70%; These countries account for more than 8% of world trade. Possessing high competitiveness, their manufacturing products are intensively conquering world markets. In terms of the total value of exports of goods, NIS surpassed the leading capitalist states (except Germany and the USA). Five of the NIS (Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Brazil) are included in the list of twenty countries - the world's largest exporters. Along with the export of goods, the export of entrepreneurial capital is growing, and a network of branches and subsidiaries of a production nature is being formed abroad.

3.Orientation towards foreign markets, initially in the most developed countries of the world, because their markets are the most stable and deep.

4. Active process of concentration of production and capital, formation of national financial capital.

5.Increasing role of NIS in the world economy.

NIS have become serious competitors of the largest Western manufacturers of consumer electronics, telecommunications, some engineering products, etc. At the corporate level, trying to prevent their penetration into the markets of high-tech products, Western manufacturers not only refuse to sell them high-tech elements, but also to supply them with the necessary capital equipment and components for the production of new products. In economic literature, this phenomenon is called “technological mercantilism.”

6.High degree of funding for science and education (4-5% of GNP).

7. Availability of cheap, disciplined, hardworking and sufficiently qualified labor, which largely attracted Western TNCs here.

8.High degree of fulfillment of contractual obligations.

9. R&D expenditures in the four “first wave” countries amount to 1-2% of GDP.

10.Openness of the NIS economy, its deep integration into the international geographical division of labor. Creation of free economic zones, which in most cases are export industrial zones (EPZ).

11. Active formation of scientific and technical potential, creation of our own research and production centers specialized in developments in the field of microelectronics, computer science, nuclear, rocket and biotechnologies, focused on the development of the most advanced industries. Such technopolises are available in most NIS in Asia.

12. An active process of internationalization of financial markets, which is associated with the growth of the financial potential of NIS, the strengthening of the foreign exchange position and the growth of their competitiveness, and the development of national financial markets. These countries are witnessing the formation and growth of new international financial centers, primarily in Singapore and Hong Kong. In terms of the scale of credit and financial operations carried out, the international financial centers of NIS Asia are on a par with the largest financial centers of London, Paris, and Zurich, seriously displacing them in the loan capital market

The development of NIS exports began with the promotion of the simplest products to the world market technically products (shoes, synthetic textile goods in the Republic of Korea, toys and sporting goods in Taiwan, etc.) in a number of countries, for example Malaysia, a significant share of raw materials (natural rubber, tin, palm oil) remained in exports. As the process of industrialization deepened, NIS exports gradually became enriched with more technically complex, capital-intensive products, including those for industrial purposes. At the same time, there is a steady tendency to increase the export of more knowledge-intensive products. Along with the export of goods, the export of entrepreneurial capital is growing. NIS imports are dominated by machinery, equipment, vehicles, processed products, primarily semi-finished products for branches of TNCs and local firms using foreign technology.

It should be noted that NIS is characterized by “stepped technological industrialization”, or the so-called “ladder principle”. As one group of countries moves up the technological ladder, it moves to a higher level of development, and its rung is occupied by the next “wave”. “Step (wave) industrialism” is a global trend. We should expect the emergence of new “waves” and further development (expansion) of the NIS category. And a number of the most advanced NIS are actually already included in the group of industrialized countries.

In foreign economic relations, NIS focuses primarily on developed capitalist countries. The leading imperialist powers are for NIS not only an important source of obtaining external financial resources and acquiring modern equipment and technology, but also the main market for their industrial products, an area for applying national capital. For the leading imperialist powers, NIS have actually become an integral part of their internationalizing economy.

In addition to developing ties with developed countries, integration is also growing within the Asian and Latin American regions themselves, free economic zones and intraregional organizations are being created, for example, APEC, ASEAN.

The successes achieved in the development of NIS, the constant growth of their economies, integration and role in the world economy allow us to speak about the success of their chosen development model and predict an even greater expansion of their foreign economic expansion in the coming century.

The Asian vector is one of the promising directions of Belarus’ foreign policy. Its potential is based on real agreements and open sympathy for the Republic of Belarus. Established political contacts, the projected economic growth of China, India and other countries of Southeast Asia, and their high solvency create the preconditions for a serious increase in trade and economic cooperation and the successful implementation of national foreign policy objectives. China occupies a special place in the system of foreign policy priorities of the Republic of Belarus. Belarusian-Chinese relations are acquiring the character of a strategic partnership, thereby confirming serious intentions to ensure long-term mutual interests.

Traditionally, potash fertilizers, machine tools, electronics, machine tool and petrochemical products, parts and equipment for cars and tractors, rolled metal, and bearings are supplied from Belarus to the countries of the region. The main import items are rubber, computer equipment, radio equipment, integrated circuits, and agricultural products.

2.NIS Latin America

When characterizing the world economy and Asia, we have already talked about developing newly industrialized countries. Their main feature is the large share of manufacturing in the country's gross output and exports. Asian countries initially oriented the development of their manufacturing industry towards foreign markets, giving it a pronounced export orientation.

Latin American countries first took a different path, setting themselves the task of satisfying domestic needs with their own production. Compared to Asian countries, Latin American countries had a larger population and a larger economy, i.e., they had a significant domestic market. This type of industrialization is called “import substitution,” i.e., the replacement of imported goods with domestic ones on the domestic market. This path is typical for the so-called. catching up with countries that have embarked on the path of industrial development, but are significantly lagging behind world leaders.

Over three decades (starting from the 60s), the largest countries, through their own production, began to cover their internal needs for manufacturing products by 70-90%. Peru and Uruguay - by 70%, Colombia, Chile and Mexico - by 80%, Brazil and Argentina - by 9/10. Even for machinery and equipment, this share was more than 2/3. The development of the manufacturing industry followed the classical pattern.

The largest scale and high level of development of the manufacturing industry were achieved in the largest countries - Mexico, Argentina and especially Brazil. In Brazil already in the early 80s. production of even complex military equipment was established - tanks, submarines, aircraft, missiles, etc.

The high pace of industry development can be judged by the example of metallurgy. For the 80s steel production almost doubled, reaching 45 million tons. The largest steel producers in the early 90s. smelted (in million tons): Brazil - 23 and Mexico - 8. The rapidly growing mechanical engineering industry received domestic structural material. Steel exports increased significantly. Aluminum production developed rapidly, and Brazil became the fourth largest producer of this metal in the world.

Import substitution did not mean that purely national production arose. Often the import of a product was replaced by its production by the same foreign company, but on Latin American soil. In general, this was beneficial, because it became possible to create modern production, increase employment (see also the article “Population of the Earth”), train domestic personnel, and the products turned out to be cheaper than imported ones. The “excess” part of the goods could be exported. A classic example is the automotive industry, which began with car assembly from imported parts and components. Later, local production of components was established, and international cooperation developed. In the early 90s. Brazil produced 1 million cars annually, and ranked fifth in the world in the production of trucks and buses. In Mexico, the emphasis was placed on the production of passenger cars: the country came close to the top ten in the world. Both countries have become powerful automotive production and distribution centers for American, European and Japanese companies. A German car produced in Brazil and imported into Colombia, for example, is subject to lower taxes compared to its European counterpart.

The development of the manufacturing industry was accompanied by the growth of traditional production of mineral raw materials and agricultural products. Latin American countries retained their leadership in many areas.

The undoubted benefits of import substitution policy initially covered up its negative aspects. The main drawback was the creation of extremely preferential, even “greenhouse” conditions for domestic enterprises, protecting them from competition. In such conditions, there was no need to improve production and improve product quality. Modernization was also hampered by the psychology of the young industrial bourgeoisie, which sought to make a profit mainly by saving on wages. The scientific and technical level was low due to the lack of incentives to raise it. The proceeds were often taken abroad in search of higher profits rather than being used to modernize the national economy. The result was an increase in external debt.

In the 60s - early 70s. import substitution (along with other factors) has made it possible for Latin America to become one of the most dynamically developing regions of the world. Since the mid-70s. economic development begins to slow down. In the 80s Latin America was shaken by a deep socio-economic crisis - the “lost decade”, which set back the economies of Latin American countries. In the 90s the decline gave way to a rise. The economic situation of many countries has improved. One of the catalysts for the rise was the new export-oriented model of industrial development for Latin America. Gradual integration, the development of transnationalization processes, and the privatization of previously unprofitable state-owned enterprises (which previously operated in “hothouse” conditions) have yielded results. Export orientation “spurred” economic development

Questions for self-control

1. NIS Southeast Asia.

1. The place of the national economy in the system of world economic relations. M., 1996.

2. Pogorletsky A.I. Economy of foreign countries. St. Petersburg, 2000.

3. Porter M. International competition. M., 1993

The 60-80s of the twentieth century became a period of global changes both in the general structure of developing countries - so-called "newly industrialized countries" and a period of fundamental changes in national economy, the socio-economic structure of the NIS themselves.

echelon: Asian dragons (tigers): Korea, Hong Kong (Xiangang), Taiwan, Singapore, as well as Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

echelon: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Chile.

The main indicators for distinguishing NIS from the general array of developing countries:

GDP per capita;

average annual GDP growth rates;

the average share of the manufacturing industry in GDP (must be more than 20%);

volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports (more than 60%);

volume of direct investment abroad.

Let's look at these indicators using the example of some newly industrialized countries in different regions of the world.

Table 13 - Structure and size of GDP per capita, 2000 Country GDP structure, % of GDP per capita, thousand dollars Agriculture Industry

t services China 16 23 61 3.9 Brazil 8 36 56 7.0 Mexico 5 27 68 9.2 Argentina 7 37 56 7.4 South Korea 6 43 51 15.2 Table 14 - Share of industrial products in the exports of some NIS by region (as a percentage of exports), 1999

Country Share of industrial products in exports Country Share of industrial products in exports America Asia and Oceania Argentina 34 Indonesia 42 Brazil 54 China 85 Mexico 81 Malaysia 76 Jamaica 69 New Zealand 92 Pakistan 86 India 72 Singapore 95 Thailand 71 Philippines 45 South Korea 29 All With these indicators, NIS not only stand out from other developing countries, but also often exceed similar indicators of a number of industrialized countries.

For example, in terms of economic growth rates (8-10%), NIS are superior to developed Western countries (2-5%).

Table 15 - Growth rates of gross domestic product in the NIS and in some developed countries. Countries 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 USA 2.3 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.2 Germany 1.9 1.3 2.0 1.9 1.4 France 2.1 1.6 2.3 3, 2 2.5 Japan 1.5 3.9 0.9 -2.8 1.0 Brazil 3.9 3.0 3.6 0.2 -0.5 China 10.5 9.5 8.8 7, 8 7.6 Singapore is one of the top nine richest countries in the world. Monthly income GDP per capita is more than $24,000. The largest port and financial center in the world.

Reasons for distinguishing NIS from the rest of the developing world:

external reasons:

a) NIS found themselves in the sphere of special political and economic interests industrialized countries. Thus, the sphere of US political interests extended to Taiwan and South Korea, as East Asian countries opposing the “communist influence”. They were provided with unprecedented economic assistance and military support.

For example, Taiwan received $1.5 billion in aid. From 1950-1965, US aid accounted for 34% of total investment in Taiwan (most often gratuitous);

b) direct investment had a great influence on NIS. In the first half of the 1980s, direct investment in the NIS economy reached 42% of direct capital investment in developing countries. The main investor is the United States, NIS accounts for 10% of all foreign investments. Japan ranks second in terms of the volume of investments made in the economies of these countries. On the base foreign investment a manufacturing base was created that allowed these countries to become high-quality exporters of finished products. Investments are made in the manufacturing industries of these countries, thanks to which their basic economies were created.

internal reasons:

a) democratic and political transformations aimed towards reforms;

b) guarantees are provided to investors;

c) hard work, thrift, diligence of local residents.

To a certain extent, these factors formed the basis of two models of NIS development.

The first model involves the development of the national economy with a primary focus on the foreign market, export.

The second model is focused on import substitution.

The first model was followed at the end of the last century by the USA, after the 2nd World War - by Western European countries, Japan, and then by the NIS of Asia.

The second model is largely characteristic of Latin American NIS.

World experience shows that the import substitution strategy plays a big role, because it creates new production, increases the level of self-sufficiency in many goods, however, this model also has disadvantages. As a result, a crisis may arise, because it is based on protectionism, protection of national producers, expressed in the absence of competition from foreign companies, cheap loans, etc. This is why the import substitution policy does not contribute to changing the role of developing countries in the world economy.

In addition, import substitution very often entails dependence on external factors, since the backlog is conserved. Protectionism entails ineffective performance of domestic producers who take advantage of their monopoly position in the local market.

Many developing countries have passed the stage of import substitution.

For Latin American countries (Brazil, Argentina, Mexico), this model contributed to the creation of a diversified national economy. They, having powerful economic potential, were never able to carry out the necessary modernization of the economy, since they lacked export growth. All this led to external and internal economic problems: a deficit in the payment budget, the need for more and more loans, and technological lag.

By the mid-90s, some NIS in Latin America were emerging from the long crisis of the 80s. As a result of liberal economic reforms, the rate of economic growth is increasing again, and a positive trade balance appears (Brazil, Chile). Brazil's policy is focused on creating an open economy, and therefore import tariffs are being reduced.

Asian NICs use both elements of import substitution and elements of export-oriented policy in their economies. At the same time, a complete transition to an export-oriented economy with frontal export expansion is planned.

Thus, by the beginning of the formation of a modern production structure, many Asian countries had an import-substituting economic model, except for Hong Kong and, to some extent, Singapore, which, due to a limited domestic market, were forced to focus on exports. The import substitution policy was supposed to contribute to the development of those comparative advantages in the economy that these countries did not have:

increasing profit margins in manufacturing;

release of consumer goods;

production of intermediate goods and durable goods.

From the beginning, Asian countries began producing labor-intensive products for export, as they had a comparative advantage in cheap labor. By investing funds received from exports in basic industries, they moved to capital-intensive industries, so the structure of constantly growing exports is changing in favor of manufacturing industries. Work on the foreign market to satisfy domestic needs for many important goods - machines, metals, equipment, etc. Thus, in the NIS of Asia, export-oriented policies are combined with effective import substitution, ensuring the economic progress of the region.

The main components of the policy of NIS Asia:

The export policy of NIS Asia is a policy of fully satisfying the needs of partners in the world market.

The export range of goods is constantly updated, and there is a constant search for our own place and niches in the world market.

SEZs are used to attract foreign capital.

Priority in targeting foreign markets is initially given to the most developed countries of the world, since their markets are the most stable and capacious. In the process of development, there is a gradual diversification of markets, advancement into the markets of other developed and developing countries.

The place and role of NIS in the international division of labor is primarily determined in international trade. Orientation to foreign markets has led to a sharp increase in their share in world exports. In 2000

Hong Kong's share in world exports was 4.7%, Singapore - 3.3%, South Korea - 3.3%, Taiwan - 3.3%. It is characteristic that the share of machinery and equipment - the most significant and dynamic group of goods in international trade - in the total merchandise and total industrial exports of Asian NIS grew at a particularly rapid pace in the 80s and early 90s.

In the early 90s, the Far Eastern “dragons” and members of ASEAN found themselves in the top ten largest exporters of any significant types of mechanical engineering products. And in some respects they were among the world leaders. They account for 11% of global exports of automatic data processing machines. The share of exports of raw materials and food from South Korea and Taiwan accounts for 7%. South Korea has overtaken Japan in shipbuilding. South Korea's number one export is footwear. In Taiwan - toys and sporting goods. Thus, NIS attracted foreign capital and used their cheap labor and made capital in electronics, and then threw their forces into knowledge-intensive industries.

Countries are major importers of capital, but since the late 1980s they have also become exporters. Large TNCs are formed here. About 30 TNCs from NIS and oil exporters. They export capital to industrialized countries and the Asia-Pacific region. Taiwan exported to China (over the last 10 years) about 9 billion dollars. In Hong Kong, half of the joint ventures are with China. The internalization of commodity exchange processes occurred together with the internalization of financial markets. Now many of the Asian NIS are becoming international financial centers. The largest of them are Singapore and Hong Kong. According to the IBRD, NIS, primarily in Asia, will significantly strengthen their positions and join the ranks of industrially developed countries. The pace will grow by 6% per year. The center of business activity is moving to this region. At the beginning (80s) the focus was on capital-intensive industries (consumer electronics), in the 90s they switched to high-tech products (automotive industry, shipbuilding, etc.).

The prevailing tendency to focus only on the industrialized countries of the West is complemented by the search for trade and economic partners in their region and adjacent subregions. The main direction of the economic strategy adopted in these countries remains the production of high-tech products. Labor-intensive and low-profit

production is “trusted” to the NIS countries of the “second wave,” as well as China and Vietnam.

The successes achieved in the development of NIS, their integration into world economy allow us to say with confidence that the prospects for their economic growth, improving the standard of living of the people and increasing their foreign economic expansion are quite favorable. In the 21st century, these countries will occupy higher places in the world economy and demonstrate new significant results. According to World Bank forecasts, over the next 10 years the average growth rate in South Asia will be 5.4%, East Asia - 7.7%, Latin America - 3.5%. The increase in per capita income for 1996 - 2004 in East Asia is 6.6%. On average, the income of each inhabitant of the Earth increases annually by 1.9%.

Newly industrialized countries (NICs) include a number of countries in Asia and America, which are characterized by high rates of economic growth. NIS emerged from developing countries in the 60s of the twentieth century. The formation of the NIS can be divided into 4 stages. At the first stage, four countries of Southeast Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) and three countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico) quickly achieved large socio-economic changes and practically became equal to the states that had consistently high economic growth rates. growth. At the second stage, Malaysia, Thailand and India were added to these countries. At the third stage, the NIS group began to include Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey and Indonesia, and at the fourth stage - the Philippines and China. Entire regions have emerged that can be declared industrial and steadily growing.

The criteria by which certain states are classified as NIS (following the UN methodology):

• 1. the size of gross domestic product per capita;
• 2. average annual growth rate;
• 3. the share of the finishing industry in GDP (it should be greater than 20%);
• 4. volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports;
• 5. volume of direct investment abroad.

Attracting attention are such characteristics of newly industrialized countries as high growth rates, dynamic macroeconomic and intra-industry structural changes, the growth of the professional level of the workforce, intensive participation in the international division of labor, and the widespread use of foreign capital.

The main emphasis of the restructuring of the NIS economy is:

• ·for industrialization based on the latest scientific and technical achievements with a focus on the foreign market;
• ·accessibility and high level of education within the country;
• · to maximize the use of foreign capital.

The factors that determined the emergence of NIS can be divided into external and internal.

External factors is:

The country found itself in the sphere of special political or economic interests of industrialized countries, primarily the USA and Japan. Consequently, everything possible will be done for it to ensure high stability and high loyalty of its population to economic system capitalism. This is how the United States acted after World War II - it provided a variety of assistance and support to West Germany and Japan with the aim of turning them into the main centers of countering the spread of socialism to Western Europe and Southeast Asia.

The United States, declaring South Korea and Taiwan a zone of special national interests, wanted to turn them into the main countries that would resist communist influence from the PRC, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Socialist Vietnam. Huge economic aid and military support were provided to South Korea and Taiwan.

Between 1950 and 1990, Taiwan received over US$24 billion in foreign investment. During the 1998 financial crisis, the United States and other developed countries through international financial organizations lent almost $70 billion to South Korea. Certain countries of Latin America, and above all Mexico, also fell into the sphere of economic and political interests of the United States. In 1995, the United States allocated $50 billion to Mexico to support financial stability, with $20 billion coming from the special presidential stabilization fund. The countries of Southeast Asia have been and are a sphere of special economic and political interests of the United States and Japan.

2. Structural restructuring of the economy, which began in industrialized countries thanks to the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. Transnational corporations in industrialized countries quickly mastered the production of cars, semiconductors, computer equipment, and consumer electronics not only within their home country, but also in developing countries. In the 80s, direct investments in the NIS economy accounted for over 40% of all direct investments made by industrialized countries in the economies of developing countries.

Main internal factors, which led to the economic growth of the so-called NIS, are:

• 1. Relative political stability and political regimes loyal to developed capitalist countries. The leadership of the countries was ready to implement political and economic reforms aimed at the interests of capitalist countries, in particular, fully guaranteeing the security of their investments, distancing themselves from socialist theory and practice, and supporting the actions of developed countries in international organizations. Countries that are developing have rationed their legal acts in such a way that they allowed TNCs from the USA, Japan and their allies to almost freely use cheap labor, cheap raw materials and sufficiently capacious domestic markets and also freely export their products.
• 2. An economic strategy that was productive in terms of achieving the final result, which consisted of several stages. At the first stage, countries gradually replaced imports of similar products from abroad with domestic products, thereby saving foreign currency and at the same time saturating the domestic market with basic consumer goods. At the second stage, export potential was created and the capacity of basic sectors of the economy was increased. At the same time, the NIS of Southeast Asia created enterprises from the production of predominantly labor-intensive consumer goods, while Latin America gave preference to the development of high-tech capital-intensive industries, such as the finishing and mining industries. The third stage of implementation of the economic strategy is characterized by the creation of its own research base and the development of knowledge-intensive industries, and the inclusion of the country in the process of capital export. Moreover, East Asian countries are trying to invest most of their capital in the finishing industry and service sector of North America and Western Europe, thus trying to gain access to the latest technologies.

The development of productive forces, that is, the means of production and man as the main productive force of society. NIS of Southeast Asia have made huge investments in updating the means of production in traditional sectors of the economy and created new, previously absent industries based on the latest equipment and technology. Moreover, they invested in physical capital due to the high rate of domestic savings, which amounted to over 30% of the gross domestic product. At the same time, the NIS of South-West Asia invested in primary and secondary education, the development of scientific and technical potential and retraining of personnel, so the local workforce was ready for highly efficient work with complex high-tech technology.

The economy has optimally united market mechanism and government regulation. Although economic role states in each of the NIS are different, in general it was sufficient to supplement market mechanisms where they were objectively incapable of ensuring high rates of economic development. It was thanks to state regulation of foreign economic relations that Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore had a positive balance of payments for a long time. Asian governments controlled measures to maintain macroeconomic stability, avoiding high inflation and unemployment. In South Korea, all leading sectors of material production are clearly export-oriented. Revenues from foreign trade make up the bulk of budget revenues.

Effective, opposite to traditional, income policy. The governments of South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan have ignored traditional Western theories that argue that income inequality is necessary to stimulate economic growth because the rich tend to save more than the poor. The more wealthy, traditional theories say, the greater the savings and the greater the opportunity for investment in economic development. East Asian countries have taken the path of ensuring more equitable distribution, overcoming income inequality, which has strengthened the motivation of direct producers - the main productive force of society.

Consequently, the emergence of the NIS was not determined by the economic system of capitalism itself, but by its optimal adaptation to modern global processes. This adaptation occurs along the lines of productive forces, production relations and the economic mechanism. Moreover, it occurs to a large extent through the use of methods, methods, and principles of socialism.

PAGE 2

Introduction

World economya multi-level, global economic system that unites the national economies of the countries of the world on the basis of the international division of labor through a system of international economic relations. Developed countries serve as the basis of the world economy.

Currently, developed countries are moving from industrial development to post-industrial development. In other words, the main goal of the economic development of these states is the reorientation of material-, resource-, and labor-intensive industries into knowledge-intensive ones. In the world, not counting industrialized and developing states, there is a group of states that occupy an intermediate position between them.

These countries are united in the NIS, they have shown impressive rates of economic growth and growth in the service sector.

So, what is NIS, which has recently increasingly attracted the attention of people, and sometimes even individual countries? Newly industrialized countries are a group of developing countries in which over the past decades there has been a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one. This happened so quickly that many were probably jealous of them, since they are now competing with the USA, Japan and the European Union. In these countries, the proportion of literate people has increased, education has become free and accessible to all. Gross domestic income per capita is about $15,000, and its annual growth has stabilized at 7%. Based on all this, we can conclude that the rapid economic development of the NIS countries worries many countries, and the issue of this is relevant today.

All “newly industrialized countries” are characterized by a huge variety of conditions, and it would be naive to imagine that their socio-economic development occurs without difficulties and failures, and that is why I consider it my duty to reveal the reasons for them, to show how pressing problems are solved, what is instructive can be drawn from this rich arsenal for the reforms of our country.

The experience of economic development of NIS is relevant for Russia, since at the moment the Russian Federation is not competitive in many sectors of the economy, and the development of the service sector provides a chance for non-price competition between Russian commodity producers and foreign ones, increasing economic potential.

1. Theoretical aspects of NIS

1.1 Concept, essence, main features of NIS

Newly industrialized countries (NICs) include a number of countries in Asia and America, which are characterized by high rates of economic growth. NIS emerged from developing countries in the 60s of the twentieth century. In pho R The development of NIS can be divided into 4 stages. On the first, four countries of Southeast Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) and three countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico) quickly enough to With crucibles of great socio-economic changes and practically became equal to states that had consistently high rates of economic growth. At the second stage, Malaysia, Thailand and India were added to these countries. At the third stage, the NIS group began to include Cyprus, Tunisia, Tu R tion and Indonesia, in fourth place are the Philippines and China. Entire p e gions that can be declared industrial, steadily growing.

The criteria by which certain states are classified as NIS (following the UN methodology):

the size of gross domestic product per capita;

the share of the finishing industry in GDP (it should be greater than 20%);

volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total in s cart;

Also attracting attention are such characteristics of newly industrialized countries as high growth rates, dynamic macroeconomic and internal T sectoral structural changes, growth in the professional level of the workforce, intensive participation in the international division of labor, broad and With use of foreign capital.

The main emphasis of the restructuring of the NIS economy is:

• for industrialization based on the latest scientific and technical achievements with a focus on the foreign market;
• on universal accessibility and a high level of education within the country;
• to maximize the use of foreign capital.

The factors that determined the emergence of NIS can be conditionally divided into e pour on external and internal.

External factors are:

The country found itself in the sphere of special political or economic And economic interests of industrialized countries, primarily the USA and Japan O NI. Consequently, everything possible will be done for it to ensure high stability and high loyalty of its population to the economic system of capitalism. This is how the United States acted after World War II: it provided a variety of assistance and support to West Germany and Japan. O with the aim of turning them into the main centers for countering the spread of A the impact of socialism on Western Europe and Southeast Asia. USA, aboutъ considering South Korea and Taiwan to be zones of special national interests, they wanted to turn them into the main countries that would resist communism at nistic influence from the PRC, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Socialist Vietnam. Huge economic and military assistance was provided to South Korea and Taiwan. d hold. During the period 1950-1990, Taiwan received over 24 billion US dollars of foreign investment. During the financial crisis And 1998 crisis, the United States and other developed countries through international finance n Sovereign organizations provided loans to South Korea amounting to almost 70 billion US dollars. In the sphere of economic and political inter e The United States also included certain Latin American countries, most notably Mexico. In 1995, to support financial stability, the United States allocated $50 billion to Mexico, with $20 billion post at drank from the special presidential stabilization fund. The countries of Southeast Asia have been and are areas of special economic and gender And tical interests of the USA and Japan.

Structural restructuring of the economy, which began in O industrially developed countries thanks to the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. Transnational corporations in industrialized countries quickly mastered the production of cars, semiconductors, and computers. b new equipment, consumer electronics not only within the home country, but also in countries that are developing. 80s direct investment in ek O The nomics of NIS accounted for over 40% of all direct capital investments that were made by industrialized countries in the economies of developing countries.

The main internal factors that led to economic e The growth of the so-called NIS is:

Relative political stability and loyal to development And other capitalist countries have political regimes. The leadership of the countries was ready to implement political and economic reforms, for example V committed in the interests of capitalist countries, in particular the full guarantee O ensuring the safety of their investments, distancing themselves from socialist e theory and practice, support for the actions of developed countries in the international d nal organizations. Countries that are developing have normalized their rights O high acts in such a way that they allowed TNCs from the USA, Japan and their O Yuzniks can almost freely use cheap labor with And lu, cheap raw materials and sufficiently capacious domestic markets and also freely export manufactured products.

Productive in terms of achieving the final result b Tata economic strategy, which consisted of several stages. At the first stage, countries were gradually replaced by domestic products and m port of similar products from abroad and thereby saved foreign currency and at the same time saturated the domestic market with basic needs And body goods. At the second stage, export potential was created and the capacity of basic sectors of the economy was increased. At the same time, the NIS of Southeast Asia created enterprises from the output of mainly labor O high-capacity consumer goods, while Latin America n Russians gave preference to the development of high-tech capital m certain industries, such as finishing and mining industries. Tr e This stage of economic strategy implementation is characterized by the creation of private T national research base and development of knowledge-intensive technologies T industries, including the country in the process of capital export. Moreover, most of A East Asian countries are trying to invest in departments e manufacturing and service industries in North America and Western Europe O py, thus trying to gain access to the latest technology about giyam.

Development of productive forces, that is, the means of production and man as the main productive force of society. NIS of Southeast Asia have made huge investments in updating the means of production in traditional sectors of the economy and created new, previously absent industries based on the latest equipment and technology. Etc And than investments in physical capital, they carried out due to the high rate of domestic savings, which amounted to over 30% of gross domestic product. At the same time, NIS Southwest Asia investors A whether funds were allocated to primary and secondary education, the development of scientific and technical potential and retraining of personnel, therefore the local workforce was ready for highly effective work with complex scientific with some technology.

The economy optimally combines the market mechanism and government regulation. Although the economic role of the state in each of the NIS is different, in general it was sufficient to complement the p s night mechanisms where they were objectively untenable were provided e to achieve high rates of economic development. It is thanks to the states T foreign regulation of foreign economic relations Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore had a positive balance of payments for a long time. Asian governments in control A whether measures to maintain macroeconomic stability, e due to high inflation and unemployment. In South Korea, all leading industries m A terial production have a clear export orientation O bathroom character. Revenues from foreign trade make up the bulk of budget revenues.

Effective, opposite to traditional, policy O Dov. The governments of South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan ignored O reified traditional Western theories, according to which income inequality is supposed to be necessary to stimulate economic growth, O since the rich are more inclined to save than the poor. The more wealthy, traditional theories say, the greater the savings and the greater the opportunity for investment in economic development. In With Asian countries have taken the path of ensuring a fairer With distribution, overcoming income inequality, which increased motivation e mediocre producers the main productive force of society t va.

Consequently, the emergence of NIS was not caused by economics itself. And ical system of capitalism, and its optimal adaptation to modern n ny global processes. This adaptation occurs along the line O production forces, production relations and economic fur A nizma. Moreover, it occurs to a large extent through the use of methods, methods, and principles of socialism.

1.2 NIS classification

There is no single classification of “newly industrialized countries” yet, but some authors distinguish:

• Research vessels of the “first wave”: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Hong Kong) (they are also called “Asian tigers” or “Asian others” A horses"), Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile
• Research vessels of the “second wave”: Malaysia, Thailand, India, Türkiye
• Research vessels of the “third wave”: Philippines, China, Kazakhstan

NIS of the “first wave” are characterized by the fact that they carry out their own R&D and have established the production of relatively complex products. e jobs that require skilled, more expensive labor.

The economy of the “second wave” NIS is characterized by high rates of industrialization and export orientation industrial production(especially products of knowledge-intensive industries), their active participation in international at national division of labor.

There are also two mainNIS economic development models:

Asian model:characterized by an insignificant part of state ownership in the economy, but a high degree of state influence on economic processes (interventionism), the existence of a cult of loyalty to “their” corporations, the unconditional priority of national interests over international ones, the national economy develops with a focus mainly on the external market. Asian NICs, which have adopted an export-oriented industrialization strategy, have made an impressive economic breakthrough. Among the main factors for their success are a primary focus on education, a high level of national savings, public policy promoting economic growth, focusing on international industrial specialization and cooperation. Asian NIS largely repeated the Japanese business model, adapting many Japanese economic methods. It is no coincidence that economists compare East Asia to a “flock of geese in flight,” with Japan playing the role of leader, followed by the NIS.

At the same time, foreign TNCs played an incomparably greater role here than in Japan. The creation of the export potential of Asian NIS is due to the expansion of TNCs beyond national borders and the active movement from developed countries to NIS of labor-, energy- and material-intensive industries, as well as the production of mass consumer products that have spent their life in developed countries. These countries turned out to be attractive for TNCs primarily because of the low cost of labor and the possibility of its more intensive use. The production of a wide variety of products has been established - from consumer goods to computers, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, cars, ships and aircraft. The main “calling card” of Asian NIS is now the production of consumer electronics and the computer industry.

Latin American model:development of the national economy with a focus on import substitution. Latin American NIS, unlike Asian ones, carried out industrialization through the substitution of imports T early production. As is the case with export-oriented fashion e pour industrialization, an important role in the implementation of this strategy was played by about the state.

1.3 History of the NIS

Until the mid-60s, even after decolonization, Western economists did not particularly take into account the specific socio-economic problems of developing countries. Adjusted in 7080s. the concept of aid is based on the assumption that developed Western countries serve as a certain model for developing countries, since the aid they receive consists exclusively of samples of Western culture: material goods, technology, education and culture, norms of political and social behavior, etc.

The processes of differentiation occurring in all subsystems of the world economy, and therefore in developing countries, have led to the identification of a special group of countries called “newly industrialized countries” (NICs). These states are characterized by higher economic growth than industrialized countries and a significantly higher level of economic development compared to the main group of developing countries.

A country acquires NIS status according to the following criteria established according to the UN methodology:

GDP per capita;

Average annual growth rate;

The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP (it should be no more than 20%);

The volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports;

Volume of direct investment abroad.

In some indicators, NIS often exceed similar indicators in a number of industrialized countries. For 30 years from 1960 to 1990. The rate of economic development in the Asian region as a whole was more than 5% per year, while in European countries it was 2%. Developing countries that have embarked on the industrial path of development are beginning to attract foreign investment and stimulate the growth of foreign trade. Export revenues are used to develop the most promising industries. In the 60s. The countries of East Asia and Latin America have taken this path. In East Asia, capital flowed mainly into manufacturing and primary industries. In Latin America in trade, services, manufacturing. Particular attention should be paid to East Asia.

In the 21st century, as many experts note, the Asia-Pacific region will show its strength. In 1989, 18 states formed the Asia-Pacific Cooperation Forum (APEC): the USA, Canada, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, etc. The goals of this integral group were the abolition of trade barriers in mutual trade and capital movement. However, due to the fact that the countries included in APEC are different, deadlines were set for achieving these goals: until 2010 for developed countries, until 2020 for developing countries. APEC is not a closed bloc. In November 1998, at the next conference in the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, three more countries were accepted into the organization: Vietnam, Peru, and Russia.

Economic strategy Latin America is marked by three financial waves. Since the mid-70s. Chile, Uruguay and Argentina declared a transition to a new development strategy - liberal. This meant a sharp reduction in government intervention in investment, credit, foreign exchange and foreign trade transactions and a narrowing of its participation in entrepreneurial activity. The key reform was privatization, designed to expand the space for private initiative. But as a result, reforms in Chile were semi-successful, while those in Argentina and Uruguay failed. The fact is that the reforms were carried out mainly within the framework of military dictatorial regimes, their creators were “economists in uniform” and the essence of the reforms was the return of nationalized property to the previous owners and the liberalization of foreign economic activity. In addition, the changes took place in an atmosphere of mutual alienation between the people and the authorities.

Latin America also overcame a severe economic crisis in the early 1980s, which served as an impetus for the restructuring of national economic and technological structures.

Another crisis occurred in 1998. Latin America was going through a difficult period of complex structural transformations, which were characterized by unconventional solutions to economic, social, and cultural problems. As the Financier magazine notes, after August 17, 1998, Brazil found itself on the brink of an abyss: it maintained positive GDP growth rates, but there was a real collapse in the stock markets. In the September-November period, it needed to repay about $200 billion in domestic debt, despite the fact that falling confidence in emerging markets had greatly reduced the possibility of debt refinancing; it raised short-term interest rates to 50% and abolished 15% taxes on foreign investments. All these actions did not stop the outflow of capital; by the end of October, gold and foreign exchange reserves fell to $41.6 billion compared to $70.9 billion in July. If Brazil fails to completely suppress the crisis, the main victim will be the United States, Brazil's main creditor. In Latin America, there was a change in civilizational values ​​and spiritual guidelines, which did not pass painlessly.

As Latin American experience shows, the strongest obstacle to socio-economic transformations is the presence of a large external debt in a given country. Reaching a critical amount, it limits the freedom of action of the state and the choice of its own development strategy. Currently, over 10 countries in the region are unable to pay interest on external debt on time.

The pace of economic development, as noted above, of most NIS significantly exceeds similar indicators in many developed countries. In the production of certain types of industrial products, including knowledge-intensive ones, NIS have taken leading positions in the capitalist economy. It was this circumstance that determined their unusually accelerated growth.

Exports from these countries are developing at an even faster rate. The fact is that, possessing high competitiveness, NIS manufacturing products are increasingly gaining positions on the world market. NIS has become the largest exporter of shoes, clothing, textiles, and is rapidly increasing the export of household electronic equipment, etc. At the same time, NIS managed not only to find its niche in the world market, but also to squeeze out competitors from developed capitalist countries.

Due to many factors, NIS found themselves in the sphere of special economic and political interests of capitalist countries, which directed almost half of all financial resources intended for developing countries to these countries.

The rapid growth of the economy led to an increase in the absolute size of GDP, including per capita. In terms of these indicators, NIS as a whole is also ahead of the bulk of developed countries. The share of domestic savings in the structure of GDP is quite large, and in Asian NIS it is higher than in most industrial countries.

Using the positive experience of NIS, which made a breakthrough into the world market of high-tech products, is of practical importance for the accelerated formation of a new model of foreign economic relations of Eastern European countries, focused on deep and comprehensive cooperation in production, science and technology.

2. Features of economic development of NIS

2.1 Analysis of the economies of countries “dragons” and “tigers”, Latin America n countries

As has always been the case for centuries and millennia, the development of world history, including economic history, even in our computer age is fraught with many unexpected repetitions. Just three or four decades ago, not a single “think tank” could predict the unprecedented rapid development of a group of countries in East and South-East Asia, which received the poetic names “dragons” and “ti” for their rapid push towards progress. g ditch."

The division of countries into “dragons” and “tigers” is purely arbitrary. The “dragons” include the countries of East Asia South Korea, Taiwan, Guo n Kong, Singapore and the People's Republic of China, which is usually called s called the “big dragon”. “Tigers” are the countries of South-East Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Vietnam, and now India is increasingly being mentioned in this category. The names are more figurative, unified T The main difference they point to is geographical. Stremitel b New, following Japan, the development of these countries will undoubtedly go down in history. e human civilization as evidence of the enormous capabilities of people O widows who have embarked on the path of independent development. Nowadays, the region serves as a shining example, a call to action for former colonies and colonies. O lonium The achievements of the “dragons” and “tigers” stand out against the backdrop of the deteriorating situation in most developing countries.

Newly industrialized countries have adopted a “pursuit strategy”, which involves the development of products that are cheaper than those of their partners and more competitive based on the use of A knowledge of the latest technologies.

The development of these countries provides clear confirmation of the theory long waves outstanding Russian scientist N.D. Kondratieva, according to the cat O swarm, scientific and technological development occurs in waves with cycles lasting approximately 50 years. "Tigers" and "dragons" were used before With the fourth wave and are actively “embedded” in the new, fifth wave e that wave of scientific and technological progress that people are experiencing e quality.

Among the factors that ensure successful advancement in India T implementation of the NIS of Southeast Asia, a significant role was played by w nization of conditions associated with the expansion of foreign capital. Statistics show that for many years these countries were in the zone of the most active penetration of foreign capital. At the same time, on O graphical distribution of investments and their sizes noticeable impact approx. A were politically motivated. For example, the United States enjoyed particular favor with South Korea and Taiwan, which found themselves in the sphere of US military-strategic interests and received h the location of military facilities on the territory of these countries is several hundred million O new dollars for subsidies and loans.

Most countries in East and Southeast Asia have switched to an economic model of balanced growth, which involves: firstly, a consistent transition in development priorities from agriculture O economy to light industry, and then to heavy industry and, finally, to precision technology; secondly, the transition from labor-intensive to capital And labor-intensive, and then to knowledge-intensive production; thirdly, the transition from p O import substitution policies to export expansion policies; fourthly, stimulation of market relations at all stages of economic reform o nomics.

All NIS are characterized by: a fairly diverse industry structure To economics tour; widespread industrial forms of labor; large share in the industrial production of capital goods; export of manufactured products.

NIS owns a special industrial niche in the international division of labor, it is determined by the production of individual light industry products, metal-intensive engineering products, as well as To limited range of electronic equipment based on technologies that have already become widespread in post-industrial countries.

Foreign economic relations of the “newly industrialized countries” are the most important link in their economic development. The main form of such NIS relations is foreign trade. The level of development of NIS foreign trade, its nature, structure and geographical direction largely determine the role and place of these countries in the world system of economic relations.

The development of exports in the economy of NIS (especially Asian ones) is given a special place. It was export earnings that largely contributed to the growth of domestic savings and accelerated industrialization of the economy.

As mentioned above, the leading export item of NIS is pr O duction of the manufacturing industry. From 2000 to 2009, the share of finished products in NIS exports increased from 42 to 71%. In the exports of individual NIS, a significant share of raw materials remains (for example, natural at ral rubber, tropical wood, palm oil, tin, petroleum, rice, corn, coffee).

The growth of NIS foreign exchange earnings from the export boom gave them a real opportunity to expand the import of goods and services and use them for And simulating the economy. From 2000 to 2009, NIS imports increased 9 times and reached $169 billion.

Unlike other developing countries, NIS were able to make the most rational use of imports of goods to accelerate economic development, as evidenced by the structure of their purchases. In the nomenclature and m NIS port has for many years been dominated by machines, equipment A tion and vehicles. At the same time, imports no longer replace production. T in this product in NIS, but, on the contrary, complements it.

The second most important item of NIS imports are processed products, primarily semi-finished products for branches of TNCs and local firms using foreign technology; electronic components department b new components and parts for rapidly developing electronic and electrical systems in NIS O technical industry. This also includes the import of prefabricated buildings. m kits for the automotive industry and other machine industries O construction complex. Just like exports, NIS imports are focused mainly on developed countries, where by the mid-2000s up to 65% of the necessary goods were already purchased.

Latin American NICs make up most of their import needs O goods, especially in machinery, equipment and industrial semi-finished products, are satisfied at the expense of the United States, Asian at the expense of Japan, and the import of goods from Western Europe is expanding.

Developing countries supply mainly agricultural products to NIS O economic and mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and food supplies b natural goods. The share of liberated states in the import of Asian NIS was already 27% by the 2000s.

In recent years, there has been a tendency towards diversification of external e economic relations of NIS. Along with the rapid growth of foreign trade and To industrial cooperation is actively developing, the creation of joint ventures A nies and especially scientific and technical cooperation. A new phenomenon in this process was the export of entrepreneurial capital from NIS, which reflects a new stage in their economic development, indicating structural changes in economics.

In addition, the active process of expanding foreign economic relations I Zey NIS, their specialization in the export of industrial goods O had a positive effect on the structure of their GDP: the share of b working industry, which undoubtedly indicates an increase in benefits O the state of these countries.

To the successful accelerated development of new industrial economies O MIC of East Asia, in addition to its clearly expressed export orientation, b there was a policy of maintaining a high rate of accumulation, as well as a high investment activity local (banks, financial companies A ny) and foreign capital investors. The “flying geese” model, proposed by the Japanese economist Kaname Akamatsu in the 1930s, is well suited to the Asian way of thinking. Following exactly this m O Delhi, the countries of Southeast Asia have achieved such impressive successes that the world has O talked about "Asian" economic miracle" But, if there is some kind of “Asia T "miracle", then it lies in the fact that several countries, despite A the presence of serious unfavorable aspects in the general political and economic o mich e In this situation, taking advantage of the early experience of Japan and the experience of each other, after the 60s they were able to create a favorable economic situation for profitable private investments. And almost always with the participation of foreign partners.

The receipt of impressive investment resources from outside was determined not only by geopolitical considerations of the main centers of the world economic community, but also by the attractiveness of the countries e gion as recipients of foreign investment. East Asian states, including China, gradually became leaders in specific gravity in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), o T accounting for at least half of all capital investment in the developing world.

East Asian countries were ahead of Latin American countries in this regard, and in the 2000s. approximately doubled. But the subsequent Asian crisis contributed to the equalization of the share of the two competing regions in the global inflow of FDI.

Arriving from abroad financial resources used pages A us in East Asia very effectively. The influx of foreign capital investment in the form of loans did not contribute to such a rapid increase in the parameters of external debt here as in Latin America n region, with the exception of the crisis period in Asia in the late 2000s about Dov.

Rising up the steps of socio-economic progress, NIS are beginning to play an increasingly prominent role in the system of international sharing. e labor analysis (MRI). As you know, MRI includes many areas of the economy n no activity. One of its important areas is international R supply, which ensures the movement of the predominant part of all economic O mic resources between countries.

The place and role of NIS in the international division of labor is determined by the totality of their real capabilities. The focus on the foreign market of Asian NIS contributed to a sharp increase in their share in the world O in export. It is characteristic that the share of machinery and equipment is the largest O mine and a dynamic group of goods in international trade, in total merchandise and all industrial exports of Asian NIS especially fast T grew at a rapid pace in the 80s and early 90s.

Noting the high dynamics of industrial exports of Asian "n O newly industrialized countries”, it should be noted that the export of traditional goods O Varov still occupied important, and for individual goods, decisive O positions in foreign trade turnover.

A distinctive feature of the economic evolution of Asian NIS is I What happens is that they are increasingly becoming interesting to each other. The prevailing tendency to focus only on industrial development h The twisted countries of the West are beginning to be complemented by the search for trade and economic partners in their region and adjacent subregions. This does not mean, however, a decrease in the attention of Asian NIS to increasing the competitiveness of their products. In the mid-2000s, the top five countries in the world in terms of the competitiveness of their goods were Singapore, Go n Kong, Taiwan.

One of the most important components of the NIS success formula, and above all e th Asian model, became open in appearance economic policy, which in turn led to the creation of a favorable investment climate A ta. So, for example, three East Asian countries: China, Singapore, Mala th Zia receives more foreign investment than any other countries. The influx of foreign exchange has increased noticeably since the second half of the 90s. about strange and investment in Latin American NIS. At the same time, most of the investments are directed both to the creation of new enterprises and to b resolution within the framework of the privatization process of existing companies. Lat and noamerican Russian countries, using the lessons of the financial crises in the 90s, both in St. O continent (Mexico, Argentina), so in the countries of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, etc.) they took the path of using administrative and tax instruments to limit access to stock market short-term, speculative foreign capital.

The geography of the export of capital from the “newly industrialized countries” is extensive A definitely wide. These are primarily the leading industrialized countries, developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region, new markets A fed. Thus, South Korean firms are conducting targeted export expansion to the United States. By investing their capital in the American economy, South Koreans are seeking access to the latest technologies. Nar A Other Asian “dragons” are also affecting the export of capital. Very noticeable m Taiwan's commercial interest in its continental brother China.

Hong Kong entrepreneurs have created more than half of registered businesses in China And joint ventures established in this country.

In recent years, Asian NIS have begun to become active in the Russian goods and investment market. Here the leaders are the entrepreneurs A bodies of the Republic of Korea. Activation of trade and economic relations both with NIS and with other countries in this region is an important strategic e Russian task.

Latin American NIS, and above all Mexico, Brazil, A R Gentin, as a certain “saturation level” of foreign n capital they become a kind of intermediaries between the centers of the world O economy and less developed countries in the region, higher l taking away the same role that industrialized countries had previously played for them.

The process of internationalization of capital movements is still far from complete. R communication even between developed countries, not to mention developing ones. Nevertheless, some NIS have already taken significant steps along this path,

Progress achieved in the development of NIS, their integration into the world economy th This allows us to say with confidence that the economic prospects e growth, improving the standard of living of the people and increasing foreign economic And The economic expansion of these countries is quite favorable. In the 21st century they are for th mut higher places in the world economic hierarchy, prodemons T reveal new significant results. According to World Bank forecasts in t e Over the next 10 years, the average income of every inhabitant of the Earth will be e suitable to increase by 1.9%.

2.2 BRICS countries

The abbreviation BRIC was first used in November 2001 in a report by Goldman Sachs; analyst Jim O'Neill combined it into one word. A the titles of the four countries with the highest rates of economic development at that time: Brazil, Russia, India and China. At first, this analytical conclusion was of interest only to players financial market, using b needing reasonable forecast information to reduce investments and onic risks.

Politicians became interested in the symbolic idea of ​​BRIC. The initiative came from Russia. President Vladimir Putin proposed four pages A we need to find common ground and begin practical cooperation.

The BRIC countries occupy 26% of the planet's area. By 2010, the BRIC contribution to global economic growth over the past few years amounted to b O more than 50%. In 2009, 43.1% of the world's population lived on the territory of the BRIC group of countries, the BRIC share in the world's total GDP was 21.5%, in world trade turnover 16.1%, in world military spending 10.8%, in the production of traditional types of energy 40.2%, including 24.4% in d O more than gas and 20.7% in oil production. 36.3% of world gold prices T of reserves belonged to the BRIC countries in 2010. According to the World trade organization(WTO), in 2009 the BRIC share was 14.5% in o b global exports of goods (of which China accounted for 9.6%) and 8.4% of services (of which China accounted for 3.8%).

In the field of international division of labor, Brazil is known as a G manufacturer, Russia As a leading supplier of natural raw materials, India and China have large reserves of labor resources. According to stat And According to statistical data, the largest BRIC economy in 2009 was China (GDP $5.7 trillion), the smallest was Russia (GDP $1.2 trillion). The largest growth was demonstrated by India (+10%), the smallest by Russia (+4%).

The Independent said in early 2011 that European countries should finally pay more attention to the BRIC markets. According to the forecast O Deputy World Bank, in 2011-2012 the GDP growth of the BRIC group countries should be several times greater e increase the growth rates of developed countries of the world, while the lowest growth rates among the BRIC countries are expected in Russia.

The BRIC countries participate in various blocs and partnerships. Yes, Ro With Russia and China are partners within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Brazil, India and China, together with South Africa and Mexico, are partners within the G5. Russia is a member of the G8. All BRIC countries are members of the G20. Braz And lia member of MERCOSUR (South American Common Market). But each BRIC country has its own interest in cooperation in a quadrilateral format.

Brazil , which is experiencing the financial crisis more easily than other countries (although the decline in production there in 2009 was a record for the last 18 years), is interested in technological partnerships in the field of space exploration and rocket science. With the help of Russian investments, he plans to develop joint ventures, especially infrastructure projects. For this purpose, the governments of the two countries are ready to develop and adopt a Russian-Brazilian Double Taxation Convention.

Russia is interested in the development of a multipolar world and the establishment of collective leadership of leading states on the planet. Russia is interested in expanding foreign markets for grain export. It is expected that the support of Brazil, India and China will facilitate Russia's accession to the WTO. Russia plans to more intensively develop military-technical cooperation with all the countries of the four. Within the framework of the CSTO, Russia is engaged in the formation of an anti-drug security belt around Afghanistan and would like to involve the countries of the BRIC group in this work. Russia also counts on the support of BRIC in matters of positive peaceful development of situations in Iran, Lebanon, and Palestine.

India is interested in energy supplies, development of the oil and gas sector (production and refining), partnership with Russia in the field of nuclear energy (nuclear power plant in Kudankulam). In the field of space cooperation, Russia and India are developing the Russian Global Satellite Navigation System GLONASS, planning to share the use of the Moon, etc.

China proclaimed the strategic goals of cooperation within the BRIC, which completely coincide with the Russian ones: promoting the speedy revival of the world economy, reform of the international financial system, including reform of the IMF, the World Bank (WB) and the global monetary system, as well as working towards strengthening global food, energy and health security.

Russia, India and China are located in the same region (APR). All four countries are interested in developing mutual tourism. India and Brazil are interested in increasing their status in the UN Security Council, and for this they need Russian support. South-South cooperation (that is, between developing countries) has been supported by the UN since the beginning of the 21st century. All BRIC countries are interested in establishing financial cooperation, in particular, in the form of agreements on mutual trade in national currencies.

The first country to receive BRIC agreement in principle to And connection, became South Africa. This state fully shares the principles of BRIC and is interested in the development of high technologies, space research e developments, nuclear energy, mining, cultural and tourist exchanges. By joining BRIC, South Africa planned to significantly improve its domestic economic situation: achieve 57 percent economic growth, create more than 5 million new jobs, reduce O unemployment rate from 25% in 2010 to 15% in 2020.

With the entry of South Africa into the BRIC club (and its transformation, accordingly n but, in BRICS, the African market with a population of more than 1 billion people opens up for participants. South Africa's GDP is a third of Africa's total GDP and her Sahara. For comparison, in 2009, Russia’s GDP was only 4 times greater than South Africa’s GDP. According to Forbes magazine, a big plus is South Africa's 39th place in the list of the most convenient countries for doing business.

The BRICS countries are striving to become an analogue of the G7 countries, “but only for the developing world.” In the third world, attempts have been made repeatedly to create a counterbalance bloc to developed countries; this happened decades ago, and is still happening now.

Now the BRICS countries have already coordinated their positions and are creating “the institutional basis for a full-fledged bloc.” However, so far the political influence of BRICS in the world is not great, but the countries included in this bloc have every chance of becoming one of the most influential states in the world by 2050.

Russia in BRICS

The tone of Russian politicians in statements about activities and prospects To Russia's activities within the BRIC framework are invariably positive, but experts are highly A call for more cautious judgments. The main problem for Russia, according to scientists, is the lack of clearly defined interrelations between and between the national concept of foreign policy and the political goals of the state within the BRIC framework.

According to the chief research fellow IMEMO RAS Andrei V O Lodina, by 2010, politically Russia in BRIC was, if not an outsider, then an undecided participant, and the urgent task for the country was to determine its goals in BRIC and integrate them into its foreign policy e skaya strategy. In the meantime, the leaders of cooperation and integration within the BRIC group are China and Brazil, who are purposefully making efforts to diversify their foreign policy ties.

Russia has the highest level of GDP per capita among the BRIC countries. In contrast to the political component of the quadrilateral O cooperation, in the economic sphere of Russia in 2010, according to experts R comrade, became the leader of the BRIC group, displacing India from first place. WB for I concluded that in 2011 and 2012 the Russian economy is expected to grow, which could be more significant if Russia managed to eliminate the h measured dependence of the economy on the raw materials sector.

At the end of 2009, the World Bank, in its report on the study of the impact of economic O mic development of China and India on Russia showed that, firstly, due to the relatively small volume of consumption, India and China will not be able to consume approx. A have a significant impact on Russian exports, and secondly, both of these b O Asian economies, rich in labor resources, will reduce Russia's role in the And ry export of industrial goods, with the exception of environmental products R high-intensive pulp, paper and forestry industries.

HSE scientific director Evgeny Yasin also believes that O Russia's problem within the framework of BRIC economic integration is the lack of T There is a surplus labor force in the country, in contrast to three economies etc. at gee participating countries. At the same time, the WB expects that India will be able to positively influence Russian agricultural exports, and China will be able to positively influence Russia’s income from the expo R that of energy resources, primarily due to rising prices for them.

From the point of view of the emergence of Russia as a global financial center, by the end of the 2010s, not everything was fine either. Alexey Rey, an employee of the Institute of the USA and Canada, believed that if Russia does not refuse T from such features of its economic model as state support at gift of monopolistic groups and limited access to international d financial corporations to information Russian companies, it is unlikely to be able to claim the title of world financial center. Moreover, at the end of 2010, only 10% of investors showed investment interest in Russia, which is three times less than in other countries of the group.

The British company Maplecroft, which specializes in analyzing business risks, also expressed concerns about investments in the Russian economy, drawing special attention of investors to the “extremely high” political risks in Russia. Analysis of the BRIC economies for 40 different points A Based on the results of 2010, the risk profile ranked the participating countries as follows: Brazil is the most favorable for investment 94th place out of 196, K And Thai 62nd place, India 26th place. Russia, which was in 15th place in 2009, moved to 10th in 2010.

But there are also optimistic observers who are inclined to believe that Russia will remain the economic leader of the BRIC after 2010. Firstly, 2010 significantly increased the likelihood of Russia's accession to the WTO. Secondly, Russia received the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which will give additional And telial impulse. Thirdly, large Western businesses continue to be actively interested in large Russian businesses. All this gives experts With There is a new expectation of an influx of large foreign investments into Russia.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) analysts in their dedicated bud at The world economy study “The World in 2050”, released in February 2011, indicated that Russia will already overtake Germany in terms of GDP parity in 2014 purchasing power and will be one of the five largest economies in the world. According to PwC forecast, it will remain there A to grow at an average annual growth rate of 4% until 2037, after which it will be overtaken by Brazil. China will be first in this ranking.

Several years of targeted and comprehensive successful development of relations between the four countries allowed experts to draw conclusions about the visible prospects for changing the role of each of them in the world. In particular, the geopolitical prospects of Russia within the BRIC at the turn of the 2000-2010s are seen as follows:

1. The process of forming a multipolar world one of the main political goals of Russia is developing successfully. In the near future, not only developed Western countries, but also developing states will become poles. at gifts from the Asia-Pacific region (Russia among them), Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.
2. The emergence of Russia as a new global financial center is impossible, or at least unlikely, given the current climate. O day in the country, the peculiarities of the political, economic and judicial systems, in particular, the unacceptable level of corruption.
3. Russia's role in the global geopolitical situation may change And due to the predominance of the raw materials component in the structure of national O exports, while from those with significant labor resources R the economies of other countries of the BRIC group themselves are experts without a doubt And They only give growth.
4. There are fears that Russia will sooner or later be forced to leave the BRIC group due to the large difference in civilizational development with other participating countries.

2.3 Russia's development path new technological industrialization

In Russia, as a result of many years of “raw materials imbalance” and the dependence of the country’s economy on petrodollars, a large-scale crisis of aggregate domestic demand has broken out. That is why the government leadership of Russia today emphasizes the need to transition from a raw material export model to an innovation-industrial model.

At one time, the economy of the Soviet Union brilliantly coped with the tasks of the first phase of industrialization. Electrification of all types of engineering production and productive forces was carried out in the shortest possible time by historical standards.

Until about the 1970s, the USSR was the largest supplier of technologies, machines and equipment for the electrification of other countries of the world and, above all, those states of Asia and Africa that fought for national independence and to get rid of colonial oppression. Suffice it to say that India and China, thanks to the Soviet Union, were able to proactively electrify their industries and create many types of industrial production from scratch: chemical, metallurgical, and mechanical engineering. It is precisely thanks to the gain of historical time and a rational economic policy, completely and strictly subordinated to general economic state interests, that India and China were able, on the basis of their own industrial potential, to get involved in solving the problems of neo-industrialization of the second phase of industrialization, becoming leaders in the development of automation and production technologies at the technotronic level.

Russian industry in its organizational forms and technical composition corresponds to already outdated technological structures. They present technologies at the level of the first phase of industrialization, mainly electromechanical. The processes of controlling machine tools, assembling cars, tractors, refrigerators, televisions, elevators and other types of industrial products are electrified here, but not automated.

The essence of the first phase of industrialization was the electrification of industry, Agriculture, transport, housing and communal services, social infrastructure. And the main tasks of electrification have been largely completed. However, a number of problems still await their practical solution. These include the electrification of agricultural machinery, automobile, sea and river transport. Consequently, it is too early to talk about the completion of even the first phase of industrialization. However, industrialization does not end with the electrification of workplaces, but continues with their computerization and automation, up to the formation of a single automated system of productive machines, mutually integrated with microprocessor or digital technologies. Thus, neo-industrialization means the creation of computerized and automated productive forces linked into a single automated system machine production and distribution of material and social benefits. If the basic product of electrification is a kilowatt-hour, then the basic product of neo-industrialization is a microprocessor. Accordingly, the readiness of a particular country for the neo-industrial stage of development is determined by the presence of domestic production of microprocessors and microprocessor equipment. A country that has its own production of advanced microprocessors is prepared for large-scale neo-industrialization in all respects: scientific, technical, technological, innovative, industrial, informational, personnel, organizational, systemic.

Exit for countries with transition economy can only become e industrialization complete and rapid modernization of all strategic enterprises and a change in the structure of exports from “raw materials” to “industry” n new", that is, the production of finished goods based on Western technologies X nology or, more preferably, based on their original technologies x nology.

In an attempt to catch up with post-industrial countries, countries in transition O nomicians are clearly doomed to lag behind. Only the original way e industrial modernization can solve the problem of lagging behind.
The government of the Russian Federation understands this very well, which has embarked on the path of just such modernization under the leadership of the administration of Dmitry Anatol e Vich Medvedva, as evidenced by the large number of his steps, d adopted with the coming to power of the new president. It is a pity that not all CIS governments have appreciated this path of development and, consciously or otherwise e Denia, for the most part, continue to transform their states into new colonies of Western imperialism.

Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, speaking on April 20, 2011 in the State Duma with a report on the government’s activities, set Russia a very ambitious task: by 2020, to enter the top five largest economic entities. O nomic of the world. To do this, in his opinion, it is necessary to start a new Indian T implementation of the country.

In the first part of his speech, Vladimir Putin paid attention to macroeconomic indicators. He told deputies that the Russian Federation's GDP in the first quarter of 2011 grew by 4.4%. In 2010, the growth of the indicator A 4%, and the forecast for 2011 is 4.2%, the inflation forecast is not higher than 6.57.5%.

But with all this, the country faces a very ambitious task - to become one of the five largest economies in the world by 2020. Let us note that it is in terms of labor productivity that Russia is losing greatly.

At the moment, according to Vladimir Putin, it is necessary to O new wave of industrial development in Russia. “Here again the question arises about the nature of our further economic growth. I am convinced that we need O dimo launch a new wave of industrial, technological development And Russia, create conditions for the influx of long-term, “smart” investments And tions and advanced technologies,” the prime minister said, emphasizing that other There are no alternatives.

And the court is showing pretty good results in this direction. O structure. Putin said that it showed an increase of almost 8% in 2010. The order portfolio exceeded 100 vessels. "Our task is to O If only the entire technological and industrial chain would operate on the territory of Russia, from research and development to R&D to the manufacture of components and large-scale production,” the prime minister added. In his opinion, it is necessary to concentrate on the construction of icebreakers, high-tech O logical ships for various purposes, drilling platforms. Production growth d share of mechanical engineering as a whole amounted to 25% in 2010.

Putin expressed his belief that the military-industrial co. m RF complex can provide competitive weapons to the Russian army. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that modern weapons Voor at The Russian military-industrial complex should supply the Russian military forces, emphasizing that funds from the country’s defense budget should not go abroad.

A breakthrough is also planned in the construction of civilian launch vehicles.

As for the fuel and energy complex, its participation And ki, according to the prime minister, are investing 8.5 trillion rubles in development in the near future th for three years. From this amount to modern equipment will direct e but 3.2 trillion rubles. “This is where the source of innovation is,” Putin noted. "N A a worthwhile breakthrough must be achieved in the fuel and energy sector m plex. Moreover, the breakthrough is precisely qualitative, based on the growth of e f efficiency, on deep processing of raw materials,” he emphasized.

As for production, Putin said that Russia for the first time reached the level of oil production of 505 million tons per year. According to him, this is a “shelf” on which you need to stay for a long time.

Particular attention should be paid to infrastructure. According to the prime minister, by 2020 all federal highways in Russia will be modernized.

According to him, from individual construction projects a step will be taken systematic development roads all over the country. In total, according to O Premiere, road construction costs in 2011 will exceed 700 billion rubles, which is 40% more than in 2010. More than 300 billion rubles will be allocated for the development of Russian airports until 2015.

New industrialization can be an effective alternative with at the existing economic policy, which will create a highly productive and competitive economy in Russia, based on real values ​​and with high innovative potential and a scrap.

Flaws Russian economy, which reduce its competitors O ability has long been well known. First of all, this is dependence on the raw material situation and a low degree of diversification. Secondly, this is a traditionally low level of productivity. Thirdly, an extremely high level of concentration of the economy, which increases risks, reduces the flexibility and dynamism of corporations, and generates And Viennese sentiments in dependent societies and declining enterprises A bodily activity. Unfortunately, we are not talking so much about industries for O where economies of scale are truly critical. Guided by accept V Based on the idea that big is always better, the government persistently continues to create mega-holdings. Often the initiative came e The creation of a new state corporation is simply an attempt to create another “golden chair” for a good person.

Today we need to solve 2 priority tasks. Firstly, to ensure a significant increase in the efficiency of what we have. Secondly, by any means necessary to achieve the transfer of what we do not have, that is, borrowing new technologies from other countries. The main thing, in my opinion, is to squeeze out more efficiency from the resources we have. This does not apply to the Internet, not to innovation, but purely to industry. n things.

Conclusion

I chose the topic of new industrial countries in the world economy, because I believe that this topic is one of the most relevant today oh today.

These countries have occupied a special place among the developed countries of the world. Not yet e For a long time they had an economy typical of developing countries. NIS o T differ from other countries in their relatively high GDP level per capita n A settlement, the spread of industrial forms of labor, relative h twisted sectoral structure of the economy, export of processed products Yu industry, cheap labor. Market relations before With the crucibles here are of a noticeably higher degree of maturity than in developing countries.

The newly industrialized countries include: a number of countries in Latin America, such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, which in many respects have approached countries of high and medium levels of economic development. In these countries, the volume of industrial production and its share in national income. Also Southeast Asian Countries: Sing A pur, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), which became part of China, and South Korea. The manufacturing industry is developing intensively here. In the present I Currently, these countries occupy leading positions among developing countries in terms of product exports.

According to the current level of economic and industrial development the most developed of the newly industrialized countries Republic of Korea, A R Gentina, Mexico, Singapore come close to industrial development h twisted countries and are on the same level with such European states at gifts like Spain, Portugal, Greece.

I also considered it necessary to highlight Russia against the background of industrialization. Undoubtedly, Russia has all the prerequisites to become an industrial country qualified personnel, preserved production potential, rich Natural resources of all types and a vast territory. To take the path of neo-industrialization Ro With All you have to do is change your priorities and act.

In my opinion, the newly industrialized countries are the future leading countries in the world market. Because they are gaining strength very quickly, and in the near future they will be able to displace many leading countries and take their place.

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