MBOU "Atabaev secondary school named after

hero Russian Federation Akhmetshin Marat Radikovich"

Laishevsky municipal district

Republic of Tatarstan

Essay on the topic "Corruption, its negative impact on society"

Completed by: 8th grade studentKhabibullina Razilya Ramilevna, 13 years old

Teacher: Vafina Ferdaniya Borisovna,

Russian teacher and

literature

Atabayevo 2017

Our life is a huge and complex world. A world where there is love and a holy sense of comradeship, and right next to it - malice and cruelty, humiliation and injustice. Just like a coin has two sides, so our country has its flaws. Among them, a special place is occupied by illegality and offenses, bribery and corruption. But your future, Motherland, is in our hands. And it also depends on me that it be bright and great.

Corruption... This is a terrible word for negative aspects public life. This word makes us involuntarily think, why does this phenomenon still exist in this world, why does it still form an integral part of our life? It seems to me that corruption is a disease of our society, our country, economy. We must fight it!

If you study the roots of corruption, you can understand that they go deep into antiquity. The theme of corruption has been found since the time of biblical texts. Moreover, many authors speak bitterly about its presence and harm.For example, such great masters as Shakespeare, Chaucer, Dante worked on this theme. In their works, they showed their dislike for corruption, dissatisfaction with the higher authorities, which do not take any action on this matter. Among well-known Western thinkers, Nicolo Machiavelli paid the most attention to this topic. He compares corruption to consumption, which at first is difficult to recognize, but easier to treat, and if it is neglected, then "although it is easy to recognize, it is difficult to cure." This comparison is very relevant today.

To our great regret, Russia is no exception. Its corrupt relationships are also centuries old. In Soviet times, a decree "On bribery" was adopted, the term "corruption" was not used then, but instead the term "abuse of official position" was used. Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree "On Measures to Combat Corruption", tightened control over corruption and tightened the fight against it. Despite the fact that the state apparatus is trying to fight this horror, I think that tough measures are indispensable here. Initially, the reform must be carried out "from top to bottom", the attempts of the authorities to eliminate corruption without "cleansing" the authorities themselves will not lead to positive results. Take even the officials, in my opinion, this class of society has no respect from the people. There are a lot of them, and they do not do what they should do, that is, work for people. It often happens that the bureaucratic system creates new difficulties and obstacles that do not make life easier, but greatly complicate the life of the people. The administration is those people who are ready to do everything, if only they would be ticked off by higher authorities.

In our Republic, the fight against corruption has been, is and will continue until positive results are achieved. President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov and Head of Administration of the Laishevsky Municipal District Mikhail Afanasyev pay serious attention to this issue. The government passes new laws on corruption almost every year, and they become more and more strict every year. But, despite this, we still have loopholes for very "enterprising" people who use their official position to receive bribes. This practice is widespread everywhere, officials in charge of property relations are especially corrupt, as well as medicine and education. I heard that even when passing state exams, there were cases of getting high USE scores for taking a bribe. I heard that there are also students who buy almost every exam and test. And as a result, the state receives "fake" specialists who do not have the necessary knowledge.Now corruption is gaining such strength, which will soon be impossible to resist. It seems to me that corruption leads the state to huge costs and losses.

And still,I think corruption can and should be fought. And first of all, everyone must start this struggle with himself. After all, if no one gives bribes, then there will be no one to take them. And I also think that decent, honest people should be in power. And for this it is necessary to conduct a tougher selection of officials and tougher punishment for bribery. It is necessary to create such conditions for officials that it would be beneficial for them not to take bribes.The fight against this crime will be effective when they study the causes, forms and methods of corruption, develop and adopt appropriate laws, carry out constant international cooperation and intensify propaganda and educational activities among citizens.

I sincerely believe that it is possible to educate a generation that will have a negative attitude towards corruption. It is possible that it is we, the new generation, the youth, who will be able to find the way to a bright future in which there is no corruption, and then we will live in peace, dignity and prosperity!

Tamimdarova Alina

In the essay, the author examines the meaning of the word corruption, its impact on society, what kind of people should be in power. Refers to the works of D.I. Fonvizin and N.V. Gogol: considers the position of the authors in relation to this problem in the comedy "Undergrowth" and "The Government Inspector". It is at school that decency, honesty, kindness of heart should be laid in order to eradicate this evil in our life.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution "Kamskopolyanskaya secondary school No. 2 with in-depth study of individual subjects"

The writing

Corruption, its negative impact on society

Performed

9 B class student

Tamimdarova Alina,

15 years.

Supervisor:

Russian language teacher

And literature

Kuzmina E. V.

Kamskiye Polyany, 2017

Corruption is the abuse of office, giving a bribe, accepting a bribe, abuse of power, commercial bribery or other illegal use by an individual of his or her official position contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits. That is, corruption is any illegal action carried out for personal gain - this is how I understand the definition of corruption.

Today, the problem of corruption is relevant in our country. Unfortunately, it has a negative impact on society. What can bribery and bribery teach children? The younger generation should see clear examples of honest, incorruptible, just government. The state must show what actions should not be committed, and for which they should be punished, how to solve all kinds of political, economic, judgments how to govern a country. Therefore, it is so important that honest, decent, incorruptible people stand in power in the country, who will not change their minds even for big money.

So, for example, D.I. Fonvizin in his comedy "Undergrowth" draws attention to the despotism of autocratic power and serfdom. The author is dissatisfied with the system of education and upbringing of "underage" that existed in the era of Catherine's reign. He came to the conclusion that the evil itself lies in the feudal system and demanded a fight against this evil, pinning his hopes on the "enlightened" monarchy and the advanced part of the nobility. Starodum appears in comedy as a preacher of enlightenment and education. “Have a heart, have a soul, and you will be a man at all times,” such is the life position of Starodum. That is, first of all, you need to live according to the law of duty, honor, justice, serve the fatherland, strive to be useful to your fellow citizens. And with people like Mrs. Prostakova, the author believes, to be tougher, to punish with the severity of the law, her estate is taken into custody! My opinion coincides with Fonvizin, and in the modern world it is necessary to punish evil by confiscation of property, deprivation of wages, bonuses ...

In the famous comedy N.V. Gogol's "Inspector General" before us is a whole gallery of bribe-takers. “I decided to put together everything bad in Russia that I knew then ... and laugh at everything at once,” the author defined the idea of ​​his comedy. Using the power of laughter to its fullest, Gogol creates a whole "corporation of various service thieves and robbers." And speaking surnames, and speech characteristics, and author's remarks

serve to reveal the main idea - to denounce the lawlessness and servility that is being created according to

throughout Russia. Bribery is the norm here, the main thing is to take as much as it should be "according to rank." The judge “honestly” admits that he takes bribes, but with greyhound puppies, and this is “no longer a bribe” ...

It is impossible for us to live according to those laws, when the bureaucratic machine of Russia has formed the psychology of an official. The true dignity of a person, especially a doctor, an official, is in incorruptibility, and not in the wolf law of the world of swindlers and bribe-takers. It is this position of N.V. Gogol, in my opinion, that should be brought up from the school bench. After all, that's what we're talking about in class. We must remember these truths so that we do not live in fear and shame all our lives.

In modern times, it is necessary to teach how to fight corruption from school. To educate children in honesty and decency is the task of all schools. After all, it is from school that we take out all the basic knowledge and concepts about life. It is in school that children learn to live. They just need to be directed in the right direction.

Thus, I tried to reveal the essence of the problem of corruption and its impact on society.

The modern relevance of the topic of corruption is associated with a variety of its consequences. In addition to a direct impact on economic processes, corruption has access to the socio-political space. There are different points of view as to what exactly this influence consists of.

The negative impact of corruption. The Swedish economist G. Myrdal, the founder of economic studies of corruption, summarizing the experience of modernization of the Third World countries, branded in the 1960s. corruption as one of the main obstacles to economic development. This position is shared by many modern researchers who blame corruption for the following negative economic consequences:

funds accumulated with the help of bribes often go out of active economic circulation and end up in the form of real estate, treasures, savings (moreover, in foreign banks);

entrepreneurs are forced to spend time on dialogue with deliberately picky officials, even if they manage to avoid bribes;

inefficient projects are supported, inflated budgets are financed, inefficient contractors are selected;

corruption stimulates the creation of an excessive number of instructions, in order to then “help” to comply with them for an additional fee;

from public service leave qualified personnel, morally not accepting the system of bribes;

obstacles arise for the implementation of the macroeconomic policy of the state, since the corrupt lower and middle levels of the management system distort the information transmitted to the government and subordinate the implementation of the intended goals to their own interests;

corruption deforms the structure public spending because corrupt politicians and officials tend to direct state resources to areas where strict control is impossible and where there is a higher opportunity to extort bribes;

increased costs for entrepreneurs (especially for small firms, more vulnerable to extortionists);

bribes turn into a kind of additional taxation.

As a result, corruption and bureaucratic red tape during registration business documents hinder investment (especially foreign). Thus, it was developed in the 1990s. American economist Paolo Mauro, the model allowed him to conclude that the increase in the "efficiency of the bureaucracy" (an index close to the corruption perception index calculated by Transparency International) by 2.4 points reduces the country's economic growth rate by about 0.5%.

The negative impact of corruption on socio-political processes can be traced in the following:

social injustice is increasing in the form of unfair competition between firms and unjustified redistribution of citizens' incomes. After all, an inefficient firm or even a criminal organization can give a larger bribe. As a result, the incomes of bribe-givers and bribe-takers are growing, while the incomes of law-abiding citizens are decreasing;

corruption in the tax collection system allows the rich to evade them and shifts the tax burden onto poorer citizens;

corruption in the highest echelons of power, becoming public, undermines their credibility and, as a result, casts doubt on their legitimacy;

corrupt managerial personnel are psychologically unprepared to sacrifice their personal interests for the development of society;

corruption discredits justice, since the one who has more money and fewer self-prohibitions is right;

corruption poses a threat to democracy, as it deprives the population of moral incentives to participate in elections;

the slogan of the fight against corruption can legitimize the turn to dictatorship and the rejection of market reforms;

corruption in the apparatuses responsible for law enforcement (army, police, courts) allows organized crime to expand its "predatory" activities in the private sector and even create a symbiosis between organized crime and these organizations;

corrupt regimes never enjoy the "love" of citizens, and therefore they are politically unstable. The reputation of the Soviet nomenklatura as a corrupt community largely legitimized the fall of the Soviet order. Since, however, in post-Soviet Russia, the Soviet level of corruption was many times exceeded, this became one of the factors for the low authority of the government of B.N. Yeltsin in the eyes of most Russians.

Positive function of corruption. Participants in discussions on corruption suggested that corruption has not only negative, but also positive consequences. One of the first to point this out at the beginning of the 20th century. famous German sociologist Max Weber. Rejecting the previously widespread tradition of moralizing, he showed the place of corruption in the process of formation of a rational bureaucracy as a historically transient form of government. Thus, the basis of a functional approach was laid, which considers corruption as a mechanism for relieving tension between emerging and obsolete norms.

Modern economists, supporters of the institutional approach, often tend to partially justify corruption from a functional point of view - as an opportunity to redistribute the resources of the old elite in favor of the new one, avoiding a direct clash between them. Corruption is seen by them as a rational alternative to the armed struggle for power. Corruption is the greater, the more radical the change in the social course, the more distinct the divergence of the norms and intentions of the outgoing and emerging orders. On the example of first developing, and then developed countries the positive contribution of corruption to the plasticity and conflict-free transformation of institutions was shown.

Thanks to this approach, corruption appeared not as a variant of deviant behavior, but as a discrepancy between previously formed norms and behavior patterns caused by new conditions.

Other “virtues” are also found in corruption:

mediating the dialogue between living people and a faceless state;

giving the dialogue of official positions the form of personified relations;

stimulating entrepreneurship by removing a number of bureaucratic prohibitions;

acceleration of the administrative machine;

reducing the uncertainty in the price of resources distributed by the state, due to the predictability of a bribe;

identification of the real correlation of supply and demand for public goods and services for subsequent price adjustments.

The modern relevance of the topic of corruption is associated with a variety of its consequences. In addition to a direct impact on economic processes, corruption has access to the socio-political space. There are different points of view as to what exactly this influence consists of.

The negative impact of corruption. The Swedish economist G. Myrdal, the founder of economic studies of corruption, summarizing the experience of modernization of the Third World countries, branded in the 1960s. corruption as one of the main obstacles to economic development.

This position is shared by many modern researchers who blame corruption as follows:

negative economic consequences:

• funds accumulated with the help of bribes often go out of active economic circulation and settle in the form of real estate, treasures, savings (moreover, in foreign banks);
• entrepreneurs are forced to spend time on dialogue with deliberately picky officials, even if they manage to avoid bribes;
• inefficient projects are supported, inflated budgets are financed, inefficient contractors are selected;
• corruption stimulates the creation of an excessive number of instructions, in order to then “help” to comply with them for an additional fee;
• qualified personnel leaving the civil service, morally not accepting the system of bribes;
• obstacles arise for the implementation of the macroeconomic policy of the state, since the corrupt lower and middle levels of the management system distort the information transmitted to the government and subordinate the implementation of the intended goals to their own interests;
• corruption distorts the structure of public spending, as corrupt politicians and officials tend to direct public resources into areas where strict control is impossible and where there is a higher opportunity to extort bribes;
• increased costs for entrepreneurs (especially for small firms, more vulnerable to extortionists);
• bribes turn into a kind of additional taxation.

As a result, corruption and bureaucratic red tape in the preparation of business documents hinder investment (especially foreign). Thus, it was developed in the 1990s. the American economist Paolo Mauro, the model allowed him to make a hypothetical conclusion that the growth of the "efficiency of the bureaucracy" (an index close to the calculated

Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index) by 2.4 points reduces the country's economic growth rate by about 0.5%.

Negative impact of corruption on socio-political processes traced to the following:

• social injustice is increasing in the form of unfair competition between firms and unjustified redistribution of citizens' incomes. After all, an inefficient firm or even a criminal organization can give a larger bribe. As a result, the incomes of bribe-givers and bribe-takers are growing, while the incomes of law-abiding citizens are decreasing;
• corruption in the tax collection system allows the rich to evade them and shifts the tax burden onto poorer citizens;
• corruption in the highest echelons of power, becoming public, undermines their credibility and, as a result, casts doubt on their legitimacy;
• corrupt managerial personnel are psychologically unprepared to sacrifice their personal interests for the development of society;
• corruption discredits justice, since the one who has more money and fewer self-prohibitions is right;
• corruption poses a threat to democracy, as it deprives the population of moral incentives to participate in elections;
• the slogan of the fight against corruption can legitimize the turn to dictatorship and the rejection of market reforms;
• corruption in the apparatuses responsible for law enforcement (army, police, courts) allows organized crime to expand its "predatory" activities in the private sector and even create a symbiosis between organized crime and these organizations;
• corrupt regimes never enjoy the "love" of citizens, and therefore they are politically unstable. The reputation of the Soviet nomenklatura as a corrupt community largely legitimized the fall of the Soviet order. Since, however, in post-Soviet Russia, the Soviet level of corruption was many times exceeded, this became one of the factors for the low authority of the government of B.N. Yeltsin in the eyes of most Russians.

Positive function of corruption. Participants in discussions on corruption suggested that corruption has not only negative, but also positive consequences. One of the first to point this out at the beginning of the 20th century. famous German sociologist Max Weber. Rejecting the previously widespread tradition of moralizing, he showed the place of corruption in the process of formation of a rational bureaucracy as a historically transient form of government. Thus, the basis of a functional approach was laid, which considers corruption as a mechanism for relieving tension between emerging and obsolete norms.

Modern economists, supporters of the institutional approach, often tend to

partial justification of corruption from a functional point of view- as an opportunity to redistribute the resources of the old elite in favor of the new one, avoiding a direct clash between them. Corruption is seen as

rational alternative to armed struggle for power. Corruption is the greater, the more radical the change in the social course, the more distinct the divergence of the norms and intentions of the outgoing and emerging orders. On the example of first developing and then developed countries, the positive contribution of corruption to the plasticity and conflict-free transformation of institutions was shown.

Thanks to this approach, corruption appeared not as a variant of deviant behavior, but as

discrepancy between previously formed norms and behavior patterns caused by new conditions.

Other “virtues” are also found in corruption:

• mediating the dialogue between living people and a faceless state;
• giving the dialogue of official positions the form of personified relations;
• stimulating entrepreneurship by removing a number of bureaucratic prohibitions;
• acceleration of the administrative machine;
• reducing the uncertainty in the price of resources distributed by the state, due to the predictability of a bribe;
• identification of the real correlation of supply and demand for public goods and services for subsequent price adjustments.

However, the impact of corruption on economic growth depends on its scale. A small amount of corruption is apparently acceptable and even beneficial, but its prevalence above a certain limit blocks economic development.

According to the logic of the functionalists, corruption dies out by itself as the confrontation between the two normative systems weakens, when new rules replace the old ones and one elite replaces the other. But this conclusion is not supported by the facts of Russia's development in the 1990s-2000s.

In many developing countries, corruption did not decrease after the completion of the modernization spurt. In post-Soviet Russia, with the end of the period of turbulent socio-political and economic change also, there was no disappearance or drastic reduction of corruption. Doubts have arisen about the legitimacy of the idea of ​​the withering away of corruption as its functionality, understood as the ability to reconcile competing regulatory systems in transition periods, is exhausted.

Topic 3. Legal responsibility for corruption crimes and offenses.

Definitions of corruption and corruption offense

Corruption is

a) abuse of official position, giving a bribe, receiving a bribe, abuse of power, commercial bribery or other illegal use by an individual of his official position contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits in the form of money, valuables, other property or services of a property nature, other property rights for themselves or for third parties, or the illegal provision of such benefits to the specified person by others individuals;

b) the commission of the acts specified in subparagraph "a" of this paragraph, on behalf of or in the interests of legal entity;

In the legislation of Russia, there is no unified approach to the definition of the concept of "corruption offense" and its correlation with the concepts of "corruption crime", "corruption offense", "offense that creates conditions for corruption"

A corruption offense is the use by a public person of his public position for private purposes contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits, as well as a violation of normatively established rules designed to prevent corruption. The specified "use" and "violation" entail legal liability established by law.

In this case, the substantive and formal signs of a corruption offense are reasonably taken into account.

The above definitions of a corruption offense can be used as the basis for practical and theoretical activities, however, they need to be clarified in terms of a number of properties of an offense as a specific legal category.

Corruption offense, like any other offense, is characterized by the following features:

Firstly, the offense is committed in the form of an act - action or inaction (intentions cannot be offenses);

Secondly, wrongfulness - offenses are contrary to the requirements legal regulations(commission of actions prohibited by the rule of law or failure by a person to fulfill legal obligations);

Thirdly, the offense causes or creates a threat of harm to public relations and interests protected by the rule of law;

Fourthly, the offense is committed by legally capable persons guilty - intentionally or through negligence;

Fifthly, the offense entails legal liability, established by the sanctions of legal norms and applied to the offender, as a rule, in the form of measures of state coercion.

Legal liability arises as a result of an offense and is a special legal relationship.

Citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons for committing corruption offenses bear criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. (art. 13 federal law dated December 25, 2008 No. 273-FZ "On Combating Corruption")

Criminal liability

Discussed in detail in topic 4

No less negatively corruption affects the economic development of any country. The destructive impact of corruption on the economy is that corruption becomes an obstacle to the implementation of the macroeconomic policy of the state. The fact is that by hitting the lower and middle levels of the management system, bribing their apparatus, corruption paralyzes the activity central government, which ceases to receive reliable information about the real state of affairs in the country's economy, and therefore cannot achieve the intended goals. One of the main negative manifestations of the impact of corruption on economic development is the increase in costs for entrepreneurs (especially for small firms, the most vulnerable to extortionists). Thus, the difficulties of promoting business in countries with developing economies are largely due to the fact that officials force entrepreneurs to often give bribes, which turn into a kind of additional taxation. Even if the entrepreneur is honest and does not give bribes, he suffers from corruption, because he has to spend a lot of time communicating with deliberately picky officials.

The relationship between corruption and the shadow economy is especially destructive. Obviously, any economic activity, not regulated by laws, needs bureaucratic and political protection, which can only be provided illegally, most often through corruption. The demand for illegal activities can often be a consequence of the costs associated with legal registration and organization, using the bureaucracy's powers. Legitimacy means significant fixed costs. In poor countries, the relative size of the shadow economy is more likely to be higher than in rich ones. It is also found that illegal structures have to pay relatively more of their net income (in the form of bribes) than legitimate ones. However, corruption itself is also a reason why firms go underground. Moreover, corruption increases with the growth of the share of the shadow sector in the economy. A positive empirical relationship between corruption and the share of the shadow sector in the economy is confirmed both theoretically and empirically. The shadow economy is one of the main mechanisms by which corruption is deeply entrenched in society. Let us note that corruption fees from the shadow economy go to legal bureaucratic structures. For this reason, it is very beneficial for the bureaucracy to have a large shadow sector and a high degree of corruption in public relations.

Another manifestation of the destructive impact of corruption on the economy is that bureaucratic red tape and bribes in the preparation of business documents make the country's business climate extremely unattractive for foreign investment, which ultimately slows down economic growth. The relationship between corruption and investment is shown in the works of the American economist P. Mauro. He tried to "identify the channels through which corruption and other institutional factors affect economic growth and measure the magnitude of these impacts" 1 . Various indicators were used for this, including 56 investment risk factors for 68 countries. Respondents rated risk factors on a scale of one to ten. Corruption (“the level of involvement of corrupt or questionable payments in business transactions”) was cited as one of the factors. Risk indicators included both "the quality of the judiciary" and "the degree of bureaucratic red tape". P. Mauro's model suggested that a 2.4-point increase in the calculated "bureaucracy efficiency" index (an index close to the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index) reduces the country's economic growth rate by about 0.5%. According to the calculations of another American economist, Shang-Chin Wai, an increase in the corruption index by one point (on a 10-point scale) is accompanied by a 0.9% drop in foreign direct investment. However, it should be noted that there is no strong negative correlation between the level of corruption and the level of economic growth, this relationship is noticeable only as a general pattern, from which

Mauro P. The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure // International Monetary Fund Working Paper. 1996. September. P. 1-28.

there are many exceptions. An example of such an exception is the situation in the countries of Southeast Asia, where, despite the high level of corruption, the volume of foreign investment in their economies is very large. The answer lies in the degree of “predictability” of corruption: if the amount of bribes to be paid is known, then corruption can be perceived as a kind of taxation. If this volume is “unpredictable”, then investors will prefer not to invest in such a risky situation. The influence of corruption on foreign investment, taking into account not only the volume of corruption, but also its "predictability", has recently played a significant role in stimulating investors. However, corrupt contracts do not give a legal right to sue if the terms of the contract are violated, so the investor feels insecure even if corruption is “predictable” and therefore prefers taxes to bribes.

Finally, corruption negatively affects the standard of living. Poor countries tend to be more corrupt than rich ones. This conclusion is confirmed by numerous statistical studies, including a significant negative correlation between GDP per capita and the level of corruption in the country. According to the World Corruption Barometer, a worldwide public opinion poll (Global Corruption Barometer), commissioned by Transparency International, in 2013 levels of bribery were very high around the world, but most citizens believed they could stop corruption, were ready to resist official abuse, secret deals and bribery . Back in 2010, in poor countries like Liberia and Cambodia, nine out of ten people paid a bribe; in the richest countries of the European Union and the United States, this figure was one in twenty.

At the same time, the existing methods of statistical analysis do not reliably identify a causal relationship: does corruption make the country poorer, or does the country's poverty predetermine a high level of corruption? At the same time, an assessment of the impact in 2014 of the value of GDP per capita for 153 countries of the world on the corruption perception index ( CPI) with a satisfactory degree of certainty (R= 0.641) shows the presence of a direct relationship between them ( CP1= 0.8305l; + 31.875). It follows from this that the higher the economic potential of the country, the more value CPI and, accordingly, the situation is more intolerant of corruption manifestations. The question of the relationship between the level of corruption in a country and its economic situation: the more developed the country, the less corruption manifestations in it