1897 Then this unit was forgotten for a long time, and only the 2002 population census returned this indicator as a unit of account, along with the quantitative characteristics of marital status.

The household is a type of business entity and has a number of features and differences from the family category. The concepts of "family" and "household" are not identical, although they are closely interrelated.

A family from the standpoint of the sociological approach, it is a social system that realizes itself in two status characteristics - a social institution and a small social group. As a small group, the family is based on marriage or consanguinity, and its members are bound by common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance. The family structure expresses the totality of relationships between its members, including family ties as well as spiritual and moral relations. In scientific circulation, the concept of “family” was more widely used than “household”, which is explained more by ideological motives than purely scientific ones. It was believed that the “household” category was too neutral, indefinite, the “family” positively reflected social processes, the social value of this institution in life.

individual, society and state. Therefore, it was the family, and not the household, that was considered as the object of sociological study.

The scale of the institution of the family as an object of sociology, There are 34 million married couples in Russia, of which 3 million (10%) are in an unregistered marriage. Moreover, the number of married women is 65 thousand more than the number of married men (for comparison: in 1989 the difference was 28 thousand). The average number of children in a Russian family: 1.5 children in cities, 1.25 in rural areas

The concept of "household" is broader than the family, as it includes not only relatives, but also non-relatives and may be limited to one member. In foreign sociology, which traditionally uses this concept, a household (hausehold) is a lonely person or a group of people who have one address, share a common table once a day and (or) use a common living space. Russian sociology understands a household as “a way of life independently organized by an individual or a group of persons living together”. This definition is socially more precise. Unlike the family, the household is not a social institution. Members of a household may form a small group even if it is not a family group (for example, a group of cohabiting students), while a family is always a small group. But if one of the family members lives separately, then the composition of the small group exceeds the number of household members.

Household scale as an object of sociological research: 142.7 million Russians live in 52 million 707 thousand private households, i.e. 98% of the country's population. The average size of Russian households is 2.7 people.

In a market economy, economic, economic functions households. In the study of economic behavior, consciousness, values ​​and social adaptation of household members, first of all, the structure of households is taken into account, as well as such indicators as the number of its members, demographic composition, family type.

Depending on the type of family, households can be:

• non-family;
• family, when cohabiting persons are spouses, relatives or in-laws (matchmaker, matchmaker, relatives by husband and wife). Most Russian households are family, and almost all families have households (family life is always connected with housekeeping and household organization). The main function of the family household is to organize the life and livelihoods of family members.

The number of family households depends on the number of families, the standard of living and the quality of life of the population, in particular, on the solution of the housing problem. Since Russia traditionally lacks housing and it has become too expensive for mass purchase, the number of family households (52.7 million) is less than those who are married (67.9 million). Many households consist of two families living together in the same area.

Most households (almost 60%) consist of one household member (7 million people). These are the so-called single households, which are primarily composed of pensioners. Half of them are over 70 years old. Therefore, they are also called after family, i.e. households of older people, mostly women, who had a family in the past.

According to the 1994 micro-census, single households in Russia accounted for 20%. In the UK in 1961, single people formed 3.9% of the total number of British households, and 30 years later (in 1992) - 11.1%. The numerical composition of Russian households is presented in Table. 4.14.

As can be seen from the table, the vast majority of Russian households (about 80%) belong to family households consisting of two or more persons related by marriage or blood relationship or property.

Table 4.14. Size of Russian households by the number of their members

mixed household includes other persons besides the family, such as a nanny, a housekeeper, etc.

group household consists of friends, partners who permanently live in the household and take part in its organization and life support.

In addition, households differ in completeness:

• complete nuclear family household - a married couple with or without children;
• single-parent family household - single parents who have either never been married, are widowed, or are divorced and separated and live with unmarried children of any age;
• extended family household - parents living with children who are married.

The general structure is given in table. 4.15.

Distribution of households by socio-territorial structure: in the city there are 39.233 million, in rural areas - 13.474 million. one %). To study the household as an object of economic sociology, the quantitative indicators adopted in population statistics are mainly used.

Table 4.15. Structure of family households in Russia (data from the 1989 population census and the 1994 microcensus), % of the number of households with two or more persons

The question of the household as an object of analysis has been updated in connection with the study of social relations in the economic sphere and the development of the private sector of employment. At the same time, the study of households is based on a number of particular sociological theories, primarily the sociology of the family, the sociology of labor and the sociology of employment.

As the results of the study show, the development of households is associated with the use of land, including various forms of subsidiary farming - a dacha, a garden, household plot and others. At the same time, no more than 4% of “summer residents” households have large land plots (more than 20 acres), and most of them own plots of 6-8 acres acquired in Soviet times.

The subsidiary farm of an urban family has a pronounced vegetable-growing specialization. Families with children under the age of 18 are more often than others (56% vs. 49% in childless families). According to the results of household surveys, family households, for which household farming is the main source of subsistence, are the lowest income group of the population.

Rosstat traditionally conducts sample surveys of household budgets, the results of which serve to statistically monitor the standard of living of the population. These surveys are carried out quarterly in all subjects of the Russian Federation and cover 49,175 households. The sample does not include collective households consisting of persons in hospitals, nursing homes, boarding schools and other institutional settings.

According to the results of a sample survey of household budgets in 2006, the average resources for each household member per month amounted to 7052 rubles. At the same time, cash expenditures from the total amount of available resources amounted to 87.9%, the increase in savings was only 7.5%, and the cost of in-kind receipts of food products was 3%. This structure of household resources indicates the low level of the majority of the Russian population. This indicator is associated with stratification and socio-economic stratification of the population. Note that the distribution cash income for 20% population groups in all countries except Russia, by the World Bank estimated on the basis of national data of surveyed households.

The evolution of Russian households in modern conditions defines new types of social adaptation of families to market economy. From this point of view, the spread of the domestic economy is an indicator of negative trends in the country, when the determining factor in choosing a development model is not the situation in real sector economy, in production (employment, wages, status growth, production behavior), and factors related to family structure: the ratio of able-bodied and incapacitated family members, the availability of skills, social ties, etc. At the same time, “the home economy does not lead to accumulation and development, but only contributes to the survival of the household and the satisfaction of family needs.”

The sphere of domestic economy lies in the area of ​​immeasurable economy, which K. Polanyi called "substantial economy". Human actions in such an economy are motivated by other motives, "than the maximization of profit or welfare." The basic motive in such an economy is the life support of a person and his family. The behavior of a person - a member of the household is distinguished by a certain irrationality and is largely due to traditions and social values.

Distribution of income between households

Households play two roles:

• as the main consumers of goods and services
• as suppliers economic resources.

Households as the main consumers of goods and services

This assumption is valid, although they are consumed not only by households, but also by themselves, who, in the course of production activities, consume the so-called investment goods and services - machinery and equipment, raw materials and materials, financial and intermediary services. Moreover, a large consumer of goods and services is a company that purchases both investment goods (for utilities, power plants, etc.) and consumer goods (for the army, schools, orphanages, etc.). Finally, goods and services are consumed, many of which are created for this ( consumer cooperatives and etc.). Nevertheless, households remain the main buyers, especially of consumer goods and services. For example, in Russia in 2002 households consumed 50% of the country's gross domestic product.

Households as the main providers of economic resources for firms

This is an even larger assumption than the previous one, but it is still true in the end. Households are the owners all over the world. and knowledge (especially in the form of education) also belongs not so much to firms and the state as to individuals, i.e. households. AT developed countries they are also the main owners of natural resources (especially land) and capital (through ownership bank deposits, as well as shares, shares and bonds of firms). Therefore, the bulk of income from developed countries comes to households through rent from natural resources, interest and profit from invested capital, income from entrepreneurial abilities and knowledge. Households leave part of these incomes at the disposal of firms for their further development, part of the income is given to the state in the form of taxes, receiving part of it back in the form of social transfers. But even after that, households remain the main recipients of income. So, in Russia in 2000, out of 6.5 trillion rubles. net disposable income (i.e., after paying taxes and receiving social transfers) was received by households, 1.1 trillion by firms (enterprises) and 1.5 trillion by the state, while non-profit organizations had losses rather than income.

Distribution of income between households

In economics, it is important not only what the incomes of all households taken together are, but also how these incomes are distributed among households. In 2002, 46% of the cash income of all Russian households was concentrated in the hands of 20% of the population(moreover, the bulk of these incomes were in the hands of the richest 5% of the population), but in the hands of the poor and the poorest 60% of the population - 31% of cash income.

The first group of the population shows limited demand for Russian-made goods, preferring high-quality imports, and the bulk of the population focused on Russian goods does not have enough money to buy these goods (especially housing and durable goods), spending their money income mainly on food or producing it because of poverty, mainly by hand in personal subsidiary plots in the villages and in garden, garden and summer cottages land plots around cities.

The strong social differentiation of Russian households is also reflected in their role as providers of economic resources. Thus, the excessive concentration of cash income in the hands of a small group of Russian households and the resulting fear of losing these incomes as a result of their possibly more even distribution (for example, through a revision of the results of privatization or an increase in rent for the use of state natural resources) pushes them to a significant export of capital from the country (directly or through Russian companies). At the same time, the bulk of Russian households do not have sufficient income to save money, let alone to invest it in the Russian economy through banks or the purchase of securities.

The family is an integral unit of society, and it is impossible to reduce its importance. Not a single nation, not a single civilized society could do without a family. The foreseeable future of society is also not conceivable without a family. For every person, the family is the beginning of the beginning. Almost every person associates the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: happy is the one who is happy in his home.

The classical definition of a family says that a family is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage, parenthood and kinship, common life, a common budget and mutual moral responsibility.

The family is a complex sociocultural phenomenon. Its specificity and uniqueness lies in the fact that it focuses in itself almost all aspects of human life and goes to all levels. social practice: from the individual to the socio-historical, from the material to the spiritual. In the structure of the family, three interconnected blocks of relations can be conditionally distinguished: 1 - natural-biological, i.e. sexual and consanguineous; 2 - economic, i.e. relationships based on household, everyday life, family property; 3 - spiritual and psychological, moral and aesthetic, associated with feelings of marital and parental love, with the upbringing of children, with caring for elderly parents, with moral standards of behavior. Thus, only the totality of these connections in their unity creates a family as a special social phenomenon.

The deep crisis of modern Russian society and the crisis of the family are closely interrelated and have common roots. Society rests on the spiritual and moral foundations of the human soul, which are laid in the family, formed in it, grow out of it. From the family, a person takes out into the public and public life those qualities that become a source of creation or evil and destruction. Just as a sick cell creates sick organisms, so a spiritually flawed family reproduces morally unhealthy relationships in society.

Do we always think about the questions:

Why is this woman and this man getting married?

Why do people live in families?

- Is the family a personal matter for everyone or is it somehow connected with society?

Does society influence the family, or does society exert “pressure” on the family?

Has the family always existed?

Will the family survive in the future?

– Will the family withstand the severe trials that our society is going through today?

The scope of research is wide and varied. The processes of disintegration and formation of a family, the nature of the performance of its main functions, the characteristics of the relationship of spouses and the causes of family conflicts in the family, social and economic forces that determine her way of life - this is far from complete list only the main questions addressed by experts.

my goal term paper consider the family in the system of social relations.

The object of this course work: family. The subject of the study is the family in the system of social relations.

. The concept and essence of the family and household

One of the most important prerequisites for solving social problems is the study of the family and the family structure of the population. The following definition of family is generally accepted. A family- This is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

However, economists have added their own aspects to it, and they have such a definition. A family is a group of persons living together in the same living space, conducting a joint household and being in a relationship of kinship, marriage or guardianship.

In the USSR population censuses, a family was defined as a group of two or more persons related by kinship or property, living together and having a common budget. People living outside the family were divided into two categories - singles and people living separately from their families. The difference between them depended on whether the person in question had a regular material relationship with any of his relatives. People with such a connection (although this concept was not defined) were considered family members living separately, those without it were considered loners.

This division was introduced during the 1939 census and was maintained until the 1989 census inclusive. It did not make it possible to single out the category of the so-called institutional population in the census materials. Two completely different categories of people were mixed and could not be separated: those living independently, forming households of one person, and those who permanently live together, but do not lead a common household, but are fully or partially supported by the state, public or religious organizations (i.e. e. in institutions such as nursing homes, homes for the disabled, orphanages, chronic hospitals, monasteries, barracks, penitentiary and other institutions.

A smooth transition of statistics to the definition of a household occurred in 1994. During this period, statistics moved to criteria and definitions that correspond to international recommendations.

The following extended definition of a household was adopted: a household is a socio-economic unit that unites people with relationships that arise when organizing their joint life, i.e. maintaining a common household, living together, etc.

A household is:

1) several people living together in the same living quarters, who run a common household, jointly provide themselves with the most necessary things, pooling funds for running a common household;

2) one person who, accordingly, lives alone and provides for himself completely.

A household may include persons who are related by kinship, relationships arising from marriage, or who are not related at all by such relationships, or both.

If a person rents a dwelling from individual citizens, he is not a part of the household where he directly rents a dwelling. This would be considered an independent household of one or more persons.

As a result of processing the materials of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, information was obtained on the number and groupings households, about types and sizes families belonging to households.

In the 2002 census, the concept of a household first appeared. The household- this is a group of people living in the same dwelling or part of it, jointly providing themselves with food and everything necessary for life, that is, fully or partially combining and spending their money. These people may be related by kinship or marriage, or unrelated, or both. The household could also consist of one person living independently and providing himself with food and everything necessary for life.

From the definition of the concept, it follows that a household united people (not necessarily relatives) leading a common household. And, conversely, if relatives living in the same premises ran a separate household, they were counted as independent households. People without a fixed place of residence, the homeless, were also considered households.

The 2002 census distinguished two types of households. Households living in ordinary dwellings, as well as the homeless, are private households. Those who permanently live in social and medical institutions, barracks, places of detention, religious organizations are collective households.

In the 2010 census, a household is defined as a group of persons living in a dwelling house or apartment or part of a dwelling house or apartment, providing themselves with the necessary means of subsistence together and pooling all or part of their income, or a person living in a dwelling house, apartment, room or their parts and provide themselves with the necessary means of subsistence.

Households are divided into private households, collective households and homeless households.

Private households are a group of persons or one person living in residential premises (apartments, individual houses, dormitories, other residential premises) and non-residential premises adapted for housing.

Collective households are a group of persons permanently residing in social and medical institutions, barracks, places of detention, religious organizations (monasteries, seminaries, etc.).

Households of the homeless are a group of persons or one person without a fixed place of residence (homeless).

The recommendations of the UN Statistical and Economic Commissions define the family. A family- a married couple without children or with children of any age, or one parent with children of any age who are not married and do not have children of their own. The fact of cohabitation or joint housekeeping in this definition missing.

However, a household has a number of other definitions, for example, depending on the standard of living, it can also be called a “household”.

Household a small group of people who live in the same dwelling, pool some or all of their income and possessions, and consume certain types of products and services in common, primarily housing services and food.

federal Service state statistics summed up the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, obtained as a result of automated processing census sheets.

1. Number and distribution of the population

According to the All-Russian Population Census conducted as of October 14, 2010, permanent population Russian Federation amounted to 142.9 million people.

The census included 90,000 citizens of the Russian Federation who, as of the date of the census, were abroad on a long-term business trip through state authorities and members of their households living with them (in 2002, 107,000).

In addition, the census took into account 489 thousand people temporarily (less than 1 year) in the territory of the Russian Federation and permanently residing abroad (in 2002 - 239 thousand people).

The Russian Federation ranks eighth in the world 1 in terms of population after China (1335 million people), India (1210 million people), USA (309 million people), Indonesia (238 million people), Brazil (191 million people) ), Pakistan (165 million) and Bangladesh (147 million).

Compared to the 2002 census, the population has decreased by 2.3 million people, including in urban areas - by 1.1 million people, in rural areas - by 1.2 million people.

Urban to rural ratio amounted in 2010 to 74% and 26%, respectively.

The population of the Russian Federation lives in 2,386 urban settlements (cities and urban-type settlements) and 134,000 rural settlements.

Changes in the placement of the urban population are characterized by the following data:

93% of the urban population lives in cities (in 2002 - 90%), the rest urban population lives in urban-type settlements.

Accommodation of the rural population characterized by the following data:

During the intercensal period, the number of rural settlements decreased by 8.5 thousand villages and villages. This happened due to the inclusion of rural settlements within the boundaries of cities and urban-type settlements, as well as their elimination by decisions of local authorities due to natural decline and migration outflow of the population to other settlements. At the same time, the census recorded 19.4 thousand rural settlements in which the population actually did not live. Compared to the last census, the number of such settlements has increased by 48 percent.

2. Distribution of the population on the territory of the Russian Federation

Population by federal districts changed as follows:

3. Age and sex composition

According to the 2010 census, women outnumber men by 10.8 million. In 2002, this excess was 10.0 million people.

There were 1163 women per 1000 men in 2010 and 1147 in 2002.

According to the 2010 census, the predominance of the number of women over the number of men is noted from the age of 30 (in 2002 - from the age of 33).

Significant changes have taken place in age group population.

According to the results of the All-Russian population census of 2010 average age population of the country was 39 years (in 2002 - 37.7 years).

The age-sex pyramid clearly illustrates the changes that have taken place during the intercensal period.

4. Marital status, fertility

Number couples amounted to 33 million (in 2002 - 34 million). Of the total number of married couples, 4.4 million (13%) were in an unregistered marriage (in 2002 - 3.3 million, or 9.7%).

The marriage structure of the population aged 16 and over is characterized by the following data:

In addition, 1.8 thousand people under the age of 16 indicated that they were married, of which 1.1 thousand people were unregistered (in 2002, respectively, 3.7 thousand people and 2 2 thousand people).

According to the 2010 census, the birth rate among women aged 15 and over living in private households is characterized by the following data:

The average number of children born by women decreased from 1513 in 2002 to 1469 in 2010 per 1000 women. . - 1993).

Of the total number of women aged 15 and over who gave birth, 19% of women aged 15-19 gave birth to their first child, 54% aged 20-24, 19% aged 25-29, aged 30 -34 years - 5.3%, aged 35 years and over - 1.9% of women.

5. Number and composition of households

In 2010, there were 54.6 million private households 3 in which 141.0 million people lived, or 99% of the total population of Russia. By size, private households (hereinafter - households) are distributed as follows:

The average household size (average number of household members) in Russia has decreased and amounted to 2.6 people (in 2002 - 2.7 people). Low the average size households in Russia as a whole is due to the presence of a large number of households consisting of one and two people, such households account for more than half of all private households.

Among households with two or more people, 17.9 million households (44%) have children under the age of 18 (in 2002, households with children under the age of 18 accounted for 52%). During the intercensal period, the number of households without children under 18 increased by 15%.

Households with 1 child still dominate in both urban and rural households.

In collective households (these are people living in orphanages, boarding schools for orphans and children left without parental care, stationary social service institutions, barracks, places of deprivation of liberty, monasteries and similar specialized institutions), 1.8 million people, and in 2002 - 2.3 million people. During the 2010 census, 34 thousand homeless households were recorded (in 2002 - 68 thousand), which include almost 64 thousand people (in 2002 - 143 thousand people).

6. National composition, language skills, citizenship

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, nationality during the survey of the population was indicated by the respondents themselves on the basis of self-determination and was recorded by the census workers strictly from the words of the respondents. When considering the national composition of the population, it should be borne in mind that the population of individual nationalities could be affected by the fact that the population had the right not to answer the question of nationality. In this regard, in 2010, 5.6 million people (almost 4.0%, in 2002 - 1.5 million people, or 1%) do not have information about their nationality, of which about 3.6 million people received information from administrative sources, and 2 million people did not identify their nationality.

The change in the population of the most numerous nationalities is characterized by the following data4:

Of the total number of private households consisting of 2 or more people, 84% of households are mono-ethnic, where all members of the household belong to the same nationality.

In 2010 proficiency in Russian 138 million people indicated (99.4% of those who answered the question about knowledge of the Russian language), in 2002 - 142.6 million people (99.2%). Among the townspeople, 101 million people (99.8%) spoke Russian, and among the rural population - 37 million people (98.7%).

Among other languages the most common are English, Tatar, German, Chechen, Bashkir, Ukrainian, Chuvash.

Possession of the Russian sign language of the deaf was indicated by 121 thousand people.

population citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 137.9 million people (99.4% of persons who indicated citizenship), 0.7 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.2 million people are stateless. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 79 thousand people have two citizenships. More than 4.1 million people do not have citizenship on the census form.

The change in the citizenship of the Russian population during the intercensal period can be seen from the following data:

7. The level of education of the population

The 2010 census took into account 110.6 million people aged 15 and over with basic general education and above, representing 91% of this age group. Compared to 2002, the number of people with the above level of education increased by 1.2 million people (1.1%).

The dynamics of the level of education of the population aged 15 years and over is as follows:

Of the total number of people with higher vocational education 1.1 million people (4.3%) have a bachelor's degree, 25.1 million people (93%) have a specialist 5, and 0.6 million people (2.3%) have a master's degree.

Among specialists with higher professional education, 707 thousand people have postgraduate education (in 2002 - 369 thousand people).

There are 596,000 candidates of sciences and 124,000 doctors of sciences in Russia. There are 265,000 women (44%) among Candidates of Sciences, 41,000 (33%) among Doctors of Sciences. By age, candidates of science are dominated by people of working age (65%), among doctors of science - people older than working age (51%).

The number of people with incomplete higher education has increased (by 44%), while 68% of them continue their education.

The number of people with secondary (complete) general education slightly increased (by 189,000 people, or by 0.9%). At the same time, the number of people aged 15 and over with basic general and primary education has decreased.

It should be noted that the proportion of the illiterate population aged 10 years and over is decreasing. If in 2002 the proportion of illiterates in this age group was 0.5%, then in 2010 it was 0.3%. Among the illiterate population, 42% are persons aged 60 and over (67% in 2002).

8. Livelihoods

In 2010, 103.6 million people had one source of livelihood, 33.0 million people had two sources, and 2.2 million people had three sources or more.

The types of sources of livelihood and the number of people who named them and the main source are characterized by the following data:

9. Economic activity of the population

Change in the economic activity of the population aged 15-64 years old living in private households in the intercensal period is characterized by the following data:

The economic activity of the population increased by 6.1%, while the growth was due to an increase in the employed population (by 8.8%) while reducing the number of unemployed (by 16%).

The number of economically active population(for example, non-working pensioners, students, housewives, persons without and without job seekers) decreased by 18%, and their share among the population of private households aged 15-64 was 25% against 31% in 2002.

In 2010, out of 109 million people aged 15-72 living in private households, 72 million (66%) were economically active, while 32 million (29%) were economically inactive and 5 million ( 5%) did not indicate economic activity.

Almost 66 million people (or 91%) of the economically active population aged 15-72 are employed in the economy, and 6.3 million (or 9%) are unemployed. Among the unemployed, 2.8 million people, or 44%, are young people aged 15-29.

In 2010, 1.7 million employed people (2.5%) indicated that they had more than one job.

Of the total number of people aged 15-72 employed in the economy, the absolute majority - 61.6 million people (94%) - are employed. Compared to 2002, the number employees increased by 5.8%. The number of employers employing employees to carry out their activities amounted to 1.4 million people (in 2002 - 923 thousand people).

Demographic composition of households	Number of households in % of total	Average size of households, people
urban settlements	Countryside	urban settlements	Countryside
Households consisting of a married couple with and without children	62,0	71,7	3,11	3,25
Households consisting of a married couple with and without children and a mother (father) with children	2,7	1,6	4,64	5,02
Households consisting of a married couple with and without children, with one of the parents of the spouses, with other relatives or non-relatives (without them)	11,7	9,4	4,14	4,38
Households consisting of two married couples with and without children	4,9	3,6	5,46	5,76
Households with three or more married couples with and without children	0,1	0,1	8,65	9,41
Households consisting of a mother (father) with children	14,3	11,2	2,29	2,47
Households consisting of a mother (father) with children, with one parent of the mother (father), with or without other relatives or non-relatives	4,3	2,4	3,42	3,69
Calculated from: Types and composition of households in Russia (according to the 1994 microcensus). Statistical collection M.: Goskomstat of Russia, 1995. - S. 33 -35.

Thus, the classifications of families and households by demographic composition can be presented in various ways. The choice of a specific classification in each individual case is carried out taking into account such conditions as: the required degree of detail of the typology; region practical use received materials; the possibility of dividing into types determined by the content of the source information. At the same time, historically, the approach to developing a typology and the principles of distinguishing between types are changing.

Considering the choice of classification option in connection with its designated purpose, i.e. the area of ​​practical use, one can note the specifics of families and households intended for design housing construction.

The use of the typology of families and households in the study of fertility is quite common. Usually, in this case, the object of observation is young families, grouped according to such criteria as the presence of a married couple, the age of the spouses, the duration of the marriage, and the number of children.

In connection with the ongoing shifts in the structure of the population, it is important to take into account the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment, etc. The inclusion of these questions in the program of the upcoming population census will allow us to calculate a number of indicators characterizing the composition of families, which include the unemployed, dependents, children under 18 years old.

Of great importance is the grouping of families and households by the number of employed members, which, in combination with data on the size of the family (household), allows us to find an important indicator - the coefficient of economic burden per working family member (household):

where is the number of working family members (households);

The total number of family members.

The values ​​of this indicator differ significantly in families (households) with different demographic composition. It must be taken into account when solving issues of social assistance to the population, employment problems, etc.

The indicators of the load of the family (households) by dependents are also calculated:

the number of dependents per family (household) on average;

· the number of dependents per one family member (household) having an independent source of livelihood;

number of dependents per employed member per family

Depending on the nationality of their members, households are divided into single-ethnic and national-mixed. Among the single-ethnic groups, several groups are distinguished, corresponding to the nationalities prevailing in the given territory. The question of nationality is currently particularly relevant in connection with the aggravation of international relations and forced migrations on the basis of ethnic conflicts. Conflicts are escalating in ethnically mixed households.

As the question of the household as a unit of observation is developed in Russian statistics, there will be changes in the compilation of the corresponding classification.

The family composition of the population is usually characterized by the distribution of families (households) according to demographic and socio-economic characteristics and according to their combination: by age, marital status, marital status, nationality of household members, source of livelihood, employment, etc. Thus, the results development program The micro-census of 1994 provided for the receipt of the following combinational groupings of households on two grounds:

Combination signs

grouping number
		Demographic composition of the household
	Number of members in the household
	Number of members in the household	Nationality of household members
	Gender of household members	Age of household members (five-year intervals)
	Number of members in the household	Number of household members with an independent source of livelihood
	Number of members in the household
	Number of dependents individuals in the household	Number of employed household members
	Number of children under 18 among household members	Number of employed household members
	In households with a married couple, the age of the husband	In households with a married couple, the age of the wife
	In households with a married couple (first marriage), the age of the husband	In households with a married couple (first marriage), the difference in the age of husband and wife
	In households consisting of a mother with children, the age of the mother	In households consisting of a mother with children, the number of children under 18
	In households with a married couple, the education of the husband	In households with a married couple, the wife's education
	In households with ethnically mixed marriage couples, the combination of the nationality of the spouses	In households with ethnically mixed couples, the nationality of children
	Number of household members	Average monthly per capita income in a household, rub.

Two most important groupings of households were distinguished according to a combination of three characteristics: the first is based on the demographic composition of the household, the number of members in the household and the average monthly per capita income in the household (rubles); the second - on the reason for the long absence of a household member, the duration of the absence and his age. Inclusion in the draft program of the forthcoming population census of new questions, in particular concerning the species economic activity, position in occupation, as well as those who are unemployed or gainful occupation at the age of 15 and older will allow to obtain a number of distributions that characterize the structure of families according to such important socio-economic characteristics as the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment, which is of great importance for characteristics of the standard of living of the population. Data from the forthcoming census will provide detailed information on the demographic and socioeconomic composition of the household. In particular, it is possible to obtain the following distributions: by the size of households; by type, size and number of children under 18; by number of children under 18 and household size; by size and nationality of household members: by the size of the household and the number of its economically active members; by the number of people employed in the household, dependents and children under 18; by the number of unemployed, dependents and the number of children under 18; by sex and age; by age and marital status; family cells in different types of households by size and number of children under 18; married couples in households by age of spouses; mothers by age and number of children under 18 living with them in households; population of collective households by age and sex.

10. Typology of families and households, classification problems. The diversity of family composition is due to differences in the number of family members, their gender and age characteristics, education, professions and occupations, less often nationalities. Hence the need to systematize information about the family. This is achieved by classifying families. First of all, families are divided into types by demographic composition and by family size. Also produced classification of families according to the number of employed family members according to social and national affiliation, etc. According to the demographic composition of the family, they are classified taking into account gender, age, kinship relationships. The history of the development of demographic statistics indicates that there is a fairly rich experience in the development of such classifications both in Russia and abroad. The variety of approaches to solving this problem was determined by the programs of population censuses, the originality of the actual composition of the population, and the orientation towards the practical use of data on the structure of families. Let us consider the evolution of the classification of families in our country. In 1918, a census of the population of Petrograd was carried out. To develop data on family structure, it was supposed to use brief classification, distinguishing only four types of families: a) simple families - parents and children; b) complex families - parents with children and representatives of the older generation, the structure of such families included only relatives in a straight line; c) merged families - simple and complex families, in the structure of which, in addition, there are relatives on the lateral line - brothers or sisters; d) celibate families - singles and families consisting only of lateral relatives. The classification according to the demographic composition of the family was further developed in the 1926 census. this is presented in the results of the 1926 census):

Type A, Families with a married couple:

A 1 - not having children;

A 1a - without relatives;

A 1b - with non-independent relatives;

A lv - with amateur relatives;

A 2 - having children from an existing marriage;

A 2a - without relatives;

A 2b - with non-independent relatives;

A 3c - with amateur relatives;

And 3 - having children from previous marriages;

A 3a - without relatives;

A 3b - with non-independent relatives;

And 3c - with amateur relatives.

Type B. Families without a married couple, having in their composition the children of the head:

B a - without relatives;

B b - with non-independent relatives;

B c - with amateur relatives.

Type B. Families without a married couple, not having children of the head in their composition:

C b - with non-independent relatives;

In in - with amateur relatives.

Type D. Complex families: families consisting of two or more married couples, each of which has at least one member active, amateur, and families with an unmarried head, which include a married couple, one or both of whose members are independent and active. In the above classification, amateur relatives included persons who independently provide for themselves financially, and non-independent relatives included persons financially dependent on other family members. Active members of the family, who have income from any type of activity, were active here. In modern Russian population censuses, a more simplified classification of families has been adopted. Individuals and persons belonging to the structure of families are distinguished. All families are subdivided into those consisting of: one married couple with and without children; one married couple with and without children, with one of the parents of the spouses; one married couple with children and without children, with one of the parents of the spouses (without him), with other relatives; two or more married couples with children and without children, with one parent spouse (without him), with other relative! (without them); mothers (fathers) with children; mothers with children, with one of the parents of the mother (father); father with children, with one of the parents of the father (mother); other families. In this classification, the principle of differentiation according to the degree of complexity of the family structure serves as the leading one. I do not take into account either childhood or life cycle stages. Based on the general classification, more detailed options can be developed. The classification makes it possible to calculate some general indicators: the shares of complete and incomplete families, the shares of simple complex families. Complete families include families with a married couple, complete families - families consisting of a mother (father) with children. The distribution of families according to the number of members allows the allocation of small, medium and large families. A combinational grouping of families is carried out according to the number of members and according to the demographic composition, which makes it possible to calculate the average size of families in each group. The typology of families and households used in the development of population census materials is wide-ranging. Along with this, when conducting special surveys, specialized groupings designed to study particular issues can be provided. When developing materials for the 1994 microcensus of the population, in which the transition from family to household was made, a more detailed classification of households was adopted. Types of households were distinguished: households consisting of one person; single-couple households: married couple households with and without children, married couple households with and without children, with one parent of the spouses, married couple households with and without children, and mothers with children, households consisting of a married couple with and without children and a father with children, households consisting of a married couple with and without children, with one of the parents of the spouses (without him), with a mother (father) with children ( without them) and other relatives or non-relatives; households consisting of two married couples: households consisting of a married couple with and without children and both parents of one of the spouses with children and without children, with other relatives, non-relatives (without them), households consisting of two married couples with children and without children, with relatives, non-relatives (without them); households consisting of three or more married couples with and without children, with relatives, non-relatives (without them); households consisting of a mother with children; households consisting of a father with children; households consisting of a mother with children and one of the mother's parents; households consisting of a father with children and one of the father's parents; households consisting of a mother with children, with one of the mother's parents (without him), with other relatives (without them); households consisting of a father with children, with one of the father's parents (without him), with other relatives (without them); households consisting of unrelated persons; other households. The distribution of households by type and size makes it possible to study not only the structure of households, but also to characterize family units in various types of households in terms of size and number of children under 18 years of age.

Thus, the classifications of families and households by demographic composition can be presented in various ways. The choice of a specific classification in each individual case is carried out taking into account such conditions as: the required degree of detail of the typology; area of ​​practical use of the obtained materials; the possibility of dividing into types determined by the content of the source information. At the same time, historically, the approach to developing a typology and the principles of distinguishing between types are changing. Considering the choice of a classification option in connection with its intended purpose, i.e., the area of ​​practical use, one can note the specifics of families and households intended for housing construction design. The use of the typology of families and households in the study of fertility is quite common. Usually, in this case, the object of observation is young families, grouped according to such criteria as the presence of a married couple, the age of the spouses, the duration of the marriage, and the number of children. In connection with the ongoing shifts in the structure of the population, it is important to take into account the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment, etc. The inclusion of these questions in the program of the upcoming population census will allow us to calculate a number of indicators characterizing the composition of families, which include the unemployed, dependents, children under 18 years old. Of great importance is the grouping of families and households by the number of employed members, which, in combination with data on the size of the family (household), allows us to find an important indicator - the coefficient of economic burden per working family member (household):

where is the number of working family members (households);

The total number of family members.

The values ​​of this indicator differ significantly in families (households) with different demographic composition. It must be taken into account when solving issues of social assistance to the population, employment problems, etc. Indicators of the family (household) burden of dependents are also calculated: the number of dependents per family (household); the number of dependents per one member of a family (household) having an independent source of livelihood; the number of dependents per employed member per family (household). The role of groupings of families and households according to social and national affiliation is great in social statistics. In the materials of the population censuses of 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989. distinguished, as noted earlier, groups of families: workers, collective farmers, employees, mixed. Probably, in subsequent censuses, such a grouping will be revised taking into account the ongoing shifts in the structure of the population; first of all, such characteristics as position in occupation and forms of ownership are important. Depending on the nationality of their members, households are divided into single-ethnic and national-mixed. Among the single-ethnic groups, several groups are distinguished, corresponding to the nationalities prevailing in the given territory. The question of nationality is currently particularly relevant in connection with the aggravation of international relations and forced migrations on the basis of ethnic conflicts. Conflicts are escalating in ethnically mixed households. As the question of the household as a unit of observation is developed in Russian statistics, there will be changes in the compilation of the corresponding classification.