A tourism business in market conditions can be carried out in the presence of four important elements: capital, technology, personnel, and tourism resources.

This means that it is not enough, having capital, to buy technology, hire a staff team and engage in tourism. You need to choose a place where there are tourist and recreational resources, and if there is no such place, then create it. This is one of the features of the tourism business in market conditions. Since the fourth element - tourism resources - is the cheapest, this generally determines the high profitability of the tourism business. If tourism is associated with the creation of a tourist resource (and not the consumption of what is), then the cost of the tourism product increases sharply.

Resources, in the broad sense of the word, are economic, natural, cultural-historical, labor, financial, social, and production.

Tourist resources - natural-climatic, sociocultural, historical, architectural and archaeological, scientific and industrial, entertainment, religious and other objects or phenomena that can satisfy human needs in the process of tourism activities.

Tourist resources are a national treasure. However, those of them that are of particular importance are objects and monuments of world significance. their list is established and annually updated by UNESCO, and are under state protection. The United Nations also provides funds for their storage.

Tourist resources determine the formation of tourism business in a particular region.

Tourist resources have the following basic properties:

o attractiveness;

o climatic conditions;

o accessibility;

o degree of knowledge;

o excursion significance;

o landscape and environmental characteristics;

o socio-demographic characteristics;

o potential reserve;

o method of use, etc.

These resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.

Tourist and recreational resources

Tourist and recreational resources are components of the geographical environment, objects of anthropogenic activity, due to such properties as uniqueness, historical or artistic value, originality, aesthetic appeal and therapeutic and health significance, can be used to organize various types of recreational activities.

At this stage, three types of tourist and recreational resources are distinguished: historical and cultural, natural, socio-economic.

Historical and cultural recreational resources

Historical and cultural recreational resources include historical, historical and architectural monuments, monuments of modern architecture, unique structures and the like. The historical and cultural potential, material and spiritual values ​​of the people are very important for the formation of a worldview to satisfy material, and among them, tourism goals. In developed countries of the world, this is a significant tourism resource that is actively used to make a profit. Some countries, for example Italy, France, and others receive most of the income generated by the recreational sector through the skillful exploitation of historical and cultural potential. This is facilitated by the proper organization of tourism services. The well-known historical and cultural sights of Rome, Venice, Florence, and Paris attract hundreds of thousands of tourists every year.

Popular tourist sites include medieval castles - fortified housing of feudal lords, kings, sultans, shahs and other rulers. Many castles in Europe and the Middle East were built by militant monastic orders. Castle-fortresses were usually built in hard-to-reach places, on steep hills and mountains. Villages were concentrated around the castle buildings, the inhabitants of which hid in them when the enemy appeared. They could withstand long months of siege and were practically impregnable. In the XIV and XV centuries. castles lose their former military purpose and usually become palaces of noble aristocrats.

A significant part of the castle buildings has survived to this day in the form of ruins. Castles in Spain, Germany, and Switzerland were preserved and restored and converted into museums with magnificent collections of medieval paintings, dishes, furniture and other interior elements. They are an interesting element of the tourist program; tourists willingly visit them. Largest quantity ancient castles have been preserved in Spain and France - Chauvigny, Thales, Loches, Coucy, Louvre, Wieland and the like.

Neuschwanstein is a unique historical monument in Bavaria (Germany). The external architectural appearance of this castle with many small towers served as Bolt Disney's prototype for creating the fabulous Disneyland, which became the emblem of all theme parks of this type (in America, Europe and Japan).

In Ukraine, there are more than 70 thousand historical and cultural monuments under state protection, among them more than 12 thousand are especially valuable in terms of tourism, which are examples of monumental works of art.

Architectural monuments in Ukraine are distributed unevenly. Most of them are located in the western regions of Ukraine, as well as in the Kyiv, Khmelnitsky, Vinnitsa, Chernigov, Sumy regions and the Republic of Crimea. The eastern and southern regions are not so rich in historical monuments - the oldest of them date back to the 17th century, which is associated with the development of the territory.

The largest number of architectural monuments is in the city of Lviv (2500) and the Lviv region. This is explained by the long-standing development of this territory, the remoteness from the theaters of military operations of the past, the relatively high economic development and the integrity of the population. Lviv is located at the crossroads of important trade routes from north to south and from west to east. Sights from the 12th and subsequent centuries have been preserved in Lviv. Particularly valuable are the architectural ensembles of Market Square (XV-XIX centuries), Armenian (XIV-XIX centuries) and Russian streets, which are included in the UNESCO list of world architectural heritage. The ensembles of the Assumption Church (XVI-XVII centuries), Svyatoyursky (XVII century) and Armenian (XIV-XVIII centuries) Collections have artistic value on a European scale; Dominican Church (XVIII century). The second largest number of architectural monuments is the city of Kyiv (more than 1,500). First of all, these are buildings from the era of Kievan Rus - the Golden Gate (1037 rubles), St. Sophia Cathedral (1037 rubles), the Viduby Monastery (XI century), the Ensemble of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (XI century). Considering the exceptional artistic value, the ensemble of buildings of the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, according to the decision of UNESCO, are included in the list of world cultural heritage.

Kamenets-Podolsky is a city-reserve, which ranks third in Ukraine in terms of the number of architectural monuments (more than 150). Of particular value are the Old Fortress (XI-XVIII centuries), churches, churches, and residential buildings.

In Ukraine, monuments related to the colonization of the Black Sea region by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. These are the ruins of Chersonesus and Panty-Kape in Crimea, Olbia - in the Nikolaev region.

Due to frequent attacks on the lands of Ukraine by foreign invaders, many castles and fortresses were built on the territory of Ukraine, which are of European importance. Valuable ones include castles in Uzhgorod (XI-XVI centuries), Kremenets, Lutsk, Ostrog (XIII-XIV centuries) and others, as well as in Volyn and Podolia.

A characteristic element of cognitive resources are social and natural objects, phenomena, events, the origin of which is closely connected with the territory of Ukraine and the foreign country within which they originally arose. These are places associated with the life, activity or stay in Ukraine of famous writers, artists, political figures, for example, Honore de Balzac, Mickiewicz, Kosciuszko, Rastrelli, Decembrists and the like. Some of them are of global and European importance.

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which represent the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities, optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. Material covers the totality of means of production and other material assets society at each historical stage of its development, and spiritual - the totality of the achievements of society in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and public life, in work and life.

In fact, not all heritage of the past belongs to cultural and historical resources. These include only those cultural and historical objects that have been studied and assessed by scientific methods as having social significance and can be used, given the existing technical and material capabilities, to satisfy the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are distinguished by the greatest attractiveness and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into five main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments.

HISTORICAL MONUMENTS. These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.

ARCHEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS. These are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

MONUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE. The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related ones works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art, landscape art, suburban landscapes.

ART MONUMENTS. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

DOCUMENTARY MONUMENTS. These are acts of government and administrative bodies, other written and graphic documents, films, photographs and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, Agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.

All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

Analysis of a huge number of heterogeneous objects that make up cultural and historical recreational resources, from the perspective of the recreational sector of the economy, should include their accounting, characteristics and typology. When recording and characterizing cultural and historical objects, it is necessary to indicate the name of the object, its location, markings, owner, literary and other sources on the object, a location diagram and give a brief description of the object.

The next, more important stage in assessing cultural and historical sites is their typology of recreational significance. The basis of the typology is the informational essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of a given type, cognitive and educational significance, attractiveness.

The information content of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of an object, it is necessary to classify the object on a basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection. You can choose 2 classification criteria: the degree of organization of the object to be shown and the location of the tourists in relation to the object of inspection.

Monuments of history and culture and their varieties

Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various faiths: Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.

Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to religious complexes can be carried out by different groups for different purposes. There are several forms of such travel.

Excursion trips - acquaintance with monasteries as objects of Russian culture, with their artistic merits.

A religious tour is an excursion of believers who visit holy places, worship local saints, and can take part in divine services. At the same time, tourists are introduced to the history of the monastery, to the clergy who glorified the monastery with their deeds, to the architecture and other artistic merits of this cultural complex.

A pilgrimage is a journey of believers to holy places, prompted by the idea that prayer is more effective in such places. Religious people, making a pilgrimage to holy places, stay there for several days, during which they live in a monastery, where they venerate the holy relics, perform divine services with the monks, eat in the monastery refectory, and help the monks with housework or construction work.

When visiting holy places, preserving the historical landscape plays a huge role. For this purpose, it is planned to organize recreational natural and historical monastery parks, including the territories of monasteries and surrounding areas.

Traditional forms of farming should be revived in the monastery park: practicing ecologically clean agriculture, harvesting mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, cooking according to ancient recipes of monastic cuisine, developing folk crafts and making souvenirs. For children, it is planned to organize Sunday schools and art workshops for the production of iconostases, tiles, icon frames, icon painting, gold embroidery, etc.

Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development– civil and industrial, as well as country palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the kremlins and boyars' chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings, theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built with funds from patrons based on the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamsk road race for royalty, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which are now part of the cities or stand along old roads. Industrial architecture includes factory buildings, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.

Archaeological sites. Archaeological sites include villages, burial mounds, rock paintings, earthworks, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations from the earliest periods. Archaeological sites are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological exhibitions.

Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum exhibitions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.

Museum exhibitions contain collections of folk costumes, items of peasant life and folk art, characteristic of the population of certain regions. They introduce tourists to the historical past.

Over the course of historical development, each locality develops its own special architectural style, associated with the national and natural characteristics of the region. Samples of folk architecture are presented in museums of wooden architecture. They have samples of residential development, economic services and religious buildings. The exhibits are brought here from various parts of the region, and in the museum they are located in natural conditions close to real ones. Wooden architecture, in addition, is represented by individual objects in cities and villages.

Interesting ethnographic material is provided by the places of settlement of small peoples. There you can get acquainted with a unique culture, various forms of housing, rituals, and traditions.

Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethnocultural and sociocultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways of life, customs and forms of environmental management are most fully preserved.

Folk crafts. Folk crafts historically belong to the most ancient forms of art. Their roots lie in peasant life and folk crafts. Some types of artistic crafts originated in church art and in noble landowner culture. Hand-patterned knitting, weaving and embroidery originate in peasant life. Blacksmithing, carpentry, wood carving, printed fabrics, and many types of pottery are associated with village crafts. Over time, emerging in individual villages, these crafts, spreading throughout entire regions, turned into crafts.

Those types of folk crafts that were in demand among privileged customers arose in the cities: Kholmogory bone carving, Veliky Ustyug blackened silver. Particularly exquisite types of embroidery developed in the landowner workshops - Mstera white satin stitch or Nizhny Novgorod guipure.

Crafts were traditionally represented in monasteries: blacksmithing, carpentry, carpentry - in the men's monasteries, icon painting and jewelry making, in the women's they practiced artistic embroidery, created embroidered icons, shrouds, air, etc.

The role of folk crafts in the cultural potential of tourism is extremely great. Folk art centers are not only objects of educational tourism, but also the basis of the souvenir industry.

On the territory of Crimea there are over 11.5 thousand historical, cultural and architectural monuments belonging to various historical eras, civilizations, ethnic groups and religions. The most unique of them, for example, a complex of cave cities and monasteries, Genoese fortresses, holy places of various faiths and others are used as tourist sites.

Landscape resources:

Five state reserves, 33 reserves, of which 16 are of national importance, 87 natural monuments, 13 of which are of national importance, 10 protected areas, etc.

• - medicinal mineral resources:
  • 8 deposits of mineral waters, 15 deposits of medicinal mud.
• - territorial resources:

More than 90% of recreational facilities are concentrated on a narrow 3-kilometer coastal strip of the sea. In the inland territories (mountain-foothills) there are only small (up to 100 beds), less comfortable facilities, although this “Crimean Switzerland” has all the necessary conditions and resources for high-level recreational development.

Activity resources:

Development of infrastructure for ecological and social tourism in rural areas; development of a resort service system in new coastal regions of recreational development; development of a service system for unorganized vacationers; development of show business and entertainment industry; creation of infrastructure for elite sports; introduction of unique treatment methods.

All this is of undoubted interest to tourists from many countries around the world.

The presence of tourist resources, the features of the existing infrastructure make it possible to develop non-traditional forms of tourism in Crimea: speleological, rock climbing, horseback riding, cycling, hang gliding, mountain walking, wine and hunting tours, helicopter excursions, yacht trips, scuba diving, scientific and autotourism.

The fact that the national structure of Crimea consists of more than 100 nationalities and nationalities creates all the necessary prerequisites for the development of ethnic tourism. For German, Bulgarian, Greek, Crimean Tatar and Czech citizens, whose ancestors once lived in Crimea, tours have been developed around their historical homeland with visits to architectural and religious monuments of the peninsula.

Green (rural) tourism has become a new and promising direction in the development of the tourism industry of Crimea. This type of tourism is one of the types of small business, it raises the role of local history, combines elements of active activity and recreation, and creates a living environment close to nature. For this, Crimea has all the conditions: a combination of picturesque mountains and vast plains, forests, steppes, seas, lakes, unique flora and fauna, a wide network of natural, historical and ethnographic monuments.

The Ministry of Resorts and Tourism is considering the issue of creating a cruise company in Crimea.

Currently, the development of the sanatorium and resort industry in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is becoming one of the priority areas. It is based on the use of mineral waters (with a potential flow rate of 14 thousand m3 per day), medicinal mud (with balance reserves of 22.4 million m3), beaches (517 km long), climatic and landscape resources, sea and mountain air and etc.

In total, there are more than 600 sanatorium-resort and health-improving institutions in Crimea, used mainly for seasonal treatment and recreation.

Sanatoriums and boarding houses with treatment make up 28% and are located mainly on the southern coast of Crimea, as well as in the resorts of Evpatoria and Saki. At the same time, South Coast specializes in treating the adult population, while Evpatoria is a children's resort. The share of children's places in sanatoriums in Evpatoria is 73%, on the South Coast - 12%.

All sanatoriums in Crimea have a specialization, depending on the characteristics of the healing factors of the area where they are located.

Distribution of sanatoriums in Crimea by specialization:

• - tuberculosis,
• - respiratory organs,
• - musculoskeletal system,
• - neurological,
• - gynecological,
• - organs of vision,
• - of cardio-vascular system,
• - general therapeutic,
• - multidisciplinary.

Currently, the international TACIS program is operating in Crimea, within the framework of which the Crimean Center for Tourism Development has been created.

In January 1997 it was created public organization Crimean Association of Travel Agencies (KATA). Currently, it includes more than one hundred members. The main goal of the association is advertising and promotion of the national tourism product.

In order to implement state policy in the field of tourism and sanatorium-resort activities, create economic, organizational and legal conditions for the development of the industry, the Crimean Tourism and Resorts Development Fund was created. It is an accumulating and coordinating body in solving common problems of resorts and tourism enterprises and organizations in Crimea.

The main objectives of the Foundation are to attract the largest number of vacationers to Crimea, increase the duration of the holiday season, improve service and improve the quality of services provided. The Foundation intends to create a favorable image of Crimea and provide maximum real information about Crimea as a whole and individual health resorts.

Organs executive power The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is carrying out targeted work to improve the quality of the Crimean tour. product and resort services, promoting them on international market, improvement of resort regions: embankments and beaches are being developed, the network of retail, household and other infrastructure facilities is expanding.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Ural State Pedagogical University

Department economic geography

and methods of teaching geography

RECREATIONAL RESOURCES OF RUSSIA

Course work

Executor:

student of group 204 GBF

Usachev P.V.

Supervisor:

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences

Associate Professor of the Department of Economics

Geography and MTF Strekopytova I.Yu.

Ekaterinburg 2007

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3-6

Chapter 1. What are recreational resources and their types…………………………….7

1.1. Natural recreational resources…………………………………………………….....7-8

1.2. Cultural and historical recreational resources………………………..9-11

Chapter 2. General characteristics of recreational resources in Russia…………………..12

2.1. Natural recreational resources…………………………………….....12-21.

2.2. Cultural and historical resources……………………………………….....21-24

Chapter 3. Characteristics of tourism……………………………………………………...25

3.1. Tourism and recreation……………………………………………………….25-27

3.2.Types of impact of tourism activities on the environment...27-33

3.3. The essence of ecotourism………………………………………....33-38

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….39

Literature………………………………………………………………………………..40

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………41

Introduction

Recreation as a specific sphere of human activity and corresponding

infrastructure has developed historically recently, together with the growth of social labor productivity (which is associated with the release of part of the year for leisure) and (like tourism) with the development of transport, cheaper and faster travel, with social gains - the right to paid leave.

A colossal increase in recreational needs and, at the same time, opportunities to satisfy them occurred in the 20th century. as a result of progress in economic and social development, high rates of urbanization, which determined the formation of the recreational economy as a branch of the economy: accordingly, a direction of geographical science arose that studies the territorial systems formed by this industry. Internationally, the industry is conventionally called tourism.

If we proceed from the fact that recreation (rest) is any activity aimed at restoring human strength, which can be carried out both on the territory of a person’s permanent residence and beyond, then the first in importance among the conditions and factors of recreational specialization of regions should be considered natural and ecological characteristics (geoclimatic, hydrological, flora, ecological state), since they determine the possibilities and feasibility of organizing an effective recreational process. This conclusion is made based on an analysis of the participation of various environmental factors in the organization of effective recreation based on the results of medical research:

– the species diversity of the landscape affects the normalization of the reactions of the central nervous system, contributes to the restoration of a person’s spiritual and physical strength in conditions of active recreation in the form of hiking and horseback riding in natural landscapes;

Comfortable climate characteristics are factors in restoring working capacity and normalizing the condition of the entire human body and its individual systems;

Swimming in bodies of water (in the sea, river, lake) helps both treat a number of diseases and relieve stress and restore the normal state of important body systems (central nervous, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal);

The positive effect of thalassotherapy on the skin (the effect of sandy beach coverage) is shown to almost all recreationists, and mud therapy actively helps to improve the condition of various systems (including cerebral disorders, paralysis and other diseases of the musculoskeletal system);

Natural sources of mineral waters have been used by humans for a significant period for treatment and restoration of health;

Phytomedicinal (floristic resources of forests and plants) resources of the territory can possibly be used to maintain human condition and relaxation. At the same time, the ecological state of the environment is the most important factor in maintaining the health and level of working capacity of society. It is known that about 70% of all diseases, 60% of cases of abnormal development of children and over 50% of deaths are associated with biosphere pollution. In cities with atmospheric air pollution Cl 2, HCl, NH 3, SO 4, phenol, chlorethyl, the risk of congenital anomalies in newborns increases. Endoecological poisoning of the intercellular environment of human nuclear organisms (eukaryotes) with heavy metals, radionuclides and chemical toxins is severe in its consequences. The conclusion about such catastrophic changes in the human body under the influence of environmental pollution was made on the basis of an analysis of intellectual degeneration and pathological aging syndrome (at 20 years old) of children of workers of the chemical plant in Chapaevsk, which were studied by Yu.M. Levin. Moreover, in In the conditions of regions that are clean in terms of environmental parameters, positive results in the treatment of patients at various stages of diseases have been noted in medicine. It should be emphasized that such climatic factors of recreation as clean air, ozonized by forests, parks or seaside hair dryers, increased solar radiation and other natural factors have a consistently positive effect on the body of people who constantly live in polluted cities and spend almost the whole day indoors, using transport, having, therefore, manifestations of physical inactivity, ultraviolet deficiency, and respiratory system disorders when they rest in recreational areas. In flat ecologically clean territories, a person achieves increased pulmonary ventilation, oxygen saturation of the blood increases, the functioning of the central nervous system is normalized, fatigue is relieved, the processes of excitation and inhibition of the nervous system are balanced, and in mountainous conditions a recreational and training effect is achieved as a reaction to the effects of hypoxia and the above-mentioned recreational factors in combination. In addition, it has been proven that they are very effective for restoring the ability to work and hardening a person, swimming in reservoirs, during which various systems of the body are affected by temperature fluctuations (cold load) due to a sharp change in the phases of thermoregulation mechanisms. Of particular importance for restoring body functions are sea bathing, during which there is an active effect of chemical compounds dissolved in sea water, which contributes to the replacement of a number of elements through the human skin.

The above arguments emphasize the importance of each unpolluted area of ​​the territory and, in the presence of environmentally friendly natural recreational resources on it, a stable motivation is formed to organize in such regions a recreational process that allows one to overcome various biogenetic disorders or change the conditions for the treatment of diseases to increase the efficiency of the processes of restoring human health.

On the other hand, against the backdrop of growing environmental problems, the interdependence between “the economic state of the territory and the ecological state of the territory” is becoming an increasingly serious issue. This issue is especially important for regions in which the cleanliness of the natural environment is an objective condition for management - recreational areas. At the same time, environmental aspects become paramount and require research, both in terms of identifying environmental factors and the level of their influence. There is a serious contradiction in the fact that some generally small areas should receive abnormally large numbers of people.

People stay there for a short time and, as a rule, lead a very active and expensive lifestyle, which largely contradicts

the task of maintaining these particular areas in an environmentally acceptable condition. Often these types of areas are unique in nature.

The task is contradictory in its essence. On the one hand, everything is being done to really change nature and bring it into line with current standards of recreational services. On the other hand, nature is protected from recreationists. Without serving a significant number of recreationists, the area becomes ineffective from the point of view of its main function; investments in it do not provide a return, and as a result, economic losses. However, a large number of vacationers worsens the environment and thereby undermines the foundations of the existence of the recreational sector itself in this region.

The amount of literature devoted to the environmental aspects of recreation is enormous. This is one of the most popular topics among specialists, who, on the one hand, do everything themselves to change the original unique nature of the region chosen for development, and on the other hand, constantly write that the recreants, to attract whom to this region, have gone to great lengths work and really significant funds invested can cause irreparable damage to nature.

Research problem is to use recreational resources without causing any environmental damage to them or causing minor environmental damage, while replenishing it.

Object of study are the recreational resources of Russia.

Subject of research is the geography of distribution of recreational resources in Russia and methods of their use.

The purpose of the study is to study the state of recreational resources in Russia.

Research hypothesis

Conservation of recreational resources and their rational use will occur if:

Every person is aware of the importance of recreational resources;

- every person will understand the structure of recreational resources and the biological condition of restoring recreational resources;

Every person will understand how and where recreational resources can be used.

Testing the hypothesis required a decision the following tasks:

Analysis of the role of recreational resources for human health;

Identification of types of recreational resources and their location on the territory of Russia;

- identifying the most effective ways to preserve Russia's recreational resources and their rational use.

Research methods. To solve the problems, a set of methods was chosen: analysis of theoretical literature, analysis of the correct placement of recreational resources, analysis of the ecological state of objects, analysis of potential environmental use.

Chapter 1. What are recreational resources and their types

1.1.Natural recreational resources

Recreational resources– components of the natural environment and socio-cultural phenomena that can be used to organize recreational activities. When classifying recreational resources, some authors distinguish them according to their origin into two main types: natural recreational resources and socio-cultural resources (cultural and historical recreational resources). Other authors divide recreational resources according to the nature of their use. Baransky N.N. distinguishes four main types:

Recreational and therapeutic (for example, treatment with mineral waters);

Recreational and health (for example, swimming and beach areas);

Recreational and sports (for example, ski resorts);

Recreational and educational (for example, historical monuments).

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his ability to work and health. Almost everything natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use varies and depends on recreational demand and specialization of the region.

According to those accepted in http://russia.rin.ru/guides/7006.html economy environmental management classifications based on dual character concepts " natural resources", reflecting them natural origin, on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped by:

· origin;

· types of recreational use;

· exhaustion rates (quickly exhausted, slowly exhausted, inexhaustible);

· possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable;

· opportunities for economic replenishment (renewable, irreplaceable);

· the possibility of replacing some resources with others.

IN last years Attention to natural resources is increasing from the point of view of their use for active recreation of the population and therapeutic, health-improving, preventive and medical measures. The transition http://russia.rin.ru/guides/7133.html of the country to market relations has raised in a new way the issues of exploitation of resort areas, as well as the development of the capabilities of components of the natural environment directly for medicinal purposes.

There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the determining industry in the structure of their http://russia.rin.ru/guides/6960.htmlsocial reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.

Characteristics of recreational resources by main landscape and climatic zones allows us to evaluate these zones in comparison (by the richness of these resources), which helps to identify the most effective directions for the development of the resort network of our country

About a third of Russia's territory is occupied by the taiga zone. All of it is potentially favorable for active climatotherapy. At the same time, the presence of blood-sucking insects, which cause great concern to people and animals and create uncomfortable conditions for treatment and outdoor recreation, has a negative impact. The epidemiological situation in certain years is also a serious problem. The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources is represented by zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. It was here that the most favorable conditions of existence and life activity for the population of Russia were formed and preserved, which can represent an ecological optimum for the development of civilization in Eastern Europe and parts of the Siberian region. It was here that a unique Russian culture was formed in its expanded understanding, taking into account its future sustainable development. In this regard, the recreational conditions of this special zone are most favorable for conscious work in recreation, which can always be nearby and will not be replaced by short-term and annoying, albeit exotic and educational resorts.

As for the recreational resources of semi-desert and desert zones, their landscape conditions are unfavorable for the development of resort construction, with the exception of individual oases. The Mediterranean zone, which includes humid and dry subtropics, is very favorable for the location of health resorts. However, the collapse of the USSR significantly reduced the recreational opportunities of Russia in this regard. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of greatest interest. The Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.

1.2. Cultural and historical recreational resources

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources located in cities and villages and in inter-settlement areas and representing the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities; on this basis, they optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions.

The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. Material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values ​​of society at each historical stage of its development, and spiritual ones - the totality of society’s achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and public life, in work and everyday life. In fact, not all heritage of the past relates to cultural and historical recreational resources. These include only those cultural and historical objects that have been studied and assessed by scientific methods as having social significance and can be used, given the existing technical and material capabilities, to satisfy the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are distinguished by the greatest attractiveness and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments. Thus, historical monuments may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, the development of society and the state.

Archaeological monuments are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

The following objects are most typical for monuments of urban planning and architecture: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements; buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied, landscape art, natural landscapes.

Monuments of art include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

Documentary monuments are acts of state authorities and public administration bodies, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, scientific institutions, higher education institutions, theaters, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, oceanariums , ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts, as well as preserved folk customs, holiday rituals, etc. All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - immovable and movable.

The first group consists of monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other buildings, including those pa-

pendants of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The second group includes monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.( Geographical distribution of World Cultural Heritage sites – Table No. 1 in the Appendix )

Recreational resources are characterized by socio-cultural spatial and temporal relativity. Depending on the initial point of view and the time of assessment, the same object can be assessed differently.

In general, recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the usual human environment and a combination of different natural and cultural environments. Almost any place that meets the following two criteria is recognized as a recreational resource:

1) the place differs from the usual human habitat;

2) is represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments.

Statistically, the most attractive are the edge zones, the junction of different environments (water - land, forest - clearing, hill - plain, etc.). The most attractive combinations of several contrasting environments: mountains + sea + diverse cultural environment. This creates the most highly rated recreational areas, such as California or the Mediterranean.

Not all contrasts are assessed positively. A lot depends on cultural standards of assessment and the characteristics of the territory. However, the majority of people focus specifically on the contrasting environment as a place of relaxation. Naturally, such places should not be badlands, that is, landscapes degraded as a result of industrial impact and abandoned.

Conclusion:

Recreational resources are largely derived from the recreational needs of the population, which, in turn, are determined by the tasks of socio-cultural development of territories. Recreational flows are directed precisely to those regions that are subject to development. At the level of mass consciousness, an attitude is formed that the most important and prestigious recreational resources are concentrated in these places. After the peak of the process of development of the territory, the importance of its recreational resources decreases significantly. There is never a complete denial of significance, but there is also no return to the previous high assessment of the same recreational resources. This means that the needs of socio-cultural development of territories are the main reason and factor for transforming the totality of certain properties of the territory into recreational resources.

Chapter 2. General characteristics of recreational resources in Russia

Unlike other sectors of the economy, recreational resources are very diverse and include natural and anthropogenic geosystems, bodies and natural phenomena, artifacts that have comfortable properties and consumer value for recreational activities and can be used to organize recreation and health improvement for a certain contingent of people at a fixed time with using existing technology and available material capabilities. An integral part of recreational resources are people who work in the field of tourism or can take part in the organization and maintenance of recreational activities in the future. The dynamic development of the tourism business also requires a developed infrastructure, since without this, even with the high attractive properties of natural and cultural complexes, their development by a wide range of consumers is impossible. Like any other, recreational resources are not unlimited; they have a certain volume (potential reserve), time of use, operating conditions and, of course, cost. 2.1. Natural recreational resources Landscape Used for medical and recreational recreation, sports tourism, skiing, caving and mountaineering. For therapeutic and recreational recreation, the most favorable is large hilly and ridge topography and rough terrain (carrying an aesthetic value). In this case, the slopes must be stable and not subject to erosion. Mountain tourism and mountaineering require mountainous terrain: rocks, glaciers, snowfields. The altitude of the area should not exceed 3000-3500m. The routes usually take place at different altitude levels with different landforms. When choosing and drawing up a route, it is necessary to take into account the physical and psychological characteristics of the participants. On the territory of Russia, the most favorable for mountain tourism and mountaineering are pillars - bizarrely shaped rocks formed as a result of weathering of rocks of different ages and lithological (mineralogical) composition. Particularly famous are the “Krasnoyarsk Pillars” on the Yenisei, where picturesque syenite rocks rise among the taiga to a relative height of up to 100 m. This natural complex has become the main base for training Krasnoyarsk rock climbers. Pillars are widespread along the banks of many Siberian rivers: Lena, Aldana, Kirenga etc. They are also found on the right high bank of the Middle Volga called stolbychi, as well as along the Don (“Divas”). Glaciers are also of interest for mountain tourism. Climbing the glacier is carried out along the tongue of the glacier, along the terminal moraine, along the ridge of the lateral moraine and along the slope of the valley. Speleotourism resources are karst landscapes. Water resources Water resources are used for beach and swimming recreation and for sports tourism (rafting, surfing, kayaking, boating, kayaking, etc.). Beach and bathing holidays are organized on the shores of seas, lakes, rivers and artificial reservoirs (ponds, reservoirs, quarries). The assessment considers the conditions of approach to the water, the presence of a beach strip, the nature of the bottom, the speed of the current (for a river), the predominance of weak waves in large bodies of water, and the temperature regime (18-26°C). The presence of a shallow is necessary for a beach and swimming holiday, since not every vacationer knows how to swim and not every vacationer is recommended to quickly dive into the water. However, excessively large shallow waters are also a significant disadvantage. Large shallows are characteristic of the Azov and Baltic seas. Before diving into the water, tourists have to walk through shallow water for 100 meters or more, which reduces the quality of recreation on these coasts. Good sandy beaches and a sandy bottom are distributed along the shores of the Baltic Sea (Gulf of Finland and Curonian Lagoons), on the Azov coast, in the Anapa zone of the Black Sea, in the Caspian Sea and in the Vladivostok resort area of ​​Sadgorod. Good sandy beaches are also common along the banks of large rivers: the Volga, Northern Dvina, Ob, Lena, etc., as well as many lakes. The following water bodies are used for tourism: oceans, seas, rivers, quarries, reservoirs, ponds, etc. The most favorable are the oceans and seas: they have a fairly large water area, depth, etc., but their use is limited because only a few countries have access to them. The most popular places in Russia where yachting is developing are the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea and the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of ​​Azov. Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, as well as the Volga reservoirs - Ivankovskoye, Konakovskoye, Rybinsk, Gorky, Cheboksary, Kuibyshevskoye, as well as large lakes in the north-west - Ladoga, Onega, Beloe, etc. For rafting on boats and rafts, calm ones are used (family vacation ) or turbulent (extreme rafting on kayaks, rafts, kayaks, etc.) river. The small rivers of the north and north-west of the European part of Russia are very convenient for family tourism. They are deep enough to be navigable by boats during the summer. Many of them form looped routes. Thus, within the Valdai part of the Tver and Novgorod regions, many rivers flow from one lake and flow into another, forming a whole chain consisting of picturesque rivers and lakes. A similar situation is observed in Karelia, which has made this region very attractive for water tourism. Sports category rafting on kayaks, canoes, catamarans and rafts takes place along rivers with a large number of obstacles. The complexity of the route is determined by the speed of the river flow, the length of the route and the number of obstacles (thresholds, riffles, drains, waterfalls). For training sports rafting, the rapids rivers of the Novgorod (Lovat, Msta, Polomet, Uver, etc.) and Tver (Msta, Tvertsa, etc.) regions are recommended. More complex routes are laid across Karelia and the Kola Peninsula. Significant categories of water routes are observed on the rivers of the Urals and Siberia. The most favorable ones for high-grade rafting are found on the rivers of the Greater Caucasus (Belaya, Terek) and Altai (Katun, Chulymshan). ( Total water resources of Russia– table No. 2 in the Appendix). Vegetation cover The importance of vegetation cover is very great, since it is associated with the healing effect of the landscape due to the ionization and phytoncidal properties of plants. The vegetation cover can be used both for walking and for fishing activities (picking berries and mushrooms, medicinal plants). It should be borne in mind that the collection must be carried out carefully so as not to damage the plants and mycelium. It is prohibited to collect plants listed in the Red Book, as well as in certain territories (sanctuaries, nature reserves, national parks). Ionization is the process of formation of ions in the air, which has a cleansing effect on the human body. Mixed forests and pure pine forests are characterized by optimal ionization, and among the tree species with high ionization ability, in addition to pine, warty birch, cordifolia linden, rowan, red and English oak (the most common), Siberian larch, common spruce, and single-color fir have high ionization ability. Phytoncides are volatile substances released by woody vegetation that have a sterilizing effect on certain microorganisms. Forests enrich the air with oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide; it is not for nothing that they are called the “lungs of cities.” In addition, they purify the air from various types of pollution, including noise, since noise has a destructive effect on the nervous system. Therefore, it is very important to have a green belt along highways and around various recreational facilities. Forests also have a beneficial effect on radiation (solar radiation) and thermal regimes. Territories of regulated access These include hunting and fishing grounds, as well as nature reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Hunting and fishing grounds Hunting tourism involves the process of hunting and obtaining animals and birds permitted for hunting. On the territory of Russia, licensed hunting is permitted for the following species of animals: animals: brown bear, elk, red deer, wapiti, European red deer, sika deer, wild reindeer, Siberian and European roe deer, wild boar, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, lynx, wolverine, wolf, fox, hare, squirrel; small fur-bearing animals from the orders of predators (marten, weasel, stoats, weasels) and rodents (gopher, ferret, marmot); upland game: common and stone capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, gray and white partridge; waterfowl and swamp game: geese, ducks, waders. When assessing hunting grounds, two main factors are considered: the type of natural complexes (tracts) and the diversity of fauna. The first factor indicates the degree of favorableness of the landscape for hunting, the second - the abundance of species of fauna and the presence of rare animals. The richest hunting grounds in Russia are located in Kamchatka, Siberia, and the Russian North. Fishing tourism involves fishing using highly sporting techniques (methods): fly fishing and casting, float fishing, spearfishing. Objects of fishing are: crucian carp, carp, carp, catfish, pike perch, pike, lenok, grayling, whitefish, bream, Siberian taimen, Baikal omul, salmon. The richest fishing grounds are located in Kamchatka, along the rivers and lakes of Siberia and the Russian North, along the Volga, Don and their tributaries. Use of specially protected natural areas Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: natural reserves, natural monuments, protected forest areas, national parks, and nature reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape. Natural reserves, natural monuments and protected forest areas are territories allocated for unique, rare or typical natural complexes, the protection of which is entrusted to the land users of these territories: forest districts, forestry enterprises, if protected areas are located on the lands of the State Forest Fund (SFF), or rural administration, if they are located within the lands of former collective farms, state farms, etc. Land users of these protected areas are not involved in organizing recreational activities on them. Natural monuments are unique natural objects (waterfalls, caves, picturesque rocks, etc.) or memorial natural objects (for example, the larch tree in the Yaropolets estate, under which A.S. Pushkin rested). Natural monuments are always included in tourist routes as the most attractive natural objects. Reserved forest areas are identified by foresters as coupon (typical) or unique forest areas that are important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visits are usually included in ecotourism routes. National parks and reserves - special types Protected areas that have an administration whose function includes organizing both environmental and recreational activities. True, the importance of recreational activities in them is different: in nature reserves the environmental function is dominant and the cognitive recreational function is limited, in national parks both functions are of equal importance. (Structure of the system of specially protected natural areas of the Russian Federation - Table No. 3 in the Appendix).

National parks

National parks are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use for environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. A differentiated protection regime is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.

In accordance with this, the territory of the parks is divided into the following functional zones:

Reserve regime zone - all recreational and economic activities are prohibited; zone of reserved regime - preservation of natural objects with strictly regulated recreational use; educational tourism zone - organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park; zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing. As can be seen from the established functional zoning of the territories of national parks, recreation and tourism are given a large place in them. All over the world, national parks are actively involved in the tourism industry, performing, in addition to health-improving functions, the tasks of environmental education of the population. In Russia, national parks developed very late, but in recent years interest in them has increased sharply. Currently, there are 32 national parks operating in our country, and it is planned to organize 40 more. Reserves Reserves are environmental institutions, the territory of which includes natural complexes and objects of unique environmental value, intended for use for environmental, scientific and educational purposes. Unlike national parks, nature reserves have very limited recreational use, mostly educational only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the territories of the reserves: a zone of reserve regime, in which the flora and fauna develop without human intervention; scientific monitoring zone in which research fellows the reserve monitors the condition and development of protected natural sites; an environmental education zone, where the nature museum of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated paths are laid along which groups of tourists are led to get acquainted with natural features complex; economic and administrative zone.

National and natural recreational parks

(regional and local level)

The concept of sustainable development of nature and society provides for the creation of a network of specially protected natural and natural historical and cultural territories, the area of ​​which, according to world standards, should occupy 10 - 12% of the area of ​​each state.

This network includes the following types of protected areas:

Natural reserves, natural monuments, protected areas of forest, which are of a certain educational interest for ecological tourism, recreational activities on the territory of which are organized by institutions that are not responsible for their protection;

Nature reserves (nature reserves) and national parks (organized to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the country), in which the administration of these institutions is responsible for both recreational and environmental activities.

In national parks, unlike nature reserves, the recreational component is on an equal footing with the environmental component, and therefore their territory is not only an example of a valuable natural landscape complex, but is also of interest for its recreational and aesthetic merits for visitors.

In most countries of the world, national parks have become the dominant form of protected areas. Under them, according to the definition of Maksakovsky N.V. (1996), territories of the most valuable recreational, aesthetic and educational natural and historical and cultural resources are allocated for the purpose of using them in the field of tourism, excursion business and environmental education. Along with national parks, smaller natural and natural-historical parks of regional or local significance are usually created.

Recreational parks are necessary not only for remote exotic areas such as Kamchatka, but also for urbanized areas, especially in the zone of influence of large cities. The formation of a network of protected recreational parks makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of loss of valuable natural lands in suburban recreation areas. Currently, the system of natural recreational parks of all levels in Russia is at the initial stage of development. All this acutely raises the question of the need to develop recreational parks. Hydromineral resources Mineral water Mineral waters are complex solutions in which the components are in the form of ions, undissociated (unbound) molecules, colloidal particles (finely crushed, mixed in solution) and dissolved gases. Mineral waters are used for internal consumption (mineralization< 10 г/л), а также в бальнеологических целях (минерализация >10 g/l). Healing mud Therapeutic mud contains substances similar to hormones and vitamins, due to which they are biogenic stimulants (on the one hand, they are of biological origin, on the other, they stimulate biological processes in the human body). Dirt is formed as a result of complex biochemical processes occurring under the influence of microorganisms. Fresh mud: peat - decomposed organic matter of plant origin; they contain little mineral substances. Widely distributed in areas of excessive moisture, in the forest zone (taiga), where swamps have formed. Medicinal peat has a high degree of decomposition. Rich deposits - Tverskaya, Vologda, Novgorod region; in the Moscow region - Tatishchevo (Dmitrovsky district), Oreshki (Ruzsky district); sapropel is a product of decomposition of animal and plant residues at the bottom of fresh water bodies. These are organic substances with a small admixture of minerals. In some cases, if there are outlets of mineral waters at the bottom of lakes, they may be slightly mineralized. Sapropel muds are widespread in the north-west of the European territory of Russia, where the greatest lake content is observed: on the Kola Peninsula - 110 thousand lakes, in Karelia - 60 thousand lakes, in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Tver and Yaroslavl regions - several thousand each lakes Deposits: lakes Staroselskoye and Rakitinskoye (Novgorod region), Nero (Yaroslavl region); in the Moscow region - lakes Biserovo (Balashikha district), Svyatoe (Shatursky district), Dolgoe (Dmitrovsky district), Trostenskoye (Ruzsky district). Silt sulfide muds are deposits of sea bays, estuaries and salt lakes. Sometimes they take the form of sinter formations around mineral water sources (lake springs). Contain iron sulfur compounds (Fe is a biologically active microcomponent). Distribution: Sea of ​​Azov (Taganrog and Temryuk gulfs), White Sea (Kandalaksha Bay, Bolshoi and Maly Khrulainen bays), Sea of ​​Japan (Vladivostok, Uglovoy Bay); salt lakes: Caucasian Mineral Waters (Lake Tambukan), the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Lake Shira, Uchum), Volga region (Lake Elton), etc.; lacustrine springs - Staraya Russa (Novgorod region), Nizhneye Ivkino, Ust-Kachka (Pre-Ural region). Sopochnye mud is the result of underground discharge of thermal waters. They are formed in areas with oil and gas (hydrocarbon) deposits, where there are layers of clayey rocks. Hill mud is characterized by a low organic content, but a high concentration of trace elements: iodine, bromine, boron. Distribution: Kerch Peninsula (Bulganak Hills resort), Taman Peninsula, Southern Sakhalin. Hydrothermal muds are characteristic of areas with active volcanic activity. They appear in areas where hot gas-steam jets with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide come to the surface. Unique resources Halotherapy. To treat respiratory diseases, in particular asthma, salt mines are used, where the patient spends several hours breathing air saturated with salt. A resort is being built in the Orenburg region (Sol-Iletsk). Currently, salt treatment is used in artificial halochambers, where salt is sprayed directly onto the walls. Superheated vapors. In Bashkiria there is a unique resort, Yangan-Tau, where superheated gases and vapors rich in iodine and bromine act as healing factors. Mount Yangan-Tau is composed of combustible shale, prone to spontaneous combustion. Superheated gases are supplied to the surface through crevices. When they meet groundwater, they heat it to a vapor state. Drilled wells act like chimneys. Radon gas. Treatment with radon gas, which is quite expensive, is used in Austria. In Russia, the release of radon gas was discovered near the city of Borovichi (Novgorod region) in mines where refractory clays are mined. It has not yet been mastered in domestic medical practice. Koumiss treatment has been traditionally known since the last century. Kumis was used to treat weakened tuberculosis patients. Currently, kumis treatment is maintained in the Yumatovo sanatorium in Bashkiria. Bioclimatic resources Bioclimate is the impact of climate on the human body. Bioclimate depends on: solar radiation (heat, light, ultraviolet), atmospheric circulation (transport of air masses), the nature of the underlying surface (affects redistribution. For example, ice reflects 90% and absorbs only 10%, and chernozem absorbs 80% and reflects 20%).Climate has both positive and negative effects on the human body. Positive effects are usually used in recreational activities to organize climate therapy. Protection from negative factors is required in the form of climate control. The use of climatic factors has a very great health value due to the training effect of climate on the natural mechanisms of stimulation of the body's vital activity, developed in the process of evolution: - people in the process of historical development adapt to certain climatic conditions. Human adaptability to certain climatic conditions is called adaptation. When climatic conditions change (when moving from north to south and back), the human body experiences significant adaptive stress, which in general should be avoided, and when organizing a vacation, be sure to take into account and choose the seasons when the level of adaptive stress in the body will be the lowest. 2.2. Cultural and historical recreational resources Russia's cultural and historical recreational resources are difficult to describe due to their exceptional abundance and diversity. These resources are of exceptional interest for cultural and educational, or excursion tourism.

This type of tourism received the greatest development in central Russia and the northwestern region, where the main attractions of our country are concentrated.

The main excursion centers of Russia - Moscow with the majestic architectural ensemble of the Kremlin, palace St. Petersburg, the ancient cities of the Golden Ring - are known all over the world. In addition to them, there are also other unique places and attractions, visiting which every Russian or foreigner will receive new unforgettable impressions.

The image of Moscow is inseparable from the Moscow Kremlin, the fabulous domes of St. Basil's Cathedral, the restored Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Novodevichy, Donskoy, St. Danilov monasteries, the palace and park ensembles of Kolomensk, Kuskovo, Ostankino, as well as Sparrow Hills and Poklonnaya Hill.

There are more than 70 theaters in the Russian capital (the most famous of them is the Bolshoi); many of the richest collections of works of art are collected in almost a hundred museums, the most famous of which are the Tretyakov Art Gallery and the Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin. Moscow is a business center where the most representative congresses, forums, festivals, industrial exhibitions and fairs are held. The Moscow International Film Festival and the international tourism exhibition MITT are held here.

In the Moscow region there are about 2.2 thousand cultural, historical and natural monuments and are protected. For their sake, tourists strive to get to the ancient towns of Sergiev Posad, Zvenigorod, Serpukhov, Kolomna and the picturesque estates of Arkhangelskoye, Marfino, Abramtsevo, etc. Guests of the region are especially attracted to monasteries, which have long been considered centers of Russian Orthodox spirituality. Among them are the uniquely beautiful architectural complexes of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, New Jerusalem and Joseph-Volokolamsk monasteries.

The “Golden Ring of Russia” is called the ring of ancient Russian cities, which is outlined in the northeast of the city: Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl Zalessky, Rostov the Great, Yaroslavl, Uglich, Kostroma, Suzdal, Vladimir and others. Dozens of architectural, cultural and historical monuments of the 12th-17th centuries. convey to tourists the flavor of Ancient Rus'. A number of them - the ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, masterpieces of white-stone architecture of Vladimir and Suzdal - are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The cities of the Golden Ring are also attractive for their products of ancient Russian folk crafts. For tens and even hundreds of years, the traditions of painting trays from Zhostovo and lacquer boxes from Palekh have remained unchanged. The Museum of Wooden Architecture and Peasant Life in Suzdal will tell you about Russian life. There is also the Small Golden Ring - it includes historical and cultural monuments of the Vladimir region, among which is a unique creation of ancient Russian architects - the snow-white Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

St. Petersburg is probably the most romantic city in Russia. Every Russian will agree with this. Ancient embankments and raised bridges in the sunset pink haze give it mystery and subtle charm. White nights turn it into a city of lovers, walking until dawn along Palace Square and Nevsky Prospekt, sighing on the benches of the ancient park alleys of Tsarskoe Selo and in the Summer Garden. When sculptures are opened in Petrodvorets and fountains come to life, everyone is overcome with joy and admiration for this miracle of human thought and hands. From spring to autumn, several trains depart every day from Moscow to St. Petersburg to open up to tourists a wonderful city, poetically called Northern Venice. Getting to know the Mariinsky Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Hermitage, the Anichkov Bridge and numerous palaces pleases every cultured person.

In the north-west of the country there is a third excursion “ring” - the “Silver Ring of Russia”, covering the ancient Russian cities of Novgorod, famous for the Kremlin of the 11th-15th centuries, and Pskov with the Pushkin Mountains museum-reserve, as well as the cities of Ivangorod, Gdov and Porkhov with their ancient fortresses. Tourists travel thousands of kilometers to see the Kizhi Pogost and the Valaam Monastery in Karelia. The domes of the wooden church in Kizhi are decorated with 22 domes. Valaam Monastery is one of the spiritual centers of Russia, which arose in the 14th century.

The Solovetsky Islands are called the pearl of the White Sea region and the pride of the Russian North. Over their long history, the cities of Vologda, Arkhangelsk and Kargopol, as well as the famous Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery with a valuable collection of icons from the 15th-18th centuries, have become the most interesting excursion centers in the north of Russia.

The Volga region cities - Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Volgograd, Astrakhan - are the largest tourist centers. Nizhny Novgorod, founded many centuries ago at the confluence of the Volga and Oka, is known as the largest trade, scientific and cultural center. The famous Nizhny Novgorod fair takes place here. This land is famous for its folk crafts - Khokhloma and Gorodets painting, as well as Gorodets carving. Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, where Christian architectural monuments (the Kazan Kremlin) have coexisted alongside Muslim ones for centuries, and the national traditions of the Russian and Tatar peoples are woven into a bizarre pattern. In the middle reaches of Mother Volga, the tourist's gaze is attracted by the embankments of the ancient Volga cities of Samara, Saratov, and Ulyanovsk. In the lower reaches of the Volga, Volgograd (Stalingrad), famous for the majestic Mamayev Kurgan in honor of the defenders of Stalingrad, and the ancient, welcoming Astrakhan, a haven for persecuted and fugitives since the 13th century, become the “centers of attraction” for curious tourists. The historical center of the city is located on the Volga island, which is crowned by a white stone Kremlin from the early 17th century.

Siberia is primarily the Krasnoyarsk region. Its capital, Krasnoyarsk, is unique with its many original fountains. In the same city there is a local history museum with a rich collection of Siberian antiquities, recognized in 2001 as the best provincial museum in Russia. The oldest city in Eastern Siberia, Yeniseisk, founded in 1619, attracts with its architectural monuments and wooden lace decorations of ancient wooden houses.

The geographical center of Asia - the Republic of Tuva - is one of the few centers of Buddhist culture in Russia. Stone pagan idols, which are about two thousand years old, have been preserved in the Tuvan steppes. The traditional way of life of the Tuvan people has practically not changed over several centuries, as has the virgin nature that surrounds them. Confirmation of this is shamanism and its manifestations, folk crafts, national cuisine, culture and unique Tuvan throat singing, which are revealed in local excursion programs. Shamanistic traditions are also preserved among the Buryats - the most numerous peoples of Siberia, living in the forests, mountains and steppes in the south and east of Lake Baikal. Since the 18th century, the Buryats became Buddhists, built dozens of temples and Lamaist monasteries, of which, unfortunately, only a few have survived.

Irkutsk, located on the banks of the Angara, is a major cultural, scientific and tourist center of Eastern Siberia. It owes its prosperity to its favorable location on the caravan trade route from Russia and Europe to Mongolia and China.

Excursion tours offered in the south of Russia, in a number of cities Krasnodar region(Anapa, Taman), are of interest, first of all, to lovers of the ancient past.

Conclusion:

Russia has enormous potential both for the development of domestic tourism and for receiving foreign travelers. It has everything you need - a huge territory, a rich historical and cultural heritage, and in some regions - untouched wild nature.

The territory of Russia extends from west to east for 10 thousand kilometers and almost 3 thousand kilometers from the northern Arctic latitudes to the southern subtropical ones. The diversity of landscapes and other natural and climatic features allows the development of many types of tourism, but at the same time, the preservation of Russian nature can have an impact on a global scale: the taiga remains the main part of the “lungs” of the Earth - it produces billions of cubic meters of oxygen, and 10 Russian ecological regions are part of 200 global ecoregions designated by an independent environmental organization because they ensure the conservation of biological diversity on the planet.

Chapter 3. Characteristics of tourism

3.1.Tourism and recreation

Tourism is in close connection with a new branch of geography - recreational geography, which studies natural-geographical, cultural-historical and other conditions that contribute to the development of tourism.

Recreation is a set of phenomena and relationships that arise in the process of using free time for health, educational, sports and cultural and entertainment activities of people in specialized territories located outside the populated area, which is their place of permanent residence.

Recreation according to its duration can be divided into short-term with a return to the place of permanent residence for the night and long-term with an overnight stay outside the place of permanent residence. Geographically, short-term recreation is limited to the suburban area within a radius of one to two hours of pedestrian or transport accessibility, and the implementation of long-term recreation is not limited by territorial practicality. In its content, long-term recreation coincides with such a capacious concept as tourism. In modern scientific literature, tourism is usually understood as a set of relationships and phenomena that arise in the process of travel and stay of people outside their permanent place of residence, if the stay does not turn into a long or temporary activity for the sake of earning money.

Tourism (from Latin - trip), travel to free time, one of the types of active recreation. It is carried out, as a rule, through tourist organizations along tourist routes (in the form of organized or amateur tourism). It is one of the most effective means of satisfying the recreational needs of the population, as it combines health improvement, knowledge, communication, etc. Travel within one's country is united by the concept of domestic (national) tourism, and outside it - foreign (international) tourism. Excursion tourism is widespread. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into educational, sports, natural, amateur, tourism with social purposes, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. In international statistics, it is customary to consider tourist trips to resorts and summer cottages, as well as mass short-term trips of teams, individual groups and individuals to special recreation areas. Depending on the means of transportation and the use of equipment or other types of transport, they distinguish: water, pedestrian, ski, horseback, railway, bicycle, motorcycle, auto and air tourism, a form of mountain tourism - mountaineering.

Since the very origins of tourism, nature has been the main motivation for travel. It is obvious that protected areas are among the most attractive places for tourists.

The first English travelers, who began to arrive in Europe at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, were interested both in the characteristics of the culture of the “Continent” (its cities and villages, architecture and population) and its nature, especially the “romantic” landscapes with high mountains (which they could not see in England) and dense forests. At this time, the most popular region among tourists was the Alps. The Swiss, appreciating the growing influx of English tourists, began to be the first to include a wide range of tourist services in their “Grand Tours” (cottages, hotels, open-air restaurants, narrow-gauge railways, passing near the most beautiful places, etc.). Soon tourism, based on natural attractions and elements of folklore, became one of the leading sectors of the Swiss economy. To maintain the integrity and attractiveness of natural areas for tourists, all these areas received the status of protected areas, which ensured their conservation. In fact, even when Yellowstone National Park was created in the United States, the primary motivation for creating the protected area remained to provide people with a place to relax and rejuvenate their creativity.

On the other hand, tourism is also vital for protected areas. Contact with untouched nature, the opportunity to feel and explore the world, often turns visitors into active supporters of protected areas (and sometimes investors). This brings additional funds in addition to direct income from tourism (entrance fees, various fees for tourist services, sales of souvenirs, guidebooks, etc.). The latter, with good management, can be aimed at maintaining the protected area in good condition, salaries for employees, repairing railways and roads near the PA, providing tourist services at the proper level, etc. Tourism enables cultural exchange between peoples and, at the same time, makes a positive contribution to economic development.

Unfortunately, tourism also has a significant impact Negative influence to protected areas, especially fragile ecosystems. Even worse, some countries develop tourism only for the purpose of economic profit without proper planning, which leads to devastation and depletion of natural areas.

The environmental impact of tourism depends on the scale and type of tourism activity. The individual tourist usually has little influence. Problems arise when the number of tourists increases or when resource utilization changes. So, although tourism is a significant source of income, there are serious problems associated with it.

3.2. Types of environmental impacts of tourism activities

• Impact on soil

The impact of tourism on soil cover can be different. Removal or movement of topsoil is usually a consequence of surface activity. Often the earth's surface is buried under buildings, parking lots and roads, etc. Screes, landslides and soil loss are associated with hiking by tourists. Small screes can be observed on terraced hillsides. The surface of such slopes is usually covered with paths running in a spiral from the top to the bottom. On such hills, tourists usually walk or ride a pony. A more destructive impact on the soil is caused by tourists moving straight down or up the slope. The most vulnerable slopes of ancient volcanoes. In dense temperate forests, with weakly compacted calcareous-stony soils, the average rate of soil removal from the slopes is 5-30 cm per year. Restoring soils and preventing their further destruction is only possible if tourists use the paths. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the slopes with vegetation.

· Impact on vegetation

Recreational activities can have a direct impact on the species composition of vegetation. This is especially true for the ground layer subject to trampling. The collection of plants in herbariums and bouquets, in which they are often uprooted, leads to the extinction of some species.

Passage of tourist Vehicle harms vegetation. Car drivers often turn off paved roads and cross grasslands in search of predators. This leads to local degradation of the grass cover and the formation of a large number of roads, which disrupts the natural beauty of natural areas. The following measures have been proposed to protect vegetation cover in protected areas:

Ensure control over exits from existing roads and take strict punitive measures against violators;

Create a road inspection service;

Encourage tourists to visit the park during the wet season to reduce the negative impact on vegetation during the dry season;

Monitor the relative uniformity of the tourist flow in order to avoid excessive concentration of visitors during the peak season.

It should be noted that ground vegetation, which prevents erosion, soil blowing and the development of other erosion processes, is damaged during the formation of roads. In this regard, it is necessary to reduce the number of roads in protected areas to a minimum and ensure control over violations.

Particular attention should also be paid to smoking and lighting fires to ensure fire safety. Campsites must be located in designated areas. In addition, it is necessary to strictly suppress the construction of any tourist funds in areas with untouched nature. Only areas with disturbed or secondary vegetation can be used for development.

· Impact on water resources

The problems of the impact of tourism on water resources have received little attention in the scientific literature, except for issues related to public health. However, land use issues related to water quality, point sources, and nonpoint sources of pollution are frequently cited in the recreation literature.

Water quality control deals with surface bodies of water and streams, as well as the underground water system. Groundwater can serve as a source for providing drinking water to residents and visitors of the park. Surface waters are used as a recreational resource for tourists to relax and bathe.

Since water resources have no legal boundaries, the management of the protected area must control not only activities related to the protected area, but also outside it. Since land users, by polluting water outside the protected area, can affect the quality of water inside it.

The ability of water resources to meet recreational needs varies, but in general, the more people who use an area, the greater the risk of deterioration in water quality. Some activities are particularly damaging. The use of motor boats contributes to the development of coastal erosion, the dispersion (spread) of aquatic weeds and chemical pollutants, and the turbidity of water in small reservoirs.

Another challenge for water quality management is the proliferation of algae in wastewater discharge areas. An increase in the amount of organic matter in a reservoir promotes the growth of algae, which at a certain point leads to the cessation of recreational activities near and on the reservoir. For example, shores covered with fibrous algae, fused together, preclude recreational activities such as swimming, boating, etc.

· Impact on wildlife and ecosystems

The greatest impacts of tourism on wildlife come from hunting and fishing, which reduce the populations of some animal and fish species. However, it is known that the mere presence of people can also disrupt the life of wild animals, especially birds and large mammals. Often it is not the people themselves who cause inconvenience to animals, but the equipment they use on vacation. Thus, animals are greatly disturbed by the noise of radios and car engines, which leads to disruption of their reproduction. Motorized and sailing vessels harm waterfowl, especially those that build nests on the surface of the water. This often leads to waterfowl leaving the pond. Tourists operating boats should not exceed a distance of 200 meters from a flock of birds on the water surface. In addition, boating affects the decline of fish populations, which is mainly due to gasoline spills and loud noise.

Many animals change their behavior if the interference becomes particularly strong. For example, deer and chamois begin to avoid areas where tourists go during the day. In general, animals in open habitats adapt more quickly to human influence.

In the absence of proper controls, the consumption of natural products by tourists has a major impact on wildlife diversity. “So, the demand of tourists for seafood stimulated the development of the local fishing industry and threatened the extinction of many species of marine organisms, including in protected areas. For example, in the Caribbean Sea the number of spiny lobster populations has greatly decreased. This is in to a greater extent associated with eating them as an exotic dish in hotels than with traditional lobster consumption local residents for whom it is a staple food. Tourism has also accelerated the development of the souvenir trade. Corals and shells, often obtained illegally from protected areas, are sold all over the world. The illegal trade in turtle shells is still popular.

Tourism development has a positive impact on some animal species. Thus, carrion-eating animals pick up organic waste left at campsites.
Waste left by tourists in one of the UK's national parks has led to the following consequences:

The rat population has increased;
- the number of house sparrows, foxes, gulls, jackdaws, etc. has increased.

· The influence of tourism on the sanitary condition of the territory

Garbage and waste left by tourists creates serious sanitation problems and affects the health of the local population. Waste primarily affects the sanitary quality of drinking water, soil, vegetation and air. It is important to separate organic and inorganic waste. Organic waste can be processed into compost, which is a good fertilizer for parks and gardens. As for inorganic waste, it is important to prohibit tourists from throwing away cigarette and film boxes, beer cans, plastic dishes, bags, etc. You can use a deposit-and-return system for collecting containers, in which the tourist receives money when returning empty dishes.
Currently, there are no completely environmentally friendly waste disposal methods. The only effective way to avoid the harmful effects of waste is to prevent its accumulation. Preventing pollution requires changing the way we operate and eliminating the immediate source of the problem. This does not mean “not to do” or “to do without...”. It means "to do differently." For example, eliminating environmental pollution from beverage cans does not require banning drinks, just using reusable bottles.

In traditional treatment systems, water is typically disinfected with bleach or its compounds before being released back into the environment or reused. Chlorine and its compounds are highly reactive and often form long-lasting toxic chemicals. Many environmentalists believe that bleach is used unjustifiably and should be replaced with other compounds. The main alternative disinfectants are ozone and ultraviolet radiation.

· Aesthetic impact on the landscape

Uncontrolled tourism activities have a serious impact on the aesthetic qualities of the landscape. The most common manifestation of this impact is associated with garbage left by tourists along roads and tourist sites. Another major problem in national parks around the world is vandalism. It is expressed in many forms, including inscriptions and drawings on ancient boulders along the edges of roads and paths; stripping bark from tree trunks; destruction of fences and fences and other types of physical abuse of the environment.

· Impact of tourism on the cultural environment

There are archaeological sites on the territory of many national parks and reserves. Sometimes the presence of historical and prehistoric sites was a determining factor for the designation of a protected area. Very often these objects are complemented by natural ecosystems, which are also of interest to tourists. Almost all prehistoric areas of the earth's surface are of interest to paleoecologists, as they provide information about changes in flora and fauna, soil formation processes, etc. They also allow historians to establish the ways in which land was used during the dawn of human society. Thus, the destruction of lands of archaeological value (which mainly occurs as a result of erosion) also leads to the loss of irreplaceable information. Of great concern is the damage caused by amateur archaeologists and collectors of archaeological property.

Tourism activities cause enormous damage to earthworks, rock art and other historical sites that attract the attention of tourists. A striking example is the cave painting "maladie verte" in France. During the 10 years that it was open to visitors (since 1949), about 125 thousand tourists a year came to see it. But soon the drawings began to become covered with algae, which grew under the influence of light and organic protein substances brought by visitors. The main source of organic matter was human breath. The caves have been closed since 1963 until a way to prevent algae was found.
A similar incident occurred in southern England. There, erosion caused by trampling by tourists began to destroy the Bronze Age earthworks, which undoubtedly reduced their archaeological value.

Thus, it is clear that the negative impact of tourism activities is many times greater than the destructive capacity of the environment, and no financial and technical resources can compensate for it. This also applies to cultural property. As Greenwood notes, all developing societies create their own traditions, absorb something from the outside, invent rituals and constantly improve their spiritual and material values. Tourism, as a powerful factor of change and development, has a huge impact on these processes. Some societies reject tourism; others try to accept it, limiting their own traditions.

The negative impact of tourism affects, first of all, the natural resources of countries or areas of mass recreation and travel. The untouched forest landscapes are especially attractive to tourists. Of course, forest fires associated with bonfires mainly refer to phenomena that characterize domestic tourism, rather than international ones, since comfortably furnished routes of foreign tourists, as a rule, are not accompanied by cooking over bonfires.

However, deforestation, caused by the creation of tourist complexes that require clearing sites for construction, began to accompany the development of international tourism.

National parks are one of the most attractive sites for tourists. Thus, in the USA, attendance at national parks reaches 90 million domestic and foreign tourists per year. And no matter how desirable the attitude of trip organizers and visitors to nature is, due to the excessive number of people in limited areas of national parks, animals are scared away and vegetation is trampled. Improving communications, creating a trading network and hotels in protected areas, caused by

the desire to create a service for tourists and gain increased profits also does not contribute to the preservation of pristine landscapes.

The massive development of tourism, including foreign tourism, is fraught with considerable danger for the animal world, since many tourists are not content with inspecting and filming fauna representatives, but try to take part in the hunt, thinking little about whether shooting animals causes damage to nature. Despite measures taken in many countries, poaching by foreigners remains a common occurrence in some areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Tourism, however, is a factor that stimulates the identification, protection, restoration and rational use of natural resources and cultural and historical values. This happens because the country receiving foreigners mobilizes recreational resources in order to adequately welcome guests, keep them longer on its territory and make the most favorable impression for purposes, primarily of an advertising nature for potential tourists. Secondly, this is the counter desire of travelers to seek and find new, interesting and useful things during trips abroad. Thirdly, the possibility of using part of the proceeds from tourism for the protection and restoration of national wealth. Currently, most European countries have carried out certification of natural and historical values, which has made it possible to outline the right paths for the development of tourism and the protection of national wealth. The adoption in recent years in a number of countries of strict measures aimed at protecting nature, the creation of new national parks and reserves, attempts to scientifically determine permissible loads on nature, etc. - all this largely reflected the desire to completely neutralize the negative aspects of rapidly developing international tourism and at the same time create the most favorable environment for it, preserve and improve the natural-geographical situation, preserve and improve the natural-geographical environment. Greening cities, fighting noise and cleaning up is also, to a certain extent, a result of the requirements of tourism development. The merits of international tourism include strengthening the protection of forests and their restoration in a number of European countries, the creation on the Hawaiian Islands of the so-called “Paradise Park”, numbering more than a thousand species of tropical birds, a nature reserve on the island of Saa-Nane on Lake Victoria, etc. .

So, an excessive “attack” on nature, carried out for the purpose of developing tourism, does not serve either to preserve natural resources or to improve the recreation of tourists.

The solution to this most important and far from simple problem should go along the lines of increasing the general culture of tourism, including international tourism, strengthening legislative and protective measures, developing from a scientific point of view load standards for each tourist site, and developing eco-tourism.

3.3. The essence of ecotourism

The difference between ecological tourism is in the priorities of tourists who strive, first of all, to communicate with nature, to understand its objects and phenomena, and to actively relax in nature. Traditional entertainment and everyday comfort fade into the background. This makes nature conservation economically profitable. The development of ecotourism is based on the desire to minimize environmental change. Due to the smaller volume of necessary tourism infrastructure (hotels, restaurants and other entertainment venues), per tourist and per dollar of profit, this type of tourism is characterized by less resource intensity. Environmental education is also inseparable from ecotourism. Exploring nature, tourists are imbued with the need to treat it with care. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Tourism” defines eco-tourism as travel made for the purpose of environmental education and education of tourists. But still, the main goal of an ecotourist is not natural history education, but the consumption of environmental resources, including information. Ecological resources are the properties of the natural balance of components of the natural environment (animals, vegetation, soils, climate, relief, etc.), which was formed without the active influence of human activity. The main value of environmental resources is naturalness. It is precisely this that attracts tourists from cities where people constantly feel the negative impact of polluted air and water, noise and social conflicts. By consuming environmental resources, vacationers receive health and educational benefits.

Another main goal of the tourist is to preserve the integrity of environmental resources. This position, on the one hand, excludes commercial species from ecotourism activities (hunting, fishing and picking mushrooms and berries for the purpose of harvesting), because the removal of large quantities of natural components leads to a disruption of the natural balance and contradicts the motives of ecotourists, and on the other hand, it presupposes the creation of infrastructure aimed not at meeting the requirements of a comfortable vacation, but at preserving the natural environment. At the same time, the recreational function of ecotourism infrastructure is additional. This means that ecological trails are created primarily to manage

the movement of tourists, and only then in order to make it convenient to walk; the installation of fire pits and the preparation of firewood for tourists is needed, first of all, so that vacationers do not burn fires anywhere and do not cut down trees, and only secondly - for the convenience of relaxation; beaches are equipped to create attractive vacation spots in order to divert the attention of tourists from protected coasts, and not to attract more tourists, etc.

Recognition of the recreational function of ecotourism infrastructure does not mean additional (especially in Russian conditions) diminishing the role of the organization in ecotourism.

There are five criteria that ecotourism must meet. Eco-tourism should be: 1) oriented towards nature and based on the use of predominantly natural resources; 2) not causing damage or minimizing damage to our habitat, i.e. environmentally sustainable; 3) aimed at environmental education and awareness, at the formation of relations of equal partnership with nature; 4) those who care about the preservation of the local sociocultural sphere; 5) economically effective and ensuring sustainable development of the areas where it is carried out. Due to the lack of centralized data collection on ecotourism, there are very few works devoted to assessing the economic effect of ecotourism. This means that it is still perceived as a rare phenomenal occurrence. In addition, there is no clear definition of ecotourism.

The ecological epithet is not the only one used in the English language and, accordingly, in American, Canadian, English, Australian literature and in the literature of many other countries to designate new directions in tourism that have formed in the last decade as a result of the influence of the ideas of the “green movement” and the development of an ecological worldview . There is, for example, the term “green tourism”. The term “nature tourism” is also common.

The latter, along with a wide range of others, is also common in German-speaking countries, where the adjective “ecological” is generally used very rarely, and is practically not used in definitions of “green” tourism industries. There, the most widely used term is “Sanfter Tourismus”, which can be translated into Russian as “soft tourism”.

Typically, “soft” tourism is contrasted with “hard” tourism, the main goal of which is to maximize profits, while “soft” tourism prioritizes not only successful business, but also concern for the cultural well-being of tourist regions, the gentle use and reproduction of their resources, and minimizing damage environment. It should, however, be borne in mind that “soft” tourism often means tourism of the “Spartan” type in conditions of the closest possible contact with wild nature.

The variety of terms corresponds to the breadth of content and the multiplicity of specific forms of activity in that new vast area of ​​the tourism industry, which we generally call ecotourism. There are many different definitions of ecotourism, each of which reveals certain important aspects of the latter. Taken together, these definitions quite fully describe both the diversity and evolution of ideas about the goals and objectives of the new tourism industry.

To determine the approximate scale of ecotourism, the following estimates were submitted to the World Tourism Organization:

Ecotourism accounts for 40-60% of international tourism (depending on the region),

Wildlife tourism accounts for approximately 20-40% of international tourism (depending on the region).

Thus, it is clear that ecotourism is a serious business. It has been established, for example, that in 1988 there were between 157 and 236 million international ecotourists in the world. Of these, between 79 and 157 million were targeted at wildlife tourism.

If we compare these estimates with WTO data, we find that in 1988 ecotourism brought in between $93 and $233 billion. national income various states. It has also been estimated that wildlife tourism generated $47-155 billion in revenue. A more specific form of birdwatching tourism has attracted more than 78 million tourists and generated revenue of about $78 billion.

Moreover, it is argued that these estimates are underestimated by 5-7 times compared to the real situation. This is because international tourism accounts for only 9% of the total number of tourists, while 91% comes from domestic tourism.

But even with such data, it is quite difficult to estimate how much of domestic tourism is ecotourism. It is estimated that wildlife tourism accounts for about 1/4 of all domestic tourism.

If we accept this estimate for other countries, we get that ecotourism (including international and domestic) brings in annually from 660 to 1.2 trillion. $.

Canadian federal and provincial governments receive $1.7 billion annually from wildlife tourism taxes. These revenues are much higher than the 330 million that the government allocates to the wildlife conservation program. The cost-benefit ratio of 1 to 5 may be even higher in many developing countries. Thus, ecotourism can become a serious financial support for environmental activities.
WTO data shows that over the past 20 years there has been a shift in tourism towards developing countries. At the same time, tourists prefer precisely those countries that have the most diverse flora, fauna, ecosystems, and, therefore, have a high potential for the development of ecotourism. This trend is likely to continue, with the most sustainable regions reaping the biggest benefits.

For example, research in Amboseli National Park in Kenya showed that one lion brought in about $27 thousand a year in the early 80s. Now a healthy fluffy lion in this park brings more than $500 thousand into the Kenyan economy. It was estimated that one fluffy lion, shown to tourists, “earns” about $15 thousand in foreign currency during its life, while when used as a resource for sport hunting, it is only $8.5 thousand and $960-1325 when any other commercial use.

The financial value of the national park (associated mainly with tourism) was about $40 per hectare. If this park were used as farmland, its value would be less than $0.80, even with the most advanced farming methods. He also found that one elephant grazing in Amboseli brings in about $610 thousand a year. Bird watching is one of the fastest growing recreational activities in North America, attracting 20-30 million tourists annually. This type of tourism brings about 20 billion to the North American economy. At the same time, the volume of revenue is constantly growing.
However, only the smallest portion of ecotourism income, generated entirely from natural resources, goes towards conservation. The US economy receives about $3 billion annually from tourism associated with visits to national parks, but the bulk of this income still comes from restaurants, hotels, suppliers of gasoline, food and industrial goods. Whereas these funds could be used by parks to protect the environment on their territory. The same can be said about any other country. As noted above, tourism cannot be called ecological until it provides the necessary protection to the environment. This is one of the reasons why the Australian government charges tour fees. operators organizing tours to the Great Barrier Reef, which goes to protect it.

Income, however, is not the only outcome of tourism. And no amount of money will help protect the park until the root causes of environmental degradation are addressed. The greatest harm is caused to the park by the local population, who use its natural resources. Traditional rural activities such as hunting and farming should be limited or prohibited near the protected area. One of the options to solve this problem is to provide sufficient income for the local population through the development of tourism.

The most popular activities of ecotourists are hiking, bird watching, filming and photography, eco-safari, accommodation in tent camps, mountain visits and mountaineering, fishing, water tourism, botanical excursions, archaeological and paleontological tourism, speleotourism, observation of exotic butterflies.

Subject to proper development, ecotourism can play a role in resolving the current socio-ecological crisis. It promotes the conservation of nature and traditional cultures. Increasing demand in this tourism sector leads to the creation of new specially protected natural areas, primarily national and natural parks. Eco-tourism brings significant income to the state budget. This is especially true for developing countries. For their weak economy, the several billion dollars that ecotourism brings to the coffers of all developing countries is a lot of money. In many territories, ecotourism can become a field of specialization, representing a competitive alternative to environmentally destructive economic activities.

Conclusion:

Our country has vast territories with untouched nature. Unfortunately, until recently, the development of ecotourism in Russia proceeded mainly at the amateur level. Now we are entering many world markets, including the tourism market. The development of eco-tourism can preserve the natural beauty of unique areas.

Conclusion

Analysis of the impacts of tourism on recreational resources in places visited by tourists is closely dependent on the concentration of tourists and transport in space and time (seasonality). These impacts are the result of the intensive use of water and land in the operation of tourism and entertainment facilities, energy supply and consumption, landscape changes due to the creation of infrastructure, construction of buildings and structures, air pollution and waste generation, compaction and covering of soils (damage and destruction of vegetation) and damage to fauna and local populations (for example, noise). The increase in the number of tourists visiting sensitive natural habitats, which is intensified by the development of rural tourism, may threaten the conservation of nature. Conflicts may also arise between tourism development and other sectors such as agriculture and forestry.

The uncontrolled development of tourism over the past decades has led to a sharp deterioration in environmental quality. It must be recalled that the general state of the environment, despite various measures, will deteriorate. Pressure on nature will increase. For example, China's population is projected to reach one and a half billion by 2050. But at the same time, oddly enough, an improvement in the standard of living of the masses of people is predicted, which stimulates the desire to travel to fashionable (very limited in space) places. In the above, the word “uncontrolled” is very important and productive: Tourism as an industry must switch to controlled development.

There needs to be a change in people's interests. This change will lead to redistribution and fragmentation of tourist flows, and this will inevitably lead to a reduction in the harmful impact of people on nature. Ecotourism, the essence of which is the desire to minimize environmental change, can play an important role in this process, and its organization is initially based on the desire for savings and control.

Literature

Basic and additional literature:

1. Kozlov V.N., Filippovich L.S., Chalaya I.P. and others. Recreational resources of the USSR: Problems of rational use. M.: Nauka, 1990. 168 p.

2. Kosolapov A.B. Theory and practice of recreational environmental management. Vladivostok: DVGAEU, 2001. 120 p.

3. Fomin F.F. Resorts of the Far East. Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book Publishing house, 1978. 191 p.

4. Some aspects of recreational research and green building. Vladivo stock: Far Eastern Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1989.168 p. (collection of scientific works).

5. Prelovsky V.I. Recreational-geographical characteristics natural conditions DV // Research. And design Landscapes of the Far East and Siberia. Issue 3.1998.

6. Prelovsky V.I. Assessment of recreational suitability and picturesqueness of forest landscapes in the south of the Far East. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1995. 140 p.

7. Rodichkin I.D. Man, environment, rest. Kyiv: Vudivilnik, 1977. 160 p.

8. Seledets V.P., Kosolapov A.B. Vegetation and tourism. Vladivostok: DVGAU, 2000. 100 p.

9. Smetanin A.N. Nature of Kamchatka. Vlad-k: DVGAU, 1993. 271 p.

10. Urusov V.M., Chipizubova M.N. Vegetation of the Kuril Islands: issues of dynamics and origin. Vlad-k, 2000. 303 p.

11. Chizhovo V.P. Recreational loads in recreation areas. M.: Lesn. Prom, 1977. 49 p.

12. Chudaeva V.A., Chudaev O.V., Chelnokov A.N. and others. Mineral waters of Primorye. Vlad-k: Dalnauka, 1999.

Application

Table No. 1. Geographical distribution of World Cultural Heritage sites

Table No. 2. Total water resources of Russia

Table No. 3. Structure of the system of specially protected natural areas of the Russian Federation

Monuments of history and culture and their varieties. The group of historical and cultural recreational resources includes historical monuments, historical architectural monuments, monuments of modern architecture, unique structures, sports culture. The historical and cultural potential of the material and spiritual monuments of the people is very important for shaping the worldview of the people to satisfy material, including tourist needs. Some countries, for example Italy France, generate a significant portion of the income from recreational...

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Introduction

Historical and cultural tourist resources are a set of monuments of material and spiritual culture created in the process of historical development of a certain territory, which are objects of tourist interest. The group of historical and cultural recreational resources includes historical monuments, historical architectural monuments, monuments of modern architecture, unique cultural and sports facilities.

The historical and cultural potential, material and spiritual monuments of the people are very important for shaping the worldview of the people, for satisfying material, including tourist, needs. In developed countries of the world, this tourism resource is actively used to make a profit. Some countries, for example, Italy, France, receive a significant part of the income generated by the recreational industry from the skillful exploitation of historical and cultural potential. This is facilitated by a large number of monuments, their high artistic value, good preservation, skillful organization of tourist services World-famous historical and cultural monuments Rome, Venice, Florence, and Paris attract hundreds of thousands of tourists every year.

The purpose of this work is to study cultural historical recreational resources. In this regard, the tasks are:

• Cultural and historical recreational resources

1. Cultural and historical recreational resources: essence, classification and stages of assessment

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which represent the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities; on this basis, they optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. Material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material assets of society at each historical stage of its development, and spiritual ones cover the totality of society’s achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and public life, in work and everyday life.

In fact, not all heritage of the past belongs to cultural and historical resources. These include only those cultural and historical objects that have been studied and assessed by scientific methods as having social significance and can be used, given the existing technical and material capabilities, to satisfy the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are distinguished by the greatest attractiveness and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types 1 : history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.

Historical monuments. These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.

Archeological monuments. These are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

Monuments of urban planning and architecture. The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related ones works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art, landscape art, suburban landscapes.

Art monuments. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

Documentary monuments. These are acts of government and administrative bodies, other written and graphic documents, film, photo and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, and rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore sights, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.

All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups: movable and immovable.

The first group consists of monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology according to recreational significance. The basis of the typology is the informational essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of a given type, cognitive and educational significance.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more inspection time, since they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as a general plan accompanying the excursion, a background that is covered at one glance without a detailed examination.

1. Monuments of history and culture and their varieties

Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various denominations (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.

Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to religious complexes can be carried out by different groups for different purposes. There are several forms of such travel.

Excursion trips acquaintance with monasteries as objects of Russian culture, with their artistic merits.

Religious Tour 2 excursion of believers who visit holy places, worship local saints, and can take part in divine services. At the same time, tourists are introduced to the history of the monastery, to the clergy who glorified the monastery with their deeds, to the architecture and other artistic merits of this cultural complex.

Pilgrimage journey of believers to holy places, caused by the idea that in such places prayer is more effective. Religious people, making a pilgrimage to holy places, stay there for several days, during which they live in a monastery, where they venerate the holy relics, perform divine services with the monks, eat in the monastery refectory, and help the monks with housework or construction work.

Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as country palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the kremlins and boyars' chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (public places, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, houses of governors), buildings of theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built with funds from patrons of the arts according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamsk road race for royalty, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which are now part of the cities or stand along old roads. Industrial architecture includes factory buildings, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles.

Archaeological sites. Archaeological sites include villages, burial mounds, rock paintings, earthworks, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations from the earliest periods. Archaeological sites are of interest to specialists: historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological exhibitions.

Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum exhibitions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.

Museum exhibitions contain collections of folk costumes, items of peasant life and folk art, characteristic of the population of certain regions. They introduce tourists to the historical past.

Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethnocultural and sociocultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways of life, customs and forms of environmental management are most fully preserved.

Folk crafts. Folk crafts historically belong to the most ancient forms of art. Their roots lie in peasant life and folk crafts. Some types of artistic crafts originated in church art and in noble landowner culture. Hand-patterned knitting, weaving and embroidery originate in peasant life. Blacksmithing, carpentry, wood carving, printed fabrics, and many types of pottery are associated with village crafts. Over time, emerging in individual villages, these crafts, spreading throughout entire regions, turned into crafts.

Those types of folk crafts that were in demand among privileged customers arose in the cities: Kholmogory bone carving, Veliky Ustyug blackened silver. Particularly exquisite types of embroidery developed in the landowner workshops: Mstera white satin stitch or Nizhny Novgorod guipure.

Crafts were traditionally represented in monasteries: blacksmithing, carpentry, carpentry in men's monasteries, icon painting and jewelry making, in women's monasteries they practiced artistic embroidery, created embroidered icons, shrouds, air (veils), etc.

The role of folk crafts in the cultural potential of tourism is extremely great. Folk art centers 3 these are not only objects of educational tourism, but also the basis of the souvenir industry.

1. Historical and cultural potential and methods for assessing it

Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial sites, folk crafts, museums, that is, combinations of objects of material and spiritual culture.

Each era leaves its mark, which is discovered in cultural layers during archaeological excavations. But places where people lived for a long time keep more traces of material culture.

In general, among the cultural heritage monuments we can highlight:

Archaeological monuments;

Religious and civil architecture;

Monuments of landscape architecture;

Small and large historical cities;

Typical rural settlements;

Museums, theaters, exhibition halls, etc.;

Objects of ethnography, folk arts and crafts;

Technical complexes and structures.

The historical and cultural potential includes the entire sociocultural environment with traditions and customs, features of everyday and economic activities. Tourists, visiting a particular country, perceive cultural complexes as a whole.

Nature is also an integral part of cultural complexes: in cities these are parks and squares, green spaces in courtyards and on the streets; in rural areas personal plots; in ancient estates and monasteries landscaped man-made landscape parks and gardens.

The assessment of cultural complexes for recreational purposes is carried out using two main methods:

1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture. It is carried out by expert means: objects of global, federal, regional and local significance are established;

2) necessary and sufficient time for inspection. This method allows you to compare different territories according to the prospects of their historical and cultural potential for tourism.

For cultural complexes, as well as for natural ones, important characteristics are reliability and capacity.

The reliability of cultural complexes is determined by two factors: resistance to recreational loads and the stability of its compliance with the value criteria formed among the population.

The first factor determines how much tourist flow a given cultural complex can withstand.

The second factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in a given cultural site.

The capacity of a cultural complex is determined by the duration of the period during which tourists can perceive the information contained in it, and depends on two factors: the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, which are distinguished by significant individuality and have a certain limit.

Cultural heritage part of the territory’s tourism and recreational potential

Tourist development of cultural heritage has not only economic significance, but also educational significance. Excursion tourism is a specific means of spiritual self-enrichment of the individual, aesthetic pleasure, environmental education, and patriotic education of generations.

1. Natural and cultural heritage in tourism

The totality of natural and anthropogenic objects and the factors they generate of vacation, health, cultural and other properties that can arouse tourist interest are tourism resources the national heritage of the CIS member states. This is stated in the Recommendatory Legislative Act 5 “On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism,” 1994. This formulation can be expanded to all countries of the world.

The leading role in the coordination and standardization of cultural and tourism activities throughout the world belongs to UNESCO and the WTO. Particularly noteworthy are the UNESCO conventions and recommendations for the protection of cultural heritage, which served as the basis for the priority development of cultural tourism throughout the world. The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted at the XVII session of the General Conference of UNESCO on November 16, 1972 and entered into force on December 17, 1975. Its main goal is to attract the efforts of the world community to preserve unique cultural and natural sites. In 1975, the Convention was ratified by 21 states; over the 25 years of its existence, another 137 states acceded to it, and currently the total number of states parties to the Convention has exceeded 160. About the significance

What is new in the above definition is the intangible heritage, which includes folklore, crafts, technical and other traditional professions, entertainment, folk festivals, ceremonies, religious rites and rituals, as well as traditional sports, etc.

Based on the principles of the Charter of Cultural Tourism adopted at the International Seminar on Tourism (1976), the following classification of the use of cultural heritage is proposed:

Assets mainly used by tourists (festivals, performances, monuments, etc.);

Mixed-use property (less significant historical monuments and museums, theaters, places visited by excursionists, nature reserves, etc.);

Assets mainly used by the local population (religious and civil buildings, cinemas, libraries, etc.).

You can read about World Heritage Sites in the following publications:

1. Maksakovsky V.P. World cultural heritage. M., 2003.

2. Kisel V.P. World Heritage Monuments. Mn., 2003.

To ensure effective cooperation between various organizations in the field of culture and tourism, mutual awareness of the main areas of joint work is necessary.

Eastern Michigan University of Tourism and Travel has developed a concept of adequate tourism based on the preservation and use of the national heritage and traditions of the area.

According to this concept, tourism is adequate if it is based on the unique resources of an area and actively contributes to the preservation and rational use of its cultural, historical and natural heritage. There are 4 principles of adequate tourism:

1) active assistance in preserving the heritage of the area - cultural, historical and natural;

2) emphasizing and highlighting the uniqueness of the area’s heritage relative to other regions;

3) creating a sense of pride and responsibility for the unique heritage among the local population;

4) development of a tourism development program based on the use of the unique heritage of the area.

Of more than 730 UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites, only 12 are located on Russian territory, which does not correspond to its huge area, diversity of natural environment, ancient and glorious history, and contribution to world culture 6 .

At the same time, natural heritage sites (with one exception) are located in the Asian part of the country, and cultural heritage sites are located in the European part. Meanwhile, in the vastness of Siberia, a number of cultural and historical sites are older than those of the New World, and the natural landscapes of the North of the European part, the Urals, and the North Caucasus are no less valuable than the American sites that are included in the UNESCO list.

However, objects already included in the List, located within Russia, are capable of attracting significant flows of tourists, domestic and foreign, to a much greater extent than at present. In the European part of the country those World Heritage sites that are of interest for educational tourism are concentrated.

These objects are located at a considerable distance from each other, which makes it preferable to organize their itinerary visits. There is an opportunity to simultaneously visit those natural monuments that are not included in World Heritage, but are a national treasure.

1. Historical, cultural and natural potential in the international tourism system

Of particular interest to tourists are outstanding monuments of natural and cultural heritage. Such monuments include objects included in the special list of UNESCO (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization of the United Nations). The number of objects included in the list is constantly growing.

There is a system of conditions and criteria for including objects in this list. These criteria, as well as the types of cultural and natural sites, are included in the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (adopted in 1972, Russia acceded to it in 1988). UNESCO's recommendations on cultural and natural heritage sites are provided by ICOMOS (established in 1965) International Council regarding monuments and places of interest.

Monuments may include works of architecture, monumental sculpture and painting, elements and structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and groups of elements that are of outstanding universal value from a historical, scientific or artistic point of view.

Ensembles are groups of isolated or combined architectural structures whose unity or connection with the landscape is of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, science or art.

Places of interest may include objects that are the work of man or the work of nature and man, as well as areas, including archaeological sites, of outstanding historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological value.

Natural heritage in the Convention refers to three types of objects 7 :

Natural monuments consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, having outstanding universal value from the point of view of aesthetics and science;

Geological and physiographic formations and precisely defined areas representing the range of threatened animal and plant species of outstanding universal value from a scientific or conservation point of view;

Natural sites or strictly defined natural areas of outstanding universal value from a scientific, conservation or natural beauty point of view.

In addition to monuments of cultural and natural heritage, there are also mixed monuments of cultural and natural heritage.

The historical and cultural study of certain regional geographic territories includes several practically obligatory stages:

1) study of the civil and military history of the object, identifying the influence of the historical factor on the formation of the object;

2) study of the historical and architectural aspect of the development of a tourist site;

3) identification of the main architectural styles;

4) study of the most important and interesting architectural monuments for tourists;

5) studying the process of development of spiritual culture;

6) characteristics of the main stages of development of spiritual culture and its most important monuments;

7) study of the creativity of the largest representatives of culture and art of the country, region, city.

Conclusion

In order for tourism to begin to develop in any region, it is necessary to have tourist resources there, primarily recreational resources.

Recreational resources are the basis of the sphere of tourism and recreational activities in general, since these resources are the direct object around which and on the basis of which tourism and recreational activities are built. Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational, cultural-historical and natural-aesthetic.

Recreational resources are used to organize recreation and health improvement for people using existing technologies and the natural capabilities of the recreational area.

The degree of development of a recreational zone and the amount of attractive recreational resources entails the popularity or, conversely, lack of demand for a particular area.

In Russia, based on the territorial division into recreational zones, we can talk about different degrees of development of territories. It is also worth noting the country’s wealth of unique natural and cultural monuments.

Russia is a large and diverse country. Recreational areas of Russia complement each other. This is precisely what attracts people most to Russia - richness and diversity.

Bibliography

1. Alisov N.V., Khoreev B.S. - Economic and social geography of the world - Moscow, 2000.
2. Bogolyubova S. A. Ecological and economic assessment of recreational resources: textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions / S. A. Bogolyubova. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2009. - 256 p.
3. Zatinatskaya N.S. Economic assessment natural resources (methodological approaches and concepts) // Vavilov Readings 2006. - Saratov; Saratov Agrarian University named after. N.I. Vavilova, 2006. - P. 128 - 133.
4. Ismayev D.K. The main activity of a travel agency (using the example of the Russian travel industry). M.: LLC "Knigodel": MATGR, 2005. 158 p.
5. Kuskov A.S., Odintsova T.N., Golubeva V.L. Recreational geography. M: Flint Publishing House, 2005. - 493 p.
6. Prelovsky V.I. Recreational-geographical characteristics of natural conditions in the Far East // Research. And design Landscapes of the Far East and Siberia. Issue 3.1998.
7. Rodichkin I.D. Man, environment, rest. Kyiv: Vudivilnik, 1977. 160 p.

1 Mironenko N.S., Tverdokhlebov I.T. Recreational geography. - M.: MSU, 2001. 208

2 Kharlamova, N.F. Recreational geography: tutorial/ N.F. Kharlamov. - Barnaul: Alt Publishing House. Univ., 2010. - Part I. - 116 p.

3 Kharlamova, N.F. Recreational geography: textbook / N.F. Kharlamov. - Barnaul: Alt Publishing House. Univ., 2010. - Part I. - 116 p.

4 Pirozhnik I.I. Fundamentals of the geography of tourism and excursion services. - Minsk: Publishing house "University", 2005.

5 Pirozhnik I.I. Fundamentals of the geography of tourism and excursion services. - Minsk: Publishing house "University", 2005.

6 Maksakovsky V.P. World cultural heritage. M., 2003

7 Kharlamova, N.F. Recreational geography: textbook / N.F. Kharlamov. - Barnaul: Alt Publishing House. Univ., 2010. - Part I. - 116 p.

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