Control of the topic "Economy" (selection of tests). Control of the topic "Economy" (selection of tests) Identify the problem. Select arguments
Detailed solution Paragraph § 3 on social studies for 11th grade students, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014
Question 1. How does economic growth affect the development of society and individuals? How is economic growth different from economic development? Why does the economy develop in cycles?
Economic growth is an increase in the volume of production in the national economy over a certain period of time (usually a year).
Volume of fixed capital;
New technologies.
Economic growth is achieved through investment in production. It should be noted important feature investments: at the time of their implementation they increase aggregate demand, and in subsequent periods - aggregate supply, as they increase production capacity.
Scientific and technological progress is an important factor for economic growth, since it allows the use of available resources more efficiently and helps to increase labor productivity.
Economic development - expanded reproduction and gradual qualitative and structural positive changes in the economy, productive forces, education, science, culture, level and quality of life of the population, human capital. Economic development includes the development of social relations, therefore it proceeds differently in the specific historical conditions of the technological structures of the economy and the distribution of material goods. It is the process of improving the quality of all human lives and the possibilities for increased living standards, self-respect and freedom.
Economic cycles are fluctuations in economic activity (economic conditions), consisting of repeated contraction (economic downturn, recession, depression) and expansion of the economy ( economic recovery). Cycles are periodic, but usually irregular. Usually (within the framework of neoclassical synthesis) they are interpreted as fluctuations around the long-term trend of economic development.
The theory of real economic cycles explains recessions and recoveries by the influence of real factors. IN industrial countries this could be the emergence of new technologies, changes in prices for raw materials. In agricultural countries - harvest or failure. Also, force majeure situations (war, revolution, natural disasters) can become an impetus for change. Anticipating a change in the economic situation for the worse or for the better, households and firms en masse begin to save or spend more. As a result, aggregate demand decreases or increases, retail trade turnover decreases or increases. Firms receive fewer or more orders for the manufacture of products, and production volume and employment change accordingly. Business activity is changing: firms begin to reduce the range of products they produce or, on the contrary, launch new projects and take out loans for their implementation. That is, the entire economy fluctuates, trying to reach equilibrium.
Questions and tasks for the document
Question 1. How is economic growth characterized?
Factors of economic growth are:
Quantity and quality natural resources;
Quantity and quality of labor resources - labor productivity, education and training;
Volume of fixed capital;
New technologies.
The listed factors contribute to the physical growth of production, but it is also necessary for the use, or consumption, of increased GDP to occur. Therefore, growth also depends on demand factors (increasing the level of aggregate expenditure) and distribution factors (efficient use of limited resources in various industries).
Economic growth is achieved through investment in production.
Question 2: Does economic growth increase tax revenue? Due to what?
Economic growth itself increases tax revenue and reduces the need for social spending such as unemployment benefits.
Question 3: How does economic growth reduce the need for social spending?
Due to the fact that new jobs are created, unemployment is reduced.
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
Question 1. What is meant by the economic growth of a country and how is it measured?
Economic growth is the quantitative side of the development of an economic system, characterized by an expansion of its (system) scale. Economic growth is defined as the long-term trend of increasing real output per capita. In this case, they especially highlight equilibrium balanced growth, i.e. such economic growth in which the pace of development of industries or sectors of the economy is internally consistent.
The most common measure of economic growth is the rate of change in gross national product (GNP) or gross internal product(GDP) per capita (taking into account price changes). An increase in GNP due to higher prices of the current period, i.e. a change in nominal (in price terms) GNP, cannot be considered as economic growth.
Economic growth is usually measured both in absolute terms and in relative terms (as a percentage or coefficient to the value of the previous period).
Absolute growth shows how much the level of the current period is higher or lower than the base one. It can have a positive or negative sign. For example, if in given year real GNP amounted to 120 million rubles, and in the previous one 100, then the absolute increase as the difference between the subsequent and previous levels of the dynamics series will be 20 million rubles.
The growth rate is the ratio of the next level to the previous or any other level taken as the basis of comparison. The growth rate always has a positive sign.
At growth rates less than 100%, or one, negative growth rates are obtained. For our example, the growth rate is 120%, or 1.2 times, and the growth rate is 20%, or 0.2 times.
Question 2. Name the factors of extensive and intensive growth.
There are extensive and intensive types of economic growth. At extensive growth is achieved due to a quantitative increase in the resource. The growth of the final product of society is accompanied by the same or even greater growth of expended resources.
Extensive way:
Increase in the number of employed workers
Increasing the volume of investments (investments) using unchanged equipment and technologies
Increasing the volume of consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and other resources
Intensive way:
Usage latest technologies and fundamentally new technology
Increasing the level of education and qualifications of workers
Increasing the efficiency of use of labor, capital, and all economic resources
Improving the organization of labor and production
Elimination of resource losses (working time, etc.)
Extensive growth factors include an increase in land, capital and labor inputs. These factors are not associated with innovation, with new production and management technologies, with an increase in the quality of human capital.
With the intensive type, growth is achieved through the development and assimilation of modern achievements of science and technology, increasing labor productivity, return on fixed assets, improving the use of raw materials (usually with a combination of all these factors). Intensive growth factors become predominant.
In real life, extensive and intensive types of growth do not exist in their pure form. There is their interweaving and interaction. For example, there may be a simultaneous increase in the quantity of labor and an increase in its quality, or an expansion of the production field and an improvement in the technical basis of the production process. Depending on which method predominates, they speak of a predominantly extensive or predominantly intensive type of economic growth.
Question 3. How is economic growth different from economic development?
The concept of “economic growth” is close to the concept of “economic development”, but is not identical to it. Growth is a component of economic development, which is understood as a process that includes periods of growth and decline, quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Growth is the positive dynamics of the economy. Recession is the negative dynamics of both the economy as a whole and its individual phases, spheres, sectors, factors and elements.
The economic development of society is a multifaceted process, covering economic growth, structural changes in the economy, improving conditions and improving the quality of life of the population.
Question 4. What is the system of indicators of the country's economic development?
Various models of economic development are known. But with all the diversity and national characteristics There are general patterns and parameters that characterize this process.
The diversity of historical and geographical conditions of existence and development of different countries, the combination of material and financial resources, which they have, do not allow us to assess the level of their economic development with any one indicator. For this purpose, there is a whole system of indicators, among which the following stand out:
Total real GDP;
GDP/GNP per capita;
Sectoral structure of the economy;
Production of main types of products per capita;
Level and quality of life of the population;
Economic efficiency indicators.
If the volume of real GDP (GNP) characterizes mainly the economic potential of a country, then GDP production (GNP) per capita is a leading indicator of the level of economic development.
The level of economic development of a country is a historical concept. Each stage of development of the national economy and the world community introduces certain changes into the composition of its main indicators.
Within the framework of the United Nations Development Program, special calculations are carried out to characterize the level of human development using the so-called Human Development Index (HDI).
HDI (10) is integral indicator, calculated as the average value of the following three generalized indicators:
index 1X - life expectancy (longevity), defined as the expected life expectancy at birth;
index 12 - the achieved level of education, measured as a cumulative index of literacy of the adult population and the cumulative proportion of students enrolled in educational institutions of the first, second and third levels;
index 13 - standard of living, defined as adjusted real GDP per capita at parity purchasing power(PPP in dollars).
HDI represents average value from dividing the sum of all indices by three. The main purpose of this indicator is to show in what direction development is taking place in a particular country (region) and how countries (regions) differ in the accumulation and development of human potential.
Question 5. What characterized the crises of the 19th century?
The crises were characterized by a sharp drop in production, rising unemployment rates, bankruptcies of many enterprises, and a drop in the purchasing power of the population.
Question 6. How can the state influence economic cycle?
There are 2 methods of countercyclic regulation.
In the first case, it plays a huge role fiscal policy, here they manipulate expenses and taxes (if everything is bad, then taxes are lowered and government expenses increase, if everything is good, then vice versa).
In the second case we consider monetary policy, that is, interest rates for loans and the amount of money in the country’s circulation change.
Methods of fiscal and monetary policies.
Fiscal policy is the government's policy of regulating, first of all, aggregate demand. Regulation of the economy in this case occurs by influencing the amount of total expenditures.
Monetary regulation is a set of specific activities of the central bank aimed at changing the quantity money supply in circulation, the volume of loans, the level of interest rates and other indicators of money circulation and the loan capital market.
TASKS
Question 1. In the table below you will find indices characterizing the standard of living of the population of the subjects Russian Federation(2008). Calculate the human development index of these subjects and compare them with indicators for Russia as a whole.
Russia – 0.825; Moscow – (0.797+0.999+0.991)/3=0.929; St. Petersburg – (0.758+0.999+0.875)/3=0.877; Tula region – (0.674+0.892+0.787)/3=0.784; Altai Republic – (0.669+0.884+0.690)/3=0.747; Republic of Tyva - (0.591+0.888+0.671)/3=0.717
Question 2. Choose the correct judgment. Economic growth is measured as:
a) an increase in the real volume of national production over a certain period of time.
Question 3. Describe the factors and indicators of economic growth.
Factors of economic growth are:
Quantity and quality of natural resources;
Quantity and quality of labor resources - labor productivity, education and training;
Volume of fixed capital;
New technologies.
There are intensive and extensive factors of economic growth:
The extensive growth factor is realized due to a quantitative increase in the resource (for example, due to an increase in the number of employees). At the same time, average labor productivity does not change significantly. Extensive growth factors are characterized by the law of diminishing returns with an excessive increase in resources. For example, an unjustified increase in the size of an organization can lead to excess labor and a decrease in labor productivity. Also, extensive growth factors include an increase in land, capital and labor costs. These factors are not associated with innovation, with new production and management technologies, with an increase in the quality of human capital.
Intensive factors of economic growth are determined by improving and increasing the quality of management systems, technologies, the use of innovations, modernization of production and improving the quality of human capital. The main intensive factor in the growth and development of the modern economy, both industrial and innovative, is high-quality human capital.
Can be used when reviewing the topic "Economics" in preparation for the Unified State Exam. A selection of tests from various sources contains tasks of all types of tasks encountered in the exam. There is a training option and a control option.
“Control on the topic of Economics with answers”
Control on the topic “Economics”.
| Factor of production | Characteristic |
| ………………………… | |
Answer: labor
Answer: commercial organization
1)
numbers s, under which they
digital
numbers , under which they are indicated.
numbers, under which they are indicated.
numbers, under which they are indicated.
Answer: 345.
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF COSTS OF A COMPANY
B) transportation costs
D) fuel costs
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
SIGNS TYPES ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
D) balanced
D) creeping
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
B) consumer expectations
D) prices of related goods
D) number of producers
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 12112
D) redundant
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
fras, under which they are indicated.
1) stagnant 4) cyclic
2) frictional 5) seasonal
3) structural c) hidden
Answer: 135.
digital ry under which they are listed.
6) Studies the economy of the region.
S numbers, p under which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
S R - the price of the product, Q -
Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) growth in income of the population
3) increase in pork prices
)
D R - product price. Q
S 1 . (On the chart R - the price of the product, Q
4) growth in income of the population
R- the price of the product, Q -
1) growth in consumer income
one
List of terms:
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one
List of terms:
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the chosen vamp word in the table under each letter.
Words in in once. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) loan 4) investment 7) property
To record answers to tasks in this part (21-29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2
First write down the number of the task (21. 22, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
V
O.I.
market economy.
Answer: (As examples government regulation market economy can be given: a reduction by the Central Bank of the discount rate of interest (regulation of monetary relations); increasing indirect taxes on a number of goods (tax regulation); adoption of the law on increasing minimum size wages ( legal regulation legal relations), etc.)
40. Analyze the situation.
Answer: (Since the cost of labor in Western countries is very high, the American cell phone company chose to transfer production to those countries that have cheaper and sufficiently skilled labor (for example, China and other countries of Eastern Europe. Such a transfer of production indicates such a global process as economic globalization)
29. 1. Economics
29.3 Economics.
29.4 Economics
View document contents
“Control on the topic of Economics”
Control on the topic “Economics”.
Write down the word missing in the table.
| Factor of production | Characteristic |
| ………………………… | the use of people's physical and mental abilities in the production of goods and services |
| funds, knowledge, structures, equipment used in the production of goods and services |
Answer: ___________
2. In the series below, find a concept that is general for all
other concepts presented. Write down the word (phrase).
Production cooperative; partnership of faith; commercial organization; Joint-Stock Company; state unitary enterprise.
Answer: _____________________
3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “manufacturer”.
1) emission; 2) profit; 3) costs; 4) devaluation: 5) competition; c) investments.
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Answer: _____________
4. Choose the correct statements about globalization and write down numbers s, under which they
1) International economic integration is one of the directions of globalization.
2) The process of globalization contributes to the development of cultural and historical specifics different countries.
3) The transition from an industrial society to an information society created the preconditions for the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization.
4) Globalization encourages states to take extreme political actions. 5) The positive consequences of globalization include the concentration of efforts
on the development of new advanced technologies.
Answer:_______________
5. Match the examples with the activities they illustrate: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES TYPES OF ACTIVITY
A) modernization of transport infrastructure 1) practical
B) implementation of a scientific discovery 2) spiritual
B) investing in small businesses
D) implementation of global modeling
D) carrying out economic reforms in society
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _________________
6. Choose the correct statements about inflation and write down digital ry under which they are listed.
1) Money emission is the most effective method of reducing inflation.
2) The consequence of inflation is a decrease in the income of those who pay debts at fixed interest rates.
3) One of the immediate causes of inflation is associated with excessive monopolization of prices and costs.
4) Depending on the reasons, demand inflation and cost inflation are distinguished.
5) The danger of inflation is that savings depreciate and the standard of living of the population decreases.
Answer:________________
7. Choose the correct statements about economic growth and write down numbers , under which they are indicated.
1) Extensive economic growth is ensured through more rational use of the previous volume of resources.
2) Economic growth is facilitated by an increase in the scale of production to a certain limit, which allows saving resources and increasing production volumes.
3) Intensive factors of economic growth include an increase in the physical capital of firms.
4) An intensive factor in the growth and development of the modern economy is high-quality human capital.
5) Stable economic growth is possible through the widespread introduction of innovation.
Answer: ______________
8. Select the correct judgments about factors of production and factor income and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) Factors of production that a person uses to create various goods are limited at any given time.
2) land and labor as factors of production prevent an increase in the volume of economic benefits.
3) Each factor of production is capable of bringing income to its owner.
4) A distinctive feature of entrepreneurship as a factor of production is the adoption of the initiative to combine factors of production into a single process.
5) The basis for obtaining factor income is the desire for maximum production results.
Answer:_________________
9. Select the correct statements about financial institutions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) central bank issues money and is the main link in the country's financial and credit system.
2) All financial institutions accept deposits.
3) Pension funds specialize in lending for sales of consumer goods in installments and issuing consumer loans.
4) The Central Bank sets the discount rate.
5) Financial institutions provide services for transferring funds and providing loans.
Answer: ________________
10. Choose the correct judgments about the role of the state in market economy and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) In a market economy, the state sets prices for all goods and services.
2) The state, in market conditions, carries out centralized production planning.
3) The state in a market economy satisfies the needs for public
goods or public goods.
4) In a market economy, the state protects the interests of owners.
5) State intervention in the economy is associated with imperfections of the market mechanism.
Answer: ________________
11. Choose the correct statements about taxes and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Taxes fill the state budget and pay for government expenses.
2) Indirect taxes include tax on personal income. inheritance tax.
3) Taxes are directed to support low-income segments of society through partial redistribution of funds.
4) Direct taxes, unlike indirect ones, are mandatory.
5) Direct taxes are withdrawn directly from the taxpayer’s income
Answer: ______________
12. Match examples and types economic systems which they illustrate: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
A) In the country R. producers compete 1) traditional for the most favorable conditions
production and sale of goods 2) team
B) In country N., in conditions of freedom of enterprise for consumers, 3) the market has the widest choice of goods and services
B) the only producer and seller of goods and services in country K. is the state, private entrepreneurship is prohibited
D) in country A. the state centrally distributes factors of production and sets prices for goods and services
D) the basis of the country’s economy D. is agriculture, the land belongs to tribal communities and is cultivated by them
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: ________________
13. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the types of costs of the company in the short term that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF COSTS OF A COMPANY
A) purchase of semi-finished products 1) permanent
B) entertainment expenses 2) variable
B) transportation costs
D) fuel costs
D) costs of retraining
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
14. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and the types of economic systems to which they relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SIGNS TYPES ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
A) prices for goods are determined by the relationship 1) command supply and demand 2) market
B) the main means of production belong to the state
B) economic proportions are set centrally
D) production development is based on competition among producers
D) there are periodic shortages of goods
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
15. Establish a correspondence between the types of inflation and the basics of their classification; For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
TYPES OF INFLATION BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
A) opening 1) nature of the course
B) galloping 2) dependence on the rate of price growth
C) suppressed 3) the degree of divergence in price increases for various product groups
D) balanced
D) creeping
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
16. Establish a correspondence between influencing factors (on supply and demand) and elements market mechanism: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ELEMENTS OF MARKET MECHANISM
A) religious preferences 1) demand
B) prices for resources 2) supply
B) consumer expectations
D) prices of related goods
D) number of producers
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
17. Establish a correspondence between the types of markets and the basics of their classification: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
TYPES OF MARKETS BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
A) retail 1) nature of sales
B) oligopolies 2) level of saturation
R) equilibrium 3) type of competition
D) redundant
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
18. Due to the installation of cash machines in the trolleybus for paying fares, conductor F.
was fired from the fleet and lost his job completely. For a year and a half he could not
Finding permanent work, he did temporary odd jobs servicing a nearby grocery store. In the summer, he got a job in construction company which generated income.
Select from the list given the characteristics associated with this citizen's unemployment and write down the fras, under which they are indicated.
1) stagnant 4) cyclic
2) frictional 5) seasonal
3) structural c) hidden
Answer: ___________________
19. In the country D. a two-level banking system, in which the top level is occupied by the Central Bank. What functions are included in Central Bank? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) providing a loan secured by property collateral
2) licensing of activities financial organizations
3) provision of loans commercial banks
4) attracting and storing free funds of the population
5) servicing enterprise payments
6) establishing a norm required reserves
Answer: ____________________
20. The state of P. seeks to satisfy the purchasing needs of the population of its country using foreign trade. By what signs can it be established that this state is pursuing a free trade policy in the field of foreign trade? Write it down digital ry under which they are listed.
1) Implementation of protection of national producers.
2) Increase in customs duties on imports.
3) Attracting foreign manufacturers.
4) The consequence is a fall in domestic production.
5) The result is an increase in employment in the national economy.
6) The consequence is a struggle to improve the quality and efficiency of production.
Answer: ____________________
21. Foundation "L." deals with issues of the state and development of the economy as a whole, the economic health of the country and the world. By what signs can we establish that we are talking about macroeconomics? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Deals with the problem of economic crises.
2) Explores the influence of price on individual elements of the economy.
3) Considers the action of three subjects of economic life: firms, household and states.
4) Studies issues of increasing employment of the population.
5) Analyzes the processes of production and consumption of individual goods in individual markets.
6) Studies the economy of the region.
Answer: ___________________
22. The graph shows the change in supply in the kitchen furniture market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1. (On the graph P - price of goods, Q - quantity of goods). Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, p under which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
2) reduction in prices for kitchen furniture
3) reducing the cost of components for kitchen furniture
4) reduction of taxes on kitchen furniture manufacturers
5) the growing popularity of new models of kitchen furniture.
Answer:________________.
23. The graph shows the change in supply in the pork market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1. (On the graph R - the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the listed factors can cause such a change?
Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) growth in income of the population
2) increasing taxes on pork importers
3) increase in pork prices
4) reduction in prices for chicken meat 5 ) reduction in the number of pork processors
Answer: ____________________
24. The graph shows the change in demand in the furniture market: demand curve D moved to a new position D 1. (On the graph R - product price. Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the listed factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) decrease in consumer income
2) increasing taxes on furniture manufacturers
3) increase in the volume of transport services
4) waiting for the start of Christmas sales
5) reducing costs for furniture manufacturers
Answer: ____________________
25. The graph shows the change in supply in the housing market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1 . (On the chart R - the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the listed factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) development of loan programs for the purchase of apartments
2) increasing the profits of sellers of housing under construction
3) the ruin of a number of construction companies
4) growth in income of the population
5) increase in the cost of building materials
Answer:____________________
26. The graph shows the change in supply on the market banking services: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1 (On the graph R- the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods). Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) growth in consumer income
2) the ruin of several large banks
3) increase in the number of clients in the banking sector
4) growing popularity of banking services
5) increasing the tax burden on the banking sector
Answer:______________________
27. During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked to estimate the number of domestic and imported products on store shelves in their localities.
The results obtained (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
Find in the description given the conclusions that can be drawn based on the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The share of those who noted that there are more domestic products in stores is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2) The share of those who noted that there are more imported products in stores is higher in country Z than in country Y.
3) In country Z, half of the respondents noted that stores have approximately equal amounts of domestic and imported products.
4) Equal shares of respondents in both countries found it difficult to estimate the amount of domestic and imported products in stores.
5) In country Y, equal shares of respondents noted that there are more imported products in stores and that stores have approximately equal amounts of domestic and imported products.
Answer:____________________
28. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
Stock __________(A) represents the place where buying and selling takes place
valuable papers. Its activities in developed countries are under strict control by ____________ (B). The average ____________ (B) of transactions concluded on it consists of ____________ (D) securities (shares and ____________ (E)) issued by individual ____________ (E).
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one pa z. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) exchange rate 4) state 7) exchange
2) contract 5) company 8) information
3) price 6) infrastructure 9) bond
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the chosen vamp word in the table under each letter.
Answer: _______________________
29. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“Monetary policy is the policy pursued by the government through the Central Bank.
measures in the field of monetary circulation and ____________ (A) aimed at ensuring
sustainable, effective functioning economy. Monetary goal
policy - helping the economy achieve a level of ____________ (B) that
will provide complete ____________ (B) and absence of ____________ (D). Open operations
market is conducted by the Central Bank, which sells government securities, paying high __________(D) for them, attracts investors’ funds to cover the budget ___________(E).”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) interest 4) deposit 7) mortgage
2) deficit 5) production 8) inflation
3) employment 6) credit 9) modernization
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the chosen vamp word in the table under each letter.
Answer: _______________________
30. Read the text below, in which a number of layers are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
"International migration of capital is carried out in three main forms: direct private ___________(A), public ___________(B), loans from international financial organizations. This takes into account such characteristics of the local market as its accessibility, quality of labor, currency risk, protection of intellectual ___________( C), state___________(D) and much more. To attract investments and___________(D) in the most backward (problem) regions, territories with preferential economic regimes are created - free economic _____(E).
Words in the list is given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once in once. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) loan 4) investment 7) property
2) technology 5) license 8) region
3) service b) zone 9) settlement
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.
Answer: _______________________
To record answers to tasks in this part (31-29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2
First write down the number of the task (31. 32, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 31-34.
“...Modern work is intensifying. The logic of movement towards success, to access to benefits determines the spontaneous, spontaneous increase in the volume of labor V life of a modern person. Labor is compacted over time, and also multiplies - it doubles, triples, etc. The modern worker - a qualified specialist who has been preparing for a long time, with great effort, the possibility of his career, is less and less able to control the process of society's consumption of his labor. “The investment must pay off, and preferably as soon as possible. And therefore, a person, satisfied with the demand for his work, is drawn into an increasing number of labor practices. “Multiplying” labor inevitably becomes more superficial.
The alienation of labor continues. Although it takes on new forms. So far we have been talking about one - internal - form of alienation due to the complication of the perception of work by those in demand, employed and thereby in a privileged position.
Another form of alienation of labor is external, literal - unemployment. (.....) It begins from the moment labor goes beyond natural production and develops into industrial society and acquires a completely special character in post-industrial society. First of all for due to the fact that it is growing powerfully" (Kozlova O.I. Labor in social life// Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2003. No. 6. pp. 111-112.),
31. Based on the text, write down the signs modern labor.
32. Using the content of the text, fill out the table.
| Forms of alienation of labor | Internal | |
| Their essence. |
35. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “inflation”? Using knowledge from a social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about types of inflation, and one sentence revealing one of the possible measures anti-inflationary policy.
36. Use three examples to reveal the various manifestations of government regulation
market economy.
37. Name any three tasks of the Russian government for the development of market relations in the economy and illustrate each of them with an example.
38. Name two types of costs of a firm in the short run and illustrate each with an appropriate example.
39. Name any three factors that influence changes in demand and illustrate each with an appropriate example.
40. Analyze the situation.
American company in the production of cell phones, it cut 15 thousand jobs and moved a significant part of production to China and Eastern Europe (over the previous two years the company cut 25 thousand jobs). At the same time, unemployment in the United States is this moment amounted to 9 percent.
What are the reasons for this company policy? Name the global process, the manifestation of which is the above and similar facts.
41. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Unemployment”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
Define the problem. Choose arguments.
29. 1. Economics
“Business is a combination of war and sport” (A. Maurois).
29. 2. Not for gold and silver, but only for labor initially all the riches of the world were acquired. (A. Smith).
29.3 Economics.
Increasing the technical level of industry increases its capabilities, its competitiveness” (M. Konotopov).
29.4 Economics
“If there are too many poor people, then state expenses will increase greatly, which will immediately affect the well-being of other segments of the population” (A. Kravchenko).
Test No. 1 on the topic “Economic growth” 1 option
1. Find in the list of transactions that should be taken into account when calculating GDP, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated
1) payment for beauty salon services 2) unemployment benefits
3) purchase of a “pirated” edition 4) composer’s fee
5) purchase of corporate bonds
2. Find examples in the list below that illustrate extensive factors of economic growth. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) expansion of the taxi fleet
2) advanced training of healthcare workers
3) creation automated system phone call processing
4) introduction of energy saving technologies
5) commissioning of an additional assembly line at the plant
6) increase in oil production
3. Find the factors of intensive economic growth in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) development of virgin and fallow lands
3) introduction of new technologies 4) increase in capital investments
5) attracting additional labor 6) rational allocation of resources
4. Select the correct statements about economic growth and development and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Economic growth refers to an increase in the amount of money in circulation.
2) One of the indicators of economic growth is the increase in real gross domestic product.
3) With the transition to post-industrial society The production of goods rather than services becomes a priority.
4) Extensive economic growth is achieved through the development of technology.
5) Intensive economic growth is associated with an increase in labor productivity.
5. Choose the correct statements about economics as a science and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) One of the subjects of studying macroeconomics is the problems of interaction between consumers and producers in market conditions.
2) Microeconomics studies the role of the state in regulating the economy.
3) Economics as a science studies methods of management, relationships between economic entities.
4) Scientists study both the general patterns of economic functioning and local problems of running a market economy.
5) Economics as a science originated in ancient times.
6. Country Z is going through a difficult period in the economy. What facts indicate that the country is experiencing an economic recession? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The country has a high level of employment.
2) Banks are reducing lending to consumers.
3) In production, there is a decrease in production capacity.
4) There is steady growth in GDP.
5) The quality of life of the population shows the highest level over the last decade.
7. Establish a correspondence between the types of economic growth and concrete examples, illustrating them:
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
A) A tea producing company hired additional quantity 1) extensive
women to collect tea leaves on their plantations 2) intensive
B) An oil producing company began developing a new
oil fields, depleting old
C) A vegetable farm hired temporary workers during the summer.
students and pupils for collecting cucumbers and zucchini
D) The Japanese company modernized the car assembly line
D) Through use innovative technologies The company's labor productivity has increased significantly
Test No. 1 on the topic “Economic growth” Option 2
1. Find the incomes included in the calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the list and write down the numbers under which they are listed.
1) income from the sale of cookies in a private confectionery
2) income from the resale of a used tablet
3) income received from the delivery of scrap metal
4) income from the sale of a batch of new computers
5) income received from the sale of vegetables grown by the farmer
6) income from the sale of a batch of counterfeit goods
2. Find the factors of extensive economic growth in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) development of virgin and fallow lands
2) advanced training of employees
3) introduction of new technologies
4) increase in capital investments
5) attracting additional workers
6) rational distribution of resources
3. Choose the correct judgments about economics as a science and write down the numbers under which they are indicated .
1) Economics as a science is illustrated by the study of ways to use limited resources.
2) Economics as a science is illustrated by the production of food products.
3) Economics acts as a science in the process of introducing new technologies into agriculture.
4) Economics as a science includes the body of knowledge about the economy and related human activities.
5) Economics as a science includes material and intangible production.
4. Select the correct statements about economic growth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) GDP growth always indicates economic growth in the country.
2) Availability of natural resources of higher quality is both a condition and an indicator of extensive economic growth.
3) The need to attract additional workers indicates extensive economic growth.
4) Scientific organization of labor is an indicator of intensive economic growth.
5) Intensive economic growth can be judged by improvement
5. Select the factors of intensive economic growth from the list provided and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) introduction of energy saving technologies
2) advanced training of employees
3) expansion of cultivated areas
4) attracting additional funding
5) rational distribution of resources
6. Country N is experiencing an economic recession. What facts from the list above indicate this? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The country is experiencing an increase in income of the population.
2) Manufacturers prefer not to invest in long-term projects.
3) Statistical services note an increase in unemployment, especially among young people.
4) The number of commercial banks in the country is growing.
5) GDP per capita has grown by 4% over the past three years.
6) Banks are experiencing a shortage of funds.
7. Establish a correspondence between the factors of economic growth and specific examples illustrating them:
EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTORS
A) increase in the number of service personnel 1) intensive
B) retraining of enterprise employees 2) extensive
B) construction of new power plants
D) replacing outdated equipment with more modern ones
D) expansion of cultivated areas
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"Economic Growth and Development" in 1
1*
Factors of production
FACTORS OF PRODUCTIONCHARACTERISTIC
The amount of material and monetary resources used to produce economic goods
Earth
All types of natural resources available on the planet and suitable for the production of economic goods
Answer: _________________________
2* . Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below, and write downfigure , under which it is indicated.
1) land, 2) labor resources. 3) factors of production, 4) capital, 5) information. 6) entrepreneurial abilities.
Answer: _________
3*. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, characterize factors of production.
1) entrepreneurship, 2) labor, 3) securities, 4) exchange rates, 5) capital, 6) land
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer. Answer: _____________
7**. Select the correct statements about economic growth and development and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Economic growth refers to an increase in the amount of money in circulation.
2) One of the indicators of economic growth is the increase in real gross domestic product.
3) With the transition to a post-industrial society, the production of goods rather than services becomes a priority.
4) Extensive economic growth is achieved through the development of technology.
5) Intensive economic growth is associated with an increase in labor productivity.
Answer: _____
8** . Match the examples with the economic growth factors they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLESA) Construction of new enterprises
B) Replacement of outdated equipment with more modern ones
C) Increasing the number of employees of the enterprise
D) Retraining of workers
D) Expansion of sown areas
FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
1) extensive
2) intense
9** . In company Za strategic direction was adopted to open a new direction for the production of household appliances. Find evidence in the list below that we are talking about intensive economic growth of this enterprise. Write it downnumbers , under which they are indicated.
1) use of modern computer technology
2) purchasing a batch of previous generation equipment at a significant discount
3) increasing the scale of production due to the opening of new workshops
4) investments in innovative developments
5) advanced training of employees
6) increasing labor productivity
Answer: ___________
12* . Sociological services of countries Z and Y conducted a public opinion poll. Survey participants were asked the question: “What method of increasing labor productivity do you consider the most effective?” The results of the surveys (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
1) The importance of production modernization as an effective way to increase labor productivity for those surveyed in country Z is higher than for those surveyed in country Y.
2) The share of those who consider the development of employee initiative effective way the increase in labor productivity among those surveyed in country Y is higher than among those surveyed in country Z.
3) The share of those who consider increasing wages as an effective way to increase labor productivity is higher among respondents in country Z than among respondents in country Y.
4) Respondents from both countries equally noted improving the skills of workers as the most effective way to increase labor productivity.
5) Half of those surveyed in country Y consider increasing wages the most effective way to increase labor productivity.
Answer: ________
25*** . What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “factors of production”? Using your social science course knowledge, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the main factors of production, and one sentence revealing the limitations of any factor of production.
26***. In a market economy, recessions and increases in production and production are observed with a certain periodicity. business activity. Give three explanations of the reasons for the cyclical development of the economy in market conditions. Please specify any of these reasons.
27*** . During the discussion, the opinion was expressed that the extensive path of economic development has exhausted itself. Using social science knowledge and facts public life, give two arguments to support and one argument to refute this opinion.
Test "Economic growth and development" at 2
1* . Write down the word missing in the table.
The economic growth
Internal increase gross product by expanding the scale of production
Increasing GDP through production efficiency
Answer: ___________________
2*. Find a term that summarizes all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) stagnation, 2) economic cycle, 3) economic crisis, 4) economic recovery, 5) recession.
Answer: ______________
3* . Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “factors of production”
1) labor, 2) demand, 3) entrepreneurial ability, 4) capital, 5) land, 6) equilibrium price
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series, and write them down in the numbers under which they are indicated. Answer: ________________
7** . Select the correct statements about economic development and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The economic development of the country is influenced by historical and geographical conditions its existence.
2) There are no uniform patterns for the economic development of different countries.
3) One of the indicators of economic development of a society is the sectoral structure of the economy.
4) Economic development is characterized by both positive and negative economic dynamics.
5) The volume of GDP per capita characterizes the economic potential of the country.
Answer: _____________
8** . Match the examples with the economic growth factors they illustrate: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column
EXAMPLESA) increase in cultivated area
B) use of modern agricultural technologies
C) retraining of farm workers
D) construction of additional enterprises
D) increasing the number of service personnel
FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
1) extensive
2) intense
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
9. Find manifestations of intensive economic growth in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) rational organization of production
2) increase interest rate on loan
3) introduction of a more productive technological line
4) exploration of new deposits of non-ferrous metals
5) training staff in new techniques for processing information
12* . Scientists studied the consumer behavior of residents of countries Z and Y in conditions economic crisis. The histogram shows data (as a percentage of the number of respondents) on how consumer demand changed during the year.
Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The share of those who began to buy products of cheaper brands is greater in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in both surveys noted that they refused to purchase some products.
3. The share of those who began to buy fewer products and go to the store less often is greater in country Z than in country Y.
4. Among those surveyed in country Z, the share of those who refused to purchase some products is greater than the share of those who believed that the crisis did not affect consumer demand.
5. Among respondents in country Y, the share of those who began to buy fewer products and went to the store less often is greater than the share of those who buy products of cheaper brands.
Answer: _______
========================
25***. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “economic growth”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences: one sentence containing information about economic growth rates, and one sentence containing information about the growth rate.
26*** . Name any two factors of economic growth and reveal the mechanism of action of each of them
27*** . Over the forty years from 1950 to 1990, world grain production tripled: from 630 to 19,170 million tons. At the same time, the sown area did not increase. By 2025, global grain production is expected to reach 4,000 million tons. What path of development of agricultural production do these data indicate? How did you determine this? Indicate any other feature of this path of economic development.
<...>.
<...>.
(AL. Kaygorodtsev)
21.
22.
23
24
==============================================
In extensive farming, based on minimizing land and production costs, the use of soil and climatic resources is maximized. With this focus, extensive farming does not contribute to the greening of the production process. On the contrary, the formation of harvests is based, first of all, on the wasteful use of natural soil fertility, which leads to their depletion<...>.
World experience shows that the intensive path of transformation in agriculture is currently the main one. Back in 1960-1980, the increase in world grain production by 1/5 was due to the expansion of areas, and by 4/5 as a result of increased yields. In economically developed countries this share was 86% (in Western Europe - 100%), and in developing countries - 77% (in Africa and Latin America 46-48%).
With intensive farming, only 10% of the crop is formed due to natural soil fertility. Intensification and, above all, optimization of nutrition “soften”, but do not eliminate the influence of hydrometeorological conditions on the productivity of agricultural crops. Fertilizers and plant protection products provide almost 50% of the yield. If we add to this the increase in yield due to the use of intensive varieties and high-quality seeds, it turns out that up to 3/4 of the yield is determined by the considered intensification factors. In this case, the productivity of arable land should be at least 40-50 centners per hectare. This per-hectare harvest is fully consistent with global grain production expected in 2025 at about 4 billion tons.
The situation with the supply of humanity with the necessary amount of food products already in the second half of the 20th century. could have become catastrophic if agricultural science had not found and implemented ways to significantly and quickly increase crop yields based on agricultural intensification<...>.
At the same time, when assessing the possibilities of intensive agricultural development, it is necessary to take into account that the potential of traditional ways of intensifying agricultural production has already been largely exhausted. The prospects for intensification are, first of all, related to the technological revolution that the agriculture of economically developed Western countries, primarily the United States, is experiencing.
(AL. Kaygorodtsev)
21. Name two ways of development of agriculture that the author compares. Which one is currently the main one? Formulate its distinctive feature in one phrase.
22. Name any three factors for increasing agricultural production indicated in the text
23 . What contribution of science to solving the food problem is mentioned in the text? What role did agricultural science play in relation to agriculture? Give any example of your own implementation of this role by science.
24 . The author connects the prospects for intensification with the technological revolution that the economies of economically developed Western countries are experiencing. Based on your knowledge, indicate how this revolution manifests itself. (Name any three manifestations)
==============================================
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SIBERIAN REGIONS
(using the example of the Omsk region)
In the text fragment below, the author analyzes the development of Siberia under the administrative-command system in the 1980s.
One can cite many examples when the “power” of this or that department, its desire to consider the territory only as a testing ground for its own development, took precedence over regional interests and, as a result, led to serious negative consequences at the regional level. Thus, the intensive development of large-scale industry (mechanical engineering, petrochemicals, heat and power engineering) within the city of Omsk alone led to its hypertrophy. From this, a natural consequence arose a whole series of environmental problems, problems of development of social and industrial infrastructure, etc., which the state was in no hurry to solve, and the region could not solve on its own. Despite the rapid growth rates of the regional economy and higher “return” (in the 1980s, production output per unit area in the Omsk region was 60% higher than the national level; the level of employment in national economy also exceeded the national average), the population of the region had a relatively lower standard of living and standard of living than the country as a whole. social protection. Thus, the difficult environmental situation was not compensated by the development of healthcare. In 1986, budget expenditures in this area in the region per capita were 2.17 times less than in the country as a whole.
Western Siberia has become the region of origin of the most massive and relatively long-distance transport flows, among which the supply of fuel and raw materials to the European part of the country dominates. By 1985, the volume of traffic from Western Siberia to the Urals, the Center and other economic regions of the European part of the country was tens of times higher than the average flow in exchange economic regions THE USSR. In fact, the state, through its policy measures, while actively developing Siberia, still considered it only as a resource and production base.
(V. ALESCHENKO. FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SIBERIAN REGIONS (using the example of the Omsk region) Works of Volny economic society, 2008)
21 . What indicators does the author use to analyze the consequences of economic growth in the Omsk region? (Indicate three of them.)
23 . In an administrative-command economy, the interests of the development of a particular region often yielded to narrow departmental goals. What problems did the intensive development of the Omsk region cause in the 1980s? Name any two problems identified by the author and elaborate on any of them using an example.
24 . The author of the article emphasizes that in the development of Siberia, the emphasis was on resource and industrial policy while social measures lagged behind. Based on your knowledge of economics, name three areas of spending state budget, contributing to the development of the social sphere.
