Plan for describing Pakistan by geography. Geography of Pakistan: relief, climate, natural features. Soils and flora of Pakistan

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Flag and coat of arms

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Pakistan Map

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General information about the country

• Capital - Islamabad
• Area - 803,940 km²
• Population – 6th in the world, 159,652,399 people.
• Density – 202 people/km²
• GDP - 26th in the world $360.8 billion. Per capita - $2221
• Currency – Pakistani rupee
• Internet domain - .рk
• Telephone code - +92
• Time zone – UTC +5

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Islamabad Faizal Mosque

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Currency – 100 rupees

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Political and economic-geographical position of the country

The form of government is a Presidential Republic, consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier and Balochistan). The head of state is the president, elected by the federal parliament (upper house (Senate) and lower house (National Assembly) for a term of 5 years. The legal branch of government is represented by the Supreme Court (whose members are appointed by the president) and the federal Islamic Sharia court. The government, approved by the president, formed and headed by the prime minister, who usually represents the majority party or coalition in the National Assembly.

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The Senate consists of 100 members elected by members of the lower house of the federal parliament and provincial legislatures on a majority basis. The term of office of the Senate is 6 years. One third of the Senate is renewed every 2 years. The National Assembly consists of 342 deputies, 272 of whom are elected by the population by direct secret ballot using a system of proportional representation for a term of 5 years. 60 seats are provided for women, 10 seats are reserved for representatives of religious minorities.

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Political leaders

• President - Asif Ali Zardari
• Prime Minister - Yusuf Reza Gillani

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Administrative division

• Balochistan
• North-West Border
• Punjab
• Stolichnaya
• Tribes
• Azad-Kashmir
• Northern

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Natural conditions

Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching from southwest to northeast for 1500 km. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished: the lowland east, the mid-mountain west and the high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, slightly indented shores.

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Nature of Pakistan

• The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west it is subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country it is more humid with a clearly defined altitudinal zone.
• The largest river of Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which contains most of the country.

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General characteristics of the population

Ethnic composition: Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, Baluchis, etc. The majority of believers 97% are Muslims (Sunnis 77%, Shiites 20%), Christians, Hindus. The official languages ​​are Urdu and English; at the same time, 60% of the population speaks Punjabi, 16% Pashto, 12% Sindhi. Over 60% of the population is literate, and the higher education system is considered to be of fairly high quality.

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Population of Pakistan

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Sex composition of the population

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The average age of the population is 19.7 years for men and 20.0 years for women. The average life expectancy for men is 61.3 years, for women 63.1 years, total life expectancy is 62.2 years. 39.3% of Pakistan's population are citizens under the age of 14, 56.5% are citizens between 15 and 64 years of age, and 4.2% are over 65 years of age. The plight of women in society leads to their high mortality rate, which is why Pakistan has a male-dominated population. For every 1000 women there are 1047 men.

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Villager of Pakistan

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Education system

There are 2 education systems in Pakistan. The traditional system introduces students to Islamic subjects and provides knowledge of Urdu, Arabic and sometimes also Persian. The most conservative teaching remains in theological schools of madrassas operating at mosques. In the higher schools of this system, dar-ul-ulumah, students receive solid theological training for 5–15 years. As a result, the graduate becomes a respected scientist - an ulema. The two most famous dar-ul-ulums operate in Karachi and Lahore.

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Sectors of international economic specialization

• Pakistan is an agrarian-industrial country. Most of the labor force is employed in agriculture.
• In 1952, the first deposits of natural gas were discovered in Balochistan, but then they were found in Sindh and Punjab. 7 oil fields were discovered. Oil reserves are estimated at 300 million barrels. Other minerals mined include coal, chrome ores, marble, table salt, limestone, uranium, phosphorites, barite, sulfur, precious and semi-precious stones.

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In April 2005, Pakistan began production of its own REWO car. There is also a KAMAZ vehicle assembly plant in Karachi.

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Islamic Republic of Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan Urdu اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان

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Flag of Pakistan On the flag: A white crescent with a five-pointed white star on a green flag. The white vertical stripe at the flagpole. The color green symbolizes the Muslims living in Pakistan. The color white symbolizes non-Muslims. The white crescent and five-pointed star symbolize Islam. The white crescent represents progress, and the white star represents light and knowledge. The country's official flag was adopted after the declaration of independence on August 14, 1947.

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Coat of Arms of Pakistan The predominant color of the coat of arms - green - signifies the sacred history of Pakistan. The shield is a symbol of Pakistan's agriculture and signifies the country's wealth of natural resources. The crescent and star are the main symbols of the Islamic religion and are found wherever it is accepted as the state religion. The floral wreath symbolizes the history of the country. A scroll with the national motto in Urdu language, as it is the national motto of this country. The motto itself is taken from a saying by Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Motto: "Iman, Ittehad, Nazm (Faith, Unity, Discipline)"

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Form of government: Presidential-parliamentary republic Government structure: Mixed federal republic, consisting of 4 provinces

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Currency The monetary unit of Pakistan is the Pakistani rupee (PKR). 1 Pakistani rupee is approximately 60 Russian kopecks. You can exchange currency in Pakistan in banks, shops and private exchange offices. The most popular and easiest to exchange currency is US dollars, followed by euros and British pounds. It may be difficult to exchange other currencies. Try to get as many rupees as possible in small bills, since large ones often have no change.

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The President is the head of state of Pakistan. According to the constitution, the president is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The Electoral College includes deputies of the National Assembly, members of the Senate, and the parliaments of the four provinces. The post of President of Pakistan is traditionally only nominal; real power lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. Incumbent President Mamnoon Hussain Incumbent Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif

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The Pakistani Anthem Qaumi Tarana (Urdu قومی ترانہ, Qaumī Tarāna - "National Anthem") is the national anthem of Pakistan. The music of the anthem was written in 1950 by National Anthem Committee member Akbar Mohammed using words previously created by Jagannath Azad, but was finally approved in 1954 after new words were created. Official text in Urdu: پاک سرزمین شاد باد كشور حسين شاد باد تو نشان عزم ﮔلیشان ! ارض پاکستان مرکز یقین شاد باد پاک سرزمین کا نظام قوت اخوت عوام قوم ، ملک ، سلطنت پائندﻩ تابندﻩ باد شاد باد منزل مراد پرچم ستارہ و ہلال ر ہبر ترقی و کمال ترجمان ماضی شان حال ! English translation: Blessed be the sacred Land Happy be the bounteous realm Symbol of high resolve Land of Pakistan Blessed be thou, Citadel of Faith The Order of this Sacred Land Is the might of the Brotherhood of the People May the nation , the country, and the state Shine in glory everlasting Blessed be the goal of our ambition This Flag of the Crescent and Star Leads the way to progress and perfection Interpreter of our past, glory of our present Inspiration of our future Symbol of the Almighty's protection

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FGP Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching from southwest to northeast for 1500 km. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished - the lowland east, the mid-mountain west and the high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, slightly indented shores. It borders Afghanistan, India, Iran and China. The main river is the Indus with its tributary Pajnad.

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EGP and PGP EGP of Pakistan is not very profitable, because... military tension on the borders with India, strong competition from suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products from neighboring countries. Access to the Arabian Sea and the most important land transport routes contribute to economic development, but only in places located along these routes. Pakistan shares borders with backward (Afghanistan) and developing (Iran, India and China) countries. China is a member of the SCO. The state of Kashmir, captured from India, is a hotbed of conflict. Neighboring Afghanistan is also not calm. Pakistan has atomic weapons. There are no foreign bases. Pakistan does not participate in disarmament programs; on the contrary, it is building up its military potential. Exports: textiles, rice, leather goods, carpets. The main buyers are the USA 15.8%, Afghanistan 8.1%, UAE 7.9%, China 7.3%, UK 4.3%, Germany 4.2%. Imports - oil, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel, tea. The main suppliers are the UAE 16.3%, Saudi Arabia 12.2%, China 11.6%, Kuwait 8.4%, Singapore 7.1%, Malaysia 5%. Port City - Karachi Pakistan is a developing agro-industrial country, one of the eleven countries that, along with the BRICS countries, have the greatest potential to become one of the largest economies in the world in the 21st century. The country's economy is based on the textile industry, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals and carpets.

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International organizations and unions of which Pakistan is a member Pakistan is a member of: United Nations (UN) Commonwealth of Nations World Trade Organization (WTO) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Asian Clearing House Union of the Group of Eight Developing Countries (D-8) Asian Parliamentary Assembly (APA) ASEAN Regional Security Forum (ARF) Has observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Takes so far unsuccessful steps to upgrade its status in ASEAN to full membership Pakistan is leading negotiations on preferential trade within the framework of the WTO, SAAPK, ECO, D-8 and OIC.

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Population of Pakistan The population of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is 193,885,498 people. (6th place) Population density - 224.9 people/km² Birth rate: 5,057,294 people. Mortality: 1,359,079 people. EP: 3,698,215 people. Type of reproduction: type 2 Men predominate Age composition of the population: Under 15 years old - 41.8% 15-65 years old - 54.5% Over 65 years old - 3.7%

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National composition Punjabis (over 60%) Pashtuns (over 15%) Sindhi (about 12%) Muhajirs (about 8%) Baloch Brahuis NATIONAL COMPOSITION

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Employment of the Population Working-age population - 46.84 million people. Unemployment - 6.6% In agriculture - 44% In industry - 17% In services 39%

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Natural Resources Pakistan's main natural resources are arable land and water. And also: gas, oil, coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone, etc.

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Industry Textile (transport hub, large cities, in the centers of ferrous metallurgy) Food (at the consumer, in cities) Energy (at raw materials, near water, large city, transport hub) Chemical (production of mineral fertilizers, nitrogen, at the consumer) Mechanical engineering (machine tool building, automotive industry, consumer, large cities) Ferrous metallurgy (near water, between raw materials and fuel, in port cities, transport hub)

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The climate in most of the country is tropical monsoon, in the north-west it is subtropical, hot and humid all year round. Climate features: powerful winds are frequent, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the deserts of Registan, Sind, Rasht, Kharan, Thal, etc., and in winter - cold from mountainous regions. Humidification coefficient: less than 1 t act. : more than 4000 - 8000 C Soils: alluvial, semi-desert gray soils, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe, sandy desert soils and saline soils. Natural zones: Deserts, semi-deserts, areas of high zonality. Reclamation: soil erosion by mountain streams is widespread. The development of irrigation on the plains has sharply increased the processes of salinization and waterlogging of soils, as a result of which large areas are not used for agriculture every year Natural conditions for agriculture

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Livestock: Nomadic and semi-nomadic grazing, sheep breeding, camel breeding, buffaloes, goats. Agricultural specialization: Plant growing: Cotton is the most important industrial crop. As well as sugarcane, corn, wheat, graham, barley, oilseeds, rice, jowar, bajra, tobacco, peanuts, various vegetable crops (onions, potatoes, peppers) and horticultural crops (mangoes, citrus fruits, date palm, apricots) Cotton plantation

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Environmental problems Severe environmental pollution (air, land and water) Depletion of natural resources (land and water) Deforestation Salinization of water bodies Soil degradation Chemical pollution of the area. Garbage problems

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National Clothing All Pakistanis wear national clothing “Shalwar Kameez” - this is a long shirt and bloomers, for women - shalwars and a long dress. A must-have item in a woman’s clothing is a scarf. This is a tribute to the country, traditions, and elders. In families with even stricter traditions (Pashtun), women are required to wear a black headscarf and a long black dress.

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National Food The national drink is tea ("teas"), which is consumed very strong with a lot of sugar. Lassi (a yoghurt-based drink), coconut milk (nariyal-ka-dood), as well as sugarcane juice and various fruit drinks are very popular in summer. Pakistani cuisine is similar in many ways to that of northern India, with slightly greater influences from Middle Eastern and Iranian cuisine. This is expressed in the abundance of pepper and various seasonings (primarily curry), the wide popularity of flatbreads (roti, chapati, paratha, pita, kutluma, puri, nan, etc.) and pies, legumes (especially lentils - "dhal" or "dal"), all kinds of meat dishes ("gosht"), spicy vegetables ("sabzi") and rice ("chawal"), as well as in a huge variety of sauces, in first of all hot and spicy masala gravy. However, like all Muslims, Pakistanis abstain from pork and its derivatives.

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Places to Visit Neelum Valley Neelum Valley is located in the Kashmir region. The view of the valley is so excellent that it is impossible to leave here without taking a couple of dozen, or even hundreds of photographs. The high hills on both sides of the Neelum River create a unique atmosphere here that is unmatched by any other place on Earth. The valley looks especially beautiful in spring. But even in summer, clear lakes, a rushing river, ringing streams, green trees and a mountain range make the valley simply an excellent place to relax, the main purpose of which is to contemplate the natural beauties and attractions of Pakistan.

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Shandur is the highest golf course in the world. It is located at an altitude of 3810 m above sea level. Every summer the polo festival “Shandur” is held here, which attracts a lot of people. In winter, it is, of course, deserted here due to the fact that you simply cannot get to the plateau in snowfall. Shandur Pass

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Lahore Fortress A 12th-century building that served as the residence of Muhammad Ghuri. It was located at the crossroads between Tibet, India and Persia, so it was conquered, destroyed and rebuilt many times. The structure that has reached us is a fortress made of red sandstone, which was erected on the initiative of Akbar the Great.

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The tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in Karachi. This is a modern building from the 1960s, made of white marble. The mausoleum is considered an iconic landmark, one of the symbols of the country. Thousands of Pakistanis come every day to salute the founding father of their nation. Mausoleum of Jinnah

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This temple was built at the expense of the King of Saudi Arabia, Faisal ibn Abdul Iziz al-Saud. More than $120 million was spent on construction. The building does not follow the traditional canons of Muslim mosques; it is designed in a modern style according to the design of the Turkish architect Balokay. Faisal Mosque in Islamabad

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Punjab Fortress in Islamabad, built by the military leader Sher Shah. Served for defense purposes against the formidable Hamayun, the second emperor from the Mughal dynasty. The Mughal army was defeated here. The height of the fortress walls is 18 meters, the width is almost 12.5 meters. Hamayun failed to take the fortress; the traitor commandant himself opened the gates to his soldiers. Rohtas fortress

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Majestic medieval fortress in the Cholistan desert. One of the most striking attractions of Pakistan. The fortress walls reach a length of almost 30 meters and seem to disappear into the sky. The fort is well preserved, but it is quite difficult to get to and explore it, since it is remote from cities and beaten paths. Deravar

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One of the popular attractions in Karachi. The building appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, it served as the residence of businessman Shivratan Mohatta and his family. Nowadays there are tours of the luxury apartments, accompanied by fascinating stories from the lives of the former owners. Mohatta Palace

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Remains of the city of the ancient and mysterious Harrapian civilization. According to some sources, Mohenjo-Daro died approximately 3.5 thousand years ago as a result of an unexplained catastrophe. Some researchers even suggest that the buildings and inhabitants were destroyed by a “nuclear explosion”, since the destruction is similar to that in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Ruins of Mohenjo-daro

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A public park that was founded by Emperor Jahangir at the beginning of the 17th century. The ruler built these gardens for his wife Nur Jahan. They are a wonderful monument to Mughal garden art - waterfalls flow here, decorative ponds are broken, mosques and marble palaces richly decorated with mosaics delight the eye. Shalimar Gardens

Pakistan(Urdu پاکِستان - “land of the pure”, English Pakistan [ˈpækɪsˌtæn]), full name - Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان Islami Jumhuriye Pakistan, English Islamic Republic of Pakistan) state in South Asia. Pakistan came into existence in 1947 as a result of the partition of British India.

It is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea in the south, bordered by Iran in the southwest, Afghanistan in the northwest and north, China in the northeast and India in the east. Land borders: India - 2912 km, Afghanistan - 2430 km, Iran - 909 km, China - 523 km.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade Organization, an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a member of the G33 developing countries, the Group of 77 developing countries.

Story

Ancient period

In the III-II millennia BC. e. On the territory of Pakistan there was the center of one of the most ancient civilizations in human history - the Harappan. In the 1st millennium BC. e. Aryans settled in Pakistan. After the campaigns of Alexander the Great, the spirit of Hellenism penetrated into Western Indian cities (such as Taxila). The powerful Kushan kingdom is formed - the first center of the spread of Buddhism.

Since the 8th century AD. e. Islam begins to spread throughout the country. In the Middle Ages, large Muslim states were formed led by the Ghaznavids and Ghurids. After the collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, there was a rise in Sikh nationalism in Sindh, Balochistan, and Punjab.

Colonial period

In the 19th century, the territory of Pakistan was captured by British troops and included in British India.

One of the spiritual founders of the state was the poet Iqbal, head of the Muslim League, an organization of leaders of separatist tendencies. It was Iqbal who proposed in 1930 the creation of an independent Muslim state that would include Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Balochistan. The name for the state was proposed back in 1933 by a Muslim student, Chaudhuri Rahmat Ali, who studied at Cambridge. Pakistan literally means "land of the pure", it is an acronym: "P" is for Punjab, "A" is for Afghans from the border (i.e. NWFP Pashtuns), "K" is for Kashmir, "S" is for Sindh, and "Tan" " - from Baluchistan. On March 23, 1940, the historic Pakistan Resolution was adopted in Lahore, which proclaimed the principles of the existence of the Muslim community in an independent state.

Modern period

In 1947, during the division of British India, thanks to the efforts of the Muslim League, the state of Pakistan was formed, which included the northeastern and northwestern regions of Hindustan with a predominantly Muslim population. The first Governor-General of Pakistan as an independent administrative unit was Jinnah, and the country's first Prime Minister was Liaquat Ali Khan. In 1971, East Pakistan becomes the independent state of Bangladesh.

Pakistan fought wars with India in 1965 and 1971. In 1977 there was a military coup. During this period, Pakistan sided with the United States and supported the Mujahideen, who were waging an anti-government war in neighboring Afghanistan. Mujahideen training camps were located in Pakistan. After the death of President Zia-ul-Haq in a plane crash on August 17, 1988, power passed to the civilian government.

Acting President Ghulam Ishaq Khan called new parliamentary elections, in which the Pakistan People's Party won a relative majority. Benazir Bhutto became the country's prime minister. The new government restored democratic rights and freedoms and ended the state of emergency. Nevertheless, the situation in the country continued to deteriorate, and armed clashes broke out in Sindh every now and then. In August, Bhutto's government was dismissed.

After the elections, Nawaz Sharif became the new prime minister.

In the 1990s, Pakistan's nuclear program developed under the leadership of Abdul Qadir Khan, which became the reason for the US imposing sanctions against Pakistan. In 1999, a military coup took place and General Pervez Musharraf came to power.

Pakistan's northwestern region of Waziristan has been a Taliban stronghold since the early 2000s. In 2004, the Taliban seized de facto power in the region.

After September 11, 2001, Pakistan officially stopped supporting the Taliban regime and supported US intervention against the Taliban.

On February 18, 2008, general elections were held in Pakistan, which were postponed from January 8, 2008 due to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. In the elections, the Pakistan People's Party won a majority of votes and formed an alliance with the Pakistan Muslim League. On August 18, 2008, Pervez Musharraf resigned as President of Pakistan amid threats of impeachment. In the presidential elections that followed, Pakistan People's Party candidate Asif Ali Zardari won and became the President of Pakistan.

As of June 2009, the territories of Pakistan bordering Afghanistan are almost not controlled by the authorities of this state. On May 7, 2009, Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Reza Gilani announced that he had ordered the army to destroy the terrorists. Fighting began with the use of aircraft, tanks and artillery with the aim of capturing the administrative center of the Swat district - the city of Mingaor.

Political structure

Pakistan is a federal republic consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier and Balochistan). In addition to the provinces, Pakistan also includes the Northern Territories and Free Kashmir (recognized by Pakistan as an independent state, but actually part of it), disputed by India.

Constitution

The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted on March 23, 1956. The constitution stated that the president of the country must be a Muslim. This article was preserved in the 1962 constitution, which was in force under Ayub Khan.

In 1972, a new Constitution was adopted, which was in force until 1977, when a military coup led by General Zia-ul-Haq was carried out, after which it was suspended until 1985.

According to the Constitution, Pakistan is a mixed federal democratic republic. Islam is the state religion of the country.

Executive branch

The head of state is the president, elected by the federal parliament (upper house (Senate) and lower house (National Assembly) for a term of 5 years.

The President of Pakistan is and has the following powers:

• is the head of the executive branch, part of the legislative branch;
• is the supreme commander of the country's armed forces
• has the right to pardon, cancel and commute the sentence of any court
• makes appointments:
  prime minister members of government
  provincial governors
  members of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and provincial high courts
  Chairman of the Civil Service Commission
  Chief Election Commissioner and members of the Election Commission
  senior military leaders.

The government, approved by the president, is formed and headed by the prime minister, who usually represents the majority party or coalition in the National Assembly. The Prime Minister must be a Muslim and is appointed by the President from among the members of the National Assembly. The prime minister must enjoy the confidence of the majority of his deputies. On his advice, the president appoints ministers. The government develops bills and submits them for discussion in parliament.

After the parliamentary elections in 2008, Yusuf Reza Gilani was confirmed as the new Prime Minister on March 24

Legislature

The Senate consists of 100 members elected by members of the lower house of the federal parliament and provincial legislatures on a majority basis. The term of office of the Senate is 6 years. One third of the Senate is renewed every 2 years. The National Assembly consists of 342 deputies, 272 of whom are elected by the population by direct secret ballot using a system of proportional representation for a term of 5 years. 60 seats are provided for women, 10 seats are reserved for representatives of religious minorities.

Judicial branch

The legal branch of government is represented by the Supreme Court (whose members are appointed by the president) and the federal Islamic Sharia court.

The Chairman and members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President. The Supreme Court hears disputes between the central and provincial governments, as well as between provinces. The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the final court of appeal in cases involving questions of law related to the interpretation of the constitution, when it comes to capital punishment, etc., gives opinions on issues of law submitted to it by the president, exercises control over the observance of fundamental rights of citizens , makes decisions on the constitutionality of certain actions of state bodies and their competence.

The provinces have their own High Courts, their chairmen and members are appointed by the president. The lower courts (from local to district) are divided into criminal and civil and are appointed by provincial governors.

During the reign of Zia-ul-Haq, the Federal Sharia Court was also created, which decided whether laws were in accordance with the canons of Islamic law.

Geographical position

Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching from southwest to northeast for 1500 km. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished: the lowland east, the mid-mountain west and the high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, slightly indented shores.

Relief

The Indus Valley alluvial lowland is the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, located on the outskirts of the Hindustan Platform. It lies almost entirely below 200 m and is characterized by a monotonous relief with small slopes. Most of the lowland along the left bank of the Indus is occupied by the Thar Desert. The western and northwestern parts of Pakistan are occupied by the marginal ridges of the Iranian Plateau - Makran, Kirthar, Chagai, Tobacacar, Suleiman Mountains, which are almost parallel chains of mountains up to 3452 m high. The slopes of the ridges facing the Arabian Sea and the Indo-Gangetic Plain are steep ; the opposite ones, descending towards the plateaus of Balochistan, are gentle. Within Balochistan, high (up to 3000 m), relatively level areas alternate with intermountain basins, dissected by numerous dry river beds. The most powerful mountain ranges with deeply dissected river valleys and covered with large glaciers are located in the far north of Pakistan and belong to the Hindu Kush, Himalaya and Karakoram mountain systems. The latter is located in the Pakistani-controlled part of Kashmir. The highest points of the country are the city of Tirichmir (7690 m) in the Hindu Kush and the city of Chogori (8611 m) in the Karakoram. In Pakistan there are about 40 peaks exceeding 7000 meters. All mountainous regions of Pakistan belong to the young Alpine-Himalayan mobile belt. The most important mineral resources are oil, gas and coal, confined to the sedimentary complexes of the outskirts of the Hindustan Platform and ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in folded areas.

Climate

The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west it is subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country it is more humid with a clearly defined altitudinal zone. Winter on the plain is warm (12-16 °C, on the coast up to 20 °C), in the highlands it is severe (up to −20 °C). Summer is hot (in the deserts 35 °C, on the coast 29 °C, in the mountains and plateaus of the Iranian Plateau 20-25 °C), in the highlands - frosty (at altitudes from 5000 m - below 0 °C). Annual precipitation ranges from 50 mm in the Thar Desert to 100–200 mm in Sindh, 250–400 mm in the valleys and plateaus of the Iranian Plateau, 350–500 mm in the foothills and 1000–1500 mm in the mountains in the north of the country. Most of the precipitation falls during the southwest monsoon (July - September), within the Iranian Plateau - in the winter-spring period.

Hydrology

The largest river of Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which contains most of the country. Rivers in the west are either drainless or have local flow into the Arabian Sea. The main tributary of the Indus is the Sutlej, which collects water from the main rivers of Punjab (Chinab, Ravi, Jhelum, Beas) and releases water to large irrigation canals (Dipalpur, Pakpattan, Panjnad). Large rivers experience summer floods caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers in the mountains.

Vegetation

The vegetation of Pakistan is predominantly semi-desert and desert, the most sparse in the Thar Desert, where sandy ridges predominate, semi-fixed with xerophytic shrubs (acacia, calligonum...) and tough grasses. On the Indus Plain, the natural vegetation is semi-deserts and deserted savannas (chya, wormwood, capers, astragalus...), along the Indus and other rivers there are strips of tugai trees, in the Indus delta and along the coast of the Arabian Sea there are mangroves in places. Semi-desert formations of thorny cushion-shaped shrubs are widespread on the Iranian Plateau, and rare thickets of pistachio and juniper are found in the mountains of Balochistan. In the mountains in the north of the country at an altitude of 1500-3000 m there are separate areas of deciduous (oak, chestnut) and coniferous (spruce, fir, pine, Himalayan cedar) forests. In the valleys near the villages there are plantations of date palms, citrus fruits, olives, and orchards. Mulberry plantations are frequent along irrigation canals.

Animal world

The fauna of Pakistan is represented by Indo-African, Central Asian and Mediterranean species. Of the large mammals in the mountains, there are leopard, snow leopard, brown and white-breasted bear, fox, wild goats and sheep, Persian gazelle; on the plains there are hyenas, jackals, wild boars, antelopes, goitered gazelles, kulans, wild donkeys, and numerous rodents. The world of birds is diverse (eagles, vultures, peacocks, parrots). There are many snakes, including poisonous ones, and there are crocodiles in the Indus. Among invertebrates, scorpions, ticks, and malaria mosquitoes are common. The Arabian Sea is rich in fish (tuna, herring, sea bass, Indian salmon), crustaceans (shrimp) and sea turtles.

Economy

Pakistan is an industrial-agrarian country with a diverse economy. Agriculture continues to play a large role in the country's economy and occupies 20.8% of total GNP, although industry is actively developing and already accounts for 24.3% of GNP (in 2009). At the same time, 43% of workers are employed in agriculture, and 20% in industry. The unemployment rate is 15.2% (in 2009).

It is characterized by high dependence on weather conditions, on which such industries as agriculture, textile industry, hydropower, and water transport directly depend.

In Pakistan, spatial differences in the economy are pronounced, due to the combined action of various factors. There are 4 historical and geographical regions, territorially closely coinciding with the administrative provinces - Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province, including the tribal areas in the latter. Punjab is most distinguished by agricultural production; up to 2/3 of wheat, cotton and sugar cane are produced here.

In the 2000s, Pakistan's economy showed steady economic growth of approximately 7% per year.

Pakistan's GDP growth in fiscal year 2005 (ended June 30, 2005) was 8.4%. Two-thirds of Pakistan's exports are from the textile and clothing industry. The main agricultural crops are cotton and wheat.

The government of Pervez Musharraf pursued a relatively liberal economic policy; in recent years, several large banks, the largest telecommunications company and a number of others have been privatized.

International trade

Exports ($21.1 billion in 2008) - textiles, rice, leather goods, carpets.

The main buyers are the USA 16.1%, UAE 11.7%, Afghanistan 8.6%, UK 4.5%, China 4.2%.

Imports ($38.2 billion in 2008) - oil, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel, tea.

The main suppliers are China 14.3%, Saudi Arabia 12.2%, UAE 11.3%, Kuwait 5.5%, USA 4.8%.

Currency

The Pakistani Rupee (PRe, PRs) is divided into 100 paise. There are banknotes in denominations of 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 rupee, as well as coins in denominations of 2 and 1 rupee, 50, 25 and 10 paise.

Population

Pakistan is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population (174.6 million people, 6th place in the world - estimate as of July 2009). According to some forecasts, at current trends, by 2020 the population of Pakistan could reach more than 200 million people.

The bulk of the population lives in the Indus River Valley. The largest cities of Pakistan are located in the eastern part of the country (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, etc.). The country's urban population is 36% (in 2008).

Ethnic composition: Punjabis 44.7%, Pashtuns 15.4%, Sindhis 14.1%, Saryaks 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baluchis 3.6%, etc. (6.3%).

The majority of believers - 95% - are Muslims: (Sunnis 75%, Shiites 20%), 5% are Christians and Hindus.

Almost 50% of the population is literate (63% of men and 36% of women, 2005 estimate).

Languages

The official languages ​​are Urdu and English; approximately 38% of the population speaks Punjabi, 16% Pashto, 12% Sindhi, 7% Urdu.

Religion

Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in the world and the second largest Shia Muslim country. 96% of the population is Muslim, of which 75% are Sunni and 20% are Shia.

Religious composition of the population:
Muslims - 173,000,000 (96%).
Hindus - 3,200,000 (1.85%)
Christians - 2,800,000 (1.6%)
Sikhs - 20,000 (0.001%)
as well as Parsis, Ahmadis, Buddhists, Jews, Baha'is and animists

Armed forces

Pakistan's armed forces are the sixth largest in the world. This includes the ground forces, navy, air force and semi-army forces involved in resolving local conflicts.

The army in Pakistan has always had enormous influence in the country. Generals often moved to high positions in the civil administration, actively participated in the political events of the country, declared a state of emergency and established control over the government. The latest example of this kind is the 1999 military coup led by Pervez Musharraf.

The Pakistani army took part in three major conflicts with India (1947, 1965 and 1971), in the Kargil War. During the Afghan war of 1979-1989, Pakistan supported the Taliban, waging an anti-government war in Afghanistan, and their training camps were located here.

Culture

Pakistan's culture is based on its Muslim heritage, but also includes pre-Islamic traditions from the peoples of the Indian subcontinent. The century-long British rule also had a serious impact on it. In recent decades, especially among young people, the influence of American culture has also been noticeable: Hollywood films, American video games, cartoons, comics, books, as well as fashion (wearing jeans and baseball caps), fast food, drinks, etc. are popular.

Music

In music and dance, the local trends observed in Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan differ sharply from those characteristic of the Urdu-speaking Pakistani community. In the first case, there is an emphasis on folk songs and dances, while in Urdu culture this motif has receded into the background. The reason is mainly that the majority of the inhabitants of the country who speak this language belong to the Muhajirs, who have lost their root ties to their native places in India. The Pakistan Arts Council strives to preserve the sustainability of regional styles in dance, music, sculpture and painting.

Holidays

Pakistan Day (March 23) - Lahore Resolution was adopted on this day in 1940
Iqbal Day (April 21) is the birthday of national poet Muhammad Iqbal
End of Ramadan fasting day
Eid-i Milad (May 25) - birthday of the Prophet Mohammed
Eid ul-Azkha (March 23-24) - a holiday on the occasion of the pilgrimage to Mecca
Independence Day (August 14)
Birthday of Jinnah, founder of Pakistan (December 25)
New Year

Sport

The most common sports in Pakistan are football, field hockey, tennis and table tennis, wrestling, boxing, weightlifting, golf, polo, swimming, squash, baseball and cricket.

Cricket

The most popular sport in the country is cricket. The Pakistan national cricket team is one of the strongest in the world and competes for leadership in international competitions with rivals from Great Britain, Australia, and India. In 1992, Pakistan managed to win the Cricket World Cup. A special national committee has been created to guide and control the development of cricket.

Field hockey

Of the Olympic sports, field hockey is by far the most successful for Pakistan. Of their 10 Olympic medals in history, the Pakistanis won 8 in men's field hockey, including all gold and silver. Pakistanis became Olympic champions three times (1960, 1968 and 1984), won silver three times (1956, 1964, 1972) and bronze twice (1976 and 1992). Thus, from 1956 to 1984, Pakistan won awards at all 7 Olympics in which it took part (Pakistan boycotted the 1980 Games in Moscow). It was Pakistan in 1960 in Rome that managed to interrupt the winning streak of India, which had won gold at 6 Olympics in a row (Pakistan beat India 1-0 in the final). The bronze medal of hockey players at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona remains at the moment the last Olympic award for Pakistanis. Two more Olympic medals were brought to Pakistan by freestyle wrestler Mohammad Bashir (bronze in 1960) and boxer Syed Hussain Shah (bronze in 1988).

Interesting Facts

Economic and geographical position of Pakistan

The official name of the state is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, located in South Asia within the Hindustan Peninsula.

The country's land borders are with India, Afghanistan, Iran, and China.

Among these countries, China and India are fairly developed Asian countries, with the exception of developing Iran and undeveloped and poor Afghanistan.

In the south the country is washed by the Arabian Sea.

Land routes passing through this Islamic republic connect it with European and Asian countries, and the world's largest cargo flows from the Persian Gulf countries pass through the Arabian Sea.

In economic and geographical terms, this is an important geopolitical advantage of the country, because it is the transit of energy resources through its territory.

From a geographical point of view, the position of Pakistan, located near the energy resources of the Persian Gulf, makes this position extremely significant for China with its rapidly developing economy.

For Pakistan, the economic factor is of greatest importance. The country receives the machinery and equipment necessary for modernization from China, sending in turn raw materials and agricultural products.

Note 1

If we consider Pakistan in terms of economic structure and income level, it will be much closer to the countries of East and Southeast Asia than to other countries of the Hindustan.

The US military presence is increasing in the region, with military bases deployed in Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

Rapidly developing India claims dominance in South Asia and is gradually moving closer to the United States. These circumstances happening near the Chinese borders are causing its concern, so to contain India, China is banking on Pakistan.

The main export goods for the country are cotton fabrics, knitwear, bed linen, rice, towels, cement, and jewelry.

There are great potential opportunities to increase the export of cotton, milk, wheat, rice, and meat.

Pakistan's main partners are the United States and the countries of the European Union.

As a result of the granting of independence to British India in 1947, it was divided into two states along religious and communal lines - India and Pakistan. The parties were not satisfied with this division, because industrially backward areas were transferred to Pakistan.

Until 1971, Pakistan consisted of two completely separate parts - West Pakistan and East Pakistan.

The war that arose between the countries led to the separation of East Pakistan, in its place the independent state of Bangladesh was formed.

The conflict between India and Pakistan over the issue of Kashmir has lasted for more than 50 years, and in 1947-1948. countries were on the brink of war.

Note 2

With the mediation of the UN, a demarcation line was drawn in 1972. The southeastern regions of Kashmir remain under Indian administration, while the rest of the territory is under Pakistani control.

With a low level of economic development, Pakistan occupies a favorable geographical position, being at the intersection of transport routes between the West and the East.

The country's close location to the resources of the Persian Gulf and access to the Arabian Sea make it possible to develop economic ties not only with the countries of this region, but also with African and European states.

Natural conditions of Pakistan

The relief of Pakistan is represented by large orographic regions - the Indus Plain, as well as mountains and hills of the Iranian Plateau, Hindu Kush, and Himalayas.

On the site of the Indus Plain there was once a marginal trough, and today large reserves of hydrocarbons are associated with it. The plain stretches from the foot of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km.

This alluvial plain of the tropical zone with a uniform flat topography is located below 200 m. It has three parts:

1. Punjab in the north, formed by five tributaries of the Indus;
2. Sindh - the second part in the middle and lower reaches of the Indus;
3. Thar is a desert east of Sindh with dunes, dunes, and sand ridges.

The Hindu Kush ranges with the Tirichmir peak (7690 m) enter the borders of Pakistan in the north, and the western spurs of the Himalayas enter from the northeast side.

In the west of the country there are the plateaus and mountains of Balochistan, which are part of the Iranian plateau, with heights of 2000-2500 m. Frequent natural disasters are associated with the mountains - avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls, glacial pulsations. There are seismically dangerous areas.

The country's climate is strongly influenced by monsoons. Most of the territory is located in the tropical climate zone, the north-west of the country lies in the dry subtropical zone and only in the mountains does it become more humid.

The January average temperature on the plains is +12.5...+17.5 degrees, and the July temperature is +30...+35 degrees.

Frosts occur in the mountains even in the summer months. Precipitation falls unevenly - in Balochistan and the Indus Valley less than 200 mm falls, in the Thar Desert - less than 100 mm, in the north-west of the country their amount increases to 1000 mm, and in Sindh no more than 125 mm.

The summer monsoon period experiences maximum rainfall. Lowland areas are characterized by droughts, because 15-20 times more moisture evaporates than falls.

Natural Resources of Pakistan

In the depths of Pakistan lie minerals of sedimentary origin - hydrocarbons, rock salt, coal.

Gas reserves were explored back in 1952 in Balochistan, and then in Punjab and Sindh.

Oil fields were discovered before World War I, and today there are 7 fields in production.

Coal deposits are small in terms of reserves, but numerous - the deposits of the Salt Range, Balochistan. The Salt Ridge owes its name to the rich reserves of rock salt. The area of ​​salt-bearing layers is 1500 square meters. km.

Among ore minerals, chromites are known, deposits of which are located in the basin of the Zhob and Loralan rivers. There are ores of manganese, copper and lead, arsenic, magnesite, and uranium ore.

Gypsum, limestone, phosphorites, fluorite, sulfur, precious and semi-precious stones are mined.

The soils of Pakistan are varied - fertile alluvial soils were formed in river valleys on the Indus Plain, and semi-desert gray soils were formed in the interfluves. In the mountains, soils change with altitude - chestnut soils are replaced by brown forest soils, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow soils and meadow-steppe soils.

In Balochistan the soils are sandy desert and saline, in the south of Sindh saline soils have formed, and in the Thar Desert there are barren sands.

One of the major rivers is the Indus; most of the country's rivers are its tributaries. In the western part of Pakistan, rivers either flow into the Arabian Sea or are drainless.

Summer floods are usually typical for large rivers, caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers in the mountains.

The vegetation cover is mainly desert and semi-desert, with mangroves appearing in the Indus delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Rare thickets of pistachio and juniper appear in the mountains of Balochistan. The national symbol of Pakistan is the horned goat.