The rating of the strongest countries in the world is compiled according to the criterion of nominal GDP, it also takes into account the ever-increasing influence of the East on the economy of the planet. Russia in the top ten states strengthened in ninth position.

1. USA

A few facts

GDP$15,094,025

Capital Washington

Population 313 232 044 people

Year of foundation 1776

Territory 9,518,900 km2 (without dependent territories)

US economy has held the lead for the past 100 years. Its components are the world's largest banking system and stock exchange, transnational corporations, highly productive Agriculture and leadership in the innovative and high-tech industry, in particular the computer and telecommunications (Apple, Microsoft).

In 1732, Great Britain decided to close hat factories across America - and obliged the colonists to buy expensive hats made in English factories. They say that such dictatorship was one of the causes of the American Revolution and the subsequent economic boom in the country.

Currently, 139 of the world's top 500 companies are headquartered in the US, almost twice as many as any other country. About 60% of the planet's foreign exchange reserves are converted into US dollars and only 24% into euros. The country has deployed one of the most influential financial markets peace.

In the field of information technology, the United States has no equal. So, in the ranking of Business Week magazine, out of 100 IT companies, 75 represent the United States, and in the first twenty there are 17 "Americans", including Apple, Microsoft, IBM, Adobe and others.

According to statistics, during the US Football Championship, the average American spends 10 minutes a day discussing matches during work hours. The damage is more than $800 million.

The first skyscraper in the world appeared in 1885 in Chicago. For 2011, only 4 of the 25 most tall buildings planets are located in the USA

In the US, the children of wealthy parents do not live on their money, but try to build their own careers, relying only on their education and connections acquired during their studies.

2. China

A few facts

GDP$7,298,147

Capital Beijing

Population 1 347 374 752 people

Year of foundation 1949 (PRC)

Territory 9,596,960 km2

China at the beginning of the 21st century is a space and nuclear power that by 2020, according to the plan of the Communist Party of China, should catch up with the United States in terms of total GDP income. Exports provide 80% of China's government foreign exchange earnings. The country leads in the production of more than a hundred types of products, of which the most advanced are automotive and textile.

The Chinese economy is the fastest growing in the world; its consistent growth rate is about 10% over the last 30 years. The country is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's per capita GDP is $7,544. According to the average estimates of experts, in 8-10 years the absolute figures of China's GDP will catch up and, perhaps, surpass those of the United States.

Provinces in China's coastal regions tend to be more industrialized than those in peripheral regions. By the way, the territories of Hong Kong and Macau are de facto independent and have special status. You need a special permit to visit them.

The national currency is the yuan, which measures the value of the Chinese "people's money" renminbi (RMB). The yuan exchange rate is set by the state, besides, it cannot be purchased abroad. 1 euro costs about 8 yuan, 1 yuan is a little more than 5 rubles. The Starbucks chain of coffee shops in China is much more famous and stronger in various indicators than the fast food restaurant McDonalds.

China's population in 2012 was over 1.3 billion people. According to average estimates, it will stop growing by 2030, when it will reach 1.465 billion

Annual exhibitions of achievements in the field of high technologies are held in China, the most famous of them is the Canton Fair in Guangzhou (CECF, Canton Fair). It is one of the most important events in the world of production and trade.

3. Japan

A few facts

GDP US $5,869,471

Capital Tokyo

Population 126,400,000 people

Year of foundation 660 BC e.

Territory 377,944 km2

In terms of GDP and volume industrial production Japan ranks 3rd after the US and China. High technologies have been developed - electronics and robotics, as well as transport engineering, including automobile, ship and machine tool building. The fishing fleet is 15% of the world. Agriculture is subsidized by the state, but 55% of food is imported.

In the three decades since 1960, Japan has experienced a rapid the economic growth, which was a consequence of the post-war " economic miracle". On average, its rates were 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s, and 4% in the 1980s.

Japan has a high degree of economic freedom: the government works closely with the manufacturer, stimulating its development. The main focus is on science and high technology. All this, as well as strict labor discipline, contribute to the rise of the Japanese economy.

A distinctive feature of the country is "keiretsu" - associations of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors around powerful banks, as well as relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. In addition, there are many more social than industrial arrangements: for example, the guarantee of lifetime employment in large companies.

The three main banks in the country - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Mizuho and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) - are now overflowing with deposits.

Japan is the world's "robot capital". In terms of the number of industrial robots used, it overtakes even the United States

MUFG alone has 129 trillion yen ($1.6 trillion) in deposits and is the second largest bank in the world. The problem is that MUFG does not yet know how to dispose of this money.

4. Germany

A few facts

GDP$3,577,031

Capital Berlin

Population 81 751 600 people

Year of foundation 1990

Territory 357,021 km2

Economy of Germany- the largest in Europe. The engine of foreign trade is industry, which makes up a large share of GDP. Agriculture and energy are also developed: the country is a confident leader in the production of wind and solar generators, information and biotechnologies. Germany is the 2nd exporter in the world: a third of national production goes abroad.

Germany has a leading economy in the European Union and is the main creditor for most European countries, including crisis Greece. Most of the country's products are related to technology: these are cars and equipment. The chemical industry is also widely deployed. The largest German companies operating in these industries have branches, research centers and production facilities around the world.

Among them are the famous automotive concerns Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler, the chemical companies Bayer, BASF, Henkel Group, the Siemens conglomerate, the energy companies E.ON and RWE, or the Bosch group. Cities such as Hannover, Frankfurt and Berlin host the largest annual international exhibitions and congresses.

Germany is a leading manufacturer of wind turbines and a major developer of solar energy technologies in the world.

At the end of the 19th century, Great Britain, in an attempt to protect its market from second-rate imports, obliged German goods to be labeled "Made in Germany".

Now Germany is experiencing a real "boom" of the automotive industry. It owes this to its key sales market - China.

However, after a couple of decades, the quality of goods from Germany has improved so much that this marking has become a mark of the highest standard.

5. France

A few facts

GDP$2,776,324

Capital Paris

Population 65 447 374 people

Year of foundation 843 (Treaty of Verdun)

Territory 674 685 km2

France by total economy occupies a leading position in the EU and consistently enters the top ten in the world. Leading in mechanical engineering, chemical and aerospace industries. In terms of agricultural production, it is ahead of Germany, and in terms of agricultural exports - the United States. The share of wines in exports is traditionally high. A major center of tourism: more than 75 million travelers visit France every year.

The French economy is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest in Europe (after its main partner, Germany). The country entered the recession of 2008-2009 later than everyone else and was able to exit earlier than most comparable countries. From January to March 2011, France's GDP growth was more dynamic than expected and amounted to 1%. One of the best performance in Europe!

France is a nuclear power and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and it is also the most visited country in the world. Paris can be called the tourist capital of the planet, and the Eiffel Tower is the most popular attraction on Earth. These facts automatically make France the champion of world tourism, which makes up a large share of the revenue state budget. By the way, tips here are already included in your bill and amount to 15% of the order amount.

It is the most famous wine producing country in the world. Wine was produced here even during the invasion of the Romans under the leadership of Julius Caesar. According to statistics, 72% of the French have difficulty understanding the numerous wine brands.

Champagne was first produced in France in the 17th century. The drink was immediately nicknamed "devilish" - it blew up the barrels in which it was stored

Only the legendary Bordeaux (Bordeaux) has more than 9,000 varieties! The best liqueurs in the world are also produced in France.

6. Brazil

A few facts

GDP$2,476,908

Capital Brasilia

Population 189 987 291 people

Year of foundation 1822

Territory 8,514,877 km2

Brazil has the largest economic potential among Latin American countries and produces a variety of products from petroleum products, steel and consumer goods to computers, cars and aircraft. One of Brazil's main exports is coffee. The country also leads in the production of sugar cane, from which ethanol is produced.

Brazil runs one of the fastest growing economies in the world, with its GDP growing at an average rate of over 5% per year. The country still maintains a high level of social inequality, inherited by the state from the time of the long colonization by Portugal. However, it has declined in recent years.

The 1970s were the beginning of the Brazilian "economic miracle". It was at this time that a successful national program was initiated to replace gasoline with more environmentally friendly and cheaper ethanol. Within its framework, the government also obliged the largest automobile concerns to assemble only those models that can run on ethanol.

Now more than a third of GDP is provided by agriculture. The most important fact: Brazilians own 46% of the world market for Arabica coffee - the best coffee. At the same time, this state is the most controversial in Latin America in terms of investment. All large companies tend to be highly monopolized and managed by closed groups with state participation. The country has a number of customs prohibitions on imports, which makes it difficult to buy household appliances.

You can get to Mount Corcovado, where the statue of Christ the Savior stands, by rail - a train with two trailers rushes up the slopes entangled in the jungle

According to Forbes (2011), Brazil ranks eighth in the world in terms of the number of billionaires.

7. UK

A few facts

GDP$2,417,570

Capital London

Population e 62,698,362 people

Year of foundation 1801

Territory 243,809 km2

Main export items– mechanical engineering, manufactured goods and chemicals. The industrial corporation British Petroleum, which occupies the 2nd place in Europe in the ranking of the largest, allows saving on the import of petroleum products and brings significant profit. The UK is also the world's second largest exporter of white clay, which is used to make porcelain.

Many historians tend to believe that if the Great October Revolution had passed Russia, the country would have developed along the path of Great Britain. Today Britain is one of the most globalized countries in the world. London, along with New York, is the world's largest Finance center and has the largest GDP among cities in Europe.

An important role in the British economy is played by the pharmaceutical industry and oil production - the country has oil and gas reserves in the North Sea in the amount of about 250 billion pounds. Britain carries out 10% of world exports of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, advisory, as well as in the field of computer programming. The country is currently ranked 4th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index.

The UK National Health Service is the third largest employer in the world after the Chinese Red Army and railway India.

According to a tradition established at the beginning of the 20th century, the birthday of the monarch is celebrated in the UK on one of the Saturdays of June - regardless of the actual date.

Despite the deep integration (including economic) of all the countries of the Kingdom, you will be refused if you wish to pay with Scottish pounds in stores in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Most Brits don't even know what that money looks like!

8. Italy

A few facts

GDP$2,198,730

Capital Rome

Population 56 995 744 people

Year of foundation 1946

Territory 301,340, with islands 309,547 km2

Italy is a global supplier home appliances, one of the leaders in automotive and industrial equipment. Exporter of food products: cheese, pasta, wine, olive oil, canned fruits and vegetables, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes. At the same time, Italy has little natural resources and imports most of the raw materials and more than 80% of the energy.

After the Second World War, Italy went through a long path of significant economic transformation: starting from a total backlog, it achieved a developed industrial economy. Per capita income was three times less than in the same period in the United States. Almost half of the country (42.2%) was employed in agriculture. Currently, according to the IMF and World Bank, Italy's economy is eighth in the world and fourth in Europe in terms of nominal GDP, and tenth in the world and fifth in Europe in terms of PPP GDP.

Italy is heavily oriented towards foreign trade. Many of her food products are known all over the world. So, legendary Italian wines, cheeses, pizza are exported. Almost all products are marked with a special DOC (Denominazione di origine controllata) mark, which is a designation of the highest quality - this helps the foreign consumer to “weed out” simply similar products (for example, the German Gambozola cheese is an imitation of the Italian Gorgonzola).

Italian fashion houses Versace, Gucci, Prada, Cavalli, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and others are widely known.

The status of the most expensive car was acquired by the Italian sports car Ferrari 250 GTO of 1962, sold in 2012 for 35 million US dollars.

Motorists are familiar with the names of Italian car brands: Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini.

9. Russia

A few facts

GDP$1,850,401

Capital Moscow

Population 143 030 106 people

Year of foundation 862 (beginning of Russian statehood)

Territory 17,098,246 km2

Russian economy characterizes a significant dependence on energy prices. According to the data Federal Service state statistics, Russia's exports for 65.9% consists of minerals. The remaining share is made up of metals and precious stones (16.3%), products of the chemical industry, machinery and equipment.

Russia is historically rich in intellectual resources. Unfortunately, most of them realize their potential in the West. For example, Max Factor was founded by Maximilian Faktorovich, who opened his first store in Ryazan and emigrated in 1904. It is also worth remembering Google founder Sergey Brin and Daimler engineer Boris Lutsky.

Thanks to the economic reforms of the 1990s, most industrial assets were privatized in Russia, with the exception of energy and defense enterprises. The main problem of the country is its heavy dependence on energy resources, in particular oil and gas. Stock market is also on its way to becoming and is regarded by many as speculative. By the way, since 2011 Moscow has the highest concentration of billionaires in the world.

According to the calculations of the consulting giant PricewaterhouseCoopers, by 2014 Russia will overtake Germany in terms of GDP and enter the top five countries.

Negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO began in 1995, the accession itself will take place in September 2012

A large influx of foreign investment and a new stage in the development of the economy, according to experts, should follow in the near future - they are associated with world-class sporting events: the Olympics in Sochi in 2014 and the World Cup in 2018.

10 India

A few facts

GDP$1,430,020

Capital New Delhi

Population 1 210 193 422 people

Founded 1950 (full independence from the UK)

Territory 3,287,590 km2

Economy of India covers all sectors: from agricultural production to industry. 67% of the working-age population is directly dependent on agriculture, which accounts for a third of GDP. India is the largest exporter of tea and has the largest number of cattle in the world. At the same time, the defense, nuclear and space industries are highly developed.

In the 17th century, India was the richest country in the world - until the arrival of colonizers from Great Britain. The Dutch, Danes, French, Portuguese and other peoples fought for trade privileges here. The country is the birthplace of algebra, trigonometry and chess. Now India is a vibrant and diverse state, its economy is increasingly integrating with the world economy.

The economic reforms carried out in the country since 1990 have far-reaching consequences. General Electric Capital considers this country unique, PepsiCo considers it the fastest growing, and Motorola is confident that India is becoming one of the world's leading powers. Currently, the state is dynamically ascending to the position of the world leader in the IT sector.

One of the main advantages of India is the high qualification and relatively low cost of labor, which is actively used by transnational corporations. Now in terms of GDP at parity purchasing power India has reached the 4th place in the world, and in 2050 its volume will overtake the American one.

The monument-mausoleum of the Taj Mahal is a symbol of the tender love of King Shah Jahan for his wife, the beautiful Mumtaz Mahal

Despite rapid economic growth, India continues to face problems of social inequality and high unemployment.

Text Dmitry Zolotavin, financial consultant of A-Club in Tyumen, Alfa-Bank

Gross world product (GMP) is the most important indicator that assesses the state and dynamics of the development of the entire world economy. In addition, the GMP shows the role of individual national economies and entire regions in the total world production.

World Economy: General Provisions

World economy(synonymous with the world economy) is an integral, but at the same time mobile and constantly changing system, which consists of national economies connected by political and economic relations. The functioning of this system is subject to its own rules, laws and regulations. They regulate relations between countries and transnational companies.

The world economy is a special area of ​​scientific knowledge. Its main goal is to study the development and change in the level of both general production and the production of individual countries, as well as trends in consumption, exchange and distribution of life's goods.

Gross world product and GDP

Gross world product is the sum of all final services and goods that were produced by all national economies in one year. In other words, it is the sum of all GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Therefore, in order to calculate the GMP correctly, one needs to know the national GDP, which is calculated on the basis of the system of national accounts (abbreviation SNA).

The SNA was developed in the 1950s by UN economists to bring together the economic performance of various countries into a single, understandable system. The SNA is a generally accepted calculation scheme that transparently and unified reflects all the main indicators of production, use and distribution of income of individual national economies. Based on the data of the system of national accounts, a list of countries by GDP is compiled.

All states that are members of the UN and are members of the World Bank and the IMF undertake to systematically submit data on GDP calculated on the basis of the principles of the SNA. The first steps to introduce Russia into this system were taken as early as 1988. The system of national accounts is constantly being improved, while its main indicator is GDP, the depth of understanding depends on the accuracy of its calculation. general condition economy (both a separate country and the world) and the trends of its further development.

The GMP indicator is determined by summing up national GDP, which are calculated in three main ways: by income, by production, by expenditure. The results obtained are linked to each other and are included in the SNA, so their values ​​are usually identical. GDP is calculated by quarters and for the year. For economists, not only the value of the gross product is important, but also the dynamics of its change: growth or decline. It helps to make short-term and long-term forecasts.

GDP by income

It is the mathematical sum of all the income that a country received from the production of services and products over a certain period. Income includes:

• wages of hired workers;
• private business income;
• corporate profits;
• income from loan capital (interest on capital that participated in the production of GDP);
• income from rent (rental of real estate, land);
• deductions for depreciation to compensate for the depreciation of funds involved in the creation of GDP;
• indirect taxes that the state uses to generate income (VAT, various excises, as well as customs duties).

GDP by expenditure

All expenses for the purchase of products that were produced by the national economy for the estimated period of time are summed up. Expenditure items include:

GDP by manufacturing or by industry

It is the summed value added of all industries (industries) of the country for a certain period of time.

The added value of a particular industry is the difference between the cost of manufactured products and the costs of its production: taxes, wages, deductions for depreciation. This method of calculating GDP clearly and in detail illustrates the contribution of individual national industries to the creation of the country's GDP.

An alternative way to calculate the VMP

To unify the data and simplify the calculations of GDP and GMP, a single currency unit is used - the US dollar. But the data obtained in this way does not claim to be perfect. The fact is that in countries with a weak economy, their own currency is too low against the dollar. In addition, in such states, a large share of the economy is in the shadow and cannot be correctly accounted for in the national GDP.

To offset this error, economists have developed a mechanism for determining GDP based on the calculation of the purchasing power parity of national currencies. To paraphrase, it reveals how much you can buy certain products and services in the country under study. The parity is calculated according to the generally accepted basket, which includes eight hundred services and goods, about three hundred investment goods and twenty building projects.

This method allows you to look at the list of countries by GDP differently. An example for comparison: when calculating at the current dollar rate, the share in the world economy of Japan is 15.7%, China - 4.4%, India - 1.5%, but when calculated at purchasing power parity, the figures change dramatically, the share of countries in the GMP next: Japan - 8.4%, China - 12%, India - 4.1%.

VMP development dynamics

As already mentioned, the gross world product is a key indicator for understanding macroeconomic processes in world production and distribution of goods. GMP indicators accurately characterize the state of individual economies, countries and regions. By the rate of growth or decline, one can easily determine when the world economy or national economies were in periods of prosperity or crisis.

GMP dynamics shows the following stable trends:

1. The global economy is constantly growing.
2. The growth of national economies is different: developed countries increase GDP much more slowly than developing ones.
3. The countries of the Asian region, North Africa and the Middle East are developing especially rapidly.
4. The world economy is periodically shaken by crises. Thus, during the crisis that occurred in 2008-2009, GDP growth slowed down significantly even in rapidly developing Asian countries, while in the euro area countries, Japan and the United States, GDP dynamics was completely negative.
5. Although the crisis has been partially overcome, the likelihood of a slowdown in the growth of the GMP remains.
6. There is a movement towards the globalization of the market, national economies are strengthening mutual influence and ties.

Leaders among countries

The first place in the gross world product is confidently occupied by the US economy. According to the IMF, in 2016, the top ten economies in terms of national GDP (in trillions of dollars) and contribution to the world economy look like this:

• USA - 17.34;
• China - 10.35;
• Japan - 4.6;
• Germany - 3.87;
• Great Britain - 2.95;
• France - 2.83;
• Brazil - 2.34;
• Italy - 2.14;
• India - 2.05;
• Russia - 1.86.

Trends in the development of the world economy

Although there are now significant macroeconomic problems in a number of countries, leading economists and analytical agencies are making optimistic forecasts for the growth of the global economy in the near future. Moreover, experts believe that the main factor for growth will be the economies of developing countries, which will serve as a kind of locomotive for temporarily slowed down national economies.

Thus, the IMF predicts the growth of the Chinese economy is 6.5% in 2017 and 6% in 2018. In the US, growth is also expected, but less significant: 2.3% and 2.5%, respectively, in 2017 and 2018. Russia is currently experiencing serious economic difficulties, which are largely due to political factors, but even in these conditions, experts predict growth, albeit small, but still Russian economy: 1.1% and 1.2% in 2017 and 2018. The total gross world product, according to the IMF, will grow in 2017-2018 by 3.4 and 3.6 percent.

In world practice, as indicators of the development of the world economy, such concepts are used as:

v Gross world product;

v Gross domestic product,

v Gross national product

v National income.

Gross world product - the main indicator of the dynamics of the world economy, expressing the total volume of final goods and services , produced in all countries of the world , regardless of the nationality of the enterprises operating there in a certain period of time.

Gross domestic product (GDP), expresses the value of final goods and services produced by residents of a given country for a certain period of time, at the prices of the final buyer.

Gross national product (GNP) - expresses the value of the entire volume of products and services in the national economy, regardless of the location of national enterprises (in their own country or abroad).

The difference between GDP and GNP is that GDP is calculated on a territorial basis, i.e. takes into account the total value of products in the sphere of material production and services, regardless of the nationality of enterprises located in the territory of a given country, and GNP is calculated on a national basis, i.e. takes into account the total value produced by national enterprises.

To assess the rate of economic growth of the country (the quality of economic processes), the change in GDP in the current year compared to the previous year, expressed as a percentage, is determined, while 100% is taken GDP indicator at the beginning of the period.

National Income (ND)- expressing the amount of primary income (wages, profits, property income, taxes on production and imports) received by residents of a given country . Unlike the GDP national income does not include income received from abroad or transferred abroad.

The formation of the world market and production marked an important stage in the development of modern civilization, primarily because its material basis is technological progress and the social division of labor stimulated by it.

Structural-logical schemes.

Scheme 1. Subjects of the world economy.

Scheme 2. Stages of SNS development.

Scheme 3. Grouping countries in the world economy

Scheme 4. The main indicators of the country's participation in the world economy

Tests.

1. An open economy implies:

a) a high level of development of the national economy;

b) favorable investment climate;

c) erasure of national borders;

d) subordination of the national economy to the economic interests of TNCs;

e) access to the domestic market of foreign goods and services.

2. Traditional quantitative indicators of the openness of the economy are:

a) export quota;

b) export quotas;

c) import quota;

d) import quotas;

e) foreign trade quota.

3. Gross domestic product, based on the definition of GDP according to the SNA (system of national accounts), is the sum of all:

a) final goods and services produced and sold on the territory of the country by both domestic and foreign manufacturers;

b) sold goods and services;

c) produced goods and services.

4. The export quota is calculated as the ratio of the export value:

a) to the number of people employed in industry;

c) to the volume of investments;

d) national to world.

5. The advantages of the intensive development path are:

a) an increase in the complexity of products;

b) deterioration of the economic situation in the country;

c) decrease in production efficiency;

d) an increase in the rate of labor productivity.

6. The ratio of exports (imports) per capita of a given country characterizes:

a) the dynamics of foreign trade;

b) the level of specialization and cooperation;

c) the level of competitiveness;

d) the degree of openness of the economy.

Answers to tests.

1. a), b) and e). 2. a), c) and e). 3. a). 4. b). 5. G). 6. G).

Test questions.

1. What is meant by the term "subject of the world economy"?

2. What applies to the subjects of the world economy?

3. Why are nation-states not the only subjects of the modern world economy?

4. What are the most commonly used criteria for grouping countries in the world economy?

5. What indicators are used to assess the development of the world economy?

6. What indicators characterize the openness of the economy?

7. What is the essence of the System of National Accounts?

8. What is the essence of the concept of "System of National Accounts"?

9. What are the stages of development of the System of National Accounts?

Exercise.

1. Subjects of world economic relations.

2. How can the introduction of foreign trade restrictions in this country affect the incentives for the emigration of workers from the country?

3. Beef costs $5.4 per 1 kg. At this price, Russian farmers produce 20 thousand tons, while the demand for Russian market reaches 60 thousand tons. In neighboring countries that are exporters of beef to Russia, its price is $ 3.6 per 1 kg. At this price, Russian farmers will be able to produce only 5 thousand tons. With demand increasing to 65 thousand tons. To protect domestic market Russia introduces an import quota, a license that costs as much as the difference between the domestic price of beef and its price in neighboring countries, i.e. $1.8 per 1 kg.

3.1 What is the volume of beef imports under free trade and protection of the domestic market by an import quota?

3.2 How will the introduction of the quota affect consumers and producers? Calculate the amount of their possible gains or losses.

3.3 What is the income of importers who received permission to import under the quota from its introduction? How much income does the state receive from the introduction of this measure?

Gross world product (GMP) - shows the total volume of final goods and services produced on the territory of all countries of the world, regardless of the nationality of the enterprises operating there in a certain period of time.

GMP is calculated in a single currency - US dollars at current and constant rates, although these indicators cannot claim to be an accurate quantitative measurement in individual countries and regions. Numerous studies show that exchange rates are approaching the actual ratio of national prices for goods and services entering international trade channels. But even if the exchange rate is directly determined by the market, it only reflects the prices of internationally traded goods and services, since it is itself often determined by other types of international transactions, such as foreign investment and loans, transfers of income and funds, and other factors that can also cause short-term fluctuations. in exchange rates, even when actual changes in economic environment do not occur. Significant short-term deviations in exchange rates from average and long-term ones, large fluctuations in the relative costs of goods and services reduce the usefulness of calculations in the single currency of world production, determining its level and distributing GMP across countries and regions. Changes in exchange rates lead to corresponding variations in the distribution and volume of GMP.

In the 1950s, to overcome the problem of international comparisons economic indicators different countries, UN specialists developed the UN Standard System of National Accounts, which is a unified scheme for calculating indicators of production, distribution and use of national income for individual countries.

In terms of numbers, according to new data from the World Bank, the GDP of the world economy this year amounted to $71,666,350 million (compared to $69,971,508 million a year earlier). The undisputed world leader in terms of economic volume remains the United States of America - $ 15,094,000 million. The Chinese economy, which two years ago outstripped the Japanese economy, is $ 7,298,097 million, that is, almost half of the American one. Japan, with an economy size of $5,867,154 million, is in third place. Next come: Germany ($3,399,589 million), France ($2,612,878 million), Great Britain ($2,435,174 million), Brazil ($2,252,664 million), and Russia ($2,014). 775 million) and Italy ($2,013,263 million), which have switched places this year. India closes the top ten world leaders ($ 1,841,717 million).

Interestingly, the top five economies account for nearly half of global GDP. Russia, despite some economic growth, has been ranked 8th-9th for several years. Experts believe that this place in the ranking will remain with Russia for a long time - the country has no prospects for catching up with anyone from the top five leaders in the foreseeable future.

Last year, the global economy grew slower than expected. Global growth is now projected to be 2.2% in 2013 before picking up to 3% in 2014 and 3.3% in 2015. Developing countries have been the main drivers of economic growth in recent years. Emerging economies' GDP is expected to grow by about 5.1% in 2013 and then increase by 5.6% and 5.7% respectively in 2014 and 2015. In Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and Turkey, economic growth will be moderate and will not be able to reach pre-crisis levels. In China, economic growth is also slowing as the Chinese authorities seek to rebalance the country's economy. The economic prospects for developing countries vary by region. Thus, regional trends in a broader sense show that this year the growth rate should be: 7.3% in the East Asia and the Pacific region; 2.8% in the Europe and Central Asia region; 3.3% in Latin America and the Caribbean; 2.5% in the Middle East and North Africa region; 5.2% in the South Asia region; 4.9% in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, growth rates will be only 1.2% this year, and then increase to 2% in 2014 and 2.3% by 2015. US growth is expected to accelerate from 1.2% in 2013 to 2.8% in 2014. The eurozone economy is now projected to contract at 0.6% in 2013 (compared to the previous estimate of 0.1%). In the future, the euro area is expected to grow slightly, which should be 0.9% in 2014 and 1.5% in 2015.

The volume of industrial production in China is 2.5 times that of the USA!!!

When in 2011 China overtook the United States in industrial. production, there was no particular noise (according to the IMF and WB PPP data). Now, they say, we have post-industrial and information societies, so the "old-fashioned" industry "does not roll."

In 2014, the IMF and the WB “recognized” that China had surpassed the US in terms of GDP at PPP as well. There was no noise either. Like, in the USA the population is 4 times smaller, therefore, the per capita GDP in China is 4 times less than the US one. That is, the states are still “cooler”.

But over the past five years, the situation has changed again. China, although it dropped its growth rate to 6-7%, but industry already 2.5 times the US. Although per capita is still 1.8 times less.

I think that industry is more important than GDP or the volume of services in GDP, because I think that industrial production is “primary” to the service sector, and rural production is now without tractors, diesel fuel and chemicals. fertilizer is hard to imagine.

1. Table of TOP-20 countries in terms of industrial production at PPP.

2. "Debriefing", or my amateur analysis of the table.

3. In conclusion, let's compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States, before the battle of the giants.

1. Table of TOP-20 countries in terms of industrial production at PPP.

Before presenting the TOP-20 countries in terms of industrial. production, a few words about the sources of information.

There is some oddity here. Since the GDP is divided only three parts industry, agriculture and services, but where the construction “disappeared” is not indicated. Apparently, the construction was "added" to the industry according to one of the "modern" classifications.

Quote about one of the "modern" classifications.

“According to this model, the GDP of each state is subdivided

1) for the primary sector (agriculture: agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting),

2) secondary sector (industry: mining and manufacturing, construction, utilities, including electricity, gas and water supply)

3) the tertiary sector or the service sector (services: trade, finance, real estate, communications, transport and warehousing, information services, science, education, healthcare, personal services, culture, tourism, management, defense).

For example, this is how it is for the world.

Knowing the world GDP at PPP of 120 trillion dollars ($ 119,428,098,290,000), it is not difficult to calculate in dollars.

Like this (2016, CIA).

Doing this operation for all countries and sorting, we get the required table.

TOP-20 countries in terms of industrial production at PPP(2016).

		industrial production in $ PPP	industrial production	Population	industrial production in $ PPP per person	industrial production per person in %
	The whole world	37 142 138 568 190		7 515 284 153
		9 082 290 000 000
2	USA	3 860 480 000 000	10,39%	326 474 013	11 825	239%
		2 572 695 000 000
	Russia	1 340 710 000 000
5	Japan	1 311 912 000 000	3,53%	126 045 211	10 408	211%
	Indonesia	1 295 984 000 000
7	Germany	1 201 658 000 000	3,24%	80 636 124	14 902	302%
	Saudi Arabia
	South Korea
	Brazil
13	United Kingdom	549 236 000 000	1,48%	65 511 098	8 384	170%
14	France	528 241 000 000	1,42%	64 938 716	8 134	165%
15	Italy	524 156 000 000	1,41%	59 797 978	8 765	177%
16	Canada	483 786 000 000	1,30%	36 626 083	13 209	267%
	All 20 countries	28 109 159 000 000

China produces a quarter of the world's industrial output (24.45%).

China + USA produce 35%.

All 20 countries from the Top 20 produce 75%.

2. "Debriefing", or my amateur analysis of the table.

A) Prom. production per capita.

Saudi Arabia surprised (two right-most columns). Almost 25 thousand dollars prom. production per capita! 5 times higher than the world average (502%)!!!

I always thought that the leaders were Germany (302%) or Japan (211%). But it turned out that Japan has even less than the United States (239%) and slightly more than Russia (189%).

Great Britain (19th century Workshop of the World) is worse than in Russia. Only 170% of the world average.

China (132%) will catch up with England in five years, since the growth rate, although it has decreased to 6-7%, is much higher than the world average, and especially England.

Let's take another look at the two fast-growing giants.

China is 1.32 times the world average (132%), but it will be more difficult to move on due to the Energy shortage.

India is still very backward (39%), 2.5 times lower than the world average. With Energy, it will also be difficult for her, like China, but the “low base effect” should help.

B) let's go to volumes prom. production.

Big Three (2016).

China is the undisputed leader, a quarter of world production (24.45%).

The US has already lagged behind by 2.5 times (10.39%).

India is “sneaking” behind the US and since its growth rate is higher than the US, then in 2026 India will catch up with the US.

As you can see, these three countries with 41.77% determine the entire world industry and therefore the world economy, and represent three different worlds.

1) The USA is the core and the “richest” part of the “Golden Billion”, the face of the “civilized world”.

2) China is the Golden Mean. Industrial leader. Competitor for energy for the "golden billion".

3) India is still in the shadows. Poor part of the world, but what prospects!!!

These three countries are the world's largest economies in terms of GDP (41% combined), population (41% combined) and energy consumption (44%).

Big Three (2016).					China+USA+India
GDP at PPP (in %)
Industrial production at PPP (in %)
Energy data for 2014.
Total Primary Energy Consumption (in %)
Electricity generation per year (in %)

Although Russia is only slightly behind India in terms of energy consumption, this is not for long. But on the territory, you know.

In general, this could stop further analysis of the table, since the Big Three determines the world industry (41.77%), and therefore the world economy. The rest of the "small fry" only "gets underfoot." But the Big Three is followed by the Small Four, where Russia is present, so it is necessary.

B) small four(probably 2016) .

		industrial production	Population
	The whole world		7 515 284 153
	Russia
5	Japan	3,53%	126 045 211
	Indonesia
7	Germany	3,24%	80 636 124

It's nice that Russia is in 4th place, overtaking Japan and Germany (in terms of GDP, Japan is ahead, and we compete with the Fritz). But if you remember that the RSFSR in the eighties produced 12% of the world's industrial. production, and now the Russian Federation is only 3.61%, it becomes sad. Although, of course, the “numbers are very, very good” are not accurate. I took the data profitable for RF from here http://www.proza.ru/2009/10/01/311

Quote .

“According to the US CIA, the GNP of the USSR in 1989 was $2.66 trillion, which was 51% of that of the United States. If in 1960 the volume of industrial production of the USSR compared to the USA was 55%, then in 20 years, in 1980 - already more than 80%. For the period from 1950 to 1981, the GNP of the USSR, according to the same CIA, grew by an average of 4.6% per year, while the growth of US GNP over the same period averaged 3.4% per year. In 1985, the USSR economy accounted for about 20 % world industrial production. The share of Russia in 1913 was 5.3%, the RSFSR in 1985 was about 12% , the share of Russia in 2000 was 4.4%, in 2013 about 3.2%.

And in Russia and in Japan and in Germany, the population is decreasing, therefore, at best, these three will retain their share in the world industry. production, but Indonesia will come out on the 4th place.

And we will complete the "debriefing" with England, the former leader.

		industrial production in $ PPP	industrial production	Population
	The whole world	37 142 138 568 190		7 515 284 153
13	United Kingdom	549 236 000 000	1,48%	65 511 098
14	France	528 241 000 000	1,42%	64 938 716
15	Italy	524 156 000 000	1,41%	59 797 978
16	Canada	483 786 000 000	1,30%	36 626 083

Yes. The world factory of the 19th century ranks 13th, with a miserable 1.48%, yielding to its former semi-colony Iran, and the gap per capita ind. production with Iran is not very large. Everything.

In general, it is not worth paying attention to such "small fry". The population of England is less than a percentage of the world's population. Prom. production is 1.5%, GDP at PPP is also frail, only 2.4%.

On this sad note (for those who love England) we will end our amateur review of the Top 20 table. Let's move on to the final part.

3. In conclusion, let's compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States, before the battle of the giants.

First, I give a table from the IEA.

The data can be checked here on page 5.

Top 10 countries in 2014 by TPES and comparison with 1971.

( TPES or TPES - apparently Total Primary Energy Consumption)

		OPES in 2014
	China
	India
	Russian Federation
	Germany
	Brazil
	The rest of the world

We see that the leader has changed. In 1971, the US consumed 29% of the world's energy. Considering that the entire population of the world at that time was 3.7 billion people, and in the USA 203 million, we get that 5.5% of the US population consumed 29% of energy. That is, 29% / 5.5% = 5.3 times the global average.

Now (2014) the share of the USA in energy consumption has decreased to 16%, they are overtaken by China (22%). But the per capita gap is enormous.

US = energy/population = 16%/4.4% = 3.6 times higher world average.

China = energy/population = 22%/18.5% = 1.2 times total higher world average.

India = energy/population = 6%/18% = is 1/3 of the world, i.e. 3 times less than the world average!!!

In these "numbers" (US 3.6 times higher, China 1.2 times above and here India 3 times below world average) I see the main contradiction of our time.

China and India will tell the Golden Billion to share energy.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that the third energy crisis.

In 1929, "peak coal" came to the United States. All the "cream" from the coal fields was removed, and the cost of coal mining increased dramatically. All this resulted in the Great Depression and the first falling global energy consumption after the start of the industrial revolution.

But there was a way out. Oil. Therefore, the growth of energy consumption continued, including per capita of the planet Earth.

Second crisis came in 1972. The predicted “peak oil” has arrived in the United States.

Again, the fall in world energy consumption in 1974 and especially in 1981. There was no cheap substitute for oil here. Neither the atom, nor gas, nor coal could replace cheap oil.

Since 1980 shower world energy consumption stopped growing.

In the 20 years from 1960 to 1980, per capita energy consumption increased in the world 1.435 times. My data.

1.16 times. Data from the first figure of the article.

CONCLUSION. Since 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.

As I thought.

Period 1960-1980.

Population

in 1960 there were 3,035 million people.

That is, it increased by 4442/3035= 1.464 times

World energy production.

in 1960 there were 5,000 million tons of reference fuel.

in 1980 there were 10,500 million tons of standard fuel.

That is increased by 10500/5000= 2,100 times

Conclusion. In 20 years per capita consumption has increased 2.1/1.464=1.435 times.

Period 1980-2014.

Population

in 1980 there were 4,442 million people.

in 2014 there were 7,270 million people.

That is increased to 7270/4442= 1.64 times

World energy production. This is from the graph of the article.

in 1980 it was on schedule 284 Quadrillion BTU

541 Quadrillion BTU was on schedule in 2014

That is increased by 541/284= 1.90 times

Conclusion. In 34 years, per capita consumption increased by 1.90/1.64= 1.16 times.

I repeat the conclusion.

From 1960 to 1980 energy consumption per capita increased in the world 1.435 times..

In the 34 years from 1980 to 2014, per capita energy consumption increased by 1.16 times.

CONCLUSIONSince 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.

The total energy consumption is growing, but the rate of growth almost coincides with the growth of the world's population.

The third crisis began in 2008. Energy consumption fell in 2009, and even global GDP fell for the first time since 1945.

It is not yet clear what is here. But apparently all three crises have merged. And Peak Oil and Peak Coal and Peak Gas.

At least in China, coal production peaked in 2013.

I'm afraid that at best, the world's per capita energy consumption will not fall.

And for this it is necessary to urgently build nuclear power plants and increase coal production. But, most likely, the "green demons" will not give way to this scenario.

Therefore, in the Baseline scenario, I think there will be a slight decrease in the per capita consumption of the world's population.

They will build nuclear power plants, increase capital investments in coal mining, etc.

But the scenario "Energy Catastrophe" is also possible. Politicians "will not agree" and there will be an "energy battle" between China, India and the rest of the Golden Billion. The United States will not participate in this struggle with the help of the “shale revolution” (see).