As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

• principles for developing social policy;
• a system of government measures aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of the population;

• analyze and evaluate socially significant phenomena, events, processes;
• set goals and formulate tasks related to the development and implementation of social policy;
• use regulatory and legal documents related to the management of the social sphere;
• prepare information and methodological materials on issues of socio-economic development of society and the activities of government bodies;
• apply quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis when assessing the state of the economic, social, political environment, the activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, state and municipal organizations, enterprises and institutions, political parties, socio-political and non-profit organizations;

• methods of implementing social policy;
• modern technologies for managing the social sphere;
• skills to assess economic and social conditions to develop social policy;
• basic methods of quantitative analysis and modeling, theoretical and experimental research.

Managing the quality of life in the regions

The quality of life of the population is a general characteristic of the level of consumption of goods and services, the development of healthcare, life expectancy, the state of the environment and morality, the ability of the population to satisfy spiritual needs, etc. The level of quality of life varies depending on the socio-economic situation of society. At the same time, the category of quality of life includes not only objective characteristics, but also an assessment of subjective perception

living conditions of the population, the value attitude of people to these conditions.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines quality of life as people's perception of their position in life in relation to their culture and value system and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Thus, this definition is based on subjective self-esteem, but essentially on the level of satisfaction with one’s life, which is largely determined by the expectations of each individual person and the standards accepted in the social microenvironment with which he associates himself. The vast majority of Russians (96%) believe that the main component of our lives is health. Also, Russian citizens note the high importance of the quality and availability of food (92%) and the state of the environment (91%).

There is also a more “objective” approach to determining the quality of life, in which the quality of life is assessed not by the subjective satisfaction of the person himself, but by a number of objective indicators by other people who have complete and reliable information and the necessary qualifications for this, i.e. by a team of experts. From this point of view, quality of life is a concept that reflects the degree of satisfaction of a person’s material, cultural and spiritual needs, measured by competent and informed specialists using a set of objective indicators.

Indicators that are used to monitor and manage the quality of life of the region’s population are divided into four groups:

• the first block of indicators characterizes social satisfaction with the state of affairs in the state (fairness of power, security of existence);
• the second block characterizes the health of the population and demographic well-being, assessed by levels of fertility, life expectancy, natural reproduction, the spiritual state of society, as well as the availability of education and healthcare services;
• the third block assesses the population’s satisfaction with individual living conditions (wealth, housing, food, work, etc.);
• the fourth block characterizes environmental well-being.

State management of the quality of life in the region consists of purposefully influencing political, economic, economic, social and cultural processes that directly and indirectly determine the quality of life of citizens.

Improving the quality of life of the population is a priority direction of state social policy. The main means of implementing such a policy are GDP growth and improvement of the mechanisms for its distribution. On the other hand, ensuring high rates of GDP growth is impossible without the development of production based on new equipment and fundamentally new technologies, and, consequently, without highly qualified workers capable of creating new technologies and applying them in production. Such an employee must spend quite a lot of money and time on education, professional training, restoration of vital energy, and satisfaction of material, spiritual and social needs. Therefore, the quality of life of people in modern society should be higher than simply ensuring survival. To successfully implement a policy to improve the quality of life in the country, it is necessary, in addition to a general one, to have a differentiated approach that takes into account regional, socio-demographic, professional, sectoral and other differences.

Population income largely determines the level and quality of life of the population (country, region, individual social groups, etc.).

The standard of living is understood as the totality of the living conditions of the population corresponding to the achieved state of economic development of society (Table 20.1). This is the degree to which people’s needs are met, expressed by a system of the following specific indicators:

• average monthly accrued wages in the economy;
• cash income on average per capita per month;
• average size of assigned pensions;
• living wage on average per capita per month;
• population with incomes below the subsistence level;
• the ratio of average per capita income and subsistence level;
• the ratio of accrued wages and the cost of living;
• the ratio of the average pension to the cost of living;
• decile coefficient.

The following factors also affect the quality of life of the population:

• the state of various market segments;
• production results of the main type of economic activity in the region. The growth of production causes corresponding changes in various market segments and, in turn, changes tax revenues and affects the quality of life;
• efficiency of the tax system. The tax system, on the one hand, provides funds for social programs and the budgetary sector, and on the other, has an inhibitory effect on production, which provides jobs and wages to the population, and profits to entrepreneurs;
• investment policy.

Among the system of government measures aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of the population, it is first of all necessary to note the structure and volume of investments. This factor acts as an economic regulator that makes it possible to manage the development of the production sector and, through it, tax revenues and the quality of life of the population at the regional level.

Main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population in the Russian Federation in 1995-2010.

Table 20.1

Indicators
Actual final consumption of households (at current prices), billion rubles. (1995 - trillion rubles):
per capita, rub. (1995 - thousand rubles)
as a percentage of the previous year (at comparable prices)
Average per capita cash income of the population (monthly), rub. (1995 - thousand rubles)
Real disposable cash income of the population, % compared to the previous year
Average monthly nominal accrued wages of workers in the economy, rub. (1995 - thousand rubles)
Real accrued wages, % compared to the previous year
The average amount of assigned pensions is 2, rub. (1995 - thousand rubles)
Real size of assigned pensions 2,% compared to the previous year
Living wage 3 (average per capita):
rub. per month (1995 - thousand rubles);

End of table. 20.1

Indicators
% to previous year
Population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level:
million people
% of total population
% to previous year
Correlation with the cost of living, %:
average per capita cash income
average monthly nominal accrued wages
average size of assigned pensions
Funds coefficient (income differentiation coefficient) - times
Gini coefficient (income concentration index)

Thus, investment and tax policies are system-forming factors that create an environment for the development of production and the market, which directly and through tax revenues influence the quality of life.

• Ivanova M.V., Nevolin L.E. Assessing the quality of life of the population as the basis for the formation of socio-economic policy in the region (using the example of the Murmansk region) // Bulletin of MSTU. T. 9. 2006. No. 4. P. 694-699
• See: Health, ecology, good nutrition: what Russians understand by quality of life // VTsIOM press release No. 2562. URL: wciom.ru>index.рhp?id=459&uid=114789
• Tsygankov V. L. Quality of working life in Russia: economic nature, formation mechanism: abstract.... dis. Doctor of Economics Sci. M.. 2006

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week and holidays

Minnigaleeva, Venera Zavidovna. Growth in the quality of life as an object of state regulation: dissertation... Candidate of Economic Sciences: 08.00.01 / Minnigaleeva Venera Zavidovna; [Place of defense: Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Chuvash State University"]. - Kazan, 2012. - 148 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 13-8/342

Introduction

1. Theoretical foundations of the functioning and development of the quality of life of the population

1.2. Increasing the quality of life of the population as an object of government regulation

1.3. Features of growth in quality of life in a market economy 49

2. Methodological tools for state regulation of the quality of life of the population

2.1. Classification of socio-economic indicators that determine the growth of quality of life

2.2. Monitoring as a method of measuring and analyzing quality of life 83

2.3. Strategic guidelines for increasing the quality of life of the population 99

Conclusion 113

Literature 127

Applications 146

Introduction to the work

Relevance of the dissertation research. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to determine the scientific basis for increasing the quality of life and standard of living, as well as the need to integrate them into a holistic concept aimed at improving the quality of life. In this regard, intensifying the process of innovative development as a concept for increasing the quality of life becomes the main direction of the state. The main content of this concept is aimed at strengthening the concept of “increasing quality of life”.

Currently, Russia has launched an active social policy of the state to implement major national projects in such important areas as healthcare, education, affordable housing, and improving the demographic situation in the country. At the moment, one of the priority tasks is to develop an effective monitoring strategy that would help systematically track the changing needs of the country's population, identify pushes of social tension and those phenomena that negatively affected the social environment of a city or region. As international experience shows, the effectiveness of social policy largely depends on the extent to which the interests of all segments of the population are taken into account in programs and bills. It is obvious that the state must always solve two main tasks: observing the interests of social groups in its policies, as well as ensuring and maintaining peace and stability.

At the moment, domestic scientists have not developed a generally accepted concept of improving the standard of living of the country's population, there is no uniform methodological toolkit that characterizes the conceptual basis and content of the concept of quality of life, a systematic approach and a general methodology for measuring it have not been developed, which served as the basis for choosing the subject of the dissertation research.

Degree of scientific development of the problem. Due to its relevance, the problem of quality of life is the meaning of scientific research by both domestic and foreign theoreticians and practitioners in this field. Famous foreign scientists made a huge contribution to defining the economic essence of the concept of quality of life: D. Bell, Z. Brzezinski, A. Wiener, J. Galbraith, G. Kahn, G. Marcuse, R. Aaron, E. Fromm, J. Forrester, A. Müller-Armack, J. M. Keynes, H. Lampert. Among domestic scientists we can highlight such as S.Ya. Nammik, V.A. Anuchin, N.N. Baransky, I.M. Maergoiz, E.N. Pertsik, U.I. Mereste, S.A. Ayvazyan, G.V. Osipov, P.S. Maslovsky-Mstislavsky, A.V. Nyrmik, V.V. Pokshishevskiy. N.A. was directly involved in theoretical research into the quality of life of the population. Ermakova, V.M. Zherebin, T.I. Zaslavskaya, A.V. Suvorov, A.K. Cherkashin and others. Currently, the Academy of Quality Problems, the State Standard of Russia and its institutes make a significant contribution to research, scientific and organizational work.

The need to improve the impact of government regulation on the formation of the degree of satisfaction of needs for an increase in the quality of life determined the choice of the topic of the dissertation research and its relevance.

The purpose of the study is to clarify the concept of growth in the quality of life as an object of state regulation, which is based on the formulation and solution of the scientific problem of the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the quality and standard of living, the development of a monitoring mechanism aimed at solving specific management problems.

Achieving the goal required a decision next research objectives:

– perform a theoretical and methodological analysis of the concepts of “increasing the quality of life of the population” and as a socio-economic category;

– clarify the terminology of quality of life that meets the principles of quality management;

– to develop a method for monitoring the quality of life, a mechanism of principles and techniques that form the concept of increasing the quality of life as an object of state regulation;

– identify socio-economic factors that determine the main parameters of the quality of life of the population;

– create a classification of socio-economic factors that determine the quality of life;

– to substantiate the socio-economic model for optimizing state regulation of the quality of life of the population.

The object of the study is the population of Russia, its quality of life, processes and phenomena that shape the quality of life.

Subject of study– a system of economic relations, factors, tools, forms and implementation of the policy of state regulation of the quality of life of the population of Russia.

The theoretical, methodological and empirical basis consisted of works and publications of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of economic theory, theories of economic sociology and demography, characterizing the conditions for increasing the quality of life of the population, as well as the developments of domestic and foreign researchers and fundamental concepts and ideas for increasing the efficiency of the social sphere in order to improve the quality of life of the population.

Information base The research was based on official documents, including the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation” dated October 24, 1997 (as amended on July 24, 2009), the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan “On the minimum consumer budget in the Republic of Tatarstan” dated July 23, 2008. No. 31-3RT; “State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation”, approved on April 29, 1996. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 608; annual messages of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan; data from the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Tatarstan on the socio-economic situation of the republic; Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, legislative and regulatory acts and regulations of the Government, as well as analytical results of generalization of domestic and foreign socio-economic activities on the topic of dissertation research.

Scientific novelty of the research is to clarify and supplement the conceptual approach to the genesis of the category “quality of life”, factors and main indicators characterizing the level and quality of life of the population, identifying trends and features of the formation of quality of life, the functional dependence of quality of life indicators on socio-economic factors, as well as determining priority directions for the implementation of state policy to improve the quality of life of the population.

The main provisions of the dissertation, which have scientific novelty and are submitted for defense, are as follows:

1. Based on a systematic approach to the study of the multidimensional concept of “quality of life of the population”, the apparatus is expanded and justified, deepening the understanding of the quality of life as a characteristic of a person’s position in the socio-economic system, expressing the degree of his socio-economic freedom, the ability to satisfy material, spiritual and cultural needs . As an economic category, quality of life expresses a system of economic relations regarding the formation, preservation and improvement of human living conditions in society. The author substantiates and differentiates the concepts: “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, “standard of living”, “well-being”. Their dialectical relationship and differences are revealed. The dominant role of social relations and socio-economic institutions in shaping the quality of life has been proven.

2. The place and scientifically substantiated the need for state regulation of improving the quality of life of the population is given, the author’s definition of the concept of “increasing the quality of life” is given. This conceptual approach is based on the assumption that, within the framework of increasing the quality of life, quality of life is considered as a complex economic category that expresses the degree of reliability of assessing the level of satisfaction of material, cultural and spiritual needs and interests of a person in a dynamically developing value system of society. The dissertation proposes a comprehensive definition of increasing quality of life, which includes substantive and operational parts.

3. Peculiarities of growth in quality of life have been identified. It has been proven that the concept of increasing the quality of life reveals differences in the content of the reliability of individual and social needs. The terminology of quality of life, which meets the principles of the quality management system, is substantiated. The main approaches to studying the quality of life are revealed. A mechanism for implementing the principles and techniques that form the concept of increasing the quality of life has been developed.

4. A classification of socio-economic factors that determine the quality of life is carried out - these are the health and reproduction of the population, material well-being, life satisfaction, working life expectancy, professional success, self-realization. Approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population as a system of criteria and indicators that reveal the degree of use of human needs, correlated with social standards and resource capabilities of society, are theoretically substantiated.

5. The functions of state regulation of monitoring the quality of life of the population are substantiated, a methodological approach to monitoring the quality of life is proposed, where monitoring is considered as a tool for state regulation of the quality of life of the population.

6. Negative phenomena in the formation of the optimal quality of life of different categories of the population are revealed in connection with the level of development of productive forces: low level of wages and, accordingly, satisfaction of human needs, excessive differentiation of incomes of the population, professional and qualification imbalance in the labor market, backward technical and technological base of many enterprises, deterioration of working conditions, living environment.

Reliability and validity of the research results represents an independent and reliable study, characterized by scientific completeness and generalization of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, statistical data and data from official websites on the Internet, regulatory documents, as well as testing of the main results of the study.

Theoretical and practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that the identified mechanism of principles and techniques that form the concept of increasing the quality of life, the classification of socio-economic factors that determine the quality of life can be used by: heads of organizations, structural divisions in the formation of development policies; for scientific purposes – when studying factors for improving the quality of life in an economic system as a factor in economic growth.

Compliance of the dissertation with the passport of the scientific specialty. The dissertation research was carried out in accordance with clause 1.1. Political economy: structure and patterns of development of economic relations, .... the role and functions of the state and civil society in the functioning of economic systems; theory of the public sector in economics; patterns of globalization of the world economy and its impact on the functioning of national-state economic systems; interaction of economic and political processes at the national, state and global levels, 1.2 – “Microeconomic theory: ... theories of economics of the level of profitability; interdependence of public and personal levels of profitability.”, paragraph 1.3 – “Macroeconomic theory: theory of economic growth; ... theory of management of economic systems..." specialty 08.00.01 - "Economic Theory" Passports of the specialty of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation "Economic Sciences".

Approbation and implementation of the dissertation results. The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research were presented at international scientific and practical conferences held in the period 2007 – 2012. The research materials were published in the Century of Quality journals. Communication: certification, management, economics, microeconomics, as well as in collections of articles at international and scientific-practical conferences in 2007-2012. total volume 2.1 p.l .

The methodological, theoretical, and practical works presented in the dissertation were obtained by the author in the process of researching real processes related to the topic of the dissertation research.

The materials of this dissertation research can be introduced into the activities of the Republican Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to the Population of the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Protection of the Republic of Tatarstan, can be used by government bodies and municipalities in the development of practice-oriented courses on the issues of the labor market and improving the quality of life, when developing recommendations for assessing the level of profitability and growth trends in the well-being of the country's population.

Publications. The main content of the dissertation is reflected in 8 published works with a total volume of 2.1 pp, of which 3 articles were published in publications included in the List of leading peer-reviewed journals and publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Structure and scope of the dissertation work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references - 235 titles. The volume of the dissertation research is 148 pages. The work contains 15 tables, 4 figures and applications.

Increasing the quality of life of the population as an object of government regulation

The establishment of market relations marked the further development of the country, aimed at increasing the quality of life of all segments of the population, which is reflected in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for 2008-2020, the main direction of which is to ensure stable economic growth and improve the well-being of Russian citizens, protection rights and ensuring national security and Russia's position in the world community.

At the present stage, the state social policy of the Russian Federation is aimed at intensifying the implementation of national projects in such important areas as healthcare, education, affordable housing, improving the demographic situation, developing the agricultural and industrial sector, etc. The social state of society and the demographic well-being of the country depend on the state of these areas.

State regulation is a set of measures and actions applied and aimed by the state to provide conditions for optimizing basic economic processes.

International experience shows that the effectiveness of social policy is largely determined by the extent to which laws take into account the interests of all segments of the population. The operating components of a developed social policy are the presence of a state ideology and, accordingly, methods of its implementation.

Only significant transformations in the institutional structure of society can give impetus to significantly improve the quality of life of the population, the main goal of which will be the reorientation of the economy towards people, who are the basis for the development of a post-industrial society. The need for this is due to the fact that the current state of the social structure of the population, the degree of differentiation of its income at the present stage does not provide the conditions for the transition to a post-industrial economy.

The main priority direction of the state's social policy is the connection between free competition and social equality in society through effective public administration. On the one hand, the state protects the rights and interests of its people, on the other hand, it promotes the development of the country’s economy by creating conditions for business, supporting domestic producers and attracting foreign investment in order to improve the quality of life of the population.

An analysis of positive and negative trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan revealed a number of features and patterns of increasing the level of quality of life of the population of the republic. 1 feature. The program of targeted social protection, the elimination of dilapidated housing, and complete gasification made it possible to move on to a gradual increase in the level and quality of life of the population. Increase in the level of international relations of the Republic of Tatarstan. The development of contacts with other countries and international organizations allowed the republic to expand cultural and trade exchanges, economic cooperation, and the preservation of two state languages ​​- Tatar and Russian. The status of the Association of National-Cultural Societies of the Republic is increasing and their activities are expanding. At the same time, there is an unjustified stratification of society and the impoverishment of part of the population. 2 feature. The current demographic situation in the republic is more favorable than in the country as a whole: - recently there has been a positive trend in the growth of the birth rate; - an increase in marriages began; - The number of divorces is slightly decreasing. The share of the urban population in Tatarstan increased, and the rural population decreased by 0.9%, so the ratio of urban residents and rural residents was approximately 74% and 26%, respectively.

There is an increase in the number of women compared to men; the deterioration of this ratio is associated with the high mortality rate of men, especially in working age. According to one of the most important indicators - life expectancy in 2010, Russia ranked 111th, behind all developed countries. Life expectancy in Russia in 2009 was on average 68.67 years, in 2010 - 68.98, which is 12 years below the European average for this indicator. As for education, it is currently one of the most important tools for the reproduction of the entire system of quality of life. As practice shows, today's foundations of higher education do not meet the modern needs of the economy. The result is that today's specialists are forced to work without using the acquired skills of the profession, or are forced to find employment abroad. According to the education index, Russia is ranked among the top 20 countries. But the “human development index,” which is characterized by such components as the level of education, life expectancy and GDP per capita, shows the imbalance of human development in Russia.

Currently, there is a clear trend towards a reduction in the total number of general education institutions, as well as institutions of primary and secondary vocational education. And this is all the result of demographic decline. 3 feature. The emergence of market relations affected the regions of Russia differently. The result was a deepening of economic differentiation of the population in terms of income levels of all strata and the level of socio-economic development. The sharp stratification of people by income level leads to an increase in poverty, undermines the formation of a middle class in the country, and gives rise to aggressive attitudes and social instability in society. 4 feature. Those who work without formalized employment relations do not form pensions and do not participate in medical insurance, putting their future at risk. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of life of the population of the republic, business must be socially responsible.

According to the applicant, the conclusion of agreements “on social interaction” of enterprises with district and city administrations would make it possible to balance the costs borne by the budget regarding the enterprise’s employees and the income of the enterprise. In conditions of market relations, solving problems in the field of wages and other social and labor guarantees should be based on a system of social partnership.

In 2005-2011, on average, the indicators of socially-oriented expenditures per capita in the Republic of Tatarstan were the highest in the Volga Federal District and one of the highest in the Russian Federation, more than 6.2 thousand rubles, in the Samara region more than 4.6 thousand. rub., Bashkortostan more than 5.2 thousand rubles, while costs for healthcare and physical education in the Republic of Tatarstan amount to more than 2.4 thousand rubles. per person, in the Samara region more than 1.2 thousand rubles, in Bashkortostan more than 1.7 thousand rubles.

Thus, the Republic of Tatarstan, in comparison with other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, allocates more funds to improve the level and quality of life of the population of the republic, but this does not lead to adequate qualitative changes in all directions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop scientifically based tools to increase the social efficiency of allocated budget funds and optimize public spending, while optimization should not lead to the displacement of services that the state by law must provide free of charge.

Features of the growth of quality of life in a market economy

The study of issues of increasing the quality of life is based on a systematic analysis of the socio-economic processes that ensure people’s livelihoods. One of the most important features of such processes is the direct participation in them of the economically active population of the country, region, republic, region in general, or in particular the average number of enterprises, organizations, institutions.

From the research conducted, increasing the quality of life is a socio-economic tool for regulating the state’s financial investments in the development of the standard of living of the country’s population. Thus, the regulatory mechanism covers the process of control. Regulatory regulation, in turn, represents, in our opinion, a multi-level mechanism, in which each level includes a list of regulatory documents regulating the growth of the quality of life.

The main problems of assessing the growth of the quality of life are predetermined by the intensification of numerous social and economic disagreements and the seriously unstable state of the social and labor environment, which is a consequence of the growing crisis situation in the country. A decline in the population, its aging, a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, imbalances in age groups, migration fluctuations, the impact of wars, a significant decrease in life expectancy, depopulation, that is, a constant decrease in the absolute population of a particular country or region as a consequence of reduced population reproduction indicates manifestation of one of the forms of demographic situation.

In socio-economic processes, the economically active population is a significant factor in improving the quality of life. The desire for a better life for the economically active population introduces stochastic elements into the dynamics of socio-economic processes. Therefore, improving the quality of life plays a significant role in activating capital in general.

The movement of an individual, a group of people and society as a whole towards a high standard of living activates limited resources and generates income for an enterprise, organization, and improves the well-being of society. The effectiveness of the activities of the economically active population in relation to a specific object of labor application makes it possible to identify quantitatively positive and negative relationships between the quality of life and the results of the economic activities of the organizations under study. An important feature of the category “quality of life” is the concept that it has two facets: a) objective; b) subjective (psychological).

At the same time, individual and social approaches to improving the quality of life make it possible to scientifically substantiate the reliability of assessing the degree of development of the social level of profitability in the following directions: systemic interconnection, expressed through a complex structure of interrelations of its components. An individual or society as a whole has a set of needs to satisfy the quality of the natural and social environment, the quality of health, the quality of education, the quality of culture, depending on the degree of development of the level of profitability of society; the creation of a general methodology for a model of growth in the quality of life that would give adequate results of dynamism - the change and emergence of needs associated with changes in the value parameters of the level and quality of life.

Many needs come from the past and are of a residual nature, but at the same time there is the prospect of the emergence of needs; the concept of the vital forces of an economic subject of universal satisfaction of needs opens up opportunities for the development of social technologies for managing the quality of life and the implementation of programs for its improvement.

The level of quality of life in one public good cannot replace the full satisfaction of the need for quality of life in another public good. Like any complex social phenomenon, the growth in the quality of the population is the result of the joint action of heterogeneous and sometimes multidirectional causes and factors.

In modern conditions, quality of life acts, first of all, as an effective tool for implementing the social and economic policies of the state.

This conceptual approach is based on the assumption that, within the framework of increasing the quality of life, a complex economic category is considered, expressing the degree of reliability of assessing the level of satisfaction of material, cultural and spiritual needs and interests of a person in a dynamically developing value system of society.

The author's developed methodological approach to increasing the quality of life allows us to identify the reliability of the substantive and operational aspects of the analysis of the socio-economic development of society. The quality of life method is an effective way to solve problems, clarity, a clear vision of how things are happening, an understanding of what needs to be done to solve problems. Increasing quality of life leads to solving problems and improving life. The goal of the method of increasing the quality of life is to identify the source of the problem, the truth about the situation. The method of increasing the quality of life reveals differences in the content of authenticity of individual and social needs. The object of social needs is welfare, and the object of personal needs is private welfare. Needs do not exist without a subject. Based on this, we can conclude that the subject of social needs can be society as a collection of individuals. At the same time, an individual and social approach to increasing the quality of life makes it possible to scientifically substantiate the reliability of assessing the level of development of social well-being in the following directions: a) a systemic scale of integrity, the structural component of which is expressed through a multi-stage line of relationships. An individual or society as a whole has a set of needs to satisfy the quality of the natural and social environment, the quality of health, the quality of education, the quality of culture, depending on the level of development of the well-being of society; b) creation of a general methodology for quality of life that would give adequate results of dynamism. Change and development of needs associated with changes in value parameters for increasing the level of quality of life. Many needs come from the past and are of a residual nature, but at the same time there is the prospect of the emergence of needs; c) the concept of the vital forces of the social subject of universal satisfaction of needs opens up opportunities for the development of social technologies for managing the growth of the quality of life and the implementation of programs for its improvement. The level of growth in the quality of life in one public good cannot replace the full satisfaction of the need for quality of life in another public good; d) the developed methodological tools ensure an increase in the quality of life based on quality control standards; e) the choice of quality assessment methods is justified from the standpoint of selected groups of quality criteria: legislative, regulatory and ethical. The process of forming needs for an increase in the quality of life should be considered in two aspects: firstly, as an objective process of developing the level of needs based on their elevation, and secondly, as the activity of the public as an increase in the quality of life - an object of state regulation. The main socio-economic conditions on which the results of the economic activities of organizations depend include labor resources, fixed and working capital.

Monitoring as a method for measuring and analyzing quality of life

In order for the assessment of the quality of life of the population to make sense, it is necessary that its results are used in the management of social phenomena, that the subjects of management make established amendments to the ongoing social policy, that the amounts of expenses by cost items are revised, in a word, then, it is necessary that the quality of life has become the main object of government regulation.

There are two main approaches to understanding the term “monitoring”. In the narrow sense of this word, this concept denotes a specially organized, periodically repeated observation of the nature and directions of change in certain areas of a certain social system. In a broad sense, it is assumed that in addition to solving the noted problem, monitoring measurements are intended for forecasting, performing various analytical assessments in order to make certain management decisions.

Quality of life monitoring can be characterized as a scientifically proven structure for collecting, synthesizing and analyzing information about the living conditions of the population of a particular region, their social condition, interests, values, motivations, motives, attitudes towards emerging situations in their natural and social environment and the correct presentation of the studied data for decision-making at the state, regional and municipal levels.

The goals and objectives of monitoring the quality of life of the population are determined by the current situation in crisis Russia. Monitoring the quality of life, as a method of obtaining social information and its transformations, will be relatively different depending on the system in which the social system operates - in a regime of stability or an increased imbalance of its structures and elements. All this will fundamentally influence the features of measuring the quality of life of the population.

The construction of quality monitoring involves understanding it as a certain integrity, determining its functional features, goal setting, opportunities and tasks in creating a life support system for the population. First of all, it should be noted that at present this task has not yet been completely solved, including because in modern conditions the processes of formation and development of local self-government are proceeding quite contradictorily against the backdrop of instability and uncertainty of the socio-economic development of Russia as a whole. It is for this reason that the problem of designing socio-economic monitoring both for the country as a whole and for its various subsystems is of particular relevance.

The methodological approach to monitoring the quality of life is considered as a toolkit for state regulation of the quality of life of the population.

Methodological approaches to monitoring the quality of life, considered as a social institution, are characterized by the presence of multifunctional goals, specific tasks and functions, and a package of social statuses.

In addition, this mechanism as a social institution provides the opportunity for socio-professional groups to stabilize social relations, consistency, and integrate the actions of members of society in activities to improve the level and quality of life of the population. Interaction in the formation of a mechanism for monitoring the quality and standard of living of three levels: personality, social reality and social mechanism forms the main focus on institutionalization in the system of public socio-economic development.

A special role belongs to the mechanism of socially oriented economics, where, along with the traditionally competing structures of the market and the state, social and moral regulators, that is, institutions as the highest management groups based on the cultural and moral principles of each country, acquire the main value. The institutional approach to the development of the socio-economic mechanism includes: 1) the economic subsystem; 2) a significant level of integral variables; 3) formal institutions, informal institutions; 4) traditions; 5) culture; 6) the entire system of values, without these components of which full development is not possible. This direction is based not only on the problems of increasing per capita income of the population, but also on eliminating poverty, reducing economic inequality, increasing employment and increasing the quality of labor and human potential.

The multifunctional nature of the quality of life is manifested through a complex structure of interrelations of its elements - standard of living, environmental quality, quality of public health, quality of working life, spiritual quality, quality of education, which are located in a certain economic and institutional environment.

The methodological approach to monitoring the quality of life explored by the author allows us to identify the reliability of the practical part of the analysis of the economic development of society. It has been determined that the growth of the quality of life depends on the level of development of the productive forces: low level of wages and, accordingly, satisfaction of human needs, excessive differentiation of incomes of the population, professional and qualification imbalance in the labor market, backward technical and technological base of many enterprises, deterioration of working conditions and living environment . It has been determined that for a successful and efficient economy it is necessary, first of all, to create new strong institutions that can ensure the stable operation of market mechanisms.

In our opinion, it was the absence of such strong institutions that was the main indicator that caused: the accumulation of wage arrears; falling share of government revenues in GDP; failure by the state to fulfill obligations to redistribute material goods, etc. The defining consequence of negative changes in the quality of life of the population has been the modern demographic crisis. In this regard, a mechanism for economic monitoring has been defined, aimed at the following goals: - development of basic key indicators characterizing the most complete information about the current state of various spheres of life of the population; - the need and possibility of carrying out at an early stage negative phenomena associated with an unfavorable impact on certain areas of society’s life support; - determining the necessary program and plan for the development of the urban socio-economic environment with a focus on the most important needs of city residents, planning alternative solutions for the development of the city as a whole or its regions; - identification of key points in the management process that do not allow the promotion of decisions made by the administration to the population and improvement of the structure of management of the socio-economic life of the city. The objectives of socio-economic monitoring are as follows: 1) obtaining the effectiveness of reliable information about economic processes; 2) assessment and system-wide analysis of the main sources of information, and identification of cause-and-effect phenomena that caused this or that process of socio-economic flow; 3) analysis of the content of the category of population well-being, characterized on the basis of a theoretical system in the field of quality of life, health, environmental quality; 4) proposal and development by government bodies, enterprises and organizations, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, of a model of the population well-being index.

Strategic guidelines for increasing the quality of life of the population

At the present stage, the socio-economic policy of the Government of the Russian Federation for the medium term (2012-2014) is of a transitional nature, associated with the completion of solving the problems of post-crisis recovery and shifting emphasis to measures of a strategic nature, recorded in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation on period until 2020. In the coming years, along with solving the problems of fiscal consolidation, it is necessary to make a direction for realizing Russia's long-term interests, which consist in creating a modern economy of an innovative type, integrated into the global economic space.

The main priorities of economic policy in the forecast period are: - social development and investment in human capital; - modernization of the defense complex and armed forces; - innovative development and support of high-tech sectors of the economy; - economic diversification, infrastructure development; - balanced regional development; - improving the investment climate, developing competition and reducing administrative pressure on business; - increasing the stability of the national financial system, reducing the budget deficit and reducing inflation; - formation of the Customs Union and adaptation of the national economy to the requirements of the WTO.

During the forecast period, the development of market institutions, the development of competition, the improvement of corporate governance, the development of financial markets, the banking and insurance sectors, and the improvement of the quality of public administration and mechanisms for regulating economic activity will be consistently ensured.

An important task is to continue reforming the public administration system within the framework of the federal program “Reform and development of the civil service system of the Russian Federation (2009 - 2013).”

The growing needs of society are the driving force aimed at improving the quality of life. People strive for a higher quality of life. Indicators of quality of life are determined by a set of parameters characterizing: - the degree of income of citizens; - level of housing provision; - life expectancy of the population; - level of trust in authorities, etc. - provision of social infrastructure; - degree of education; - crime level; - the ratio of mortality and birth rates; - legal protection; - personal safety. The quality of life is integrated by: a) factors that determine the effectiveness of laws, strategies, and tools for the development of the socio-economic system; b) the level of development of the needs of society (the degree of actual satisfaction of moral, material, social needs of a person); c) the degree of ensuring the security of the socio-economic system; d) level of intellectual, cultural, physical development of a person; d) life expectancy. A natural question arises: can the process of expanded reproduction of needs be transformed into a process of increasing the level of quality of life? Currently, many priority trends in the developed countries of the world confirm this possibility. In the process of the study, the most advanced countries in terms of energy intensity were identified, whose gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is 30-35 thousand dollars, which spend standard fuel per person from 4 to 6 tons (the first group of countries): - Denmark; - Japan; - Austria; - Germany; - France.

The level of development of the US economy already exceeds the pre-crisis level. Moreover, since the beginning of the crisis, labor productivity has increased by 25 percent. At the same time, real hourly wages decreased and in the first quarter of 2011 amounted to 96.8% of the level of the second quarter of the crisis year 2009, which prevents the expansion of household demand.

Leading European countries are also confidently recovering from the crisis. Thus, Germany's GDP increased in 2010 by 3.5%, France - by 1.4 percent. Unlike the United States, in Europe the increase in productivity was accompanied by an increase in wages and final household consumption.

At the same time, after the completion of government support programs and in the context of the need to reduce the state budget deficit, the risks of the economies of the leading developed countries of the world returning to recession have sharply increased.

In the second quarter of 2011 GDP growth rates fell to their lowest levels since the beginning of the recovery. The growth in the economies of Germany and France has practically stopped, and in Japan, GDP has been declining for three quarters in a row.

Employment is recovering weakly, remaining significantly below pre-crisis levels. By mid-2011, unemployment in the United States remains above 9%, in Spain - above 20%, in France - 9.6%, in the UK - almost 8 percent.

In such conditions, global economic growth will remain below 3 percent until 2014. Developed countries will not be able to resolve the structural problem of budget deficits, and the debt burden will continue to expand. Against the background of increasing debts, the risks of default on loans will increase significantly not only in the public sector, but also among enterprises and households. The risks of almost zero growth in the euro area countries and the United States are being realized, which will lead to a noticeable reduction in demand for oil from the industrial sector of developed countries. The financial sector, driven by fears of growing instability, will reduce investments in risky forward assets, including contracts for the supply of oil. As a result, the price of oil will drop to $60 per barrel, with a high probability of it falling to a lower level.

The needs of society leave their mark on services. Within society, the quality of life is always overloaded with excess needs. The modern type of society, in essence, does not buy a product, goods and services, but a set of products, goods and services, that is, a standard of living is bought as a whole - the “status” of a quality life is earned. The paradox of the socio-economic development of society suggests that in order to achieve a higher “status” of life it is necessary to acquire more and more material goods, which are the standard of quality life. This is the guarantee of the survival of society in the historical evolutionary process. Generalization of the main trends in the development of socio-economic systems at various levels made it possible to develop the main directions for improving the quality of life: a) implementation of a program for educating a new person, based on the creation of an industry for educating a person, where education is one of the components of this industry; b) implementation of the state investment program in capital development; c) implementation of a moral education program, where the correct concept of quality of life is one of the goals of the program (formation of a general idea of ​​the basic value system); d) formation, implementation, functioning and development of a program for the socio-economic development of society on the basis of a scientifically based mechanism for state regulation of socio-economic processes; e) development of pricing and tariff policies. For the state as an authority, the implementation of this direction will allow: - more intensive development of innovation and investment infrastructures; - optimize government spending; - develop the systemic foundations of relationships between society and government bodies.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

NHEI ANO "REGIONAL FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE"

GRADUATE WORK

ON THE TOPIC: “Managing the quality of life in the Russian Federation”

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the level and quality of life of the population

1.1 Level and quality of life of the population. Indicators and their essence

1.1.1 Living standard indicators

1.1.2 Quality of life indicators

1.2 Main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population of developed foreign countries

Chapter 2. Level and quality of life of the population of Russia. State regulation of socio-economic policy in Russia

2.1 The problem of poverty in Russia

2.2 Analysis of the main indicators of the level and quality of life

population of Russia

2.2.1 Living wage and poverty level

2.2.2 Cash income

2.2.3 Salary

2.2.4 Unemployment

2.2.5. Pension provision

2.2.6 Medical support

2.2.7 Housing provision

2.2.8 Education system

2.3 State policy in the field of regulation of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia

Chapter 3. Regional aspect of State regulation of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia

3.1 Regional aspect of State regulation of the level and quality of life of the population

3.2 Problems and prospects for increasing the level and quality of life of the Russian population

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

Increasing the level and quality of life of the population is a strategic direction for Russia's development in the 21st century. The majority of Russians hope that Russia in the 21st century will be a strong social state, with a fair society, a healthy people, wealthy families, and free citizens.

However, it is possible that with unreasonable government policies, future generations of Russia will end up with a state that is decrepit in the fight against centrifugal tendencies and revolutions, a society split and decaying under the burden of poverty and destitution, a sick population that is semi-literate by 21st century standards, a disintegrating family, a dependent economy and an unfree citizen. .

No matter how undesirable the pessimistic option may be, the possibility of both paths of development lies in our past and present, in the real situation that has developed in the country at the beginning of the 21st century.

Today Russia is recovering from the stresses and crises that occurred in the 90s, however, problems still exist. According to experts, 70% of the Russian population lives in a state of prolonged psycho-emotional and social stress. The mortality rate is almost twice the birth rate. The population is rapidly aging. The number of unemployed people is approaching the number of workers. Life expectancy for men is the lowest in Europe. Such an important indicator of the standard of living as income of the population also has extremely unsatisfactory indicators. Today's social policy in Russia can lead the country to political disaster.

In conditions when the patience of the Russian population is almost on the verge of a social explosion, an extremely important point is the systematic implementation of a well-thought-out state social and economic policy aimed at improving the level and quality of life of the Russian population.

State regulation of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia is implemented, firstly, through the system of state social policy, and, secondly, through the implementation of state economic policy. Without overcoming the system-wide economic crisis, Russia will not be able to implement social policy in a volume sufficient for the country's population. At the same time, a society in which the majority of citizens live on the brink of poverty risks acquiring such eternal companions of poverty as a lack of patriotism, motivation to work, and the desire to start families and raise children.

Therefore, the chosen topic of the qualifying thesis is of high relevance for modern Russia and government bodies. quality of life population poverty

The purpose of the thesis is to study the theoretical foundations of the level and quality of life of the Russian population and the practical study of this issue using the example of the Russian population. In the process of completing the thesis, the following tasks were solved, revealing the purpose of the research:

The basic concepts of the level and quality of life of the population are given;

An analysis of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia and developed foreign countries was carried out;

The main problems of poverty in Russia are formulated;

The system of state regulation of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia has been studied;

The main problems and prospects for increasing the level and quality of life of the Russian population are formulated.

The theoretical basis of the study was the works of domestic experts on the topic, legislative normative materials, periodical materials, information and statistical publications of the Committee of State Statistics of the Russian Federation.

Chapter 1. TheoreticalbasicslevelAndqualitylifepopulation

1.1 Level and qualitylifepopulation, indicatorsAndtheir essence

The history of studying the problem of the level and quality of life begins in XVIII. This problem was dealt with by such famous scientists, economists and philosophers as A. Smith, D. Ricardo, K. Marx and modern researchers of the 20th century F. Hayek, P. Townsend and others.

The works of A. Smith reveal the relative nature of poverty through the connection between poverty and social shame, i.e. the gap between social standards and the material ability to adhere to them. In the 19th century, it was proposed to calculate the poverty line based on family budgets and thereby introduce the criterion of absolute poverty, linking the criteria for determining poverty with the level of income and satisfaction of the individual’s basic needs related to maintaining a certain level of his working capacity and health. A significant contribution to the study of problems of the level and quality of life was made by both economists and sociologists, most of whom recognized the pattern of existence of different standards of living of people in society.

The first studies of the living standards of different social groups in Russia were carried out in 1909 by A.M. Stop. . According to this survey, the lowest income groups (below 250 rubles) spent more than three quarters of all income on physiological needs, while the highest income groups (more than 900 rubles) spent a little more than half, and the budgets of the unemployed were also specifically examined. In 1918, the first minimum budget was drawn up. In 1927, the budgets of city workers and employees were examined, and in 1929, the budgets of collective farmers, but the latter were largely falsified. Subsequently, these survey data were prohibited, because the results differed sharply from the official descriptions of living standards. The most “indecent” fact, from the point of view of the authorities, is the rapid increase in alcohol consumption to the detriment of life and family expenses. In the post-war period, the only work by employees of the Institute of Labor G.S. was published in the USSR. Sargsyan and N.P. Kuznetsova, who dealt with the problems of poverty, but using only the term low-income, which continued to be used until 1990.

Having examined the history of studying the problem of the level and quality of life of the population, let us move on to clarify the concept and essence of these definitions.

Standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs.

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on many different reasons, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is, geographical factors, and ending with the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The standard of living can be influenced to one degree or another by the demographic situation, housing and production conditions, and the volume and quality of consumer goods. All the most significant factors can be combined into the following groups:

Political factors;

Economic forces;

Social factors;

Scientific and technical progress.

Determining the standard of living is a complex and ambiguous process. Since, on the one hand, it depends on the composition and magnitude of the needs of society, and on the other, it is limited by the possibilities for satisfying them, again based on various factors determining the economic, political and social situation in the country. This includes the efficiency of production and the service sector, the state of scientific and technological progress, the cultural and educational level of the population, national characteristics, etc.

The standard of living is determined by a system of indicators, each of which gives an idea of ​​one aspect of human life. There is a classification of indicators according to individual criteria: general and specific; economic and socio-demographic; objective and subjective; cost and natural; quantitative and qualitative; indicators of proportions and consumption patterns; statistical indicators, etc.

General indicators include the size of national income and the national wealth consumption fund per capita. They characterize the general achievements of the socio-economic development of society. Particular indicators include working conditions, provision of housing and amenities, level of socio-cultural services, etc.

Economic indicators characterize the economic side of the life of society, the economic possibilities of meeting its needs. These include indicators characterizing the level of economic development of society and the well-being of the population (nominal and real incomes, employment, etc.). Socio-demographic indicators characterize the gender, age, professional composition of the population, and the physical reproduction of the labor force.

The division of indicators into objective and subjective is associated with the justification of changes in people’s life activities and are divided depending on the degree of subjectivity of the assessment made.

To cost indicators include all indicators in monetary form, and natural indicators characterize the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services in physical terms.

To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are of great importance. Quantitative ones determine the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services, and qualitative ones determine the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.

An important role in determining the standard of living is played by statistical indicators, which include general indicators, indicators of income, consumption and expenditure, cash savings, accumulated property and housing of the population, and a number of others.

The concept of standard of living is inseparably linked with the concept of quality of life.

The standard of living assesses the quality of life of the population and serves as a criterion for choosing the directions and priorities of the state’s economic and social policy. According to most sociologists, the main definition of quality of life is the following : the quality of life this is a set of indicators of the general well-being of people, characterizing the level of material consumption (standard of living), as well as the consumption of directly unpaid goods.

The most complete definition of the quality of life of the population, in the opinion of the author, is the definition given by the director of the State Institution “All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics” (VNIITE) of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Kulaikin: “The quality of life of the population is determined by the vital potential of society, its social groups, individual citizens and the correspondence of the characteristics of processes, means, conditions and results of their life activities to socially positive needs, values ​​and goals. The quality of life is manifested in people’s subjective satisfaction with themselves and their lives, as well as in the objective characteristics characteristic of human life as a biological, mental (spiritual) and social phenomenon.”

High quality of life for an individual citizen - this is when he has:

There is a high life potential (good health, a sense of self-efficacy, the desire for an active meaningful life, the presence of abilities, a good education);

A system of personally significant and, at the same time, socially positive meaning and life orientations, values, interests, goals and styles of behavior has been formed;

Basic physiological and psychological needs are satisfied;

Priority is given to secondary needs - personal growth and creative activity, there are conditions for their implementation;

Meaningful life activities are carried out with milestone and final achievements, positive emotions and feelings prevail.

A high quality of life in a society is when:

There is a high life potential of society, that is, the absolute majority of citizens identify themselves with Russian society and at the same time feel safe in all respects, and their life activities correspond to the criteria described above for the high quality of life of an individual citizen;

The basic needs of all members of society are satisfied at a level not lower than the minimum social standard, that is, there is no poverty;

Political, social, entrepreneurial, industrial, economic, scientific, cultural activities are carried out in all areas of socio-economic development with milestone achievements that contribute to the quality of life of the entire population;

The vast majority of the population are satisfied with their country and what is happening in it, and feel a sense of pride in it.

Quality of life involves:

Clean environment;

Personal and national security;

Political and economic freedoms.

Quality of life is considered as a system of indicators characterizing the degree of implementation of people’s life strategies and satisfaction of their life needs. Improving the quality of life is increasing people's opportunities to solve their problems, achieve personal success and individual happiness.

In many foreign countries, quality of life, in addition to the above criteria, is understood as the financial security of the community, unity with nature, responsibility to future generations and much more.

The main areas of quality of life include: :

work life;

the sphere of development of people's abilities;

family life;

life and health maintenance;

life of the disabled;

environment;

life in experimental economic situations.

In characterizing the essence of quality of life as a socio-economic category, it is necessary to emphasize its main feature: quality of life is a sociological category that covers all spheres of society, since they all contain people’s lives and its quality.

Quality of life has two sides: objective and subjective. The criterion for objective assessment of the quality of life is the scientific standards of people's needs and interests, in relation to which one can objectively judge the degree of satisfaction of these needs and interests. On the other hand, the needs and interests of people are individual and the degree of their satisfaction can only be assessed by the subjects themselves. They are not fixed by statistical values ​​and practically exist only in the minds of people and, accordingly, in their personal opinions and assessments. .

Quality of life shows the degree of development and completeness of satisfaction of the entire complex of needs and interests of people, manifested both in various types of activities and in the very sense of life and, like the standard of living, includes the conditions, results and nature of work, demographic, ethnographic and environmental aspects of human existence.

One of the most important prerequisites for achieving the highest possible quality of life for the population is the implementation of an effective policy for the well-being of the population. The central place in welfare policy is occupied by the income of the population, their differentiation, and the constant increase in the quality of life of citizens.

The quantitative characteristics of the level and quality of life are determined by a system of indicators. which make it possible to analyze the real level and quality of life of the population, calculate their indicators by region, by socio-demographic groups of the population, determine trends in indicators and carry out international comparisons.

System indicators includes integral and partial, natural and cost indicators. .

The level and quality of life are determined by a system of indicators, and each definition uses its own system of indicators. Next, we will consider the indicators characterizing these concepts.

1.1.1 Indicatorslevellife

Integral indicators of living standards are:

Real income per capita;

Real wages;

Income from secondary employment;

From the sale of personal farm products, dividends (on stocks and bonds);

Interest on household deposits,

Pensions, benefits, scholarships.

Using these indicators, the level, dynamics and structure of income from various sources are studied and forecasted.

Differentiation of income and wages allows you to assess ongoing social changes, the level of social tension and determine the nature of income and wage policies.

Indicators of income and wage differentiation are:

- distribution of population by level of average per capita income-- an indicator of the share or percentage of the population in certain given intervals of average per capita monetary income;

- distribution of total cash income among various population groups -- indicator (in percentage) of the share of total cash income that each of the 20% (10%) groups of the population has;

The decile coefficient of income differentiation is the ratio of average per capita monetary income, above and below which are the tenths of the most and least affluent population;

- coefficient of differentiation of income of the population by subjects of the Federation -- the ratio of the highest and lowest levels of average per capita income in the constituent entities of the Federation;

- wage differentiation coefficient -- the ratio of the highest and lowest wage levels between industries, regions, professions, within industries and enterprises, etc.

One of the most common indicators of income differentiation is also the income concentration coefficient (Gini index), which represents the deviation of the actual distribution of income of the population from their uniform distribution. .

Private indicators of living standards include indicators of consumption of individual goods and services - per capita, family, by social groups, regions - indicators of the provision of durable goods, housing, and household amenities. Among them, natural and cost indicators stand out. .

Natural indicators directly characterize the level of consumption and provision of certain goods. In order to get an idea of ​​the level of satisfaction of a specific need, several indicators can be used. For example, in order to characterize the level of satisfaction of food needs, data are needed on the amount of food consumed by a person and their calorie content, and their comparison with scientifically based standards.

At the same time, per capita consumption of basic food products is determined taking into account the consumption of both domestically produced and imported products, regardless of the type of consumption and the method of selling products to the population.

The level of satisfaction of needs for school education services is characterized using data on the share of school-age children attending schools, the number of students in fee-paying and free schools, and those studying abroad. It is also important to take into account the technical condition and improvement of educational institutions, the level of education of the teaching staff.

Cost indicators reflect the costs of meeting specific needs and their dynamics. These indicators are grouped by type of needs, for example, costs of food, housing, utilities, clothing, durable goods, recreation, satisfaction of cultural needs, etc. .

The total consumption of material goods and services in monetary terms includes all expenses for the purchase of goods and services and the monetary value of consumed goods of own production, for example, the products of personal subsidiary plots. The calculation of this indicator allows us to consider the level and structure of consumption in relation to the total income of the population and provides a fairly complete description of the satisfaction of their personal needs.

1.1.2 Indicatorsqualitylife

Integral, generalizing, indicators of quality of life include the human development index (human development index), the index of the intellectual potential of society, human capital per capita, and the population vitality coefficient.

The most important indicator is human development index. It is the arithmetic mean of three indices - life expectancy, educational level and GDP per capita (in dollars, at purchasing power parity):

In the 90s the value of the human development index in Russia decreased (from 0.85 to 0.77). At the same time, the indices of GDP per capita and life expectancy decreased the most. Values ​​of this index close to Russian ones are characteristic of some post-socialist countries - Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania. A higher value is noted in developed countries - Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Japan (over 0.9). They are followed by Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Argentina, Mexico, Chile - over 0.8.

An important indicator of quality of life is also index of intellectual potential of society. The intellectual potential of a society reflects the level of education of the population and the state of science in the country. When calculating the intellectual potential index, the level of education of the adult population, the share of students in the total population, the share of education expenditures in GDP, the share of those employed in science and scientific services in the total number of employed, the share of expenses on science in GDP are taken into account.

During the period of market reforms in Russia, the index of the intellectual potential of society decreased by almost half. This happened as a result of a reduction in spending on science and a decrease in the educational level of the younger generation. This trend will continue in the coming years. It is predicted that in 2006 the intellectual potential index will be 0.37. .

An indicator of quality of life is also human capital per capita It reflects the level of spending by the state, enterprises and citizens on education, healthcare and other sectors of the social sphere per capita. The higher the level of economic development of a country, the greater the level of human capital and its share in the structure of total capital. Human capital, even in poor countries, exceeds reproducible capital, which includes the material conditions of production.

Quality of life indicators include population vitality coefficient. It characterizes the possibilities of preserving the gene pool and intellectual development of the population in the context of the socio-economic policy being implemented at the time of the survey in the country. This coefficient is measured on a five-point scale. According to the results of a study by UNESCO and WHO (World Health Organization) in 1995, the vitality coefficient of the Russian population was determined to be 1.4 points. A score below 1.5 means a crisis situation, a drop in the level and quality of life to the point beyond which population extinction begins. .

The population vitality coefficient for different groups of countries had the following value. :

· 5 points - no country in the world has it;

· 4 points - Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Denmark;

· 3 points - USA, Japan, Germany, o. Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, etc.;

· 2 points - China, Iran, Brazil, Argentina, Mongolia, Turkey, Vietnam, etc.;

· 1.6 points - Somalia, Haiti, Burma (since 1989 Myanmar);

· 1.5 points - Bosnia, Western Sahara.

Particular indicators characterize certain aspects of quality of life. These include the following: .

1) socio-demographic - life expectancy, dynamics of morbidity, birth rate, mortality;

2) economic activity of the population - unemployment rate, population migration and its causes;

3) social tension - participation in political events, strikes, the share of the shadow economy in GDP, crime dynamics;

4) development of the social sphere - the share of expenditures on education, science, health care and culture in GDP, the number of pupils and students, including those studying for free and for a fee, the average number of students per teacher;

5) environmental - the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere, soil, water, food, the share of environmental costs in GDP, investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources.

There are countries in which the welfare of the population is the main issue and is at a very high level, but this, unfortunately, is not yet observed in Russia.

The next section of the work is devoted to studying the experience of socially developed foreign countries in ensuring the well-being of the population.

1.2 Main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population using the example of developed foreign countries

Each person has his own criteria for determining the level and quality of life of the population. Often the main criteria are climate indicators and country of residence. But, at the same time, in the most climate-friendly country, a person will not be happy without meeting basic needs for food, housing, healthcare services, and opportunities for his own education and education. A person’s satisfaction with the level and quality of life depends on the availability of a set of benefits that give a feeling of well-being.

The United Nations has once again recognized Norway as the best country in the world to live. Norway occupies a leading position in the list of countries with the highest standard of living. The “land of fjords” has maintained its leadership position for the fifth year already.

Norway is followed by Iceland, Australia, Luxembourg, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland, Belgium, and the USA. Next are Japan, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, Great Britain, France, Austria, Italy, New Zealand and Germany, completing the top twenty countries with the highest standard of living. Last year, the top four, in addition to Norway, included Sweden, Australia and Canada.

The situation is worst in Africa, according to the UN report: 20 African countries are last on the list. Niger closes the list in 177th place.

Russia occupies 62nd place in the ranking. The countries of the former CIS have even worse positions: Georgia and Azerbaijan are in 100th and 101st positions. Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan on the 109th and 111th. Things are a little better in Kazakhstan (80), Armenia (83), Turkmenistan (97).

The standard of living in countries according to the UN methodology is assessed according to three parameters:

Average life expectancy,

The level of education,

Income per capita.

The average life expectancy in developed foreign countries is quite high, for example, in Japan, on average, men live up to 77 years, women up to 84 years (in Russia, 57 and 62 years, respectively).

Let's take a closer look at the Norwegian and Swedish models of well-being. In these countries, the level and dynamics of population health are placed in first place among the components of the standard of living, since it is considered as a basic human need and the main condition for its activity (hence the very high life expectancy of the population in these countries). The main indicators of health are generally accepted indicators of average life expectancy at birth and the mortality rate. In Russia, unfortunately, mortality rates are higher than birth rates; the dynamics of mortality is largely determined by weakening health, deterioration of health care and nutrition of people. It should be noted that very important health indicators are the number of doctors per capita, the quality of medical equipment, etc.

An indicator of the level of education in Sweden and Norway is considered to be the average number of years of education of the population (aged 25 years and older). Since the beginning of the 90s, due to a lack of financial, material and technical resources, a certain process of cultural degradation has been observed in the Russian Federation: the number of students has decreased, many universities are transferring education to a commercial basis, publishing activity has decreased, many libraries and cultural centers have closed, theater attendance has decreased , cinemas, museums. Mental work began to be valued relatively less. Currently, much less money is spent on the development of science, which also negatively affects the situation of the country.

In addition to those discussed above, the factors that determine the level and quality of life in these countries include: working conditions, leisure conditions, social security, social conditions (including environmental conditions, crime rates, etc.), personal savings. As experience shows, any quantitative assessments for each of these factors and for them as a whole are practically impossible. These living conditions are directly dependent on the country's total resources for consumption and accumulation, most fully measured by GDP. Sweden ranks among the first in Europe in terms of GDP and consumption per capita.

Another characteristic feature of Sweden and Norway is the specificity of the relationship between labor and capital in the labor market. For many decades, a centralized system of collective wage bargaining involving powerful trade union and employer organizations was an important part of these states. Another way to define the Swedish and Norwegian model comes from the fact that Swedish policy clearly distinguishes two dominant goals: full employment and income equalization, which determines the methods of economic policy. An active policy in a highly developed labor market and an exceptionally large public sector (meaning primarily the sphere of redistribution, and not state ownership) are seen as the results of this policy. Thus, the main goals of the model, as already noted, for a long time were full employment and income equalization. This distinguishes Sweden and Norway from other countries by adopting full employment as the main and constant goal of economic policy.

In the USA, Canada, and Great Britain, the leading indicator when analyzing the level and quality of life is GDP/GNP per capita. These indicators form the basis of international classifications dividing countries into developed and developing. Thus, developed countries include countries with per capita GDP production of 8 thousand dollars per year and above. .

Another indicator widely used in international practice is the sectoral structure of the economy. Here, intra-industry analysis, which is carried out on the basis of the GDP indicator for individual industries, is important. First of all, the relationship between large national economic sectors of material and non-material production is studied. This ratio is revealed primarily by the share of the manufacturing industry.

The standard of living and quality of life of the population of developed foreign countries are characterized by the production indicators of some main types of products that are basic for the development of the national economy; they make it possible to judge the possibilities of meeting the needs of countries in these basic types of products. First of all, such indicators include electricity production per capita. Electric power industry underlies the development of all types of production, and, therefore, this indicator hides the possibilities of technical progress, the achieved level of production and quality of goods, the level of services, etc. Another characteristic indicator of this kind is the per capita production of basic food products in countries: grain, milk, meat, sugar, potatoes, etc. Comparison of this indicator, for example, with rational consumption standards for these food products developed by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization UN) or national institutions, allows us to judge the degree to which the population’s needs for food products of its own production are met, the quality of the diet, etc. Close to those indicated are indicators of availability (or production in the country) per 1000 people or per average family of a number of durable goods: refrigerators, washing machines, televisions, cars, computers, etc.

The standard of living of the population of foreign countries is largely characterized by the structure of GDP by use. Particularly important is the analysis of the structure of private final consumption (personal consumer spending). A large share in the consumption of durable goods and services indicates a higher standard of living of the population and, consequently, a higher overall level of economic development of the country.

Having examined the indicators of the level and quality of life of developed foreign countries, let us move on to the issues of state regulation of the level and quality of life of the population in Russia at the present stage. These issues will be discussed in the next chapter of the thesis.

Chapter 2. LevelAndqualitylifepopulationRussia.Stateregulationsocio-economicpoliticiansVRussia

2.1 ProblempovertypopulationRussia

Today Russia is experiencing the third (after the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars) wave of poverty and misery. Statistics show that in Russia more than one third of Russians live below the poverty line.

Crisis phenomena in Russian society have caused an increase in crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, and mental illness. The range of consequences of poverty and misery of the population is very wide. Significant factors include: .

§ crisis phenomena in the family: disruption of its structure and functions;

§ an increase in the number of divorces and the number of single-parent families (In Russia, due to divorces, more than 613 thousand children under 18 were left without one of their parents);

§ increase in psycho-emotional overloads in the adult population;

§ antisocial lifestyle of a number of families;

§ deterioration of living conditions for children;

§ the spread of child abuse, reducing responsibility for their fate.

In recent years, the number of unemployed, low-income families, the number of people without a fixed place of residence, refugees, families in difficult life situations and families with a negative psychological climate has increased sharply. .

A special feature of Russian poverty is the fact that the poor are not unemployed citizens, but the working population, and some of the poor are the Russian intelligentsia: doctors, teachers, public sector workers.

The problem of poverty is primarily associated with relatively low wages in a number of sectors of the economy. Approximately 1/3 of all workers, primarily those employed in the public sector, receive wages below the subsistence level. The problem of low pensions remains.

Only the average pension size reaches the subsistence level, but a third of pensioners, according to expert estimates, have a pension below the average. In addition, according to forecast estimates in 2005-2007, the growth rate of the value of the pensioners' consumer basket (equal to the pensioner's subsistence level) may be faster than the general consumer price index, on the basis of which the basic and insurance part of the labor pension is indexed. This is explained by faster growth in prices for everyday goods and services included in the consumer basket.

Speaking about the problem of poverty in today's Russia, it is worth emphasizing, in my opinion, not only the fact that this problem causes the greatest anxiety and concern of the population, but also the fact that it continues to dominate public sentiment, despite certain positive changes in living conditions . According to official statistics, the growth rate of income levels is faster than the growth rate of the Russian economy.

The problem of poverty is not only and not so much the problem of the poor, but of that huge mass of the population that is located between the social poles, between a small layer of the rich (3-5%) and the really poor, who, according to various estimates, range from 15 to 25%. This entire huge mass of people, to one degree or another, adjacent to the various layers of the middle class is extremely sensitive to the problems of poverty, since the dividing line between the “poor” and the “middle” is very relative in material terms. But it's not only that. These groups exhibit what sociologists call “status inconsistency.” That is, people have a certain “social capital” (education, qualifications, skills, ability, experience, etc.), but it is not at all converted into material wealth. And people don’t understand how to solve this problem. Therefore, many of them are depressed, and this state will continue for many of them for a whole decade.

Almost a quarter of young Russians are concerned about whether they will be able to start a family and ensure a comfortable financial existence. For many, therefore, the problem of loneliness is highlighted as a serious concern for the future. .

Finally, the most important social problem, which directly affects both social well-being and opportunities for social mobility, is the problem of housing. .

In the context of government obligations, the level of officially recognized poverty is a qualitatively one-order phenomenon and does not depend on whether the consumer basket, on the basis of which the subsistence level is calculated, and then the poverty level, has “lost” or “replenished”.

There are many causes of poverty, here are the most global ones:

1. This is low wages. According to economists in the economics department of the Academy of Sciences, wages are underestimated in relation to its real results by about 4 times; for 1 ruble of salary, a worker produces 4 times more goods and services than in Europe. . This imbalance is associated with the structure of income generation. In Russia, the weight of the fuel and energy sector and export-oriented raw materials industries, where labor intensity is relatively low, is quite high, therefore, based on the number of working-age population, there is some shift towards, ultimately, lowering the price of labor. But, we must admit that labor is significantly underpriced.

2. This is the decomposition of the system of social guarantees that are associated with the budget crisis. . No matter how the government boasts of a budget surplus, the reality is sad - Russia is in the midst of a severe budget crisis, and the state is unable to fulfill any of its obligations in the social field. These obligations, well, how they can be measured, are the norm of federal laws. There is a law on education, on health care, on culture. There are laws. Laws define the state's obligations to society. So, not a single obligation established by federal laws is fulfilled by the state. And the number of such obligations amounts to many dozens, and the amount of failure to fulfill social obligations by the state under federal laws is at least 500 billion rubles.

3. Significant changes have occurred in the area of ​​regional concentration of monetary income. It has sharply intensified in the metropolitan cities of St. Petersburg and especially Moscow, with a very alarming situation in a number of other regions. .

These processes directly affect interregional differentiation. The gap between relatively high-income and relatively low-income regions is increasingly widening, and interregional differentiation is growing. At the same time, the polarization of regions can increase even with equality in the growth rates of per capita monetary incomes due to differences in their absolute levels. Only a very significant superiority in the growth rate of per capita monetary income in relatively low-income regions can ensure their gradual pull-up to relatively high-income regions. But even in this case, it will apparently take quite a lot of time.

It is necessary to recognize and understand that in conditions of free functioning of market relations it is impossible to ensure an even distribution of monetary income.

The concept of non-competing groups plays an important role in explaining inequality in income distribution. People have different intellectual, physical and aesthetic abilities. They differ significantly from each other in the level of education and professional training received, and, consequently, in their ability to earn money. .

In reality, there is significant inequality between those who own property and, therefore, receive income from it. The vast majority of households have little or no income-generating property, and it is property income that determines the position of households at the very top of the income pyramid.

Relevant calculations have shown that the optimal level of differentiation as the ratio of monetary incomes of the 10% most and 10% of the least wealthy population, in the Russian Federation as a whole, is 1.7 times lower than the actual one. This means that with the stabilization of socio-economic processes; timely payment of wages, pensions, scholarships, benefits; intensification of state policy in the labor market, etc., the natural background of differentiation should be no more than 10 times at the average Russian level.

Thus, we can conclude that the level and quality of life of the Russian population are extremely low. A clear indication of the social distress of the Russian population are the integral indicators characterizing the level and quality of life. In the next section of the thesis these indicators will be discussed in more detail.

2.2 Analysismainindicatorslevel and qualitylifepopulationRussia

2.2.1 Living wage and poverty level

Federal Law No. 134-FZ “On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation”, adopted on October 24, 1997, established the legal basis for determining the subsistence level in the constituent entities and in the Russian Federation as a whole, taking it into account when establishing state guarantees for citizens to receive minimum cash incomes and when implementing other measures of social protection of the population.

The cost of living is a cost estimate of the consumer basket, which includes a minimum set of food products, non-food products and services (including mandatory payments and fees) necessary to maintain human health and ensure his life.

The cost of living is the basis for establishing the minimum wage and the minimum old-age pension, as well as for determining the amount of scholarships, benefits and other social payments.

The subsistence minimum for the Russian Federation as a whole is established quarterly by the Government of the Russian Federation, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - by regional executive authorities. Data on the level and scale of poverty, as well as the cost of living in Russia, are given in Table 2.1.

From the above official statistics it is clear that about 30 million Russian citizens have incomes below the subsistence level and belong to the poor.

Unfortunately, official data does not indicate the number of those who are close to the poverty line in terms of their income. According to experts, currently about a third of the Russian population is experiencing serious financial difficulties. The situation looks even worse according to the World Bank. A published report on poverty in Russia states that every fifth resident of Russia lives below the poverty line, with a monthly income of less than a thousand rubles.

Table 2.1.

The cost of living and the number of poor people in Russia for 1991 - 2005 (on average per capita, rubles per month; before 1998 - thousand rubles per month).

	Living wage (rub.)	Population with incomes below the subsistence level
		million people	in % of the total number

The majority of the poor are working families, adults with secondary and vocational education, as well as families with children. At the same time, wealthier people receive more benefits and benefits than poor people. If the current situation continues, then soon these people and their children will come to terms with their situation, and then a social system of reproduction of the “real” poor will be launched, who will lose the desire to change the situation for the better.

2.2.2 Cash income

The emergence of new economic relations has led to a sharp stratification of the Russian population in terms of material wealth.

Currently, almost half of total cash income goes to the wealthiest fifth of the population, while the bottom 40% of the population receives only 16% of total cash income.

Income differentiation in highly developed capitalist countries, up to certain limits, it is considered a favorable factor in economic development, since it increases the savings of certain groups of the population, which invest a significant part of these savings in the country’s economy and thereby revive investment activity. In Russia, this economic model does not work today. A significant part of financial resources does not contribute to the development of the domestic economy and goes abroad.

In conditions of high concentration of income, a small part of the population has a problem associated with the need to guarantee the rest of the majority of the population a certain minimum level of consumption.

Income differentiation reveals only part of the picture of general ill-being, since 40% of households have no savings at all, a quarter of the country's population lives on a living space of less than 9 square meters per person, a third of the country's housing stock does not have basic utilities.

Most of the poor are residents of medium and small cities and villages. It is clear that there are considerable differences between regions: in many of them almost the entire population falls under the criteria of poverty.

Among the poor, there is a significant proportion of large, single-parent families, and more families that include pensioners and disabled people. Every fourth poor family has an unemployed person or a temporary worker. Many have very poor living conditions; there is a lack of furniture and necessary household appliances. Only 7% of poor families have at least some savings, and up to 40% of poor families have debts, including for utility bills.

The poor have virtually no access to paid medical services, the most prestigious (and most often paid) higher education, and the services of cultural and recreational organizations.

One of the most acute negative consequences of mass poverty is deterioration in diet population of Russia. Consumption of meat and dairy products has decreased to the level of 1960, fish and fish products - to the level of the fifties, and the calorie content necessary for normal human life in recent years has been provided mainly through the consumption of bread products, potatoes and sugar.

The decrease in the share of basic products in the diet of Russian citizens has further increased the gap in the levels of consumption of biologically valuable products by the population of Russia and developed countries. For example, the population of Russia is half smaller than in the USA, France, Australia and Denmark, and consumes meat and meat products by more than a third less than in Germany and Austria. The level of consumption of fruits and berries is more than four times lower than in Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, milk and dairy products are half the level of their consumption in Germany and France.

The decline in the quality of nutrition (in terms of quantity and composition) among the vast majority of the Russian population is one of the reasons for deteriorating health. Weakening of the immune system, underweight in newborns and young people, an increase in gastrointestinal diseases, food poisoning, and anemia in young mothers are becoming increasingly common.

As of January 1, 2006, the total number of disabled people in the Russian Federation was 10,991 thousand people. Of the 1,184 thousand people first recognized as disabled in 2005, 550 thousand (46.5%) were of working age.

Evidence of the low general level of well-being of the population is the high share of food expenses in the structure of consumer spending of the population. According to government statistics, during the period of the greatest decline in living standards in 1998 - 1999. The population was forced to use more than 53% of their consumer spending on food. In 2006, the share of food expenses decreased slightly and amounted to 44.1% of consumer spending, but still remained higher than in 1990 (36.1%).

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Effective quality of life management involves a systematic assessment of all its components and the development of a quality program algorithm. However, these issues, despite their fundamental importance for the implementation of the goals of regional management, have not been sufficiently studied today.

It should be noted that the concept of “quality of life” does not yet have an unambiguous definition. In accordance with the UN development program, the main indicators characterizing the quality of life include life expectancy, education, level of GDP per capita, quality of the natural environment, population health, spiritual quality, etc. It is obvious that the level of well-being of the Russian population today is largely does not meet international standards. According to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, almost 25% of the employed population receives wages below the subsistence level. Currently, the level of existing education and healthcare is extremely low, and the state of state institutions operating in the country and regions is far from ideal. The value of GDP per capita, which is the most important indicator of economic development, in 2003 amounted to $2,500, while in European countries this figure is equal to $8 thousand, and in the USA - $17 thousand. The average life expectancy of the population of the Russian Federation is also low (62 years) compared to developed countries (74 years).

At the present stage of economic development, a transition is planned from a strategy of survival to a strategy of improving the quality of life and eliminating poverty.

This complex economic problem can be solved in the country on the basis of the development of a new strategic line of behavior for all economic entities, state and public organizations that determine the conditions and direction of socio-economic development taking into account new standards. To radically improve the quality of life as an object of management, it is necessary to use: planning, forecasting and analysis of the current situation. In the period 2000-2003. in the Moscow, Belgorod, Yaroslavl and Tambov regions, a number of regional programs were adopted, in which attention was focused on personal development. They are distinguished by a high scientific level of development, and their main direction involves improving the socio-economic situation of the regions based on the criterion of the quality of life of the population. However, along with positive aspects, these programs have a number of shortcomings and methodological miscalculations that do not allow optimal use of the region’s available resources. Almost all of these programs lack a definition of the “quality of life” category, as well as indicators characterizing it. The authors have not developed a unified methodology for assessing the integral indicator of the quality of life of the population and a systematic approach to the formation of goals and objectives of the program, as well as methods for their implementation. In addition, regional programs to improve the quality of life are not interconnected with regional investment programs. It should be noted that we list these negative aspects in order to outline the main guidelines of the problem under study. To eliminate shortcomings in the formation of quality of life programs, such a mechanism is needed for the development and implementation of a concept for managing it. which would correspond to the world standards of UNESCO under the UN. These standards are universal and applicable to the activities of enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, as well as state administrative bodies and departments. The use of such a general indicator of the quality of life of the population will make it possible to develop a system for an integral assessment of the effectiveness of managing socio-economic processes in the region based on a scientifically developed quality program. In our opinion, managing the quality of life includes managing all components of its system: education, management, labor protection, health level, etc. (Fig. 1).

In addition, managing the quality of life within the framework of the corresponding regional program is the integrated management of exogenous and endogenous connections of regions that affect the quality of life. We include these: shortcomings in legislation, low wages, imperfect management systems, management, etc.

Many researchers of the quality of life consider this category as a systemic integrity, expressed through a complex structure of interrelations of its components: the quality of the natural environment, population health, education, culture, the level of social stratification, antagonism and tension.

It is our deep conviction that ways to solve the problem should be sought in creating a perfect quality of life management system. The classical management theory proposes the following sequence of system development: first, the system as a whole is characterized, and then the management goal is formulated. Since to achieve a goal it is necessary to find ways to optimally solve the tasks and use specific methods for this, such an ordered set can be represented as a “tree of goals”, formed on the basis of the following criteria:

1) the goal must be achievable;

2) the goal may not be achieved, which suggests the possibility of its adjustment;

3) the goal should be unique.

In addition, the construction of a “goal tree” must be carried out in accordance with certain principles.

Let M- a set of goals necessary to achieve the main goal A, goal X And at- belong M. If the goal X subordinated to the goal y, then to achieve at achievement needed X. This relation satisfies the axioms:

1) asymmetry (if X< у And at< х, then goals X And at are achievable provided that they coincide. If they do not match, then to achieve X must first be achieved y, and to achieve at- achieve x);

2) transitivity (if X< у And at< г, That X< г).

3) reflexivity (X< X, because to achieve X must be achieved X). The fundamental difference between subordinate goals and the main one is that the former are only a means to achieve the latter. In this case, the value of the main goal exists as if a priori, and the choice of subordinate goals can be to some extent arbitrary (Fig. 2).

Thus, quality of life is a complex concept, a political, economic and moral category. This definition of quality is correlated with other characteristics, such as the quality of the product, work, services, healthcare, environment, education, which forms the total accumulated human capital, etc. All of them express a high level of people’s livelihoods.

The concept of quality includes many aspects of the standard of living, such as standard measures of economic well-being, income, social security, consumption of material goods and services. The standard of living of an individual and the population as a whole depends on the degree to which his needs are met and is determined by his resources and capabilities.

The system-forming basis of the concept of “level of quality of life is spirituality as a deep expression of human essence, meaning and value of the life of a nation.

Thus, the quality of life forms the theoretical and methodological potential that allows us to approach the understanding of the problems of human life and activity from the standpoint of integrity. Just as the category of total quality management is recognized as a leading incentive for industrial development, the category of “quality of life management” is a tool for effective socio-economic policy. This is confirmed by the experience of industrialized countries.

To ensure the required quality in various spheres of life, it is necessary to skillfully combine the use of market competition mechanisms, targeted investments, network forms of production organization, standardization, certification, etc. This should orient the reforms carried out in the country to ensure and improve the quality of life of the general public.

As is known, the legal documents of the Russian Federation enshrine human rights related to the quality of life. It should also be noted the priority areas noted in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06.06.2002 and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 10, 2000. No. 24 “On the concept of national security of the Russian Federation.” They provide for the need to invest in people, and, above all, in education as a condition for the country’s competitiveness in the process of global economic globalization.

The implementation of goals that ensure an improvement in the quality of life of the population, in our opinion, can most effectively be carried out within the framework of regional programs. In this regard, it is extremely important to develop a universal methodology for identifying regional differences and assessing the economic and social standard of living of the population of the region. At the moment, some standard characteristics of the physical and moral health of society, the provision of goods, environmental protection standards, and maintaining the resource potential of the region have already been determined.

This method of determining the level of quality of life will allow us to objectively assess the socio-economic situation of both the country and the region. When carrying out a predictive assessment of the quality of life of the population, preference should be given to factors influencing changes in economic and social indicators, reflected in Fig. 2, as the expansion of production can increase the well-being of the population, the level of employment and life expectancy.

The presence of a large number of data taken into account when assessing the quality of life, on the one hand, and the limited possibilities of generalizing sets of diverse information, on the other, dictate the need to use an integral indicator of quality of life as the most effective and easy to use. Its development is one of the most important tasks of regional policy.

In our opinion, the integral indicator of quality of life should be the sum of assessments of particular properties and criteria of this concept, which, in turn, can be presented in the form of various combinations of “statistical indicators and expert assessments. In any case, when constructing an integral indicator of quality of life, its resulting absolute value will be influenced by three main factors:

Selecting a basis for comparison;

A set of statistical indicators on the basis of which an integral indicator of quality of life should be formed;

Determining a way to integrate individual private characteristics into a consolidated model of quality of life with constant parameters.

Let's consider the possible stages of an integral assessment of quality of life.

Selecting a basis for comparison. The peculiarity of integral indicators is that their absolute value can be adequately perceived only through comparison with the corresponding basic criterion. For this purpose it is advisable to use;

Definition of quality of life as the degree of satisfaction of normative human needs;

Assessing the degree of compliance of the achieved characteristics of meeting a person’s needs with the level of his personal aspirations;

Assessing the quality of life as the degree of achievement of the best characteristics of living conditions;

An assessment of the degree of deviation of current quality of life indicators from the corresponding characteristics of the year chosen as the basis for comparison. The UNESCO program has proposed maximum permissible values ​​that should be used as a basis when calculating the initial indicators included in the integral quality of life index (QOL). These limiting indicators are: life expectancy (maximum value - 85 years, minimum - 25 years): adult literacy rate and the total share of students in the population under 24 years of age (100 and 0%, respectively): GRP per capita (40 thousand . and 100 US dollars).

Selecting reporting statistics. It is known that among various indicators there are many parameters characterized by a certain relationship. Therefore, when sampling, you should avoid including indicators that have the closest relationship (see Fig. 1). In addition, the set of indicators should be quite compact and contain indicators characterizing the most significant aspects of quality of life: GDP per capita; level of education of the population, characterizing the quality of labor potential; life expectancy as an indicator of population health.

Selecting an integration method. Currently, researchers are discussing various proposals for creating an integral indicator, among which there are approaches based on the construction of models and aggregates that differ in composition and number of indicators. For example, the simplest model comes down to summing the scores for all the constituent components. More complex models involve weighted summation that takes into account the importance of various quality of life characteristics for a person. And although the concept of quality of life is much deeper and more complex than any of the integral indicators can reflect, monitoring it requires the simplest tool.

In our opinion, the quality of life index (QLI), calculated using the formula:

where n is the number of indexed indicators: /; - index of the base indicator,

It is advisable to use the following as basic indicators: life expectancy, achieved level of education, adjusted GDP per capita (PPP in US dollars). If necessary, other indicators (poverty, unemployment, housing provision, etc.) can be additionally used to determine narrower aspects of the study.

When deriving formula (1), the authors used the methodology proposed by the UNDP for calculating the “human development index.” Unlike traditional concepts, this approach makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of a regional quality of life management program, as well as evaluate and compare regions according to this indicator.

The results of the calculation of the quality of life index and the main basic indicators carried out by the authors are given in table. 1 and 2.

As can be seen from table. 1, a distinctive feature of the indicators of the quality of life of the population of the Tambov region is an increase in the total share of students with a simultaneous reduction in the population and births during the analyzed period.

The level and dynamics of the integral indicator of the quality of life of the population of the Tambov region are presented in Table. 2.

It is obvious that from 1998 to 2002, the indicator characterizing the quality of life increased from 0.603 to 0.653. In Russia as a whole, the human development index in 2002 was 0.692. The results of the calculations provide a more comprehensive picture of the life of the population of the region. The value of the IQL has been steadily increasing from 1998 to 2002, tending to unity, i.e. the maximum possible level. On average, the growth of the IQL is 2.9%. It can be concluded that the economic development of the region is steadily improving the quality of life

Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the quality of life index, the authors synthesized a trend model of the form:

table 2

Level and dynamics of IQL in the region for 1998-2002.

Practical needs urgently require the development of tools that allow us to adequately assess and compare the quality of life of the population in Russian regions, monitor its dynamics, and conduct factor analysis of positive and negative changes in this area. To conduct a comparative analysis of the quality of life of the population as a whole in Russia, it is necessary:

To form rating groups of subjects of the Russian Federation according to the criterion of the current level of quality of life of the population, which will allow assessing the level of interregional differentiation in the quality of life of the population, identifying a group of “critical” regions and regions occupying leading positions;

Conduct a factor analysis of the current quality of life of the regional population. Identify the reasons that led to a certain region being included in one or another rating group, which will ensure the adequacy of regional economic policy measures aimed at generally improving the quality of life of the population;

Identify positive and negative changes in the quality of life of the population of the country (regions) that occurred during the reporting period. This aspect of the analysis (including its factor component) will allow us to assess the effectiveness of economic policy measures and the nature of movement towards development targets.

For a more in-depth analysis of the level of quality of life of the population of the Tambov region, it is necessary to compare the IQL with indicators in other regions of the country.

So. in 2002, among the regions of the Central Chernozem zone of Russia, the highest level of IQL was in the Lipetsk region, where this indicator was 0.687.

The concept of human development, or otherwise human development, is being actively developed on the initiative of the outstanding scientist Mahbub ul Haq, who was at the forefront of the preparation of world reports on human development published by the UN Development Program since 1990. The first report formulated a fundamentally important idea: transcendental The meaning and purpose of economic and social development in general is to expand the ability of every person to realize their potential and aspirations, to lead a healthy, fulfilling, creative life. The personality, the individual, is considered not only as the most important factor in social development, but also as the main “consumer” of its results and achievements. Expanding this general formula in order to give it greater specificity and outline practical ways of implementing it, the authors of the concept of human development view the latter as expanding the range and possibilities of intellectual, social, economic and political choice available to every member of society.

Full-fledged and full-blooded development of personality requires the implementation of three groups of conditions and requirements. First of all, the widest possible material opportunities must be created to satisfy basic human needs (obtaining an adequate education, health care, ensuring safety in the broadest sense of this term). Secondly, a truly pluralistic social system is necessary, because otherwise the very possibility of choice disappears, and thirdly, the unconditional priority of the rights and interests of the individual must be realized in society, the fundamental position must be established that collective, public and state interests are only aggregated representation of individual interests. Thus, human development is impossible outside of a democratic, value-based system.

The significance of the concept of human development lies in the fact that it represents an intellectual and political alternative to several common ones in the 20th century. models of interaction between the individual and society. In totalitarian systems, a person is viewed only as an instrument for the implementation of global ideological doctrines that have nothing to do with reality. It is typical for authoritarian regimes to subordinate the interests of the individual not so much to ideological dogmas as to the absolute interests of the state. In both cases, the individual is viewed as something secondary, insignificant compared to power, the state or an all-consuming doctrine. In this case, the regime often acquires a paternalistic character, ready to take upon itself the provision of basic material needs of a person in exchange for political loyalty and, in general, a refusal of freedom of social and intellectual choice.

Thus, the establishment of democracy based on liberal values ​​is a necessary prerequisite for the development of human potential. At the same time, the practice of the post-Soviet period has raised an extremely difficult question about the strategy for meeting basic human material needs. Should the state bear the brunt of responsibility in this area, or should it rely on economic growth, believing that it will inevitably lead to increased income, thereby opening the way to meeting the needs of all members of society?

The most important direction for improving the management of social processes that have contributed to improving the quality of life is building system of state minimum social standards (GMSS). According to the leaders and specialists of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. The GMSS system will play an important role in the development of federalism, regional governance and local self-government, improving inter-budgetary relations and ensuring state support for local budgets.

The GMSS refers to the minimum required level of social guarantees established by the law of the Russian Federation, expressed in social norms, i.e. the GMSS are social standards at the federal level. GMSS is installed for:

1 ensuring the satisfaction of the most important human needs for basic material goods and social services;

2 strengthening the unified social space of the Federation and relative equalization of the level of social development on the territory of its subjects;

3 regulatory support for the formation and use of budgetary and extra-budgetary funds for social needs;

4 improving inter-budgetary relations and state support for local budgets in terms of ensuring social development;

5 concentration of resources for the implementation of priority areas of state social policy;

6 assessing the level of social development on the territory of the Russian Federation in the development and implementation of social policy, economic and social programs.

It is advisable to establish territorial differentiation of GMSS and standards for their financial support by identifying groups of homogeneous regions according to socio-economic status and natural-geographical conditions.

TO main types of GMSS experts include:

Minimum income in the form of minimum wage, etc.:

Minimum amounts of mass, social benefits and payments;

Nomenclature, lists and sets of free and partially paid services provided to the population through funding from the budgetary system of the Russian Federation;

Lists of population groups entitled to receive social assistance;

Standards for the content and technology of providing social services; /

Standards for providing the population with social services;

Norms of personnel and material support for the provision of

Social services. The GMSS system includes medical technology standards that establish a guaranteed scope of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures, requirements for results, quality of treatment and prevention of diseases, injuries, and conditions. In recent years, a number of major scientific conferences and symposiums have been held in Russia to address the problems of the qualitative potential of the population. The 1st Moscow International Forum “Quality of Life” was held in Moscow at the All-Russian Exhibition Center on June 16-19, 1999. Among its organizers were the National Foundation “Russian Brand”, “Committee for the Meeting of the Third Millennium”, Russian-American enterprise “AMSCORT International”, Moscow Exchange, Center for World Communications, Classic Consulting Company and the Russian Consumer Union. Great assistance in holding the Forum was provided by the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the Moscow Government, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, etc. The Forum was held under the motto - “From the quality of goods to the quality of life!” The purpose of the Forum is to contribute to the formation of criteria and standards for the quality of life of the Russian population on the threshold of the third millennium, to promote a healthy lifestyle and the means to ensure it, as well as to attract public attention to the possibilities of improving the quality of life by optimizing the consumer choice of goods from Russian manufacturers. Within the framework of the Forum, the Congress “Quality of Life” was held, at which a wide range of issues were discussed, related, in particular, to the problem of the quality of goods and services on the Russian market, the role of science, spirituality and culture as the most important components of the quality of life, and a number of other issues.

On October 26-27, 2000, the All-Russian Conference “Quality of Life: Russia of the XXI Century” was held in Moscow at the All-Russian Exhibition Center of the Russian Federation, organized by the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology of the Russian Federation and the subordinate All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics (VNIITE) with the participation of interested specialists from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gosstandart of Russia, Moscow Medical Academy named after. THEM. Sechenov, the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, the Academy of Quality Problems, the Regional Public Organization “Prognoz-Park”. The main theme of the conference is a discussion of a set of issues related to the quality of life, its formation and assessment, as well as the preparation of recommendations for taking into account the stated provisions when developing a strategy for the socio-economic development of Russia in the 21st century. At the plenary sessions and round table on the topic “Issues of forming the quality of life in the healthcare sector”, about 40 reports and messages were heard, devoted to the consideration of fundamental problems of quality of life: identifying its essence and content, developing an assessment methodology, determining the principles of formation based on choice scientific and technical priorities and the use of socially oriented technologies, etc. Much attention was paid to discussing the features of the socio-economic situation in Russia on the threshold of the new millennium from the standpoint of quality of life, due to the presence of powerful scientific and intellectual potential, huge natural resources and advanced technologies, priceless cultural heritage and international prestige. Over 110 scientists and specialists from 20 research, design and educational institutes, organizations and industrial enterprises from various regions of the Russian Federation took part in the conference. Abstracts of reports and communications were published for the conference. There was also a presentation of the magazine “Quality of Life. Prevention".

On November 22-23, 2001, the III

All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Quality of life and Russian entrepreneurship”.

The conference was organized by the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, the Academy of Quality Problems with the participation of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, ANO "Center Quality", Rybinsk State Aviation Technological Academy of Russia, Regional public organization "Forecast-Park".

The conference examined a number of important problems of the quality of life of the population, grouped into three thematic areas:

1. Quality of life and problems of socio-economic development of regions.

The purpose of this direction is to discuss ways and possibilities of introducing the results of research and development, implementing general theoretical and methodological approaches, into the practice of solving specific regional issues of improving the quality of life of the population.

2. The role and tasks of domestic entrepreneurs in improving the quality of life of Russians. The purpose of this area is to discuss possible measures for the participation of Russian businessmen in raising the standard of living of all segments of the Russian population.

3. Some current issues of the quality of life of the population. The purpose of this direction is to discuss a number of theoretical and methodological problems of quality of life, aimed at improving the formulated concept and determining the prospects for further research and development.

The conference was attended by over 160 scientists and specialists from 16 regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tver, Rybinsk, Petrozavodsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod, Vologda, Kursk, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Astrakhan, Voronezh, Kaliningrad, Penza, Moscow region), as well as from the Republic of Belarus.

Thus, modern problems of the quality of life of the population and social development reflect crisis processes in the economy. They point to the incompleteness of the transition from previous principles of distribution and employment to new ones based on competition mechanisms; on the contradictory influence of market relations that emerged during the reforms on the processes of social development and on changes in the quality of the population.