Ural economic region

Introduction 3

1. Brief description of the Ural economic region 4

2. Population of the Ural economic region 7

3. Natural resource potential of area 9

4. Development of sectors of the national economy of region 12

5. Ural economic region as a source economic development 18

A national revival took place over the course of a century. The Hungarians managed to achieve the so-called Austro-Hungarian settlement. After the end of World War II and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Communist Republic was founded by the Soviet Union, which did not last long. There was a period of “White Terror” when right-wing groups fought against the Reds and Jews. Before World War II and during the war, Hungarians turned to Nazi Germany. After the war, the communists gained power and socialism began to grow in the country.

The end of communism ended peacefully at the end of the year. Hungary has limited natural resources, so manufacturing is the backbone of its economy. While Hungary's economy has developed very favorably since the last century, the transition after the social upheaval was smooth because the private sector was already operating here. Even in the first decade, Hungary experienced strong growth. A fall followed, partly due to the political situation and then due to the global economic crisis.

Conclusion 20

References 22

Introduction

The purpose of the work is to study the Ural economic region.

The Urals are a unique economic region within Russia. The uniqueness of the region and its specialization are determined by its geographical location, natural resources, economy and population.

Hungarian cuisine is famous for the use of pepper in various dishes - goulash, gallant, bratwurst. Sweet dishes, various cakes, pancakes, and pastries from the Dobos section are also popular.

• Hungarian music is as exceptional as the Hungarian language.
• World-famous composers are Bela Bartok and Franz Liszt.
• From Hungary comes the beloved Rubik's Cube puzzle.

The population is about 10 million people, of which a fifth live in the capital. Initially, Slavs, Celts lived here, and the Romans came here.

The objectives of the work are:

Determination of a brief description of the area, indicating its composition and economic and geographical location

Study of the population of the Ural economic region

Consideration of the natural resource potential of the area

Determination of the most developed sectors of the national economy

And consideration of the development of the Ural economic region

Conclusion

The Ural region is located between the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan - at the junction of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation. This “neighborly” position can be assessed as favorable for the functioning and development of the entire economic complex.

The territory of the district due to its internal position between the western and eastern economic zones, which have different level economic development and different specializations, ensures the transit of connections between them.

In the structure of the Ural economic region, the largest share in area is occupied by the Sverdlovsk region, and occupies 23.6% of the entire territory of the region.

The Urals are one of the richest places in the world in terms of reserves and diversity of minerals. More than 13 thousand deposits have been discovered here, containing almost the entire periodic table.

The complex geological structure of the Urals determined the exceptional wealth and diversity of its resources, and the long-term processes of destruction of the Ural mountain system exposed these riches and made them more accessible for exploitation. The Urals are a treasure trove of metals and chemical raw materials. In terms of its wealth and diversity of natural resources, it has no equal in the world.

Oil deposits are concentrated mainly in Bashkortostan, the Perm and Orenburg regions and in Udmurtia, natural gas - in the Orenburg gas condensate field, which is the largest in the European part of the country.

In terms of forest cover, the Urals are second only to Siberia, the Far East and the north of the European part of Russia (2/3 of the forests are coniferous).

Coniferous forests predominate. The main part of forest resources is located in the northern part of the Ural Economic Region - in the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions.

Among the basic industries, the leading role belongs to ferrous (18.8%), non-ferrous (7.3%), mechanical engineering and metalworking (18.8%), as well as the chemical and petrochemical industries (7.2%).

Agriculture Ural specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes.

Transport in the region has an extremely important role, given the transit position of the Urals. The region's territory is covered by a dense network of railways and roads, power lines and pipelines. Domestic and inter-district transportation is largely carried out by rail.

Historically, the Urals for Russia is, of course, a locomotive of industrial development. And today the role of this region for the economy of the entire country continues to be extremely significant.

The current production potential of the district is so rich that it must be one of the most rapidly developing regions of Russia.

Another advantage is that the district’s products are in full demand both on the domestic and world markets.
The district should objectively remain a center of attraction for investment – ​​both domestic and foreign.

List of used literature

Bobylev S.A., Khodzhaev A.Sh. Environmental economics. M.: INFRA-M – 2004. - 500 p.

Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies. M: Gardariki. -2003. -368s.

Gavrilov A.I. Regional economics and management: textbook. manual for universities -M. : UNITY, 2002. - 240 p.

Gokhberg M. Ural Federal District // Economist. - 2004. - N 2.. - P. 55-70

Geological natural monuments of the Orenburg region / ed. A.A. Chibileva; Institute of Steppes; Ural. dept. RAS; Committee of Natural Resources for Orenburg. region. -Orenburg: Orenburg. book publishing house, 2000. - 400 p.

Zharikov V.V. Regional economics: Textbook. allowance. Tambov: Tamb publishing house. state tech. University, 2003. - 96 p.

Zheltikov V.P., Kuznetsov N.G. Economical geography. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix. 2001. - 384 p.

Kistanov V.V. Regional economics of Russia: Textbook. for universities / V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov. -M. : Finance and Statistics, 2004. - 584 p.

Kruglov V.V. Legal and economic problems protection of water bodies in the Ural region // Environmental law. - 2004. - N 5. - P. 23-30

Regional economics: textbook. for universities / ed. T.G. Morozova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional -M. : Unity, 2002. - 472 p.

The Sverdlovsk region is the geographical center of Russia. //www.connect.ru

Solomin V.P. Oil complex of Russia. //Energy policy. 2003. - No. 5. - p. 19

Ural economic region //www.mediatext.ru

Human resources of the Urals //www.regions.ru

• Compound : 1. Republic of Bashkortostan

• 2. Udmurt Republic 3. Kurgan region

• 4. Orenburg region 5. Perm region

• 6. Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug 7. Sverdlovsk Region

• 8. Chelyabinsk region

• Square : 824.0 thousand sq. km. (4.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation)

• Population : 20280249 people (13.9% of the total population of the Russian Federation)

General map of the Ural economic region.

Economic and geographical location.

• The Ural region is located between the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan - at the junction of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation. This “neighborly” position can be assessed as favorable for the functioning and development of the entire economic complex.

• The territory of the district, due to its internal position between the western and eastern economic zones, which have different levels of economic development and different specializations, ensures transit connections between them.

• The initial period of industrial development of the area dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, when its economic and geographical position was not yet favorable. In subsequent years, the district's EGP improved due to the development of transport and the construction of new roads.

• Transport routes pass through the Urals, crossing the entire territory of Russia from the western borders to the Pacific Ocean. The region receives raw materials and fuel from the east, and manufacturing products from the west, and also exports its products to all economic regions of Russia.

Population.

The population of the Ural region is 20.4 million people (second place after the Central region). The average density is 25 people per 1 square kilometer. The population is not evenly distributed: the minimum density is observed in the Komi-Permyat Autonomous Okrug - 5 people per 1 square kilometer, the maximum density is observed in the industrial regions of the Middle Urals. In terms of the number of inhabitants, the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm regions and Bashkortostan stand out (these regions account for 76% of the population of the Urals).

• The ethnic composition of the region's population is heterogeneous. Russians and Ukrainians predominate, but the Bashkirs and Udmurts form noticeable population groups in their republics. In addition to Russians, Komi and Komi-Permyaks live in the north-west.

• The result of the rapid economic development of the Urals is a high urbanization rate. The share of city residents is 75%. A particularly high urbanization rate is observed in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions (87 and 81%, respectively).

• The largest cities in the Ural economic region: Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Perm.

Male to female ratio.

Natural conditions and resources.

The geographical position of the Urals is very advantageous: for the eastern regions it acts as a support base for their economic development, and with western regions connected by the export of raw materials, but mainly by ever-increasing mutual supplies of finished industrial products. The Ural economic region is one of the main and most industrially developed regions of Russia. The basis of the industry of the Urals consists of industries developing on the basis of the use of its local natural resources: iron, copper, aluminum, nickel ores, mining chemical raw materials, forest resources.

The complex geological structure of the Urals determined the exceptional wealth and diversity of its resources, and the long-term processes of destruction of the Ural mountain system exposed these riches and made them more accessible for exploitation. The Urals are a treasure trove of metals and chemical raw materials. In terms of its wealth and diversity of natural resources, it has no equal in the world. About 1000 minerals and more than 12 thousand mineral deposits have been discovered here. The Urals ranks first in Russia in terms of reserves of bauxite, chromite, platinum, potassium, asbestos, magnesite and magnesium salts, the reserves of which range from 65 to 100% of the country's total reserves. There are significant reserves of iron, copper and nickel-cobalt ores, oil, gas condensate, and natural gas. There are manganese ores, coal, peat, graphites, and various building materials. The Urals has significant reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials, which, due to the long-term industrial development The Urals have a fairly high degree of depletion.

Natural conditions and resources (continued).

The initial total oil resources of the region are 6.2 million tons, gas – 3.6 billion m3. There are over 660 hydrocarbon fields in the region, including 400 developed for oil and 58 for gas. The degree of depletion of industrial category reserves in the region as a whole is 58%, and for those developed - 61%. Bashkortostan is characterized by the highest degree of reserve depletion (79.2%). The area is dominated by high-sulfur and sulfur oils.

In terms of proven gas reserves (2.3% of Russia), the Urals rank sixth among other regions of the country. In total, about 100 fields containing gas have been identified in the Urals, but the main gas resources are concentrated in the Orenburg gas condensate field, on the basis of which a large gas chemical complex has been formed. Free gas from the Urals fields contains many associated components: hydrogen sulfide, ethane, propane, butane, condensate, helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide. Gas processing is carried out at the Perm and Orenburg gas processing plants and the helium plant.

Although the balance reserves of Ural coal are quite large (over 400 million tons of hard coal and more than 1600 million tons of brown coal), the reserves favorable for further use are practically exhausted. More than 46% of the total coal reserves are located in Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region (South Ural basin). High-tech reserves include only 210 million tons of coal from the South Ural basin and 20 million tons from the Chelyabinsk basin. The remaining coal reserves in the region do not meet the required standards.

National economic complex.

• The modern Urals are one of the most saturated regions of Russia with heavy industry. This fact, as well as the low technical level of most industrial enterprises, determined the extremely high energy intensity of the region's gross regional product.

• Among the basic industries, the leading role belongs to ferrous (18.8%), non-ferrous (7.3%) metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking (18.8%), as well as the chemical and petrochemical industry (7.2%).

Metallurgy is the oldest industry in the region, formed on the rich local deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The main ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsk, and Chelyabinsk. Almost all major branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are represented in the region: copper (Krasnouralsk, Kyshtym, etc.), aluminum (Severouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsky) industry, as well as smelting of nickel, magnesium, zinc.

In terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering, the Urals ranks second in Russia after the central region. The region's mechanical engineering industry has a complex structure, includes almost all sub-sectors and is characterized by high metal resistance. Occupying about 5% of the territory and concentrating 13.9% of the country's population, the region smelts 46% of all-Russian cast iron, 48% of steel, produces 51% of steel pipes, 75% of soda ash, 37% of fertilizers, 19% of sulfuric acid. It has secured a leading position in the production of blast furnace equipment, rolling mills, machines for mining industries, and petrochemical products. The policy of prioritizing the creation and speeding up the development of heavy industry enterprises (and the largest in the industry) has led to the fact that the cost of fixed assets in the light and food industries is only 4.2% of their total value. The Urals are among the lagging regions in terms of development level social infrastructure. Social development is today becoming a serious limitation for the effective functioning of the economy in the region.

Fuel and energy complex.

Despite the presence of its own fuel and energy resources, the Urals are traditionally energy-deficient. The Urals produces 91 million tons of fuel equivalent. primary energy resources. The total consumption of primary energy in the Urals exceeds 160 million tons of fuel equivalent. The region's deficit for all types of energy resources exceeds 70 million tons of equivalent fuel. In 1991–1999, coal resources and consumption in the region decreased at the fastest rate (2.9 and 1.8 times, respectively).

• A decrease in gas production volumes (by 35% in 1991–1999) led to the fact that Orenburg gas began to be replaced by West Siberian gas in the Orenburg-Western Border main pipeline.

• The Orenburg gas chemical complex was created on the basis of the multicomponent Orenburg field. Associated gas is processed at the Perm, Tuymazinsky and Shkapovsky gas processing plants.

• Just like the Volga region, the Urals are redundant in terms of oil refining capacity. Here are a group of Ufa oil refineries, JSC Salavatnefteorgsintez, Perm and Orsk oil refineries.

• The Ural region produces petroleum products in a volume that is 2 times higher than internal demand, including diesel fuel – 3 times.

• Electricity production in the Urals decreased from 177.6 billion kWh in 1991 to 120.9 billion kWh in 1999. The structure of electricity consumption is dominated by industry (about 70%), in particular ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry and petrochemistry.

The basis of the region's electric power industry is thermal power plants, with a total capacity of 28,000 MW. The largest thermal power plants are Reftinskaya, Troitskaya, Iriklinskaya and Permskaya GRES. A large Votkinsk hydroelectric station was built on the basis of the hydropower potential of the region. The Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant operates in the region, where one BN-600 reactor operates.

Extractive industry in the Ural region Oil. Natural gas. Iron ores.

• 1.Black dots on the map are natural gas.

• 2. Gray dots on the map are oil.

• 3.Yellow dots on the map are iron ores.

Republic of Bashkortostan.

• The Republic of Bashkortostan is located in the Urals and on the slopes of the Southern Urals. Area – 43.6 thousand km2. Large cities: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Oktyabrsky, Tuymazy, Ishimbay.

• Natural conditions for the population's life are favorable. Based on the structure of the surface, the western and eastern parts are distinguished, separated by the Belaya and Ufa rivers. The western part is predominantly flat; the eastern one is mountainous: in the north there is the Ufa Plateau, and in the south there are the ridges of the Southern Urals.

• The climate is continental. Summers are hot, dry winds are frequent, winters are snowy and frosty. The growing season is 120–135 days.

• Large rivers are Belaya and Ufa. The forest cover of the territory is about 40%, coniferous forests dominate, and in the western part - broad-leaved forests, which give way to forest-steppe and steppe to the south.

The mineral resources of Bashkortostan are very diverse. Significant oil and gas reserves are located mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the republic. In the eastern mountainous part there are deposits of iron, manganese, copper, zinc ores, and gold. Bauxite and table salt have been discovered in the central lowland, and brown coal deposits have been discovered in the southwest. The republic has developed railway and road transport. Navigation is carried out along the Belaya and Ufa rivers. Pipeline transport has been developed. Bashkortostan ranks first in the Urals in terms of the length of oil and petroleum product pipelines.

The environmental situation in the republic is very acute and is mainly associated with industrial pollution and soil erosion. Zones of general contamination of the territory have formed around the cities of Ufa (1400 km2), Sterlitamak (1900 km2); on the border with the Chelyabinsk region there is a pollution spot with an area of ​​3070 km2. The difficult environmental situation in the republic is a brake on its further development. There is a high probability of man-made accidents in a number of regions and cities due to the oversaturation of environmentally hazardous industries in the oil, oil refining, and petrochemical industries, as well as the passage of a large number of oil and gas pipelines through the territory of the republic.

Udmurt republic.

• The Udmurt Republic occupies the territory located between the Vyatka and Kama rivers. The area of ​​the republic is 42.1 thousand km2. Main cities: Izhevsk (capital), Votkinsk, Glazov, Sarapul.

• The surface is flat, more elevated in the north (up to 330 m). The climate is moderate continental. Winters are cold, summers are relatively warm. The growing season lasts from late April to late September. Natural conditions for life are generally favorable. In the depths there are reserves of peat and oil, and the Kama River has significant water and energy resources.

The republic has a developed transport infrastructure: the operational length of railway tracks is 887 km; the transport network configuration is favorable. The main industrial centers are located on railways and paved roads. Up to 50% of intra-republican transportation is carried out by road. Water transport is developed (Sarapul and Kambarka piers). Gas pipelines pass through the territory of Udmurtia.

• The ecological situation in the republic is contrasting: in the northern regions it is moderately acute, associated with deforestation, in industrial zones it is very acute (industrial pollution of the atmosphere, water, soil, land disturbance). Zones of persistent contamination of the territory have formed around the cities of Izhevsk (550 km2) and Glazov (480 km2).

The population as of January 1, 2000 was 1,629 thousand people, which is equal to 1.12% of total number By Russian Federation. The share of the urban population is 69.4%, rural – 30.6%. The republic is home to 1.14% of the country's total working population. Compared to 1991, the population of the republic has remained virtually unchanged. Average life expectancy during this period decreased by 1.89 years.

Kurgan region.

• The Kurgan region is located in the southwest of the West Siberian Plain, in the basin of the middle reaches of the Tobol River. The distance from Kurgan to Moscow is 1973 km. The area of ​​the region is 71 thousand km2 (0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation). Main cities: Kurgan, Shadrinsk.

• The surface is a flat plain (southern part of the West Siberian Plain). The climate of the region is sharply continental. Winter is long and cold. The average January temperature is -18°C, the summer is warm, droughts periodically recur, the average July temperature is +19°C.

The main rivers - Tobol, Iset, Uy, Kurtamysh, Yurgamysh - are located in the western half of the region. In the east and southwest of the region there are lakes, the number of which reaches 2 thousand, of which 70–75% are fresh, the rest are mineralized, having medicinal properties. The forest cover of the territory is 18%, increasing in the north to 30–40% and decreasing in the south to 5–9%. There are pine forests along the rivers. Among the mineral resources that the region has, it is worth mentioning numerous deposits of raw materials for the production of building materials - clays, sands, gypsum. In the south of the region there are iron ore deposits (Glubochenskoye and Berezovskoye deposits) and small peat reserves.

• The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the Kurgan region. All major cities are located on it, but the overwhelming volume of intra-regional transport is accounted for by road transport.

• The ecological situation is moderately acute, mainly associated with soil erosion and salinization, the growth of ravines in arable land and soil degradation. Radioactive contamination of the Miass River has been noted.

Orenburg region.

The Orenburg region is located in the south of the Ural economic region. Territory – 124 thousand km2. Main cities: Orenburg, Orsk, Novotroitsk, Mednogorsk, Buzuluk, Buguruslan, Gai. Most of the region's territory is located in the foothills. The climate is sharply continental, the average temperature in January is from -14 to -18°C, in July - from +19 to +22°C. Precipitation amount is 300–440 mm per year. The main river of the region is the Ural with its tributaries. Forests occur in isolated islands in the north and northwest. The subsoil is rich in minerals. The richest deposits of iron and copper ores, magnesite, asbestos, oil, coal, natural gas, table salt, and various raw materials for the production of building materials are concentrated here.

On the territory of the region there are over 2 thousand deposits and occurrences of 72 types of minerals. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country in the extraction of copper, nickel-cobalt ore, and rock salt. The Orenburg region is one of the most important gas production and processing regions in the European part of the country. In terms of the scale of production of complex gas, it is second only to the Tyumen region. The Orenburg region has a developed transport infrastructure. The operational length of public railway tracks is 1.7 thousand km, the length of paved roads (including departmental ones) is 13.7 thousand km (70% of the total length). Pipelines have been laid on the territory of the region: Orenburg - the western border of Russia (gas), Bukhara - Ural with a branch to Orsk (gas), Emba - Orsk (oil), Ishimbay - Orsk (oil), Orenburg - Bashkortostan (condensate).

Perm region.

• The Perm region is located on the western slopes of the Northern and Middle Urals and the hilly plains adjacent to it from the west. The area of ​​the region is 16.06 thousand km2. Main cities: Perm, Berezniki, Solikamsk, Lysva, Chusovoy, Tchaikovsky, Krasnokamsk.

• The climate in the region is moderate continental. Winters are snowy and long, summers are moderately warm. Average temperatures in January are from -15 to -18°C, in July – from +16 to +18°C. Annual precipitation ranges from 450 mm in the southwest to 800 mm in the northeast. The growing season is 145–165 days.

• The main river of the region is the Kama with its tributaries. The Perm region is located in the middle and southern taiga zones, as well as mixed forests. Forests occupy over 60% of its territory.

• In the region there are deposits of oil, gas, potassium-magnesium salts, chromites, coal, etc.

Natural landscapes are mostly poorly transformed. The ecological situation is heterogeneous, very acute in the industrial zone of Perm - Berezniki - Solikamsk due to the high level of industrial pollution of the atmosphere and waters, the creation of the Kama reservoir, forest degradation and accelerated erosion. Zones of general contamination of the territory have formed around the cities of Perm (5340 km2), Berezniki and Solikamsk (2240 ​​km2 - a single zone). In the south of the region there is a strip of radioactive contamination of the territory (consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). The population of the region (excluding the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) as of 01/01/2000 amounted to 2806.1 thousand people, which is equal to 1.93% of the total population in the Russian Federation. The share of the urban population is 78.0%, rural – 22.0%. The region is home to 1.96% of the country's total working population. Compared to 1991, as a result of unfavorable demographic processes, the region's population decreased by 89 thousand people. Average life expectancy during this period decreased by 2.44 years.

Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug.

• Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug is a subject of the Russian Federation within the Perm region. It is located in the Urals, in the upper reaches of the Kama.

• Area – 32.9 thousand km2. The center of the district is the city of Kudymkar.

• The relief is slightly hilly: in the north there is the Northern Uvaly, in the west there is the Verkhnekamsk Upland (height up to 280 m), but most of the district is occupied by low-lying areas.

• The climate is continental with harsh snowy winters and relatively short warm summers. Average temperatures in January are from -15 to -17°C, in July – from +17 to +19°C. Precipitation is about 500 mm per year.

• The main river is the Kama with its tributaries. The lakes are predominantly floodplain. There are many sphagnum bogs in the north. About 4/5 of the territory is covered with spruce and spruce-fir forests.

• Transport is extremely poorly developed. There are no railways. An extremely rare network of roads of poor quality.

• The environmental situation is satisfactory, but there are problems associated mainly with deforestation and pollution of surface waters by housing and communal services and the forestry and wood processing industries. Around the city of Kudymkar there is a zone of general contamination of an area of ​​160 km2.

The population of the district as of January 1, 2000 was 150.4 thousand people, which is equal to 0.1% of the total population in the Russian Federation. The share of the urban population is 26.0%, rural – 74.0%. The district is home to 0.1% of the country's total working population. Since 1991, as a result of unfavorable demographic processes, the district's population has decreased by 10 thousand people.

Sverdlovsk region.

• The Sverdlovsk region is located mainly on the eastern slopes of the Middle and Northern Urals, as well as in the adjacent territories of the West Siberian Lowland. The area of ​​the region is 194.8 thousand km2 (1.2% of the territory of the Russian Federation).

• There are 47 cities in the region. The largest of them are: the regional center of Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Kamensk-Uralsky, Pervouralsk, Serov, Asbest. The Middle Urals are strongly flattened, the western foothills are more elevated (average height - 300–500 m). The highest peak in the region is Mount Kozhakovsky Kamen (1569 m).

The climate is continental. Winter is cold and long. The average January temperature on the Trans-Ural plains ranges from -20°C in the north to -17°C in the southeast and -15°C in the south. Summers are moderately warm and hot in the southeast. The average temperature in July is +16°C. Precipitation on the Trans-Ural plains per year ranges from 500 mm in the north to 350–400 mm in the southeast. The most precipitation falls in the southwest and in the mountains (up to 500–600 mm or more).

• The main rivers are Tavda, Tura, Iset, Chusovaya and Ufa. Most of the region is located in the forest zone. Mainly coniferous species grow.

Mineral resources are varied: iron and copper ores, bauxite, coal, asbestos, talc, marble, gold, platinum, precious and ornamental stones. The largest deposits: iron ores – Kachkanarskoye, Kytlymskoye, Visimskoye; copper ores – Krasnouralskoe, Kirovogradskoe; coal – Bogoslovskoye, Severo-Sosvinskoye, Bulanshi-Elkinskoye; asbestos - Bazhenovskoe; talc – Shabrovskoe.

• The region has a developed railway network connecting it with the western and eastern regions of Russia and the CIS countries. The operational length of public railway tracks is 3.6 thousand km.

• The environmental situation in the industrial zone Kamensk-Uralsky - Ekaterinburg - Nizhny Tagil is very acute, mainly due to high technogenic pollution of the environment. In the south of the region there is a zone of general contamination of the territory with an area of ​​39,400 km2, in the north – 200 km2.

Chelyabinsk region.

• The Chelyabinsk region is located on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and adjacent territories of the Trans-Ural Lowland.

• The distance from Chelyabinsk to Moscow is 1919 km. The territory of the region is 87.9 thousand km2 (0.5% of the territory of the Russian Federation). Main cities: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Zlatoust, Miass, Kopeisk, Korkino, Troitsk.

• According to the nature of the surface, the territory of the region is divided into two parts: the western with ridge-hilly relief (average height 300–500 m) and the eastern plain, which has numerous depressions, gentle ridges and inter-ridge depressions. The central part of the region is hilly. The highest peak in the region is Mount Nurgun (1406 m).

• The climate is continental. Winter is cold and long. The average January temperature ranges from -15°C in the northwest to -18°C in the southeast; summers are warm. The annual precipitation rate ranges from 600 mm in the mountains to 350 mm on the plains, the maximum occurs in summer.

• The main rivers are the Ural and Miass. The area covered by forest is more than 1/4 of the entire territory of the region.

• The region has reserves of various minerals: coal, iron ores, magnesite, graphite, refractory clays.

• The operational length of public railway tracks is 1.8 thousand km, the length of paved roads (including departmental ones) is 15.9 thousand km (72% of the total length). Transit oil and gas pipelines have been laid across the region, and air transport has been developed.

The Urals are located between the two cardinal directions of Europe and Asia; it separates the western part of Russia from its eastern part.

The territory occupied by the Ural economic region is 824 thousand km 2.

The Ural region includes the Kurgan region, the Orenburg region, the Perm region together with the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, the Sverdlovsk region, the Chelyabinsk region, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Republic of Udmurtia.

In the west, the border of the Ural economic region is created by the Ural Mountains, in the south it borders on Kazakhstan, in the east on the Siberian Federal District. The northern border is washed by the Kara Sea.

Brief description of natural resources

The Urals is part of the Russian Federation, and therefore, like the whole country, it has a huge and diverse natural resource potential. The Urals occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves of some minerals. In the Ural economic region there are various mineral resources, fuel, and non-metallic minerals.

Oil, gas, peat, oil shale, and coal are found in the depths of the Urals. Oil fields are located mainly in Bashkortostan, Perm and Orenburg regions. The largest gas condensate field is located in the Urals - Orenburg. The main basins where coal is mined are the Kizelovsky coal deposits, the Chelyabinsk and South Ural lignite deposits. Coal is mainly mined by open-pit mining, as the depth of occurrence is not great. Brown coals occupy 75% of all coal reserves.

Iron ores and ores of non-ferrous metals occur mainly within the Ural Mountains. More than 2 thousand deposits of iron ore are known, the extraction of which in the Urals is second only to the Central Black Earth region. Of this reserve, only 29 fields are exploited.

The Ural region is distinguished by a large reserve of various non-ferrous metal resources. Copper reserves are being developed at the Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, and Gai deposits. Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh are places where zinc and nickel minerals are mined. Aluminum raw materials (bauxite) are located mainly in the northern part of the Urals (Little Red Riding Hood, Severnoye, Sosvinskoye deposits).

The largest salt-bearing basin is located in the Ural region - Verkhnekamsk. Also, large reserves of potassium and table salts are mined in the Iletsk deposit in the Orenburg region.

There are deposits of clay, sand, and limestone.

Natural resources in the Urals are varied. Climatic conditions change from north to south, since the meridional extent of the Ural region is greater than the latitudinal one.

The Urals are especially rich in forests; in terms of forest cover, it ranks 4th after Siberia, the Far East and the North of the European part of our country. The main part of the forests is located in the northern part of the Ural economic region - in the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. Coniferous species predominate.

Water resources are distributed unevenly, and their quantity is insufficient to meet the needs of industrial enterprises. The average long-term volume of river flow averages about 136 km 3 . Surface waters are located mainly in the west of the Urals, and industry is concentrated mainly in other areas of the Ural region.

Conditions for agricultural work are more favorable in the southern part of the Urals.

Plan "Economic-geographical

Characteristics (EGC) of the region"

1. Administrative composition of the district.

2. Features of the economic and geographical location.

3. The place of the region in the economic complex of the country.

4. Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area.

5. Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region.

6. Development and location of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region.

7. Industries that complement the industrial specialization of the region, a range of services.

8. Specialization, level of development of agriculture in the region.

9. Territorial structure of the district’s economy (largest industrial hubs, subdistricts, industrial complexes).

10. Development of external relations of the region.

11. Problems of district development in conditions of transition to a market economy.

Administrative composition of the district

The Ural region includes two republics: Bashkortostan and Udmurtia. Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The capital of the Urals is the city of Yekaterinburg.

Features of the economic and geographical location

The Ural region is located at the junction of Europe and Asia. Its core is the middle and southern parts of the Ural Mountains. From the west they are adjacent to the outskirts of the East European Plain (Pre-Urals), and from the east – to the West Siberian Lowland (Trans-Urals). The Urals are located at the junction of the economically developed European part and the developing eastern regions of Russia; it links them together, since transport routes passing through its territory provide communication between the old industrial regions of Siberia and Far East. The Urals are located inland, far from state borders, and this is the most important feature of its EGP.

The place of the region in the economic complex of the country.

In terms of its economic importance, the Ural region ranks second after the Central region of Russia. Although the area of ​​the region is only 4.8% of the country's territory (824 thousand km2), 13.5% of all fixed assets of Russian economic sectors are concentrated in it. At the same time, the Urals provide 14.5% of the country's gross domestic product, 19.0% of industrial output and 13.7% of gross agricultural output, 21.6% of profit.

In the economic complex of the country, the Urals have always had a clearly defined specialization: heavy industry and commercial grain. More than 80% of all products of the Urals (without weapons and military equipment) were means of production. The share of fuel, raw materials and products of their primary processing (metals, lumber, alumina and others) increased in exports to 75-85%, and in exports amounted to more than 90%, that is, the region is gradually turning into a raw materials area. This is also evidenced by structural changes in industry: a decrease in the share of mechanical engineering and metalworking, light and food industries and an increase in the share of electric power, the fuel industry, and ferrous metallurgy.

The most important feature of the UER is the concentration of the military-industrial complex in it. The Urals is one of the three economic regions of the country, where 60% of Russian production of weapons and military equipment is concentrated.

Despite the sharp decline in production activity, the Urals today continues to be the leading industrial region of the country with a pronounced all-Russian specialization. The main specialization is metallurgy. UER provides 45% of ferrous and 24% of non-ferrous metallurgy products in the country. UER produces a fifth of all building materials in the country and almost a fifth of engineering products. The chemical and petrochemical industries, electric power and fuel industries have undergone significant development here.

At the same time, UER is a fairly developed agricultural region. It produces large quantities of potatoes (12.9%), vegetables (13.3%), milk (15.5%), chicken eggs (15.8%), legumes (17.1%), livestock and poultry meat ( 26.4%).

The Ural region ranks first among the economic regions of Russia in terms of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from stationary sources. In recent years, in the region as a whole, the load on environment emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere tends to decrease, but this is not due to environmental measures, but to a decrease in industrial production volumes.

The situation with the use and pollution of surface water is even more unfavorable. Despite the significant reduction in production at the UER, the volume of polluted water discharges from 1991 to 1997 remained virtually unchanged.

The Urals are one of the richest places in the world in terms of reserves and diversity of minerals. More than 13 thousand deposits have been discovered here, containing almost the entire periodic table. The Urals rank second in Russia in copper mining (in terms of metal) and provide more than 70% of Russian bauxite production. Here are the world's largest deposits of asbestos and potassium salts. The Urals are a large gold-platinum metal province.

In terms of forest cover, the Urals are second only to Siberia, the Far East and the north of the European part of Russia (2/3 of the forest area is occupied by coniferous species), and in terms of the area of ​​arable land it ranks second in Russia (17% of all-Russian ones).

The region has powerful research and innovation potential.

The infrastructural potential of the Urals provides not only its own needs, but also the needs of adjacent territories for the transportation of passengers and goods, trade, financial transactions, business services, etc. The Urals have the largest share of electrified railways in Russia (more than 60%), the most significant high-pressure and large-diameter main pipelines, the largest communications “corridors” in which electrified railways, oil and gas pipelines, cable communication lines are located in parallel, motorways.

The Urals belongs to the system-forming regions of the Russian Federation, which could become the core, the core of the revival of the country's economy, the formation of a single economic space. The Urals could play a significant role in strengthening integration processes at the interregional and interstate levels, and act as one of the “locomotives” capable of “pulling” the country’s economy out of the economic crisis.

The accumulated production, infrastructure, scientific and technical potential, geographical location, and rich natural resource base create conditions for sustainable economic growth. The development prospects of the region should increasingly be determined by the machine-building complex, including high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries that can compete in world markets. The heavy industry of the Urals could become the basis for the rise of industry and the rationalization (technical re-equipment, modernization) of other sectors of material production in adjacent regions.

The heavy industry of the Urals could take a direct part in the proposed reconstruction and construction of new enterprises and infrastructure facilities in the states of Central Asia (the Ural-Central Asia integration axis), where the Russian presence is beyond last years significantly weakened.

Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area.

The area is unusually rich in a variety of mineral resources. Oil and gas, deposits of potassium salts are located in the Pre-Ural foredeep. Igneous rocks of the eastern slopes contain large reserves of iron, copper, and nickel ores. In addition, there are deposits of complex iron ore, which also contain chromium, titanium, vanadium, deposits of asbestos, marble, talc, and gems (malachite, jasper, amethyst). But the resources of the Urals have been used for a long time and intensively, so they are severely depleted.

The Urals has quite favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The foothill plains have chernozems in the south and gray forest and podzolic soils in the north. Mountainous areas and areas north of the 60th parallel are of little use for agriculture, but have large reserves of timber. There are few large rivers in the Urals, so the area experiences a shortage of water resources.

Population characteristics and labor resources district.

Initially, the Urals were populated by newcomers from Siberia and the southeastern regions. Then, in the process of settling the vast Eurasian expanses, representatives of different civilizations (European and Asian) settled on its territory. These were the tribes of Finns, Ugrians, Scythians, Arabs, Bulgars, Turks, etc. The Russians appeared here only in the 11th century.

Now the Urals are one of the most multinational regions of Russia. Russians make up 45%, significant groups of the population are formed by Bashkirs and Udmurts in their republics, and the share of Ukrainians is also high.

The population is more than 20 million people. The average density is 25 people/km², but residents are distributed very unevenly: from 5 people/km² in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug to 100 people/km² or more in the industrial areas of the Middle Urals. The majority of the population lives in the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, and Perm regions of Bashkortostan.

As in other industrial regions, the Urals has a high urbanization rate (75%). There are three millionaire cities in the Urals - Yekaterinburg, Perm and Chelyabinsk. The region has sufficiently highly qualified personnel, but at the same time it experiences a shortage of labor resources. In recent years, an outflow of residents has begun from the regions of the Urals, which are quite harsh in terms of climatic conditions, where social infrastructure is also poorly developed, but this outflow is compensated by the influx of Russian refugees from the states of Central Asia.

1. The largest economic and industrial region of Russia, the Ural economic region is located at the junction of the territories of two parts of the world, Europe and Asia. The Ural Federal District (UFD) is a territory with enormous natural resource, production and scientific potential. The territory of the UER extends in the meridian direction for more than 2 thousand kilometers. The area of ​​the region is 824 thousand km2, or 4.8% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Ural economic region (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Udmurt Republic) is almost entirely located within the Urals and the lowland Urals (Fig. 1). Modern natural complexes of the Urals and the Urals arose in the Neogene-Quaternary times and belong to the Russian Plain, the Urals and the West Siberian Plain. The Ural is a region of very sharp economic, natural and social contrasts. The Urals are the junction of: 1. two parts of the world 2. different parts of the earth’s crust 3. various landforms 4. basins of large river systems 5. climatic zones and regions 6. several natural zones 7. economic macro-regions of Russia

The Urals are one of the largest old industrial areas in the world. In 1990, old problems in the region worsened and new problems arose. Among them are the problem of marketing finished products, unemployment, supplying factories with raw materials, updating technologies and environmental pollution. All of Russia's environmental problems come together here. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, the pre-Ural and trans-Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed beyond recognition. The Middle and Southern Urals are an anthropogenically-natural region dominated by mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. On the site of the Magnitnaya, Vysokaya and Blagodati mountains, giant quarries arose. In the 1930s, the creation of a large Ural metallurgy, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, paper and forestry industries began in the Urals. Much work has been carried out to create a fuel and energy base. To supply electricity to the industry of the Urals, construction was carried out on the basis of local fuel at the Chelyabinsk, Egorshinskaya, Kizelovskaya and other power plants, and later at the Beloyarsk NPP, Reftinskaya, Permskaya, Iriklinskaya State District Power Plants, etc.

Branches of market specialization of industry. The leading industry of market specialization in the Urals is ferrous metallurgy. The Urals are the main metallurgical base of Russia. More than 80% of the metal is produced by factories and combines in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky. Of the old reconstructed factories, the most significant are the Zlatoust, Verkh-Isetsky, Lysvensky, Chusovskoy, and Beloyarsky plants. Full-cycle plants operate partly on local iron ores, ores from the KMA and neighboring Kazakhstan, and on imported coking coals from Kuzbass.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is of national importance. The old branches of non-ferrous metallurgy include the copper smelting industry. The region is one of the leading places in the country in copper smelting. Copper smelters are located near copper deposits on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

The sectors of market specialization of the Urals are also mechanical engineering and metalworking. Among them are such giants as the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant in Yekaterinburg (Uralmash) and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Ekaterinburg Electrical Equipment Plant, Chelyabinsk Abrasive Plant and a number of others. Old factories have also been reconstructed, including the Zlatoust Tool Plant, the Chelyabinsk Agricultural Engineering Plant, the Miass Plant, etc. Currently, the leading industries are heavy, energy and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats etc. Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan became major centers of mechanical engineering.

Important industry market specialization chemical industry. Its main products are mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and organic synthesis products. The potash industry is especially notable, represented by the largest potash plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Cities with a developed metallurgical industry also became centers of the chemical industry. Here, the production of sulfuric acid is based on waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Oil production is carried out in Bashkortostan (Ishimbay, etc.), Perm and Orenburg regions, the oil refining industry is developed in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Orsk, Perm and Krasnokamsk. A new large gas production and processing region has been created in the Orenburg region.

Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed in the inter-district division social labor The Urals also stands out for its developed construction materials industry, which uses local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Yemanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

Transport and economic ties. The most important role among modes of transport in the Urals belongs to railways. The basis of the railway network is made up of latitudinal and meridional highways intersecting almost at right angles. The most important of the latitudinal highways is the Chelyabinsk-Vladivostok section of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Latitudinal highways cross the Urals at the latitude of Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, Orsk. Meridional roads simultaneously serve as distributors of goods arriving in the Urals in the order of interregional exchange. The network of meridional roads on the Eastern slope of the Urals is better developed. The Polunochnoe Orsk line stands out; The Serov Chelyabinsk road runs parallel to it. On the Western slope of the Urals takes place Railway Solikamsk Glass. A railway was also built in Tyumen region Ivdel Ob. Pipeline transport has developed. The main oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European regions of Russia and the countries of Eastern and Western Europe pass through the territory of the Urals.

Agriculture. Agriculture in the Urals specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes. In the north-west of the region, in the Perm region and Udmurtia, crops of rye, fodder crops, flax and potatoes predominate; Livestock farming has a dairy and meat direction.

A particular pain in the Urals is radiation pollution. Long before Chernobyl, the people of the Urals felt the menacing breath of nuclear death. The Mayak association (Chelyabinsk-65) has been producing nuclear fuel (plutonium) since 1949, located 100 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of ​​23 thousand km2: cities, towns and villages with a population of 450 thousand people. As a result of a major accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel cycle enterprise, the East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) was formed.

Protecting the Urals from environmental disaster: creating an effective structure for state management of environmental protection; development of methods economic assessment negative environmental consequences, improving the licensing system for emissions, discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal; stimulating the development and implementation of effective environmental management systems at enterprises; improvement of economic and financial mechanisms for environmental protection, development of the market for environmental works and services; increasing the efficiency of state environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment procedures and a number of others.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” adopted in 1991, defines the following types of specially protected natural areas. 1. State natural reserves - natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), forever withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as standards of the natural environment , typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of plants and animals is preserved. 2. State natural reserves are natural complexes designed for the conservation and reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources. 3. National natural parks are natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental, educational, and recreational significance as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and public education. 4. Natural monuments are unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require state protection. 5. Resort and health-improving areas are specially protected territories and areas of water that have natural healing properties, mineral springs, climatic and other conditions favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6. Green zones - territories around cities and industrial settlements that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions, allocated to suburban green zones, including forest park protective belts.

Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

Sections: Geography

Class: 9

Keywords: Ural

Ural: economic-geographical location and natural resourcespotential.

The purpose of the lesson: Study the economic and geographical location ( EGP), natural conditions and natural resources of the Ural Economic Region (UER).

Tasks:

• Educational: introduce students to the composition of the area, evaluate its EGP, describe natural conditions and resources.
• Developmental: continue to develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information.
• Educational: promote the development of cognitive interest and creative activity of students.

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: physical and administrative-political maps of Russia; textbook V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. Geography of Russia. Population and economy; contours of the Central Black Earth, Northern, North Caucasian economic regions; portraits of A.E. Fersman, P.P. Bazhova; illustrations of the Kungurskaya, Kapova caves and the Chusovaya River; presentation "Minerals of the Urals".

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

Greetings, psychological mood.

II. Check of knowledge.

Teacher: The most important method of geographical science is zoning, which makes it possible to characterize large regions of the country by specialization and participation in the territorial division of labor. What two large economic zones (macroregions) are usually identified when economically zoning Russia? Show on the map.

Students: Western (European Russia) and Eastern (Asian Russia).

Teacher: How many economic regions is the territory of Russia divided into according to the “State Planning Division” of 1961?

Students: by 11 (8 economic regions in the Western macroregion and three – in Vostochny).

Teacher: What areas of the Western Economic Zone have we met?

Students: Central, Central Chernobyl, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western, Northern, North Caucasian, Volga regions.

Teacher: Based on the description, determine which economic region we are talking about. Show it on the map.

1. This area is called a “natural amphitheater”, “health resort”, “breadbasket” of the country. It stands out among other regions due to the maximum number of republics in its composition. Very profitable EGP. The region is characterized by political instability. ( North Caucasian)
2. The region has no access to state borders, is poor in mineral resources, and is well supplied with water resources. The role of the region in the country's economic complex is determined by mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, and the forestry complex. ( Volgo-Vyatsky)
3. Diverse, rich resource base. There is an ice-free port in the north-west of the region. Labor shortage. The most promising area for the construction of tidal power plants. ( Northern)
4. In the 18th century the area was a "wild field". It is distinguished by a highly developed agricultural sector with processing industry and ferrous metallurgy. ( Central Black Earth)
5. The smallest region in terms of the number of subjects of the Federation. One of the regions is a free economic zone. Not rich in natural resources. Specializes in diversified mechanical engineering. ( Northwestern)
6. In Soviet times, the region was called the “locomotive of industrialization.” It has a strong scientific base and is poor in natural resources. Industries of specialization: precision and high-tech engineering, chemical industry and textiles. ( Central)
7. "Automotive workshop of the country." A large gas condensate field was discovered in the south of the region. Before the Great Patriotic War There was a republic of Germans. Acute environmental problems associated with water pollution. ( Povolzhsky)

Teacher: Try to recognize the economic region based on the contours ( showing the contours of the Central Black Earth, Northern and North Caucasian economic regions)

Teacher: Your homework was joint creative work to create an image of the Volga economic region ( Appendix 1). Let's see how you dealt with it.

(Student comments)

III. Learning new material.

Epigraph on the board:

He smelled of forests and flowers
And bitter factory smoke!
S. Shchipachev

Teacher: Today in class we are starting to study the Ural economic region. Let's get acquainted with its composition, evaluate its economic and geographical position and natural resource potential.

Determine which subjects of the Russian Federation make up the UER.

Students : Two Republics: Bashkiria (Ufa) and Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Perm region (from January 1, 2006, as a result of a referendum, the Perm region merged with the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug), 4 regions: Sverdlovsk region (Ekaterinburg), Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk), Kurganskaya (Kurgan) and Orenburgskaya (Orenburg).

Teacher: The area of ​​the district is 824 thousand square meters. km.

Let's name the largest and smallest entity by area in the UER.

Students: Sverdlovsk region, Republic of Udmurtia.

Teacher: What can you say about the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Perm?

Students: These are million-plus cities.

1. Position of the region in the country.
2. Neighboring areas, states.
3. Access to the sea
4. Situation in relation to fuel, energy and raw material bases.
5. Transport position.

Student answers: The Ural economic region is located at the junction of the European and Asian parts of Russia. It borders with the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, and West Siberian economic regions. In the south it borders with Kazakhstan (close good neighborly relations, but the big problem is the flow of drugs). The Urals is a land region, but along the river. The Ural, Kama, Volga and canals have access to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas

The region receives raw materials and fuel from the east, and processed products from the west, and also exports its products to all economic regions of Russia thanks to the developed transport network (transit railways, roads, oil and gas pipelines).

Teacher: Let's analyze the main stages of changes in the economic and geographical position of the Urals (Table 61 on page 288 of the textbook)

Working with the textbook.

Teacher: Compare the EGP of the Urals and the Volga region. What are the similarities and what are the differences?

Student answers.

Teacher: Natural conditions and resources, as well as geographical location, greatly influence the development of the area. Let's evaluate the natural conditions.

Students: Natural conditions are unfavorable. The mountain belt of the Urals influenced the climate of the region, which changes in three directions: from north to south, from west to east and from the foothills of the mountains to their peaks. In the north there is permafrost, in the south there are fertile soils. The Cis-Ural region receives more precipitation than the Trans-Ural region. Thus, the Cis-Ural region and the south of the Urals have more favorable conditions.

Teacher: Of the natural resources of the Urals, what resources brought it world fame?

Students: Mineral.

Teacher: In terms of the diversity of mineral resources, the UER has no equal among the economic regions of Russia. There are 15 thousand mineral deposits here.

The main wealth of the region is ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Teacher: The Urals have long been the largest mining and metallurgical base in the country.

What is the reason for the placement of minerals?

Students: With geological structure.

Teacher: So, let's turn to the map. In which part of the region does ore material predominate?

Students: In the eastern foothills and Trans-Urals (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions)

Teacher: Two-thirds of the iron ore reserves of the Urals are contained in the Kachkanar deposit. Copper ores: Sverdlovsk region (Krasnouralsk, Revda), Chelyabinsk region (Karabash), Orenburg region (Mednogorsk).

What are the main types of fuel resources?

Students: oil, coal, gas.

Teacher: Where are the oil deposits concentrated?

Students: Perm region, Udmurtia, Bashkiria, Orenburg region.

Teacher: In the Orenburg region there is the largest gas condensate field in the European part of the country. Small coal reserves are located in the Kizelovsky (hard coal), Chelyabinsk (brown coal - Kopeysk) basins. The Urals has large reserves of potassium and table salts. Name the deposit.

Students: Verkhnekamsk basin.

Teacher: It should also be noted that the Iletsk deposit of table salt in the Orenburg region. The Urals are also rich in precious metals (gold, silver, platinum). And what kind of wealth does the writer Bazhov talk about in his stories? (I draw your attention to the portrait of Bazhov).

Students: about precious and ornamental stones.

Teacher: These are minerals. Academician Fersman (showing a portrait) called the Urals “the pearl of the mineral kingdom,” “mineralogical paradise.” More than 5 thousand minerals were discovered here. In the Ilmensky Nature Reserve on an area of ​​303 sq. km. contains 5% of all minerals on Earth!

Here they are, the minerals that glorified the Urals! ( Appendix 2. Presentation Packaged together with an accompanying sound file).

Teacher: We continue to characterize the resources of the Urals.

40% of the region's territory is occupied by forests. Most of them perform recreational and sanitary functions. In the north there are forests for industrial use. Name the regions where forest resources are significant.

Students: Perm region, Sverdlovsk region, Bashkiria, Udmurtia.

Teacher: Soil and land resources. The structure of land is dominated by cultivated land and pastures. Soils are depleted in some places due to heavy anthropogenic impact. In which zone are fertile soils located?

Students: in the south of the region (steppe zone)

Teacher : Agroclimatic resources allow you to engage in farming in the warm season . What is grown in the Urals?

Students: grain crops: millet, rye, barley, spring and winter wheat, sunflower, sugar beets, vegetables, potatoes.

Teacher: How developed is livestock farming?

Student: meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, fine-fleece sheep breeding, beekeeping.

Teacher: One of the most pressing problems in the Urals is the lack of...

Students: water.

Teacher: At first glance it’s a paradox! Take a look at the map of the area - what an abundance of rivers. There are 69 thousand of them in the Urals! So what's the problem?

Students: water resources are distributed unevenly, the western slope is most provided with water. B The river originates in the mountains, but in the upper reaches there is little water. High water consumption industrial enterprises(especially metallurgical and chemical).

Teacher: The water problem is solved by creating ponds and reservoirs: now there are more than 300 large artificial reservoirs in the region. Large drainage systems have already been built from the Ufa River to Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. It is planned to transfer water from the Tavda River to the latter.

Recreational resources. The unique beauty of the Ural Mountains attracts tourists from all over the country. In the Urals there are many areas of health and sports tourism, recreation areas and sanatorium treatment. On the territory of the region there are the most important centers of educational tourism, historical and architectural monuments: Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Solikamsk, Izhevsk. There are interesting natural objects here (I show illustrations): the world-famous Kungur Ice Cave, 5.6 km long, consisting of 58 ice grottoes and about 60 lakes; Kapova Cave (res. Bashkiria) - wall paintings of Upper Paleotic man depicting a mammoth, horse and rhinoceros were discovered in it; Chusovaya River - one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia.

Teacher: Many resources have been intensively exploited for almost 300 years. Therefore, it is not surprising that they are greatly depleted, but the conclusion about the impoverishment of the Urals is premature. Oddly enough, geologically the area is poorly studied - its depths have been explored to a depth of only 600-800 meters. There is room to expand in breadth: in the north and in the south.

IV. Consolidation.

Teacher: So, what economic region did we start studying today?

Students: U ralsky

Teacher: Let's consolidate our knowledge. You need to be extremely careful and find errors in this text:

The Ural economic region has a not very advantageous EGP: it is located on west European part of Russia, in the south it borders Kyrgyzstan. Proximity to the raw material bases of the Asian part of the country.

The UER includes two republics (Udmurtia and Kalmykia), five regions (Sverdlovsk, Permskaya, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan) and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug).

Natural conditions of the Urals as a whole very favorable, poor natural resources, with the exception of aquatic

Student answers .

Teacher: Our lesson has come to an end (summarizing the lesson).

V. Homework:

§ 56, complete tasks on the contour map, propose your own way to solve the water problem of the Urals.