1. Economics doesn't answer the question.

1) what to produce 2) what technology to use 3) who will be the consumer 4) what social significance does this product have.

The answer is 4

2. The type of economic system is determined

1) the form of state power 2) property and methods of management 3) the number of the country's population 4) mineral reserves.

3. Subsistence farming is typical: 1) for traditional society 2) for a socialist society 3) only for the primitive system 4) for the industrial era. Answer - 1

4. It is not a sign of a planned economic system

1) state ownership of the means of production 2) centralized economic management 3) free pricing 4) standardized distribution. The answer is 3

5. A sign of a market economy is
1) direct product exchange 2) distribution of labor by gender and age
3) direct government control over prices 4) the purpose of production is to make a profit. The answer is 4
6. Mixed economic system 1) existed in primitive society 2) began to develop during the period of feudalism 3) was the basis of the socialist economy 4) arose in the twentieth century in developed countries Answer-4
7. The purpose of state participation in market relations is 1) obtaining greater profits 2) mitigating negative consequences actions of the market mechanism 3) enrichment of the power elite 4) strengthening control over society Answer - 2
8. The level of the economy of any country is judged 1) by the number of factories and factories 2) by mineral reserves 3) by food production 4) by gross domestic product
The answer is 4
9. Organization of production is 1) purchasing tools 2) purchasing raw materials 3) hiring labor 4) aligning human and material factors of production. The answer is 4
10. Labor productivity is 1) the speed of work, 2) the quality of the products produced, 3) the quantity of products per unit of time, 4) the level of technology development.
The answer is 3
11. Payment for the use of land is called 1) business income 2) price of land 3) rent 4) profit
The answer is 3
12. The main indicator of production efficiency for this enterprise is 1) the income of its shareholders 2) wages of workers 3) the amount of taxes paid to the state 4) profit Answer – 4
13. Degree of efficiency of use own resources enterprises shows
1) profit 2) profitability 3) dividends 4) accounting
Answer - 2
14. In the process of production, relationships are thrown off between people.
1) business 2) confidential 3) workers 4) production
Answer -4
15. A share is a security
1) for which a portion of the profit is paid 2) issued as a reward for valiant work 3) which is one of the forms of wages 4) identification of the owner of the enterprise Answer - 1

16. Property is not a type of mixed form of ownership
1) joint stock company 2) joint venture 3) cooperative 4) farmer Answer - 4
17. In a market economy, the product of labor is called
1) a simple product 2) surplus value 3) a commodity 4) a product Answer - 3
18. Money appeared:
1) due to the special properties of gold and silver 2) to facilitate the process of exchange 3) for the purpose of accumulating treasures 4) to facilitate trade between states Answer - 2
19. When the money supply exceeds the commodity supply,
1) depression 2) stagnation 3) inflation 4) degradation Answer -3
20. With inflation, a shortage of goods occurs if
1) wages increase 2) the state supports producers 3) the state regulates prices 4) the state does not interfere in market relations answer - 3
21. Securities can be purchased on the market
1) financial 2) stock 3) means of production 4) goods and services
Answer - 2
22. A market dominated by a few large companies is called
1) free competition market 2) monopolistic market 3) regulated market 4) oligopolistic market Answer- 4
23. The features of the classical market include
1) planned economic management 2) distribution according to labor standards 3) independence of commodity producers 4) state regulation of market relations Answer -3

24. In economics, market means
1) place of sale of goods 2) competition between producers 3) competition between consumers 4) relations regarding the purchase and sale of goods. The answer is 4
25. The market is characterized
1) unregulated supply and demand 2) lack of objective laws of operation 3) complete state control over production and consumption 4) the presence of planning and accounting bodies. Answer -1
26. Money acts as a means of payment
1) when selling goods 2) when buying goods 3) in world trade 4) when receiving a loan Answer - 4
27. If the demand for a product is higher than supply, then the price of the product
1) will decrease 2) will increase 3) will fluctuate 4) will remain unchanged Answer - 1
28. In what case will the law of demand not apply?
1) with a high harvest 2) with an increase in demand for oil 3) when the market is filled with goods 4) during an auction Answer - 4
29. Perfect competition is beneficial
1) buyer 2) entrepreneur 3) state 4) banks Answer - 1
30. Purpose of competition
1) improving product quality 2) increasing consumer demand 3) making more profits 4) increasing tax revenues Answer - 3

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ECONOMICS TEST WITH ANSWERS. Economics is best defined as the study

Question 1
Economics is best defined as the study of:
a) how income is distributed at different levels of government
b) different types of business organization
c) government intervention in business management
+d) how best to satisfy unlimited needs with limited resources.

Question 2
Which of the following is the subject of macroeconomics?
a) an increase in the number of purchases of Zhiguli cars due to rising consumer incomes.
+b) the creation of a shortage in the housing market due to the introduction of a government rent cap.
c) the impact of fashion changes in Europe on the demand for imported shoes in Russia.
d) an increase in the unemployment rate in the Irkutsk region due to the adoption by the State Duma of a bankruptcy law.

Question 3
What choice does any economic system face? How…
a) balance exports and imports
b) balance the state budget
+ c) make the most efficient use of limited resources
d) save money to maintain the national debt.

Question 4
Which of the following is the subject of microeconomics?
+a) tax cuts increased gasoline sales in Chelyabinsk
b) the removal of customs barriers led to the massive closure of firms in heavy industry
c) the client wanted to buy a sundae or ice cream, so he bought a pineapple
d) the unfavorable agricultural situation in Russia caused an increase in production volumes on US farms.

Question 5
An economy is effective if it achieves:
a) full employment
+b) full use of production resources
c) either full employment or full use of remaining resources
d) and full employment and full use of other productive resources.

Question 6
Due to lack of money, you are forced to buy several expensive but beautiful notebooks and several cheaper notebooks. You encountered...
a) with the problem of limited resources
b) with the problem of limited resources and the need for trade-off choices
+ c) with the problem of limited resources, the need for trade-off choices and assessment of opportunity costs
d) with the problem of limited resources and assessment of opportunity costs.

Question 7
Budget deficit occurs as soon as...
a) government spending increases
b) taxes are reduced
c) government revenues exceed government expenditures
+ d) government expenditures exceed government revenues

Question 8
What term reflects people's ability and willingness to pay for something?
a) need
+ b) demand
c) necessity
d) desire.

Question 9
Which of the following cannot be called economic resources:
a) capital
+ b) money
c) earth
d) labor

Question 10
If a country uses all its human and material resources, then more of a product...
a) can only be produced by private entrepreneurs
+b) can only be produced when the production of any goods is reduced
c) can only be produced if there is a general decline in prices
d) cannot be produced.

Question 11
The economic law that states that as the price increases, the quantity purchased decreases is known as the law...
+ a) demand
b) offers
c) marginal utility
d) elasticity

Question 12
If the price of cameras increased as a result of an increase in the demand for cameras, then we would expect the result to be:
+ a) increased demand for photographic film
b) decrease in demand for photographic film
c) increase in the supply of photographic film
d) a decrease in the quantity of demand for photographic film while the demand for photographic film remains constant.

Question 13
Which of the following applies to economic term"offer"?
a) quantity of goods purchased
b) quantity of goods sold
+c) the relationship between the quantity of goods presented on the market and its price
d) the quantity of goods that must be sold to make a profit.

Question 14
A change in which factor does not cause a shift in the demand curve?
a) tastes and preference needs
+ b) the size or distribution of national income
c) product prices
d) number or age of consumers

Question 15
Which of the following events will affect the supply of beef differently than the other three?
a) the price of cattle feed has increased
b) taxes on farmers' profits decreased
+ c) cattle disease led to a decrease in the number of livestock
d) milk prices have increased significantly

Question 16
For a product shortage to occur on the market, it is enough that...
a) supply decreased
b) demand grew
+c) there was an excess of the demand for the product over the supply
d) supply and demand decreased simultaneously.

Question 17
The market for goods and services is in equilibrium if:
a) demand equals supply
b) price equals costs plus profit
c) the level of technology changes gradually
+ d) the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded.

Question 18
The intersection of supply and demand schedules is called...
a) equilibrium price
+ b) equilibrium point
c) elasticity of demand
d) offer table

Question 19
Which of the following markets best represents perfect competition?

Economics exam questions

a) steel
+ b) hairdressing services
c) cars
d) stocks and bonds

Question 20
Perfect and monopolistic competition markets have common feature:
a) differentiated products are produced
+ b) there are many buyers and sellers in the market
c) homogeneous goods are produced
d) the market behavior of a firm depends on the reaction of competitors.

Question 21
An oligopoly is a market structure that operates:
a) a large number of competing firms producing a homogeneous product
b) a large number of competing firms producing a differentiated product
+c) a small number of competing firms
d) only one large company
e) only one large buyer

Question 22
Which firm will have more freedom of action when setting prices for its products?
a) one of three companies in this industry
b) the only producer of a product for which there are many substitutes
+ c) the only manufacturer of a product for which there are no substitutes
d) one of three hundred firms in this industry

Question 23
Barriers to the entry of new manufacturers into the industry may include:
+ a) patents and licenses
b) lower average costs of large production
c) legislative registration of exclusive rights
d) all of the above

Question 24
The direct exchange of goods for goods without the use of money is called...
+ a) barter
b) cashless payment
c) free trade
d) market failure

Question 25
Money serves as...
a) units of account
b) means of payment
c) store of value
+ d) all of the above are true

Question 26
What is not the function of money in a market economy?
a) measuring instrument
+ b) means of production
c) means of payment
d) store of value

Question 27
Purchasing power of money:
a) decreases during deflation
+ b) decreases during inflation
c) increases during inflation
d) is not associated with either inflation or deflation

Question 28
M 1 includes:
a) metal and paper cash and check deposits
b) metal and paper money and time deposits
c) metal and paper cash and all bank deposits
+ d) all the money and “almost money”

Question 29
The difference between money and “almost money” is that:
a) money, unlike “almost money,” can be spent directly
+ b) “almost money” includes deposits in bank accounts, while money does not include them
c) money circulates faster than “almost money”
d) “almost money” is fiat paper money, as opposed to money

Question 30
Which General terms Can you name the issuing loan?
+a) urgency, payment, repayment
b) profitability, payment, urgency
c) gratuitousness, repayment, urgency
d) perpetuity, repayment, payment

Question 31
Inflation is an upward trend in the economy...
a) food prices
+b) general price level
c) price ceiling
d) utility prices

Question 32
What external signs of inflation in the economy do you know?
a) the price of labor increases, the supply of goods decreases
+ b) prices for goods rise, real wages fall
c) prices for goods decrease
d) real incomes of the population are growing

Question 33
Which of the following individuals will benefit from inflation?
+ a) a person who received an interest-free loan of 100 thousand rubles
b) a pensioner receiving a pension of 100 thousand rubles per year
c) a student with 100 thousand rubles in a savings account
d) a banker who issued a long-term loan of 100 thousand rubles

Question 34
Deflation is...
+ a) reduction in the general price level in the economy
b) reduction in inflation rate
c) depreciation national currency
d) decrease in the purchasing power of money

Question 35
Bank reserves are...
a) funds that the bank lends to other banks
b) funds set aside for future investments
c) the total amount of money for all depositors
+d) percentage of deposits that the bank is required to keep

Question 36
Productivity in economics means...
+ a) output per unit of resource used per unit of time
b) the maximum quantity of products that an enterprise can produce in a certain period of time
c) the amount of resources required to produce a given volume of output
d) the ability of assets to be converted into cash

Question 37
A person who loses his job due to a downturn in the economy increases:
a) frictional unemployment
b) structural unemployment
c) cyclical unemployment
+d) natural unemployment

Question 38
If a person of working age does not work, he is unemployed. This statement…
a) incorrect
b) true
c) true if the person is actively looking for a job
+ d) true if this person is not a full-time student at school or a university student.

Question 39
Due to health reasons, the engineer moved to another city and due to the move did not work for a month and a half, this should be taken into account when calculating...
a) frictional and structural unemployment
b) cyclical unemployment
+c) frictional unemployment
d) structural unemployment

Question 40
The category of unemployed will include:
a) a metallurgist who, for health reasons, can no longer work
+b) a fired turner who for a long time could not find a job and stopped looking
c) a textile worker from the Ivanovo plant, transferred to part-time work
d) a programmer who quit his previous job because he was not satisfied with the salary paid there

Question 41
Government intervention in the operation of the market mechanism is associated with the need to:
a) collection of taxes and redistribution of income
b) implementation of antimonopoly policy
c) production of public goods
+d) all of the above are true

Question 42
The four types of economic systems are...
+a) traditional, market, centralized and mixed;
b) democratic, anarchic, authoritarian and totalitarian;
c) slave, feudal, capitalist and communist
d) developing, developed, stagnating and decaying

Question 43
National debt is
a) the amount of state budget deficits/minus the amount of state budget surpluses/accumulated to date
b) the excess of the expenditure portion of the annual state budget over the revenue portion of this budget
+c) the amount of debt the state owes to other countries and entities within the country
d) the amount of government debt to banks and other financial institutions

Question 44
Which answer choice includes the basic questions of economics?
+a) What is produced, how it is produced, by whom it is consumed
b) What is consumed, how is it produced, who produces
c) What is produced, how is it consumed, who produces
d) what is produced, how it is consumed, by whom it is consumed

Question 45
The government budget deficit can be financed by:
a) emissions
b) placement of government securities
c) obtaining a loan from the International Monetary Fund
+d) all of the above are true

Question 46
Payment for Natural resources called:
a) profit
+ b) rent
c) percentage
d) income

Question 47
Monetary policy is carried out...
+a) state
b) Central Bank
c) economic entities

Question 48
Cumulative market price The total volume of final production of goods and services in the national economy for a year is called...
a) GNP
+ b) GDP
c) NNP

Question 49
The main idea of ​​the physiocrats is...
+a) non-intervention of the state in the economy
b) active government regulation economic processes
c) active use of fiscal policy

Question 50
Unemployment…
a) always has a positive meaning
b) has a positive meaning with cyclical unemployment
+ c) always has a negative meaning
d) has a positive meaning with structural unemployment.

Question 51
Real wages are determined by:
+a) price level for goods and services
b) agreement between employee and employer
c) cash from the consumer
Question 52
Freedom of entry and exit from the market is characteristic only for:
a) Perfect competition
+b) Perfect and monopolistic competition
c) Monopolistic competition
d) All of the above

Question 53
Check the element that is not related to the "capital" factor:
a) Buildings and structures
b) Machinery and equipment
+c) Labor
d) Machine tools

Question 54
Last involved in scientific analysis factor of production such as
a) Earth
+b) Entrepreneurial ability.
c) Labor
d) Capital

Question 55
Ground rent will increase, other things being equal, if:
+a) Demand for land is growing
b) Demand for land falls.
c) The price of land decreases
d) Land supply increases

Type of work: Crib

Subject: Economic theory cheat sheets with test answers

Discipline: Economic theory (1 course)

Download: For free

University: VZFEI

Date posted: 10/22/08 at 12:56

Questions for the exam.

1. Subject and method of economic theory.

2. Evolution of ideas about the subject of ET.

3. The main problems of economics. organization of society. Production possibility curve.

4. Commodity production and its evolution.

5. Theory of value and marginal utility.

6. Money: essence, functions. Features of modern money.

7. The essence of costs and profits.

8. Capital, its essence and types.

9. Capital circulation: fixed and working capital. Depreciation.

10. Place of ownership in the economy. system. Types and forms of ownership.

11. Economic system. Types of economy

Final test in economics for 1st year students of secondary vocational education

12. Economic entities and their interaction.

13. Economic objects. Economic benefits and resources.

14. Economic laws, their system and features of action.

15. The essence of the market and the mechanism of its functioning.

16. Advantages and disadvantages of the market. Functions of the state in a market economy.

17. Demand and quantity demanded. Law of demand.

18. Supply and quantity of supply. Law of supply.

19. Market equilibrium. Equilibrium price. Balance imbalance.

20. Elasticity of demand.

21. Elasticity of supply.

23. The essence of the company and its types.

24. The concept of short-term and long-term periods. The firm's costs in the short run.

25. The concept of total, average and marginal product.

26. The company's costs in the long run. Positive and negative economies of scale.

27. Theories of the company: traditional, behavioral, evolutionary.

28. Utility: general and marginal. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

29. Substitution effect and income effect.

30. Consumer equilibrium under budget constraints. Indifference curve and budget line.

31. The concept and main features of perfect competition.

32. Equilibrium of a perfectly competitive firm in the short run.

33. Equilibrium of a perfectly competitive firm in the long run.

34. Imperfectly competitive markets: pure monopoly, monopolistic competition.

35. Signs of a pure monopoly. Profit maximization.

36. Oligopoly, its place in a market economy.

37. Monopolistic competition and its characteristics.

38. Main directions of antimonopoly policy.

39. Markets for production factors. The difference between the market for factors of production and the market for goods and services.

40. Supply and demand in the labor market.

41. Entrepreneurial income and its components.

42. The role of interest rates in the market of real factors.

43. Capital market and its equilibrium.

44. Land market, features of supply and demand.

45. Positive and negative influence of externalities.

46. ​​Public goods and their features.

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1.Microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Microeconomics	MACrocoeconomics
A science that studies the functioning of economic agents in the course of their production, distribution, consumption and exchange activities.	A science that studies the functioning of the economy as a whole, the work of economic agents and markets; a set of economic phenomena.
Studies the production of an individual company, costs, wages.	State, international economics; studies inflation and devaluation.

2. Main issues of economics.

"What? How? For whom produce?»

What? ( Which of the possible goods and services should be produced in a given economic system and in a given period of time?)

How? (With what combination of production resources, using what technology, should the goods and services selected from the possible options be produced?)

For whom? ( Who will buy the selected goods and services, pay for them, and benefit from them? How should society's gross income from the production of these goods and services be distributed?).

3. Types of economic systems.

Traditional, market, command, mixed economy.
Traditionalthe economy is based on traditions passed down from generation to generation. These traditions determine what goods and services are produced, for whom, and how. The list of goods, production technology and distribution are based on the customs of a given country. The economic roles of members of society are determined by heredity and caste.

Marketan economy characterized by private ownership of resources and the use of a system of markets and prices to coordinate economic activity and its management. What, how and for whom to produce is determined by the market, prices, profits and losses of business entities. The manufacturer strives to produce products that satisfy the needs of the buyer and bring him the greatest profit. The consumer himself decides which product to buy and how much money to pay for it.

Teambased on state ownership of all material resources. All economic decisions are made by government bodies that carry out centralized (directive) planning. For each enterprise, the production plan prescribes what to produce and in what volume; certain resources, equipment, labor, materials, etc. are allocated, which determines the solution to the question of how to produce; not only suppliers are indicated, but also buyers, i.e. for whom to produce.

Mixedeconomics involves a combination of the regulatory role of the state and the economic freedom of producers. Entrepreneurs and workers move from industry to industry by their own decision, and not by government directives. The state implements antimonopoly, social, fiscal (tax) and other economic policies, which to one degree or another contribute to the economic growth of the country and improve the living standards of the population.

4. Compare the command and market systems.

Differences:

Team	Market
Planned economy No market Labor power is not a commodity No competition - the state decides “what” to produce Collective decision making Direct influence of the state on the economy Planned method of distribution (another deficit)	Commodity farming There is a market Labor power is a commodity There is competition - “what” to produce is decided by the consumer and the producer Decentralized way of decision making Indirect influence of the state on the economy Competitive distribution method (supply and demand)

Similarities:

The basis of the economy is industry

There is a distribution of labor

There is technical progress (though limited as planned)

5. Signs of a market economy.

Different forms of ownership (pluralism)

Basis: private property

Freedom of enterprise

Limited role of the state, its indirect influence on the economy

The law of supply and demand affects the market price (negotiable)

Competition (free enterprise economics)

Bankruptcy of small enterprises

Labor power is a commodity

Decentralized way of decision making

6. Supply and demand. Impact on price.

Demand	Offer
Demand- is the quantity of products that the buyer is willing and able to buy.	Offer- willingness to offer any quantity of goods for a certain period of time.
Law of Demand:the lower the price, the more they will buy ( reverse relationship between price and quantity demanded)	Law of supply: the higher the price, the higher the supply. At high prices, more goods are supplied than at low prices ( straight dependence of supply on demand).

Under the influence of the law of supply and demand, enterprises strive to reduce production costs and increase income; competition is intensifying.

7. Money. Functions of money.

Money- a special product that acts as a universal equivalent in the exchange of goods.

measure of value	express the price
medium of exchange	purchase and sale: commodity-money-commodity with dividend, income
store of value	storage of wealth
instrument of payment	payment for goods on time
world money	payments on the world market

8.Budget. Surplus. Deficit.

Budget- is a set of income and expenses for a certain period of time.

Surplus- excess of budget revenues over its expenses

Shortage- the excess of budget expenditures over its revenues.

9. Factors of production.

Factors of production –

Work	Earth	Capital	Entrepreneurship
Human factor	Natural factor	Financial Investment Industrial	Organizational
Salary	Rent	Percent	Profit

10.Property. Forms of ownership.

Own – property with the right of ownership, disposal and use.

According to the Constitution:

State

Private

Municipal

According to Kuptsov:

General (state, collective, family, clan)

Private (group, individual)

Mixed (joint stock, cooperative, joint ventures)

11. Basic economic indicators (GDP, GNP, national fund)

Gross domestic product -

National income -

12. The role of the state in a market economy.

State regulation of the economy:

Preventing cyclical recessions

Achieving full employment

Preventing Inflation

Stabilization of economic growth

Functions:

Legal

Reproductive and technological

Protection of competition

Stabilization

Prognostic

Regulatory

13. Market. Market forms. Market functions.

Market

There are 4 main models of market structures that help us understand the nature and degree of competition in different markets:

- Perfect competition

(- Consumers and sellers act rationally

A significant number of buyers and sellers

Products are homogeneous (identical)

All participants in the market process are perfectly informed)

- Imperfect or monopolistic competition

(- A large number of companies producing almost identical types of products.

Companies are free to enter and leave the market. BUT:

Products are differentiated in certain ways, for example by different brands or local production - that is, there is mainly non-price competition).

- Oligopoly(a market situation when several large firms monopolize the production and sales of the bulk of products in the industry)

- Monopoly(there is a single supplier of a particular type of product)

Market functions:

- informational - the market provides its participants with information about the required quantity of goods and services, their range and quality;

- intermediary - the market acts as an intermediary between the producer and the consumer;

- pricing - the price is determined on the market based on the interaction of supply and demand, taking into account competition;

- regulating- the market balances supply and demand;

- coordinating - the market encourages producers to create economic goods needed by society at the lowest cost and receive sufficient profit.

14. The law of supply and demand.

15. Cyclicality of economic growth.

The real economy is characterized by underemployment and price fluctuations, which leads to periodic ups and downs in the gross national product (GNP).

The economic growth , i.e., the progressive development of the national economy, as a whole, can occur not only through constant or uneven growth, but also oscillatingly, with the latter path being absolutely predominant.

Fluctuations in the dynamics of economic growth are not random, spontaneous, but, in fact, are an expression of the movement of the economy from one stable state to another, i.e., a manifestation of the market self-regulation mechanism. Moreover, they can be combined into a sequential chain - a cycle.

Economic cycle - These are ups and downs that are repeated over a long period of time economic activity people with a general tendency towards economic growth.

(The policy of government regulation of the economic cycle comes down to counteracting the phases of the cycle: during the period of economic contraction, the government stimulates business activity by reducing taxes, providing investment incentives, and reducing the interest rate on loans, and during the period of expansion, on the contrary, it seeks to restrain economic growth. To this end, the government increases tax rates, reduces government spending, pursues a policy of “expensive” money, tightening credit conditions and increasing the required reserves of commercial banks.

In addition to fiscal and monetary measures to influence the economic cycle, the government also uses measures of a general healing nature: it fights inflation, monopolism, corruption, pursues a policy of eliminating imbalances, etc.).

Business cycle phases:

Peak

Recession

A crisis

Climb

16. Taxes. Direct and indirect taxes.

Taxes- mandatory payments levied by the state from legal entities and individuals.

Direct	Indirect
Generally binding For all	For certain actions
1) income (for the income of individuals); 2) on the profit of organizations; 3) on property; 4) for donation; 5) for inheritance	1) VAT; 2) customs duty; 3) excise tax; 4) sales tax

17. Functions of the state in the economy

The role of the state in a market economy is manifested through the following critical functions:

a) creation of a legal basis for the adoption economic decisions . The state develops and adopts laws regulating business activities, determines the rights and responsibilities of citizens;

b) stabilization of the economy. The government uses fiscal and monetary policies to overcome the decline in production, smooth out inflation, reduce unemployment, maintain a stable price level and the national currency;

c) socially oriented distribution of resources. The state organizes the production of goods and services that are not handled by the private sector. It creates conditions for the development of agriculture, communications, transport, determines spending on defense and science, forms programs for the development of education, healthcare, etc.;

d) ensuring social protection and social guarantees. The state guarantees a minimum wage, old-age pensions, disability pensions, unemployment benefits, various types of assistance to the poor, etc.

State economic (market) policy
Stabilization direction				Structural direction
Monetary policy		Fiscal policy		Promoting competition and limiting monopoly	State support for particularly important industries	Privatization
Change in discount rate	Changing the norm required reserves	Budget	Taxes

18.Main elements of the structure of economic activity.

1) Production

2) Distribution

3) Volume

4) Consumption

19. Manifestation of economics in the social sphere.

1) For example, economic social stratification(differences in income, standard of living; existence of rich, poor, middle strata of the population).

2) Economic social institutions(production, market; the need to obtain a means of subsistence)

3) Studying economic ties in the social body of society, their change during the transition period and focus on social protection of those segments of the population whose rights are violated; all types of social

provision, i.e. monetary allowance, material assistance.

4) Economics social sphere is primarily associated with people's needs and their consumption of goods and services, with everything that relates directly to the well-being of people.

5) Labor economics, in that part in which it characterizes its conditions, payment, employment, level unemployment, also a social area of ​​economics.

20. Methods of alienating an employee from property.

Alienation- the act of transferring ownership to another person.

There are:

Alienation at the will of the owner: purchase and sale or donation;

Alienation against the will of the owner: confiscation, requisition (forced seizure by the state of property from the owner with payment to him of the value of the property) or forced sale of the debtor's property in order to collect a debt awarded by the court.

21.What provisions does the Constitution guarantee the right to private property.

Article 35

1. The right of private property is protected by law.

2. Everyone has the right to own property, own, use and dispose of it, both individually and jointly with other persons.

3. No one can be deprived of his property except by a court decision. Forced alienation of property for state needs can only be carried out subject to prior and equivalent compensation.

4. The right of inheritance is guaranteed.

Article 36

1. Citizens and their associations have the right to own land in private ownership.

22.Banks. Types of banks. Objects of their activities And.Economics Concepts

Bank –

Emission	The Central State Bank pursues state policy in the field of emissions, loans, money circulation; lending to commercial banks; control over the activities of organizations
Investment	Financing and long-term lending; investing in industry, construction
Mortgage	Provides loans secured by property (real estate)
Commercial	Financial and credit operations on a commercial basis
Savings	Sberbanks attract and store free cash(paying interest, commercial)
Innovative	Credits innovation, i.e. ensures the development of innovations, implementation of scientific and technical achievements (STD)

23. The purpose of the state economy is in the market.

Economic and social stability

U strengthening the existing system at home and abroad

24. Firms. Costs. Profit.

Firm- is an organization created by one or more legal entities and/or individuals to perform a certain type of activity with the aim of making a profit.

Costs – costs of ensuring material production and paying wages to employees:

Accounting and general economic (explicit/implicit)

Constants and Variables

External and internal
Profit- the difference between a firm's revenue and total costs(value of surplus product).

25. Unemployment

Unemploymentis a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the labor force (economically active population) is not engaged in the production of goods and services.

Kinds:

Friction

Structural

Cyclic

Seasonal

26. Inflation. Devaluation.

Inflation- an increase in the general price levelwhen the purchasing power of the monetary unit falls.

Devaluation – a decrease in the gold content of a monetary unit or a decrease in its exchange rate in relation to foreign currencies.

27. Economics: science and economy.

the science	farming
The body of knowledge about the economy and related human activities, about the use of various, most often limited, resources in order to meet the vital needs of people and society; about the relationships that arise between people in the process of managing.	The totality of all means, objects, things of the material and spiritual world, used by people to ensure living conditions and meet needs. A life support system created and used by man, reproducing people’s lives, maintaining and improving living conditions.

28.Measurers of economic activity.

Gross domestic product - the market value of final goods produced by a country's factors of production, regardless of who owns them.

Gross national product – the total value of all final goods and services produced by factors of production within and outside a country in a year.

National income - an indicator of economic development that includes the sum of wages, interest, rent and profit.

29. Monetary policy.

Monetary (or monetary) policy - is a state policy that influences the amount of money in circulation in order to ensure price stability, full employment and growth in real output. Implements monetary policy Central bank.

Methods:

Change in the minimum reserve ratio.

Change in discount rate.

30.World economy, Vforeign trade, international financial system.

World economy – interconnected and interacting economies of different countries of the world, operating according to agreed rules:

World international trade

International labor migration

Export of capital

International trade - trade between countries, consisting of exports and imports of goods and services.

International finance is a set of economic relations based on international agreements in the field of cash and non-cash circulation of currency values.

31. Labor market.

Labor market- the sphere of formation of demand and supply for labor.

Through it, labor is sold for a certain period. Features of the labor market and its mechanism: the object of purchase and sale on it is the right to use labor, knowledge, qualifications and abilities for the labor process.

32. Money and financial institutions.

Money- a special product that acts as a universal equivalent in the exchange of goods.

Financial institution - an organization participating in the financial and credit system, such as a bank, Insurance Company, investment fund (investment company), Pension Fund, mutual fund, etc.

33. Market and production.

Market- is a system of sustainable economic relations producers of goods and services and consumers.

The market provides answers to the questions: what to produce? for whom to produce? how to produce?

- factor market

Factors of production – resources used by people to create goods in life

(questions “who” produces and “from what”)

34.Business and entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship, business - independent economic activity carried out at one’s own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property and/or intangible assets, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.

Entrepreneurship and business are the most important attribute of a market economy, permeating all its institutions.

Can be carried out legal entity or directly by an individual. In Russia, as in many countries, for conducting entrepreneurial activity an individual is required to register as an individual entrepreneur.

In Russia, this area of ​​activity is regulated by Business Law.

ECONOMY

Quota- rate or share anything allowed within the framework of possible agreements and treaties in a monopoly.
Debit - total cash receiptsto the company's account.
Balance – form of income and expenses.

(indicators characterizingbalance in some phenomenon).
Debtor - a legal or natural person who has a monetary or property debt to an enterprise.
GNP – the total value of all final goods and services produced by factors of production within and outside a country in a year.
GDP – market value of the produced national product.
National income – an indicator of economic development that includes the sum of wages, interest, rent and profit.
Balance – the difference between the total amounts of the active and passive sides of the balance sheet.
Futures deal– payment is expected sum of money within a certain period after the conclusion of the transaction.
Service- service consumers in the service sector.
Services – a type of business activity whose goal is to satisfy various needs.
Duty- G government tax levied on imported and exported goods.
Oligopoly – a situation on the market when several large firms monopolize the production and sales of the bulk of products in the industry.
Law of Demand - the law according to which an increase in prices leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of goods, all other things being equal(ob. pr. manager).
Law of supply - a law according to which, as the price of a good rises, the supply of that good increases, all other things being equal(pr. manager)
Barter - It is the exchange of goods and services without payment of money.
Assets – everything of value that belongs by right of ownership.
Liquidity – the degree of ease with which an asset can be converted into cash by its owner.
Economic system – mechanisms by which limited resources are allocated to satisfy unlimited needs.
Mixed economic system - way of organization economic life, in which land and capital are privately owned and the allocation of resources is carried out both by markets and with significant government participation.
Microeconomics - is a branch of economic science that studies the behavior of individual economic entities.
Macroeconomics - is a branch of economics that studies the functioning of the economy as a whole.
Labor producer - this is an indicator of its effectiveness,characterized bythe amount of products produced by a worker over a period of time.
Productive forces - the totality of the means of production and the people involved in production.
Objects of labor - substances a nature, which man influences in the process of labor.
Means of labor - these are objects labor that is used to produce goods and services.

(what a person uses to influence the object of labor).
Price - this is the amount of money that determines the value of things And.
Costs – costs of ensuring material production and paying wages to employees.

Profit - the difference between a firm's revenue and total costs.

(value of surplus product).
Budget - is a set of income and expenses for a certain period of time.
Taxes - mandatory payments levied by the state from legal entities and individuals.
Reproduction – continuously renewed production process.
Demand - this is the quantity of product that the buyer is willing and able to buy.
Offer - willingness to offer a certain quantity of a product over a certain period of time.
Manager – hired production management specialist.
Own – property with the right of ownership, disposal and use.
Stock - securities issued by joint stock companies.
Dividend – income from shares.
Market - This is a system of stable economic relations between producers of goods and services and consumers.
Types of markets - a set of characteristic features and traits that make it possible to correlate the markets under consideration into certain groups.

(securities; services; futures; raw materials; commodity; wholesale)
Exchange - this is the place where organized trading of goods, financial assets, securities, and contracts takes place.
Types of exchanges – variety of placeswhere organized trading of goods, financial assets, securities, and contracts takes place.

(commodity, stock, foreign exchange, futures).
Money - a special product that acts as a general equivalent in the exchange of goods.
Functions of money - this is a concentrated expression of their role in the economy.

(measure of value (express price); means of circulation (purchase and sale: goods-money); means of accumulation (storage of wealth); means of payment (payment for goods over time); world money (settlements on the world market).
Mena - an agreement under which property is exchangedtwo sides.
Devaluation – a decrease in the gold content of a monetary unit or a decrease in its exchange rate in relation to foreign currencies.
Inflation - is an increase in the general price levelwhen the purchasing power of the monetary unit falls.
Emission - release of money and securities into circulation.
Deflation – reduction of the money supply by removing excess banknotes from circulation.
Bankruptcy - is the debtor’s inability to fully satisfy the demands of creditors and whether fulfill the obligation to pay payments.
Broker - intermediary between seller and buyer.
Broker– intermediary on a stock or commodity exchangewhen concluding various transactions.
Bank – a financial organization that concentrates temporarily free money for the purpose of providing it on credit for a certain fee.
Deposits - These are funds or securities deposited with financial institutions with the right of return.
Types of banks – types of financial organizations that have concentrated temporarily free money for the purpose of lending it out for a certain fee.

(emission and commercial; central; savings; depository; investment; mortgage banks; international).
Transfer - transfer of foreign currency or gold from one country to another.
Dumping - sale of goods at artificially low prices.
Distributor - a legal entity or individual who purchases and sells wholesale quantities of goods of a certain rangein regional markets.
Advice- O official notice of completion of some for settlement transaction.
Excise tax - one of the types of indirect tax mainly on consumer goods.
Audit- examination financial and economic activities of enterprises, organizations, we carry out and I qualified specialists.
Currency - country's currency and its type.
Clearing - a system of non-cash payments based on the offset of mutual claims and obligations.
Lot - a unit of transactions on the stock exchange, a consignment of goods, a certain amount of goods of one type.
Bond - bearer security giving its owner the right to receive income in the form of a fixed interest rate.
Tender - competitive form of placing orders for the supply of goods, provision of services or performance of work.
Force - major - an unpredictable event that does not depend on the actions of the parties involved in the transaction, but leads to the impossibility of fulfilling contractual obligations.
Holding- the combination of the parent company and its controlled subsidiaries.
Monometalism - a monetary system in which metal serves as the universal equivalent and basis of money circulation.
Commerce - d activity of selling goods or services for profit.
Traveling salesman - a traveling sales agent of a company who offers customers products based on samples and catalogs.
Market - broker - intermediary between seller and buyer.
Bankrupt- n insolvent debtor who refuses to pay his creditors due to bankruptcy.
Management - a set of principles, methods, means and forms of management enterprise.

1. The totality of... is considered as the productive forces of society...

○ technology and production organization
○ means of production and scientific and technological progress
○ labor and means of production
○ means of labor and objects of labor

2. The entire set of produced labor products breaks down into...
○ means of production and consumer goods

○ objects of labor and means of labor

3. The means of production include...
○ labor and labor items
○ labor and means of labor
○ objects of labor and means of labor
○ objects of labor and products of labor

4. The process of determining the share according to which each economic entity takes part in the produced product is called...
○ distribution
○ exchange
○ production
○ consumption

5. The final phase (stage) of social production is...
○ production
○ consumption
○ distribution
○ exchange

6. The process of determining the amount of income of a participant in economic activity is called...
○ distribution
○ receiving wages
○ taking into account the income of citizens tax authorities
○ payroll

7. In subsistence farming, the production process diagram looks like this: ...
○ production – distribution – exchange – consumption
○ production – distribution – exchange
○ consumption – distribution – production
○ production – distribution – consumption

8. The main features of traditional economics include...
○ private ownership of economic resources
○ direct control all enterprises from single center
○ market mechanism for regulating the economy without government intervention
○ widespread use of manual labor

9. In a market economy, the answer to the question of what goods and services should be produced is ultimately determined by...
○ foreign investors;
○ manufacturers;
○ consumers;
○ government bodies

10. The predominance of individual private property is considered distinctive feature __________ economic system.
○ purely market
○ mixed
○ traditional
○ planned

11. __________ caused the inevitability of a shortage of goods and services in an administrative-command economy.
○ high inflation rates
○ unemployment
○ prices that do not take into account the relationship between supply and demand
○ competition between producers

12. The subject of microeconomics includes...
□ supply and demand on the milk market
□ sugar production and its price dynamics

□ economy-wide production

13. The subject of microeconomics does not include...
□ sugar production and its price dynamics
□ employment in national economy
□ supply and demand on the milk market
□ economy-wide production

14. Microeconomic statements include...
□ state budget revenues this year will amount to 6.96 trillion. rub.
□ economic growth has been observed in Russia since 2000
□ the company increased export supplies
□ the poor potato harvest led to an increase in prices

15. In a market economy, the main operating economic entities are...
○ enterprises, exchanges, financial and industrial groups
○ firms, government, households
○ households, wage-earners, entrepreneurs
○ households, banks, investment funds

16. Paper money differs from credit money in that they...
○ cannot be exported outside the country
○ are cash
○ intended for payment for inexpensive goods
○ have forced purchasing power

17. If we purchase goods on credit, then money acts as a means...
○ consumption
○ savings
○ payment
○ appeals

18. If nominal wages increased 1.2 times, price growth in the economy over the same period amounted to 5%, then real wages...
○ increased by 25%
○ decreased by 15%
○ increased by 15%
○ decreased by 25%

19. The employee’s salary in January was 7,000 rubles, and in March 8,400; inflation for the period was 12%. In one quarter it became really...
4% poorer
6% richer
8% richer
8% poorer

20. Fixed capital includes...
○ machines and mechanisms
○ raw materials and materials
○ money
○ depreciation

21. An example of a pure oligopoly producing a standardized product is the market...
○ grains
○ household appliances
○ crude oil
○ confectionery

22. A distinctive feature of oligopoly is...
○ a large number of competing firms with a homogeneous product
○ extremely limited entry into the industry by various barriers
○ a large number of competing firms with differentiated products
○ free flow of new capital into the industry

23. Monopsony in the labor market is a situation when...
○ the only seller of labor is opposed by the only buyer
○ many sellers of labor are opposed by many buyers of labor
○ the only seller of labor is opposed by many buyers
○ many sellers of labor are opposed by a single buyer

24. Unfair competition does not include...
○ use of someone else's trademark
○ organization of exhibitions
○ poaching specialists
○ technical espionage

25. An increase in interest rates leads to...
○ growth in the supply of borrowed funds
○ growth in demand for borrowed funds
○ reducing the supply of borrowed funds
○ growth in the number of borrowers

27. Absolute rent is received by the owners...
○ the best plots of land
○ plots of land with average fertility
○ worst plots of land
○ all plots regardless of fertility

28. Rent paid from all plots without exception for the right to conduct farming on them is called...
○ economic rent
○ monopoly rent
○ absolute land rent
○ differential rent I

29. The demand for land for agricultural production will be...
grow with increasing demand for food
decrease with increasing demand for food
grow when demand for food decreases
decrease with constant demand for food

30. The realization of the interests of market subjects and the combination of the interests of the seller and buyer is ensured by the __________ function of the market
○ intermediary
○ sanitizing
○ stimulating
○ informational

31. The idea that the market is a self-regulating system that independently comes to an equilibrium state without government intervention belongs to...
○ Francois Quesnay
○ Milton Friedman
○ Adam Smith
○ John M. Keynes

32. Differentiation of commodity producers and liquidation of unprofitable enterprises is carried out using the __________ function of the market.
○ sanitizing
○ regulatory
○ stimulating
○ controlling

33. Market advantages do not include...
○ high degree of flexibility and adaptation to changing production conditions
○ lack of a protection mechanism environment from production and other activities
○ freedom of choice for entrepreneurs and consumers
○ relative restoration of disturbed balance

34. Market imperfections (failures) can be mitigated...
○ by the state
○ households
○ monopolies
○ entrepreneurs

35. The policy of inflating prices for finished goods and services and understating prices for raw materials is...
○ free trade
○ price scissors
○ dumping
○ protectionism

36. When changing the system of taxation of personal income from proportional to progressive, the differentiation of income of the population is illustrated...
○ by approaching the Lorentz curve to the line of absolute inequality

37. When changing the system of taxation of personal income from progressive to proportional differentiation of income of the population is illustrated...
○ moving a point along the Phillips curve to the left
○ by removing the Lorentz curve from the line of absolute equality
○ by approaching the Lorentz curve to the line of absolute equality
○ moving a point along the Phillips curve to the right

38. Improvements in income inequality are characterized by...
○ increasing the value of the Lerner coefficient
○ decreasing the value of the Gini coefficient
○ increasing the value of the Gini coefficient
○ decreasing the value of the Lerner coefficient

39. The introduction of a corrective tax on a product, the production of which is associated with a negative external effect, will cause...
○ increasing the volume of market supply of the product
○ reduction in the volume of market supply of a product
○ overproduction of this product
○ withdrawal from the market of companies producing this product

40. Externalities arise because...
○ enterprises take into account fixed costs that are not included in the marginal
○ the quality of goods does not meet consumer requirements
○ market prices do not reflect the costs and benefits of third parties
○ the state pays subsidies to producers

41. Costs or benefits not reflected in market prices and received by third parties are...
○ shadow income
○ opportunity costs
○ side (external) effects
○ implicit costs

42. Does not apply to pure public goods...
○ lawmaking
○ national defense
○ second higher education
○ primary education

43. If the economy operates under conditions of full employment of resources, then a decrease individual taxes will lead to the fact that (other things being equal) the equilibrium price level...
○ will not change, equilibrium real GDP will decrease
○ will not change, equilibrium real GDP will increase
○ will increase, equilibrium real GDP will not change
○ will decrease, equilibrium real GDP will not change

44. Suppose that national production includes two goods - consumer goods X and investment goods Y. In the current year, 200 units of good X were produced at a price of 2 den. units and 10 units of product Y at a price of 4 den. units, then the value of the gross internal product(GDP) is equal to _____ den. units
○ 440
○ 1260
○ 2000
○ 820

45. When contracting government spending by 50 billion den. units, an increase in consumer spending by 100 billion den. units, investment expenses for 150 billion den. units and net exports by 10 billion. units GDP volume __________ billion den. units
○ will increase by 210
○ will be reduced by 210
○ will increase by 190
○ will be reduced by 190

46. ​​The country produces 2 goods: bricks and telephones. This year, 200 thousand bricks were produced. and sold for 5 thousand rubles. for 1 thousand pieces, phones 2 thousand pieces. at a price of 2.5 thousand rubles. for 1 piece Last year, 210 thousand bricks were produced. and sold at a price of 4.6 thousand rubles. for 1 thousand pieces, phones 1.8 thousand pieces. at a price of 2.7 thousand rubles. for 1 piece Nominal GDP amounted to __________ thousand rubles.
○ 5826
○ 5550
○ 7240
○ 6000

47. Natural rate of unemployment...
○ means the presence of only structural and frictional unemployment
○ includes seasonal and cyclical unemployment
○ means complete absence of unemployed
○ includes cyclical unemployment

48. One way to reduce the “natural” rate of unemployment would be...
○ increase in unemployment benefits
○ increasing the minimum wage
○ increasing information about available jobs
○ carrying out expansionary monetary policy

49. The emergence of frictional unemployment is associated with...
○ insufficient qualifications of the unemployed
○ time required to find a new job
○ high real wages
○ fall in aggregate demand

50. Cost consumer basket increased from 5700 rub. up to 6500 rub. The inflation rate was...
○ 15%
○ 20%
○ 14%
○ 30%

51. The inflation rate in the country last year was 5.6%, and this year it is 8.7%. The inflation rate for two years was...
○ 13,4%
○ 16%
○ 14,78%
○ 14,4%

52. In the depression phase, cyclical unemployment...
○ can be both positive and negative
○ absent
○ reaches maximum value
○ is a negative quantity

53. The potential volume of output in the economy is achieved when...
○ frictional unemployment
○ cyclical unemployment
○ technological unemployment
○ natural rate of unemployment

54. Phase economic crisis, accompanied by stagflation, corresponds to...
○ reduction in unemployment benefits payments
○ stock price growth
○ drop in interest rate
○ increase in price level

55. The frequency of crises, according to Zhuglar, is connected...
○ with shock changes in production technology
○ with renewal of fixed capital
○ with government actions in the field of monetary policy
○ with the emergence of new markets

56. It is not typical for an intensive type of economic growth...
○ use of new means of production
○ application of new technologies in production
○ increasing the level of personnel qualifications
○ increase in used material resources

57. If the expansion of production capacity occurs on the same technical basis, then there is...
○ intensive economic growth
○ extensive economic growth
○ mixed economic growth
○ real economic growth

58. The source of the extensive path of economic development is not...
○ discovery and implementation of new progressive technologies
○ discovery of new mineral deposits
○ labor force growth
○ development of new lands

59. Economic growth is extensive if...
○ wages of hired workers increase
○ an increase in the production of goods and services occurs due to the attraction of additional factors of production
○ increase in the production of goods and services associated with the use of scientific and technological progress
○ labor productivity growth outpaces employment growth

60. The most significant reason for economic growth in developed countries is ...
○ technological changes in production
○ change in workforce qualifications
○ increase in the amount of capital used
○ increasing the amount of working time

61. Financial investments are...
○ investments that provide an increase in means of production, material assets, reserves
○ investments that involve the replacement of fixed capital worn out over the entire service life
○ volume of investments minus the cost of depreciation of fixed capital elements
○ investments in shares, bonds, bills and other securities, as well as financial instruments

62. The difference between gross and net private domestic investment is the cost...
○ for the purchase of consumer goods
○ to reimburse the cost of consumed fixed capital (depreciation)
○ to improve the level of qualifications of employees
○ for the increase in means of production

63. The source of investment cannot be...
○ tax credit
○ enterprise profits
○ depreciation fund of the enterprise
○ bank loan

64. Investments that provide complete control over the objects of investment are called...
○ fictitious
○ straight
○ portfolio
○ clean

65. An entrepreneur received income in the amount of 25 thousand rubles. After payment income tax, equal to 13%, he will have at his disposal an amount equal to...
○ 21.75 thousand rubles.
○ 13.25 thousand rub.
○ 23 thousand rub.
○ 20 thousand rub.

66. If a higher percentage is levied on higher incomes than on lower ones, there is a tax...
○ regressive
○ with a fixed rate
○ proportional
○ progressive

67. The total government budget deficit reduced by the amount of interest payments on the government debt represents a __________ deficit
○ structural
○ primary
○ actual
○ cyclic

68. If the tax rate in the country is 32%, the total amount of taxes collected in the state is 720 billion. units, then GDP is equal to __________ billion. units
○ 230,4
○ 950,4
○ 2250
○ 1860

69. Taxes are not divided into...
○ direct and indirect
○ state and local
○ general and special (target)
○ primary and secondary

70. Overcoming a cyclical economic downturn by increasing government spending, cutting taxes, or a combination of these measures is called...
○ fiscal expansion
○ fiscal restriction
○ investment policy
○ monetary policy

71. Automatic fiscal policy is carried out on the basis of...
○ bank rates
○ changes in transfer payments
○ deliberate manipulation of expenses
○ built-in stabilizers

72. Fiscal policy comes in two forms...
○ restraining and expansion
○ soft and hard
○ expansionist and recessive
○ automatic and discretionary

73. Passive operations include...
○ operations for crediting and debiting money from the client’s account
○ transactions with bills
○ loan operations
○ deposit operations

74. If the reserve ratio is 40%, then each monetary unit entering the banking system will increase by...
○ 5 times
○ 4 times
○ 10 times
○ 2.5 times

75. The minimum rate of required reserves is established...
○ commercial bank
○ Government
○ independent commission
○ Central Bank

76. Passive operations of banks include...
○ accepting deposits
○ issuing loans
○ issuing loans
○ leasing operations

77. The functions of commercial banks do not include...
○ maintaining current accounts
○ accumulation of deposits
○ provision of loans
○ redemption of government securities

78. The policy of expensive money leads...
○ to expand the money supply
○ to the development of inflationary processes
○ to reduce the money supply
○ to the constancy of the money supply

79. Monometallism is called...
○ view monetary system, in which the role of money is legally assigned to gold and silver
○ view monetary reform
○ a monetary system in which the weight content of the metal of the national currency is not regulated
○ type of monetary system in which one metal serves as a universal equivalent and the basis of monetary circulation

80. The most liquid monetary aggregate is...
○ M1
○ M3
○ M2
○ M0

81. Free and equal distribution among citizens of rights to acquire state-owned enterprises is the basis ...
○ German privatization model
○ Chinese privatization model
○ concept of the voucher privatization model
○ the concept of the shareholder model of privatization

82. If the amount of disposable income decreases, then, other things being equal:
○ consumer spending decreases and savings increases
○ consumer spending increases and savings decreases
○ both consumer spending and savings are reduced
○ both consumer spending and savings are growing

83. If interest rate loans are growing, then...
○ demand for borrowed funds from the population and business is decreasing
○ enterprises are expanding investment activity
○ the population’s debt on loans already taken is decreasing
○ household savings are growing

84. Microeconomics studies:
○ economic growth
○ inflation
○ activities of a separate company
○ opportunity costs

85. The total volume of industrial output, expressed in physical units, is called...
○ marginal product
○ average product
○ intermediate product
○ common product

86. Economic profit is equal to the difference...
○ between gross income and total costs
○ between accounting and normal profit
○ between gross income and external costs
○ between external and internal costs

87. Absolute liquidity has...
○ real estate
○ time deposits
○ securities
○ cash

88. To extra-budgetary social funds not applicable:
○ state fund crime fighting
○ mandatory health insurance
○ state employment fund
○ pension

89. An increase in investment expenses, other things being equal, can lead to...
○ increase in tax rates
○ reducing inflation in the short term
○ growth in national production volumes
○ reduction in national production volumes

90. If the inflation rate for the years was 20% and 10%, then the inflation rate for two years will be...
○ 30%
○ 200%
○ 132%
○ 32%

91. Line showing different combinations of two products that can be purchased at a fixed amount cash income at this level prices is called a curve...
○ budget restrictions
○ Laffer
○ Engel
○ indifference

92. If the nominal exchange rate is 30 rubles per 1 US dollar, and the cost of a comparable consumer basket is 2,400 rubles and 120 US dollars, then the real exchange rate is ____ rubles per 1 US dollar.
○ 40
○ 20
○ 30
○ 80

93. The general economic function of the state in a market economy is associated with the need ...
○ countercyclical regulation
○ protection of the national borders of the state
○ price planning
○ production of public goods

94. The functions of the state in a market economy include:
○ formation of inter-industry proportions
○ maintaining a competitive environment
○ countercyclical regulation
○ setting prices for private sector products

95. According to supporters of protectionist policies, the introduction of trade barriers undoubtedly leads to...
○ protection of sectors of the national economy
○ reduction in employment in sectors of the national economy
○ formation of internal monopolies
○ reduction in prices on the domestic market

1. for final testing

by discipline "Fundamentals of Economics"

Ulyanovsk, 2012

Target: Testing students' knowledge in the discipline.

The test questions are determined by the teacher, considered and approved at the meeting of the Moscow Region.

The test was performed according to the options. Each option has 20 questions. Number of options 4. Volume of material 50 hours.

Purpose of work

Control of theoretical knowledge of students in the discipline “Fundamentals of Economics”

Work procedure

The work lasts 45 minutes. Students are given test options. The work is done on separate sheets where answers to questions are written. Evaluated on a five-point system: for “5” (excellent) 5% of errors are allowed (one wrong answer), for “4” (good) – 25% (five wrong answers), for “3” (satisfactory) - 50 % (ten wrong answers). A student who fails to complete the task receives a grade of “2” (unsatisfactory).

The student is not exempt from testing.

Option I

1. Means of satisfying human needs that are available to people in a volume less than the volume of these needs are called

a) resources

b) non-economic benefits

c) economic benefits

2. Limited resources are a problem

a) all states that do not allow wasteful use of any resources

b) only states with limited mineral resources.

c) only those states that in the recent past used their resources wastefully

3. The most elementary form of economic organization is

a) subsistence farming

b) commodity production

c) market economy

4. Point A on the production possibilities curve graph characterizes

5. The function of money, showing that certain labor was spent on the production of goods, which has a specific form of commensuration

a) means of payment

b) measure of value

c) a store of value

6. The value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a given period of time by residents of that country

a) GDP

b) GNP

c) ChNP

7. A system dominated by state ownership

a) team

b) mixed

c) market

8. Competition in which there are many sellers selling similar products

a) imperfect competition

b) perfect competition

c) oligopoly

9. To determine marginal costs, use the following formula

A)

b)

V)

10. Costs, the value of which, in the short term, does not change with an increase or decrease in production volume

a) variables

b) internal

c) constant

11. Economic growth based on the use of additional production factors

b) extensive economic growth

c) negative economic growth rate

12. The level of income a person needs to purchase the amount of food is not lower than physiological norms

a) poverty

b) wages

c) living wage

13. Inflation is an upward trend in the economy

a) the general price level

b) food prices

c) prices for utilities

14. A person who has lost his job as a result of scientific and technological progress, which has led to a reduction in demand for workers in his profession, increases

a) frictional unemployment

b) cyclical unemployment

c) structural unemployment

15. The Phillips curve captures the relationship between the inflation rate and

a) offer of money

b) interest rate

c) unemployment rate

16. The quantity of a good that consumers are willing to buy at a certain price over a certain period of time

a) offer

b) demand

c) consumer basket

17. Demand is elastic if

a) Ed=1

b) Ed=0

c) Ed>1

18. The need to repay the loan within precisely defined periods, fixed in loan agreement, is based on the principle

a) loan maturity

b) payment of the loan

c) loan repayment

19. Repeated ups and downs in the economy over a number of years

a) economic growth

b) economic cycle

c) economic development

20. One of the functions of the budget is

a) providing loans to commercial banks

b) redistribution of national income and GNP

c) servicing trade turnover

Test in the discipline "Fundamentals of Economics"

Option II

1. A pyramid of needs, describing the diversity of human needs and desires, was proposed

a) A. Marshall.

b) A. Maslow.

c) A. Smith.

2. The number of able-bodied residents of any country is strictly fixed at any given time - this rule characterizes

a) limited entrepreneurship

b) limited labor

c) limited capital

3. Point A on the production possibilities curve graph characterizes

a) full use of limited resources

b) incomplete use of limited resources

c) lack of resources to produce a given volume of two alternative goods

4. The ability of a product to satisfy certain human needs is

a) use value

b) exchange value

c) cost

5. The opportunity cost of a product is measured

a) the cost of resources for the production of this product

b) the amount of money spent on the production of this product

c) the amount of one good that had to be given up in order to obtain another good.

6. The value of all final goods and services produced by residents and non-residents of a country during a given period of time

a) ChNP

b) GDP

c) GNP

7. A market economy is characterized

a) government intervention in the economy

b) monopoly of production

c) the dominance of private property

8. Unity of relations regarding production, distribution, exchange and consumption, economic goods

a) economic growth

b) economic system

c) economic management

9. Economic growth based on the use of more advanced production factors and technologies, i.e. due to NTP

a) intensive economic growth

b) efficient economic growth

c) extensive economic growth

10. System of relations between sellers and buyers

a) company

b) market

c) stock exchange

11. Market structure, in which only one firm dominates the industry, and where the boundaries of the firm and the industry coincide

a) oligopoly

b) perfect competition

c) monopoly

12. To determine variable costs, you must use the following formula

a) VC=AFC-TC

b) VC=FC+TC

c) VC=TC-FC

13. Moving up the demand curve shows that

a) the price rises demand is growing

b) the price rises demand falls

c) the price falls demand is growing

14. Engel's law states

a) with an increase in family income specific gravity food costs are reduced

b) as family income increases, the share of food expenses increases

c) the share of expenses for satisfying cultural needs drops noticeably

15. Purchasing power of money

a) increases during inflation

b) does not change during inflation

c) decreases during inflation

16. Fiscal function taxes is that

a) taxes provide the state with the necessary financial resources

b) taxes collected in the budget go to finance programs needed by society

c) by reducing or increasing taxes, the state stimulates or restrains the development of certain areas of the economy

17. An increase in public debt can lead to

a) to reduce the production capabilities of the national economy

b) to reduce tax rates on income of individuals and legal entities

c) to reduce inflation due to unjustified emissions

18. The real distribution of the country’s income between families shows

a) Lorenz curve

b) aggregate demand curve

c) Engel's law

19. The number of revolutions of a monetary unit in circulation and spent on the purchase of goods and services over a certain period of time

a) money circulation

b) velocity of money circulation

c) the duration of one turnover of money

20. Price that balances supply and demand

a) wholesale price

b) retail price

c) equilibrium price

Test in the discipline "Fundamentals of Economics"

Option III

1. The needs that satisfy the vital needs of a person are called

a) physiological

b) social

c) security needs

2. The production possibilities curve characterizes

a) possible release of alternative products with full use of available resources

b) limited resources

c) opportunity cost

a) full time

b) full use of production resources

c) both full employment and full use of productive resources

4. Problems of what, how and for whom to produce are relevant for

a) developing countries

b) for any economic system

c) for countries with central planning

5. Price is

a) the amount of money paid per unit of goods

b) valuation of resources used in the production process

V) social work contained in goods

6. Disposable income is

a) the sum of funds, including wages, rent and income in the form of interest and capital

b) salary, income in the form of interest on capital minus personal income tax

c) personal income minus individual taxes and other personal payments

7. Development of the economic cycle in conditions of reduction in production and employment, but in the absence of a tendency for falling prices

a) depression

b) recession

c) peak

8. Costs, the value of which varies depending on the growth or decline of production

a) variables

b) constant

c) external

9. Supply is not elastic at

a) Ed

b) Ed>1

c) Ed=1

10. The process of transferring state property into private hands

a) denationalization

b) privatization

c) stabilization

11. A situation when the supply of goods exceeds the demand for them

a) shortage

b) surplus

c) market equilibrium

12. Equation quantity theory money looks like this

a) M*Q = P*V

b) M*P = Q*V

c) M*V = P*Q

13. Natural rate of unemployment

a) equals 0

b) characterized by the presence of structural and frictional unemployment in the country

c) is a variable value in the long run

14. Abrupt price increases are typical for the following type of inflation

a) hyperinflation

b) galloping inflation

c) creeping inflation

15. Changes in supply under the influence of non-price factors lead to the following changes

a B C)

16. The structure of the Russian banking system includes

a) securities market

b) Central Bank of the Russian Federation

c) stock exchange

17. Most of the money turnover in our country is made up

a) dollars

b) paper rubles and coins

c) non-cash payments

18. Typically used as an indicator of inflation in a country

a) consumer price index

b) the amount of money in circulation

c) exchange rate

19. The need to repay the loan within precisely defined periods fixed in the loan agreement is based on the principle

a) loan maturity

b) payment of the loan

c) loan repayment

20. If the quantity of money in circulation increases, while the velocity of money and real national output do not change

a) the price level in the economy will not change

b) the price level in the economy will decrease

c) the price level in the economy will increase

Test in the discipline "Fundamentals of Economics"

Option IV

1. Insufficient volume of available resources of all types to produce the required volume of goods

a) limited

b) limitlessness

c) alternative

2. A period of prolonged decline in production, employment and price levels

a) recession

b) depression

c) revival

3. Private ownership, free pricing and competition are the basis

a) command economy

b) market economy

c) any economy

4. An increase in price by 1% leads to an increase in goods offered for sale by 1% as well.

a) unit elasticity

b) supply is elastic

c) supply is not elastic

5. The period of time during which all factors of production are variable

a) long-term

b) medium term

c) short-term

6. The difference between revenue and external costs forms

a) net profit

b) economic profit

c) accounting profit

7. Movement along the demand curve reflects a change in the quantity demanded under the influence

a) non-price factors

b) prices for goods

c) prices for competitors' goods

8. The wave-like movement of the economy, during which it goes through phases that replace one another and repeat periodically

a) economic growth

b) economic development

c) economic cycle

9. The welfare of society is determined by its:

a) needs

b) income

c) employment level

10. The closer the Lorenz curve is to absolute equality, the

a) incomes of the population are distributed more evenly

b) lower living standards of the population

c) social inequality will be achieved faster

11. A system that combines forms of entrepreneurial activity and the role of the state

a) mixed

b) market

c) team

12. The quantity of goods offered to buyers for sale at a certain price

a) demand

b) offer

c) price

13. Demand typical for essential goods at a relatively low price

a) elastic

b) inelastic

c) proportionally elastic

14. Variable costs are calculated using the following formula

a) TC=FC+VC

b) FC=TC-MC

c) VC=TC-FC

15. Market structure in which only one firm dominates the industry, and where the boundaries of the firm and the industry coincide

a) oligopoly

b) perfect competition

c) monopoly

16. The principle of loan repayment is based

a) on the need for timely return of funds received from creditors financial resources after use by the borrower

b) the need not only for the borrower to directly repay the received credit resources, but also to pay for the right to use them

c) on the need to repay not at any time acceptable to the borrower, but within a precisely defined period fixed in the loan agreement

17. Indirect taxes, along with others, include

a) excise taxes

b) income taxes

c) taxes on property income

18. Income budget system are provided

a) profit of commercial organizations

b) taxes