The economy of the region as a whole is characterized by the following features:

• Typical for most countries transition period from feudalism to capitalism.
• The economy of most countries is developing quite rapidly, which ensures an increased role of the region as a whole in the world economy.
• The specialization of the countries in the region is very diverse.
• In the international division of labor it acts, first of all, as a major supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the world market. The share of Overseas Asia in the world's manufacturing industry, especially heavy industry, is small. Its leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industries) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China and in a small group of developing countries that have recently achieved significant success in developing their economies (India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq). Large metallurgical plants have been created in China, Japan and Turkey.
• The leading sector of the economy of the vast majority of countries in Foreign Asia is. The majority of the economically active population is employed in agriculture.

Agriculture of Foreign Asia

The peculiarities of agriculture in Foreign Asia are the combination of commodity and consumer farming, landowner and peasant land use, as well as the predominance of food crops over industrial crops and.

The main food crop of Foreign Asia is rice. Its countries (China, India, Japan, etc.) provide over 90% of world rice production. The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia is wheat. In coastal, well-moistened areas, winter wheat is grown, and in the arid continental part - spring wheat. Among other grains, corn and millet are significant. Despite the fact that Foreign Asia produces the vast majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat, many of its countries are forced to buy grain, since their food problem has not been solved.

Foreign Asia occupies a prominent place in the world in the production of soybeans, copra (dried coconut pulp), coffee, tobacco, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, and various spices (red and black pepper, ginger, vanilla, cloves), which are also exported.

The level of development of livestock farming in Foreign Asia is lower than in other regions of the world. The main ones are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with a non-Muslim population (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding. Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and highland areas. Export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. In coastal countries, fishing is of great importance.

The distribution of agriculture in the vast area of ​​Foreign Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors. In general, several have formed in the region.

• The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main rice growing area. Rice is sown in river valleys on flooded fields. In the higher parts of the same sector there are tea plantations (China, Japan, India, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Laos, Thailand).
• Subtropical farming region - coast. Fruits, rubber, dates, and almonds are grown here.
• The area of ​​grazing livestock - and South-West Asia (here livestock farming is combined with oases).

In most developing countries of Foreign Asia, industry is represented primarily by mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply and the general low level of development of processing (end) industries.

However, the differences in the level of economic development of various countries and regions of Foreign Asia are so significant that it is advisable to consider the region’s economy regionally.

If we proceed from the ten-member structure of the world economy, then within Foreign Asia there are five centers (among them, three centers are individual countries):

• China;
• Japan;
• India;
• Newly industrialized countries;
• Oil exporting countries.

China Since the 70s, he began economic reform (“Gaige”), based on a combination of planned and market economy. As a result, there has been unprecedented growth in the country's economy. In 1990, China already ranked 3rd in GDP after Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead. However, based on GDP per capita, China still lags significantly behind leading countries. Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country, occupying important positions in (first place in coal and steel production, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, gross grain harvest; second place in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials, etc. The face of China is primarily determined by its severity.

Japan came out of the 2nd World War with completely destroyed. But it not only managed to restore the economy, but also became the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the G7, and in many ways economic indicators come out on top. At first it developed primarily along an evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were created almost anew. After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary path of development began to prevail in Japanese industry. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest knowledge-intensive industries. It has become a leader in the field of electronics, robotics, biotechnology, and has begun to use energy. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the “Japanese economic miracle” has faded and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.

India is one of the key countries in the developing world. She began economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of very great contrasts. For example:

• in terms of total industrial production it ranks fifth in the world, but in terms of national income per capita 102nd;
• powerful enterprises equipped with the latest technology are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries (“industry at home”);
• in agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small peasant farms;
• India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;
• in terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but occupies a leading position in “brain drain”, which has affected almost all areas of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;
• In Indian cities, modern, well-appointed areas coexist with slums, home to millions of homeless and unemployed people.

Among the rest of the countries of Foreign Asia, Türkiye, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, etc. stand out in terms of level of economic development.

Lesson Plan

Topic of the program No. 6: “Regions and countries of the world”, 12 hours

Lesson topic:“Foreign Asia”, 2 hours

The purpose of the lesson: To introduce students to the features of economic and social development

Overseas Asia; identify and show the features and problems of this region.

Lesson objectives:

Continue to develop the ability to work with the atlas, contour maps, statistical data and additional sources of information.

Give an idea of ​​the economic geographical location region, its population and economic development.

Analyze changes in the geographical location of the region over time.

Lesson type: a lesson in learning new material with practical elements.

Lesson equipment: textbooks, contour maps, atlas, handouts, projector,

screen, computer.

Teaching methods: verbal, visual, practical

During the classes

Organizing time

Checking students and their mood for the lesson

Repetition of the previously covered topic “Foreign Europe”

Frontal survey:

What subregions are distinguished in Foreign Europe and how do they differ from each other?

What type of reproduction does Overseas Europe have and why?

How is industry developed and Agriculture region?

Individual survey:

Computer testing.

Learning a new topic

Territory and border of Overseas Asia

The territory of Foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 10 thousand km. Area 32 million km, 48 states with a population of 3.7 million people.

Asian countries are very different, differing in size of territory and natural resources, level of development, political structure, etc.

Most Asian countries are large, China and India are giants, but there are also microstates - Singapore, Bahrain, Qatar.

Economic and geographical position of Foreign Asia

Exercise : using the atlas map and handouts, determine the features of the Unified State University.

Features of the EGP region:

Neighborhood status of countries (unites the region);

The coastal position of most countries (provides access to the seas of three oceans);

The deep position of some countries (makes connections with other countries difficult).

Heterogeneity of Asian countries

The heterogeneity of countries and the colonial past aggravate territorial, political and interethnic problems in the region.

Territorial disputes:

India – Pakistan

Iran – Iraq

India – China

Greece – Türkiye

Japan – Russia

DPRK - Republic of Korea

Israel – Palestinian Authority

Subregions of Foreign Asia

Exercise : Using the atlas maps and handouts, determine which subregions Foreign Asia is divided into?

East and Central Asia	Southeast Asia	South Asia	Southwest Asia	middle Asia
5 states: Mongolia South Korea	11 states: Cambodia Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Philippines East Timor	7 states: Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Maldives	20 states: Azerbaijan* Jordan Palestine Saudi Arabia Afghanistan	5 states: Kazakhstan* Uzbekistan* Turkmenistan* Tajikistan* Kyrgyzstan* (* - states within the CIS)

Natural resources of the region

The Asian region has natural resources and is distinguished by their diversity. Asia is a region with the richest mineral resources. But if earlier the main wealth of Asia was considered to be gold, precious and semi-precious stones, now oil, gas, coal and various ores have been added to this list.

The main wealth of the region, which defines it in the international geographical division of labor, is oil. One of the world's largest oil and gas provinces is located in the Persian Gulf region (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, Qatar). Large oil and gas reserves are available in Indonesia and Myanmar.

Foreign Asia is poor in land resources - most of the region is occupied by mountains, sandy and stone deserts.

An excess of water and forest resources in Southeast Asia is combined with a deficit in Southwest and Central Asia.

Foreign Asia has large and promising recreational resources (Asia has cultural heritage monuments).

Population of Overseas Asia

More than 60% of the world's population lives in Foreign Asia. The population of this region is characterized by a large number and high growth rates (see the atlas map " Natural increase population"), complex compositions and uneven distribution.

The region's population significantly exceeds 3 billion. Human.

Overseas Asia is home to six of the world's ten largest countries by population: India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan and Bangladesh.

The composition of the population of Foreign Asia is very diverse. The ethnic picture is especially variegated. More than a thousand peoples live in Asia; the population speaks more than five hundred languages.

Asia is a region of multinational countries. This region is the birthplace of three world religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.

The complexity of the ethnic and religious composition of a number of Asian countries leads to the emergence of many interethnic and religious conflicts.

The distribution of the population is closely related to natural conditions. Their diversity and contrast explains the extreme unevenness of population distribution. The vast majority of the population lives on the coasts of seas and oceans and along the banks of large rivers.

Foreign Asia is the most “masculine” region in the world.

Exercise : why Asia is called the most “masculine” ( centuries-old traditions and the associated unequal position of men and women determined the numerical superiority of men.

Economy of Foreign Asia

The nature and level of economic development of the countries of Foreign Asia is also distinguished by significant contrast.

In Asia there is one of the most highly developed countries in the world - Japan and the poorest and most backward countries - Afghanistan, Nepal, Buten.

Exercise : textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky answer the question, what is the role of the Asian economy on the world stage?

Foreign Asia in the system of international economic relations (IER)

The countries of Foreign Asia have quite strong positions in the system of international economic relations. The region’s role is especially great in the traditional supply of mineral raw materials and agricultural products to world markets. In the second half of the 20th century. The role of Asian countries as exporters of finished industrial products has grown.

Pinning a new topic

Through students completing a task: filling out a table (work in groups)

	Population			Religious composition	Main industries	Natural resources

Homework

Textbook V.P. Maksakovsky “Geography”, pp. 223-270

Answer the questions in your notebook

How the political map of the world has changed over time.

What are the differences between the subregions of Western Europe?

Sections: Geography

Lesson objectives: to form an idea among students about the composition of the region, natural conditions and resources, characteristics of the population, and improve skills in working with maps and statistical materials.

Equipment: political map of the world, computer presentation, waybills, tables.

Lesson type: a lesson in learning new material with practical elements.

(with computer support)

Lesson Plan

1. Geographical and geopolitical position of Foreign Asia.
2. Natural conditions and resources of the region.
3. Population.

During the classes.

Geographical and geopolitical position of Foreign Asia.

Teacher's introductory speech. (Appendix 2: slide 1)

Good afternoon guys! We recently finished studying Foreign Europe and now we have to get acquainted with Foreign Asia. And I would like to start it with a description of the “Rock Garden” of the Japanese city of Kyoto. Centuries ago, the wise monk Soami built a garden of fifteen uncut black stones, of different sizes, scattered on the white sand. In fact, people only notice fourteen. The fifteenth stone is not before my eyes. It is blocked by neighbors. You take a step to the side along the wooden gallery stretching along the edge of the rectangle - on the other three sides the Garden is bounded by stone monastery walls - and again there are fourteen stones. The fifteenth one, the one that had been hiding until now, was now among them, and the other stone disappeared.

Another step to the side along the gallery, and brilliantly planned chaos appears again in a different composition, consisting of the same fifteen stones, one of which is invisible. What was the meaning of the ancient sage in this garden? (Question to the class).

Or maybe Soami wanted to say that it’s not about the stones, but about the people who come to this garden? Isn’t the essence of the garden that people perceive the same thing in different ways, each in their own way? Many people have dared to explore Asia - travelers, journalists, but we can take the risk too. If what you have learned seems controversial to you, let us remember the Rock Garden, where everyone sees their own fourteen stones. So, in order to make our discovery, we will have to go through several stages (a plan appears on the screen). (Appendix 2: slide 2)

Let's move on to the first question. (Appendix 2 slide 3).

Asia is the largest part of the world, occupying about a third of the Earth's landmass. It is part of the largest continent on Earth - Eurasia. The area of ​​Overseas Asia is 27.7 million square meters. km. Its shores are washed by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as the marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean. In the east the coastline is heavily indented; garlands of islands stretch along the coast: Japanese, Ryukyu, Philippine, separating its marginal seas from the Pacific Ocean: Japanese, Yellow, East Chinese. In the southeast there is one of the world's largest clusters of archipelagos - the Greater and Lesser Sundas, the Moluccas, etc. In the south of Foreign Asia there are three huge peninsulas: Indochina, Hindustan, Arabia, separated by the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, wide open towards the Indian Ocean. Asia also belongs to the Andaman, Nicobar, Maldives, Laccadive Islands and the island of Sri Lanka, located in the Indian Ocean. The western edge of Foreign Asia is formed by the Asia Minor Peninsula, washed by the Mediterranean, Black, Aegean and Marmara seas.

Despite the relative ruggedness of the coastline, it is still smaller than, for example, in Europe. The inland regions of Western Asia are 1–1.5 thousand km away from the seas.

So, let’s draw a conclusion - we will characterize the EGP of the region, finding it in the text of the textbook on pages 223 -225.

(Neighboring position, coastal, inland position of some countries, which is generally less advantageous).

Political map of Overseas Asia

In ancient times, Asia was home to powerful empires that determined the course of world history, but the modern political map of Asia was formed mainly in Modern and Contemporary times.

The colonization of Asia began towards the end of the 15th century, when Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India. Already in 1511, the Portuguese captured Malacca, and in the second half of the 16th century, territorial conquests by Spain (Philippine Islands) and Great Britain (the Hindustan Peninsula) began. By 1900, 56% of Asia was occupied by colonial possessions, most of which belonged to Great Britain. Other states also owned colonies in Asia: the Netherlands, Portugal, France, Japan, Russia, and the USA. Colonies in Asia survived until the middle of the 20th century. More than 90% of the region's population lived in them. The collapse of the colonial system ended after the Second World War. By the beginning of the 21st century, only small islands had non-self-governing status. (Appendix 2: slide 4).

(The teacher asks students to turn to the waybill and complete tasks 1 and 2). (Appendix 2 slides 5.6).

The territory of Foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7,000 km, and from west to east for more than 10,000 km. China and India are considered giant countries. The rest are quite large. But along with this, there are also small states, there are also microstates.

Asia is a region of geopolitical conflicts. Let's listen to the message from your classmates.

(First message: Dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.

Second message: History of modern Afghanistan). (Appendix 1: slide 7).

Conclusions on the computer. (Appendix 2 slide 8).

Natural conditions and resources.

Climatic conditions Overseas Asia varies from temperate to equatorial and determines the dominance of a monsoon climate with a clearly defined seasonality over a vast strip of the “ocean façade” of East and South Asia.

Asia receives a huge amount of rainfall, namely Chirrapunji - 12,000 mm per year. The inland part of Asia is deprived of a sufficient amount of moisture not only because of the barrier of the surrounding mountains, on the slopes of which this moisture is retained. In South-West Asia, where the influence of the monsoon does not reach at all, it is very dry and hot. Average annual temperatures in Arabia and Mesopotamia reach 30 degrees Celsius. The Mediterranean subtropical climate prevails here. In Arabia, precipitation falls 150 mm per year, in Asia Minor - 300 mm, and on the sea coasts more.

In the predominant part of Asia, the sum of temperatures allows for a variety of agriculture. It is no coincidence that Asia is the center of the most ancient agricultural crops, the birthplace of many cultivated plants. (Appendix 2: slide 9).

The structure of the land fund is 27.7 million sq. km. the cultivated area is 17% (in Europe -29), only 0.15 hectares per person. Pastures occupy 22% of the area, forests - 17%. The two largest countries - China and India - have colossal tracts of cultivated land - 160 million hectares (behind the USA, India, Russia).

Forest resources. In terms of forest area (0.2 hectares) per capita, Asia is half the world average. Forests of industrial importance are concentrated mainly in the humid tropics and mountains of India, Myanmar, Indochina, the islands of the People's Republic of China, Japan and the Philippines; Asia accounts for 65% of timber exports. (Appendix 2: slide 10).

Huge damage to the forests of Asia is caused by “wood energy” in developing countries: China - 25%, India - 33%, Indonesia 050%. The largest exporters of timber are Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, while the largest importers are Japan and South Korea. (Appendix 2 slide 11).

Tropical forests in Asia are being destroyed more intensively than in other timber exporting regions of the world: from 1960 to 1990. their area decreased by 30% (in Latin America by 18%).

Asia is second only to America in timber reserves. The maximum volume of forested area has: India – 120 million hectares; China – 70 million hectares; India – 65 million hectares. (Appendix 2: slides 12,13).

Inland waters. Lev Mechnikov in his famous work: “Civilization and the Great Historical Rivers” wrote: “The four most ancient great cultures all originated on the banks of large rivers. The Yellow River and Yangtze irrigate the area where Chinese civilization arose and grew; Indian or Vedic, without going beyond the Indus and Ganges; The Assyrian-Babylonian civilization arose on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates - two vital arteries of the Mesopotamian lowland. Finally, ancient Egypt was, as Herodotus claims, a gift or “creation of the Nile.”

The population density in the Yangtze Valley, the largest of the Asian rivers, reaches 500-600 people. per km. sq.

Rivers are transport arteries, sources of irrigation and water resources. Asia accounts for more than 40% of the world's potential resources, of which China - 540 million kW, India - 75. The degree of their use is very different: in Japan - by 70%, in India - by 14%, in Myanmar by 1%.

Mineral – raw materials resources.(Students receive assignments according to the waybill). (Appendix 2: slide 14).

Output on a computer. (Slide 15).

Population. (Appendix 2 slide 16).

Asia is complex and ethnically diverse, with nine language families and more than 600 different languages. Asia is the largest peoples of the world: Chinese, Hindustanis, Bengalis, Baharis, Japanese (60% of the world's population).

Independent work of students to fill out the tables in the waybill.

Asia is a very densely populated continent. More than 100 million people live in Java, an area the size of New York State. - half of the total population of Indonesia. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world - more than 900 people per sq. km. the new industrial South Korea also exceeds European records - 465 people per square meter. km.

Asia is called a more urbanized continent compared to others; only thanks to China and India, about half of the Earth's citizens are concentrated here. In the city-state of Singapore, the proportion of the urban population is 100%, in Israel - 91%, in South Korea - 82. Levels of urbanization in the greatest countries of the world - China (no more than 50%) and India (27%) are still very low. Villages remained the predominant form of settlement in their vast expanses. The share of the urban population in Vietnam is only 19%, Laos and Cambodia - 21%. Nepal – 11%, Bhutan – 6%.

Life expectancy in Afghanistan is 45 years, in Bhutan, Laos, Cambodia - 30 years. (Appendix 2: slides 17,18).

The ten largest agglomerations in the world include 5 Asian ones - Tokyo, Bombay, Kolkata, Seoul. Chinese megalopolises are distinguished by the fact that they do not have the “belt of poverty” characteristic of the Third World. (Appendix 2: slide 19).

Note to students:

Record-breaking countries in Asia:

• In terms of population - China (1.2 billion people).
• In terms of birth rates - Afghanistan, Cambodia, Yemen (43%).
• In terms of life expectancy - Japan (82 years).
• The share of men in the population is Qatar (66%).
• In terms of population density - Macau (30,000 people per 1 sq km).

Output on a computer (Appendix 2: slide 20).

1. General characteristics.

Overseas Asia includes 39 countries.

Territory - 27.7 million km 2.

Population – about 4 billion people.

The length from north to south is 7 thousand km. From west to east - more than 10 thousand km.

Share of world population – 60%

Natural increase - 16‰

Average life expectancy is 68 years.

Urbanization – 45%.

Features of the economic and geographical position - 1) neighboring position of the countries; 2) coastal location; 3) the deep situation of some countries.

Subregions: Central Asia, South-West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia.

2. Natural resources.

The region's mineral resources are highly diverse. The main wealth of the region is oil.

Natural conditions for agricultural development are also diverse.

The main problems in agriculture are 1) lack of suitable resources.

2) the problem of rational use of land.

Overseas Asia contains 3/4 of the world's irrigated land.

3. Population.

1st place in terms of population. Most Western Asian countries are still at stage 2 of the demographic transition.

4. Ethnic and religious composition.

More than 1 thousand peoples. The birthplace of all world religions. Religion has a great influence on the life of society, unlike Western Europe.

Many countries have a complex national and religious composition. (India, Indonesia - more than 150 nations; China, Vietnam - about 60).

Interethnic and religious contradictions exist in India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Indonesia.

The distribution of the population is highly uneven. In Bangladesh, the population density is 1141 people. per km 2. (Russia – 8.36); Singapore – 7326 people. per km 2.; China – 139 people. per km 2; India – 361 people. per km 2. China and India rank 1st and 2nd in the world in terms of the number of urban residents.

5. Economics.

There are 5 economic centers in Western Asia, which are increasingly influencing world economy. 1). Japan, 2). China, 3) India, 4) Newly industrialized countries/Rep. Korea, Singapore, Taiwan/. (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand), 5) Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf.

6. Agriculture.

The majority of the working population of Western Asia is employed in agriculture. Characteristic feature Agricultural farming in Western Asia is a combination of commercial and consumer farming. Food crops predominate; the main ones are rice, tea, wheat.

Livestock farming is developed in Central and South-West Asia.

China.

Ranks 1st in terms of population. (1 billion 305 million people).

3 by territory (9.57 million km 2).

From west to east – 5.7 thousand km. From north to south – 3.7 thousand km.

1st place in the world in terms of the length of land borders - 22 thousand km.

23 provinces (including Taiwan). 4 cities under central jurisdiction (Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin). 5 autonomous regions: Xinjiang Uygur, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia - Hui, Guangxi - Zhuang.

The country is in phase 3 of the demographic transition.

The working population is 700 million people.

The vast majority of China's population is Chinese (Han)/eastern part of the country/. 8% are national minorities (60 nations, more than 100 million people).

1st place in the world in terms of the number of citizens. (657 cities) - /according to UN recommendations, city - from 20 thousand inhabitants/. 1st place in the world in number of villages (700 thousand).

Farming.

Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country that occupies an important position in the world economy. It is the third center of the world economy. It ranks first in the world in the production of 26 types of industrial and agricultural products./mining of coal, iron ore, tungsten, zinc, smelting of iron, steel, production of mineral fertilizers, chemical fibers, cement, radios, televisions, washing machines, bicycles, shoes, growing grain crops, potatoes, peanuts, fruits, vegetables, oil seeds, cotton, meat, fish and seafood, cigarettes/.

1st place in the world in exports. 2nd place in the world in terms of GDP.

IN last years Electronics, aerospace and other high-tech industries have been widely developed. In 2003, China carried out the first launch of a spacecraft with a person on board.

The Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges rank 4th and 5th in the world.

Industry.

Heavy industry is the backbone of China's industry

The basis of China's fuel and energy complex is the coal industry. The main coal mining areas are located in the north of the country. (Datong).

China ranks 4th in oil production - 578 tons per day. The main deposit is Daqing – 1/3 of all production. The process of development of the continental shelf is underway.

4/5 of all electricity is produced at thermal power plants - 84%. Hydroelectric power stations are concentrated along the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. There are 11 nuclear power plants in the country, generating 1.3% of electricity.

China's mechanical engineering industry is distinguished by a wide range of products, from mining equipment to electronics. Mechanical engineering enterprises are concentrated mainly in areas of large cities and ports. The north of China specializes in the production of ferrous metallurgy products (Harbin, Shenyang). Electrical equipment is produced in the south in cities on the ocean coast. China ranks 3rd in the world in ship production.

The production of locally produced cars, as well as the assembly production of global automakers, is growing rapidly.

The chemical industry is distinguished by two groups of production: 1) mineral fertilizers; 2) household chemicals, pharmaceuticals.

The main branch of light industry is textile. China ranks first in textile production.

Agriculture.

Since the mid-80s, food supply has been achieved.

450 million people are employed in agriculture. The main agricultural regions of the country are located in the east. Main crops: rice, wheat, tea. The main areas of cattle breeding (nomadic and semi-nomadic) are the north-west (national regions). In the southwest (Tibet), agriculture is underdeveloped.

China ranks first in fish catching.

Transport.

Length of roads - 3.9 million km / railways - 76.6 thousand km. – of which – 7531 km. – high-speed.

Air transport in China - 980 domestic flights and 130 international routes. The share of river transport is 11% of the total volume of transportation.

Foreign economic relations.

The PRC maintains trade and economic relations with 182 countries.

A characteristic feature of the modern Chinese economy is its dependence on the foreign market. In terms of export volume, China ranks 1st in the world. Export provides 80% of the state's foreign exchange income. Export industries employ about 20 million people. The main trading partners are the developed countries– USA, Japan, Western Europe.

In recent years there have been significant changes in the structure foreign trade China. In exports, in addition to China’s traditional coal and textile products, the share of industrial products is growing: machine tools, equipment, consumer electronics, and weapons.

The following agricultural products are exported: vegetables, fruits, fish, seafood, cotton.

Import: oil, gas, military equipment, timber, metals, high-tech equipment.

Internal differences between regions.

China is divided into 3 economic zones: 1) Eastern, 2) Central, 3) Western.

The eastern region is the most developed. The majority of industrial centers, main agricultural areas, transport routes, all seaports and major cities (Shanghai, Beijing) are located. There are 5 SEZs (14 cities), high-tech industries are located.

The Central zone is dominated by the fuel and energy complex, chemical production, production of raw materials and semi-finished products, and food.

In the Western zone, livestock farming and mineral processing are developed.

Japan.

The country is an archipelago. 6852 islands. (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku). A constitutional monarchy. Unitary state. Divided into 47 prefectures.

Area – 377.9 thousand km2. Population – 127.3 million people. Population density – 337 people. per km 2. 80% of the population lives on the island of Honshu.

Urbanization – 89%. 1st place in the world in terms of life expectancy.

Japan is a mononational state - 98% Japanese.

The first type of population reproduction is inherent.

2nd economy in the world. 3rd place in the world in terms of GDP.

Japan is poor in mineral resources, apparently representing the only large countries world, so “deprived” in this regard. The needs of the Japanese economy are almost completely satisfied by importing raw materials and fuel, with the only exception being relatively large reserves of native sulfur and limestone.

Japan's level of self-sufficiency in primary energy was 22%, coal - 3.2%, oil - 0.2 and natural gas - 3.7%.

The branches of the mechanical engineering complex currently produce almost 44% of all industrial products, including 17% in the radio-electronic and electrical industries, 14.5% in transport engineering, 10.5% in general mechanical engineering. Among other industries, the most noticeable are the metallurgical industry (ferrous and non-ferrous) - 7.8%, chemical and food - 7.1% each.

The main feature of the location of industrial enterprises remains their excessive concentration within the Pacific industrial belt.

Japan exports approximately 6 million cars annually.

Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the number of industrial robots used.

In terms of steel consumption, Japan ranks third in the world, after the USA and China. Thus, despite the fact that Japan does not produce iron ore, it is, however, one of the world leaders not only in steel consumption, but also in its production.

Japan is a leader in the share of R&D

Japanese agriculture has a pronounced food focus, providing 100% of rice consumption and 65-95% of vegetables and meat and dairy products in the country.

The agricultural sector is heavily subsidized and protected in every possible way, so Japan's harvests are the highest in the world. But we still have to import approximately 60% of food. Japan's agricultural land makes up about 13% of its territory. More than half of these lands are flooded fields used for rice growing.

Japan has one of the world's largest fishing fleets, accounting for almost 15% of the world's catch.

Feature agriculture in Japan - limited land area suitable for farming and livestock raising.

Japan ranks second in terms of consumption of fish and seafood, second only to Iceland. It is the world leader in the volume of imports of fish and seafood.

The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.

Energy. Despite the fact that Japan is poor in energy resources, it ranked third in the world in electricity production in 1995 (950 billion kWh).

31% of electricity is produced at nuclear power plants. (52 reactors). This is the third indicator in the world after the USA and France.

Japan currently has one of the most developed transport systems in the world.

The total length of railways is 23,670.7 km.

Japan has 1,152,207 km of roads.

Foreign economic relations.

Japan is one of the world's largest trading powers. Its high dependence on external economic relations is determined primarily by the need to import the predominant part of consumed industrial raw materials, fuel, as well as a sufficiently large amount of food. The share of imported oil, iron ore, bauxite, natural rubber, cotton, wool, corn and some other goods reaches almost 100% of their consumption in Japan, wheat and legumes - 90%, natural gas, timber, salt - 70-80%.

Exports currently consist of 75% of mechanical engineering products, including about 1/4 of radio-electronic and electrical goods, 18% of automobiles, and 15% of modern metalworking equipment.

Japan's main export partners were the USA (20.4%), China (15.3%), South Korea (7.6%), Taiwan (6.3%), Hong Kong (5.4%), and in import - China (20.5%), USA (11.6%), Saudi Arabia (5.7%), UAE (5.2%), Australia (5%), South Korea (4.4%) and Indonesia (4.2%).

India.

Peninsular country with a federal structure. (29 states, 6 union territories, 1 capital district).

Area – 3 million 287 thousand km 2. (7th place in the world).

Population – 1 billion 210 million people. (2nd place in the world).

Population density – 364 people. per km 2.

The average age of the population is 25 years.

Average life expectancy is 68 years. (Population growth – 2.3 ‰). (72 in China).

The average literacy rate is 64.8%.

Religious composition - 80% - Hindus, 14% - Muslims, 2.3% - Christians.

India is the most multicultural country in the world.

Economy.

India is one of the key developing countries. In terms of GDP volume – in 4th place. At the same time, it ranks 128th in per capita income ($977 per year), 27% of the population is below the poverty level.

India is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of industrial production.

India is rich in mineral resources. The country has the world's largest iron ore reserves (estimated at 22 billion tons), 25% of world reserves. India exports iron ore mainly to Japan and also to some European countries. It ranks third in the world in terms of manganese ore reserves. (Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country). India accounts for about 4/5 of the world's exports of mica sheets.

India is the world's chromium exporter. It occupies a leading place in reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium and 2nd place in the world in titanium mining.

Coal reserves of all types in India are estimated at 120 billion tons.

India is an oil-producing country, however, India meets about 50% of its needs for oil and petroleum products through imports.

Electric power industry.

Thermal power plants generate 60% of electricity; Hydroelectric power station – 36%; NPP – 4%.

India is a leader among developing countries in the development of the nuclear industry. (14 power units).

Industry.

Industry provides 28% of GDP. India ranks 12th in the world in terms of industrial production.

The traditional industry is textile. Provides up to 20 million jobs, 20% of the value of industrial products and 33% of export earnings.

Currently specific gravity light and food industries are declining

Industrialization has led to the fact that the areas adjacent to the ports are turning into the center of heavy industry, displacing the textile industry.

India exported St. 1/3 of all electronics industry products and 70% of computer programs.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking (including the automotive industry and other branches of transport engineering; the electronics industry) are developing at an accelerated pace.

The country has reached the world level in the production of supercomputers. India has its own space industry.

The main industrial centers are Kolkata, Madras, Mumbai, Delhi.

Rural farming.

Agricultural products provide 20% of GDP. 60% of the working population is employed.

India ranks 2nd in the world in terms of agricultural production.

India ranks first in terms of area of ​​irrigated land and in the number of cattle (but in terms of meat consumption it is one of the last places).

The country ranks first in the world in the production of tea, milk and sugar;

India is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, fruits and vegetables.

India also accounts for about 30% of the world spices market, exporting about 120,000 tons per year.

Transport.

Among developing countries, India stands out for its relatively developed transport network.

India ranks 5th in the world in terms of cargo transportation volume.

In domestic transportation, the main role is played by railways, the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight transport.

Road transport occupies second place in domestic transportation. Total length highways India 1970 thousand km.

Foreign economic relations.

India's largest trading partners are the USA, China, Japan, and the UK.

Export– fabrics, ready-made garments, jewellery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, iron ore, engineering products and software, tea, coffee.

Import– machinery and equipment, oil, petroleum products, fertilizers, non-ferrous metals (except aluminum), cars, electronics.

Australia.

Country is a continent.

Area – 7 million 786 thousand 850 km 2. (6th).

Population – 23 million 073 thousand. people

Population density is 2.8 people per km 2.

Life expectancy is 80.7 years.

GDP – $919 billion. (12th place).

Economy.

The Australian mainland is rich in a wide variety of minerals, which are widely used in industrial production within the country, providing almost all its needs.

Industry contributes 26.4% of GDP.

The mining industry played an important role in the overall economic development of the country, since mining raw materials were, and still are, one of the main items of Australian export.

In Australia, such new branches of mechanical engineering as the production of aircraft and automobile engines, locomotives, tractors, trucks and cars, electrical equipment, electronic equipment and various complex instruments are developing especially rapidly. Mechanical engineering products largely satisfy the country's needs.

Large metallurgical plants with a full production cycle are located in the east of the country. They use local coal and imported iron ore. Heavy engineering factories, as well as chemical enterprises producing various products (fertilizers for agriculture, etc.) are concentrated in these same cities.

In many large port cities, powerful oil refineries were built, operating on domestically produced and imported oil (Australia mainly meets its needs for petroleum products).

The food industry, both in the past and today, is characterized by an export orientation. A significant part of fully or partially processed agricultural products is sent to other countries.

Agriculture contributes 3% of GDP, but is one of the main sectors of the economy.

The peculiarities of Australian agriculture are that it uses a huge amount of land per employee, and there is also the opportunity for year-round out-stall keeping of livestock for grazing.

Australian agriculture is one of the world leaders in labor productivity.

Australian agriculture exports 60% of all products produced, including 97% of wool, 80% of sugar, 75% of grain, 30-40% of beef and lamb.

One of the most important products of Australian agriculture is wool.

The main grain crop here is wheat. It accounts for 35-40% of the volume of crop production and 18-19% of the total volume of agricultural products.

Australia has been a leader in global wheat exports for many years, second in volume only to the United States and Canada.

Foreign economic relations.

About half of Australia's exports come from agricultural products and more than a quarter from mining products.

Australia exports meat, butter, cheese, wool, wheat, iron ore and concentrates, coal, and some types of machinery and equipment.

In terms of imports, various machinery and capital equipment come first in value (over three-fifths of the total cost); Australia also imports consumer and food products, especially mineral raw materials and semi-finished products (oil and petroleum products, phosphates).

Export partners Japan - 22.2%, China - 14.6%, South Korea - 8.2%.

Import partners China - 15.4%, USA - 12%, Japan - 9.1%.

Foreign Asia includes 48 states and is divided into 5 subregions. The subregions of Overseas Asia are South-West, South, South-East, East and Central Asia. What are the features and geographical location of these regions?

general characteristics

The area of ​​Overseas Asia is 32 million square meters. km. All 48 states can be divided into island, inland and coastal. Island states include, for example, Japan, the Maldives, etc., coastal states - India, South Korea, etc., inland states - Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, etc.

Rice. 1. Table of characteristics of Foreign Asia.

Out of 48 countries, only 4 states can be called economically developed. These are Japan, Singapore, Israel, South Korea. The remaining countries belong to the group of developing countries.

The climate of Western Asia is varied. The region is located in the subtropical, equatorial (extreme south) and temperate zone (north of the region).

Western Asia is bordered by many bays, seas and oceans. Asia has access to all four oceans: in the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the east by the Pacific Ocean, in the south by the Indian Ocean, and in the west by the Red Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean.

The natural conditions of the regions are very diverse. Main Natural resources– oil (Persian Gulf countries), gas (Persian Gulf countries, Turkmenistan), coal and iron ore (China, India), non-ferrous metal ores. The region has an extremely uneven supply of mineral resources. Most countries are experiencing a shortage of land and, in South-West and Central Asia, a shortage of water resources.

Industry and Agriculture

According to the level of industrial development, there are 6 groups of countries:

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• Japan (second in the world in terms of economic potential) has a high level of industrial development. Israel is also developing rapidly.
• China and India stand out for their large production scale, but lag behind in the production of goods per share of population.
• Newly industrialized countries (NICs) (Korea, Singapore). The basis of the economy is the manufacturing industry (including mechanical engineering).
• Oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait). The basis of the economy is oil production.
• Countries with initial industrialization: mining and light industry (Mongolia, Vietnam, etc.)
• Least developed countries (Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Bhutan), where modern industry is almost absent.

Agriculture is represented by three types:

• Growing rice, tea, sugarcane, etc. (areas with monsoon climate).
• Subtropical agriculture, which is widespread in Mediterranean countries (fruits, grapes, citrus fruits, olives, wheat).
• Growing grains, grazing livestock, common in the dry regions of Central, South, and South-West Asia.

Rice. 2. Flood fields for growing rice in China.

For all types, cotton is an important crop, largely exported.

Population of Overseas Asia

4.2 billion people live in the territory of Foreign Asia. 50% of the world's population is concentrated here. The most populous country is China, with a population of 1.4 billion people. Population density is extremely uneven: high density in coastal and island countries, low in desert countries (for example, Mongolia and Kazakhstan). The region has a very low level of urbanization.

Among the countries, the state with the highest population density is Bangladesh with its capital Dhaka.

Rice. 3. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

The composition of the population of Foreign Asia is ethnically very complex. More than 1 thousand peoples who belong to different language families live on its territory. The largest peoples are the Chinese, Japanese, Biharis, and Bengalis.

EGP of Foreign Asia

The EGP of Foreign Asia has positive and negative sides. One of the positive features is the coastal location of most countries in the region. In addition, there are mineral resources here, which are diverse and form the basis for the existence of heavy and light industry. Thanks to a large number oil that is produced in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Asia occupies an important place in the global economy.

There are five centers of Overseas Asia:

• China;
• Japan;
• India;
• NIS (newly industrialized countries);
• oil exporting countries).

What have we learned?

Foreign Asia is a large macro-region, which includes five sub-regions. Occupying an area of ​​32 million square meters. km, and with 48 states, this territory plays an important role in the global economy. This article for grade 11 geography provides brief information about the regions, their geographical location and economic characteristics.

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