In the 17th century The all-Russian market began to take shape. Before this, feudal fragmentation still remained economically: the country was divided into a number of regions (local markets), closed in on themselves, between which there were no stable trade links.

The merger of individual regions into the all-Russian market meant the establishment of a stable exchange of goods between individual regions. But if the regions exchanged goods, it means that they specialized in the production of certain goods for export to other regions: they do not exchange bread for bread.

It has already been said about the regional specialization of fisheries. But such specialization also began in agriculture. The main areas of commercial production of bread are the Middle Volga and Upper Dnieper regions, and the main areas of commercial production of flax and hemp are the regions of Novgorod and Pskov.

But connections between individual areas were still weak, and this led to huge differences in the prices of goods in different cities. Merchants profited by using precisely this difference in prices, buying goods in one city, transporting them to another and selling them at a much higher price, receiving from trade transactions up to 100% profit or more on invested capital. Such high profits are typical for the period of initial capital accumulation.

A consequence of the weakness of trade relations was that fairs played the main role in trade. The merchant could not travel around the country, purchasing the goods he needed for retail trade at the places of their production - this would take several years. Merchants from different cities came to the fair, which took place at a certain time, and each brought those goods that were cheap at home. As a result, a full range of goods from different places was collected at the fair, and each merchant, having sold his goods, could purchase the goods he needed.

The largest fair in the 17th century. there was Makaryevskaya - at the Makaryevsky Monastery near Nizhny Novgorod. Not only Russian merchants came here, but also Western European and Eastern ones. An important role was played by the Irbit Fair in the Urals, which connected the European part of the country with Siberia and eastern markets.

Foreign trade of Russia in the XV-XVI centuries. was weak. After all, medieval trade was predominantly maritime, and Russia did not have access to the Baltic Sea and therefore was! virtually isolated from the West. This economic isolation slowed down the country's economic development. Therefore, Chancellor's expedition played an important role for Russia. Setting off from England in search of the northern passage to India, Chancellor lost two of the three ships of his expedition and instead of India in 1553 he ended up in Moscow. English and then Dutch merchants followed Chancellor to Russia this way, and trade with the West somewhat revived. In the 80s XVI century on the! On the shores of the White Sea, the city of Arkhangelsk was founded, through which the main trade with the West now took place.

The economic backwardness of Russia and the contradiction between the centralized structure of the state and the feudal economy were manifested in public finances. A lot of money was required to maintain the state apparatus.

They were also required to maintain the army: at that time in Russia, in addition to the noble militia, there were already regular regiments of the “foreign system” and the Streltsy army, service in which was paid with money, not estates. When a market economy dominates in a country, these expenses! successfully covered by taxes. But the Russian state arose on a feudal basis, and the natural feudal economy did not provide sufficient monetary resources for taxation. Therefore, the Order of the Great Treasury (Ministry of Finance) was forced to resort to special methods of covering government expenses.

One of the sources of replenishment of the treasury were monopolies and farming. Trade in many goods - hemp, potash, vodka, etc. - was a state monopoly. Merchants could trade these goods only by purchasing the right to trade from the treasury, taking a “farm-off”, that is, paying a certain amount of money to the treasury. For example, the tsarist monopoly was the drinking business and the sale of vodka. Naturally, it was sold at 5-10 times more than its procurement price. This difference was what the farmer had to pay to obtain the right to trade. But, as it turned out, this enriched not so much the treasury as the tax farmers, and drinking farms became one of the main sources of initial capital accumulation in Russia.

Indirect taxes were widely practiced, and not always successfully. 1%, in the middle of the 17th century. the tax on salt doubled its market price. As a result, thousands of pounds of cheap fish, which the people ate during Lent, rotted. There was a popular uprising, a salt riot, and the new tax had to be cancelled.

Then the government decided to issue copper money with a forced exchange rate. But the people did not recognize them as equal to silver ones: when trading, 10 copper rubles were given for a silver ruble. A new uprising took place - the Copper Riot. It was started by the archers, who were given a salary in copper money. And we had to give up copper money. They were withdrawn from circulation, and the treasury paid 5, and then even 1 kopeck per copper ruble.

Thus, in the Russian economy in the 17th century. capitalist elements arose: the all-Russian market began to form, the first manufactories appeared. The process of primitive accumulation has begun. But capital was accumulated by merchants in the process of unequal trade, especially in farming. The second side of primitive accumulation - the ruin of the peasants and their transformation into hired workers - was not observed: the peasants were attached to the land and to their landowners.

End of work -

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Muscovy in the 15th-17th centuries

Boris Godunov internal and foreign policy.. development of serfdom.. the Russian Tsar was elected by the Zemsky Sobor in the city. According to contemporaries, he had outstanding abilities..

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The beginning of a time of troubles. The reign of Boris Godunov and False Dmitry 1
Dates Events Consequences and meanings January 7, 1598 Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich - son of Ivan

Relations with Western Europe
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Civil war and foreign invasion of Russia in 1606-1618
The reign of V. Shuisky, his domestic and foreign policy.

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The beginning of the uprising In the summer of 1606, one of the largest peasant uprisings of feudal Rus' began in Seversk Ukraine. The main force of the uprising were enslaved peasants and slaves. Vm

Partyarch Filaret
Entry of Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into the war.

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Convocation of the Council

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Accession of the Romanovs

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Socio-economic and socio-political development of Russia in the 17th century

Territory and population of Russia in the 17th century.
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Alexey Mikhailovich and the strengthening of royal power
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Development of serfdom. Creation of the All-Russian market
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Serfdom
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The emergence of manufactories and the development of small-scale commodity production
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Peasant uprising led by S. Razin
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Return of Western lands and voluntary entry into Russia of Left-Bank Ukraine
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Defense of the South
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Russian culture of the 17th century
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The political and economic changes that took place in Russia were marked by the flourishing of culture. The main feature of the new culture is a departure from religious canons and an appeal to the values ​​of human existence

Creation of schools
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Princess Sophia and her removal from power
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Reforms of Peter I in the army

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Education and development of the Russian state

1. The lands that were not included in the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible were called...

Zemshchina

plantings

white settlements

In 1565, Ivan IV divided the territory of the state into oprichnina and zemshchina. Oprichnina (to which part of Moscow, a number of districts near Moscow, fishing lands of the North, territories, etc. were transferred) became the personal inheritance of the sovereign with a special territory, army, and control system. Zemshchina (with its center in Moscow), which also had its own territory, army and control system, was to be governed by the Boyar Duma and previous orders.

2. Establish the sequence of events of the Time of Troubles.

3. overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky

1. crowning of False Dmitry I

2. the beginning of the uprising under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov

4. liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders by the troops of the Second Militia

The crowning of False Dmitry I took place in 1605.

The uprising under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov began in 1606.

Tsar Vasily Shuisky was overthrown in 1610.

Moscow was liberated from Polish invaders by the Second Militia in 1612.

3.The uprising in Moscow, called the “salt riot,” occurred in _____.

The uprising in Moscow, called the “salt revolt,” occurred in 1648. The precondition for the mass uprising of the townspeople, city artisans, archers, and courtyard people was the introduction of a tax on salt in 1646, which caused its price to rise 4 times. And, although the salt tax was abolished in 1647, the collection of tax arrears caused an uprising in Moscow in 1648. With the help of the archers, whose salaries were increased, the authorities managed to suppress the uprising.

4. During the Smolensk War (1632–1634), Russia sought to regain what it had lost during the Time of Troubles...

Dorogobuzh

Smolensk

Novgorod

During the Smolensk War (1632–1634), Russia sought to regain Smolensk and Dorogobuzh, lost during the Time of Troubles. However, the attempt was unsuccessful; these cities remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1618 (Treaty of Deulin) until 1667 (Truce of Andrusovo). The return of Smolensk and Dorogobuzh to Russia was confirmed by the Russian-Polish Eternal Peace concluded in 1686.

5. The annexation of Tver to the Moscow state took place in ____.

Once a strong rival of Moscow, Tver during the time of Ivan III no longer tried to compete with the new capital of Rus'. Prince Mikhail Borisovich, who ruled there, was a loyal ally of the Moscow sovereign and participated in many of his campaigns. However, after the conquest of Novgorod, even the formal independence of Tver began to seem like a relic of the past. In addition, the Tver principality separated Moscow from its new Novgorod possessions. In 1485, Tver passed to Moscow after its boyars took the oath to Ivan III, who approached the city with a large army.

Kazakh

Kazansky

Astrakhan

Uzbek

During the reign of Ivan IV, the territories of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates became part of Russia. The Kazan Khanate was conquered as a result of a series of campaigns by Ivan IV. In 1552, the Russian army captured Kazan by storm, after which the Kazan Khanate ceased to exist. The Astrakhan Khanate finally became part of Russia in 1556.

7. The schism in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century is associated with the activities of the patriarch...

Nikon

Filareta

The schism in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century was a consequence of the reforms carried out in the 1650s by Patriarch Nikon. Church reform was dictated by the need to unify liturgical books and rituals, strengthen the discipline and moral principles of the clergy. Adherents of the old order, among whom Archpriest Avvakum stood out, refused to recognize Nikon’s reform and advocated a return to the pre-reform order.

8. Establish a correspondence between the concepts associated with the economic development of Russia in the 17th century and their definitions.

1. Yasak --- a tax in kind levied on the peoples of Siberia and the North

2. Manufactory --- a large enterprise based on the division of labor

3. Fair --- regularly organized trading at a certain time

Yasak- This is a tax in kind levied on the peoples of Siberia and the North, mainly on furs.

Manufactory- a large enterprise based on the division of labor, which remains predominantly manual.

Fair– a regularly scheduled auction at a specified time in a designated place.

1. A contemporary of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was...

Francis Drake

Maximilian Robespierre

Oliver Cromwell

Martin Luther

The leader of the English Revolution, an outstanding military leader and statesman, Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) was a contemporary of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Cromwell, as the leader of the Puritan revolution and Lord Protector of the Republic of England, Scotland and Ireland, made a major contribution to the formation of modern England.

10. The first Zemsky Sobor in Rus' was convened in ___1594______ year.

Zemsky Sobor in Rus' from the mid-16th to the end of the 17th century. - This is an estate-representative body, a meeting of representatives of various segments of the population of the Moscow state. Zemsky Sobors met irregularly and dealt with the most important state affairs, primarily issues of foreign policy and finance. During the interregnum, new kings were elected at Zemsky Sobors. At the first Zemsky Sobor, convened in 1549 under Ivan IV, it was decided to draw up a new Code of Law and a program of reforms was outlined.

11. Establish the sequence of reign of the Russian tsars.

1. Fedor Ioannovich

4. Fedor Alekseevich

3. Mikhail Fedorovich

2. Vasily Shuisky

Fyodor Ioannovich ruled Russia in 1584–1598; Vasily Shuisky - in 1606–1610; Mikhail Fedorovich - in 1613–1645; Fyodor Alekseevich - in 1676–1682.

12. Contemporaries of Ivan III were...

Feofan the Greek

Oliver Cromwell

Christopher Columbus

Aristotle Fioravanti

Contemporaries of Ivan III (1440–1505) were Christopher Columbus and Aristotle Fioravanti. The Spanish navigator of Italian origin, Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), discovered America for Europeans. The Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti (1415–1486) supervised the construction of the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin during the reign of Ivan III.

13. Forms of land holdings of feudal lords in the Russian state of the 15th century. were...

Patrimony

Estate

14. Establish the sequence of reign of the Moscow princes.

1. Ivan I Danilovich Kalita

3. Vasily I Dmitrievich

2. Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy

4 . Vasily II Vasilievich Dark

During the reign of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (1325–1340), the Moscow principality was finally determined as the largest and strongest in northeastern Rus'.

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1359–1389) - Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1359) and Vladimir (from 1362), son of Ivan II the Red, grandson of Ivan Kalita. The first of the Moscow princes to lead the armed struggle of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar conquerors.

Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389–1425) - Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir, eldest son of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. He was married to Sophia, the only daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas.

Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark (1425–1462) - Grand Duke of Moscow, son of Vasily I Dmitrievich and Sofia Vitovtovna; grandson of Dmitry Donskoy. In the feudal internecine struggle of 1433–1453. won.

15. During the reign of Ivan III, ... were built in the Moscow Kremlin ...

During the reign of Ivan III, the Assumption Cathedral and the Chamber of Facets were built in the Moscow Kremlin. The Assumption Cathedral was built in 1475–1479. under the leadership of the Italian architect A. Fioravanti and is the oldest fully preserved building in Moscow. The faceted chamber, built by the Italian masters M. Fryazin and P. Solari in 1487–1491, was used as a hall for ceremonial receptions. It received its name due to the finishing of its eastern façade with edges.

15. Kazan was taken by Russian troops in ______.

The Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, constantly threatened Russian lands. They controlled the Volga trade route. In addition, these were areas of fertile land, which the Russian nobility had long dreamed of. After a number of unsuccessful diplomatic and military attempts to subjugate the Kazan Khanate, the army of Ivan IV in 1552 approached its capital. Kazan was taken by storm on October 2, 1552. In memory of this victory, the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary was built in Moscow on Red Square (later it became known as St. Basil's Cathedral).

16. A large enterprise based on the division of labor and manual craft technology is called...

Manufactory

In the 17th century, the development of small-scale production prepared the basis for the emergence of manufactories. Manufacture is a large enterprise based on the division of labor and handcraft techniques. In the 17th century there were approximately 30 manufactories in Russia. The first state-owned manufactories arose in the 16th century. (Pushkarsky Dvor, Mint). In the 17th century, metallurgical plants were built in the Urals and in the Tula region, tanneries in Yaroslavl and Kazan, and the Khamovny (textile) yard in Moscow.

17. Forms of land holdings of feudal lords in the Russian state of the 15th century. were...

Patrimony

Estate

Forms of land holdings of feudal lords in the Russian state of the 15th century. were a patrimony and an estate. A votchina is a land holding that belongs to a feudal lord hereditarily with the right to sell, pledge, or donate. An estate is a type of land ownership given for military or government service.

18. Establish the sequence of events that occurred in Russia at the end of the 16th century.

1. establishment of the patriarchate in Rus'

2. death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich

3. death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich

The establishment of the patriarchate in Rus' took place in 1589.

In 1591, under unclear circumstances, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died in Uglich.

The last of the Rurik family, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, died in January 1598.

In February 1598, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov as Tsar.

19. A new phenomenon in the economic development of Russia in the 17th century. was…

the beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market

emergence of patrimonial land ownership

the beginning of the industrial revolution

emergence of manorial land ownership

The growth of economic ties throughout the country in the 17th century. indicated the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian market. The agricultural specialization of individual regions gradually grew, small-scale production developed, and the exchange of products between individual regions expanded. Fair trade became increasingly important.

Task No. 11

20. The first Russian dated printed book, published in 1564 by Ivan Fedorov, was called...

"The Tale of Bygone Years"

"Domostroy"

"Apostle"

"Russian Truth"

The beginning of Russian book printing is considered to be 1564, when pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov published the first Russian dated printed book, “The Apostle.” A special building for the printing house was built on Nikolskaya Street in Moscow. In addition to religious books, Ivan Fedorov and his assistant Peter Mstislavets in 1574 in Lvov published the first Russian primer - “ABC”.

21. The Pereyaslav Rada in 1654 made an important decision on (about) ...

the beginning of church reform

election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar

development of a new set of laws

In the 17th century, the most profitable and prestigious industry was foreign trade. Thanks to her, the most scarce goods were supplied from the Middle East: jewelry, incense, spices, silk, etc. The desire to have it all at home stimulated the formation and further strengthening of our own production. This served as the first impetus for the development of internal trade in Europe.

Introduction

Throughout the Middle Ages, there was a gradual increase in the volume of foreign trade. Towards the end of the 15th century, the result of the series was a noticeable leap. European trade became global, and smoothly transitioned into the period of initial capital accumulation. During the 16th-18th centuries there was a strengthening of economic interaction between a number of regions and the formation of national trading platforms. At the same time, the formation of national states of absolute centralized monarchies is noted. The entire economic policy of these countries was aimed at the formation of a national market, the establishment of foreign and domestic trade. Great importance was also attached to strengthening industry, agriculture, and communications.

The beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market

By the 18th century, new regions gradually began to join the sphere of universal trade relations of Rus'. For example, food and some industrial goods (saltpeter, gunpowder, glass) began to arrive in the center of the country. At the same time, Russia was a platform for selling products of local artisans and factories. Fish, meat, and bread began to arrive from the Don regions. Dishes, shoes, and fabrics came back from the central and Volga districts. Livestock came from Kazakhstan, in exchange for which neighboring territories supplied grain and certain industrial goods.

Trade fairs

Fairs had a great influence on the development of the all-Russian market. Makaryevskaya became the largest and had national significance. Goods were brought here from various regions of the country: Vologda, the west and north-west of Smolensk, St. Petersburg, Riga, Yaroslavl and Moscow, Astrakhan and Kazan. Among the most popular are precious metals, iron, furs, bread, leather, various fabrics and animal products (meat, lard), salt, fish.

What was purchased at the fair was then distributed throughout the country: fish and furs to Moscow, bread and soap to St. Petersburg, metal products to Astrakhan. Over the course of the century, the fair's turnover increased significantly. So, in 1720 it was 280 thousand rubles, and 21 years later - already 489 thousand.

Along with Makaryevskaya, other fairs also acquired national significance: Trinity, Orenburg, Blagoveshchensk and Arkhangelsk. Irbitskaya, for example, had connections with sixty Russian cities in 17 provinces, and interaction was established with Persia and Central Asia. was connected with 37 cities and 21 provinces. Together with Moscow, all these fairs were of great importance in uniting both regional and district, as well as local trading platforms into the all-Russian market.

Economic situation in a developing country

The Russian peasant, after his complete legal enslavement, was, first of all, still obliged to pay the state, like the master, a quitrent (in kind or in cash). But if, for example, we compare the economic situation of Russia and Poland, then for Polish peasants conscription in the form of corvee became increasingly stronger. So, for them it ended up being 5-6 days a week. For the Russian peasant it was equal to 3 days.

Payment of duties in cash presupposed the existence of a market. The peasant had to have access to this trading platform. The formation of an all-Russian market stimulated landowners to run their own farms and sell products, as well as (and to no less an extent) the state to receive fiscal revenues.

Economic development in Rus' from the 2nd half of the 16th century

During this period, large regional trading platforms began to form. By the 17th century, the strengthening of business ties was carried out on a national scale. As a result of expanding interactions between individual regions, a new concept is emerging - the “all-Russian market”. Although its strengthening was to a large extent hampered by the Russian chronic impassability.

By the middle of the 17th century, there were some prerequisites due to which the all-Russian market arose. Its formation, in particular, was facilitated by the deepening social division of labor, production territorial specialization, as well as the necessary political situation that emerged thanks to the transformations that were aimed at creating a unified state.

The main trading platforms of the country

From the 2nd half of the 16th century, such main regional markets as the Volga region (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - livestock products), the North (Vologda - the main grain market, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - furs), North-West ( Novgorod - sales of hemp and linen products), Center (Tikhvin, Tula - purchase and sale of metal products). Moscow became the main universal trading platform of that time. There were about one hundred and twenty specialized rows where you could buy wool and cloth, silk and fur, lard and metal products of both domestic and foreign production.

Influence of state power

The All-Russian market, which emerged as a consequence of the reforms, contributed to an increase in entrepreneurial initiative. As for social consciousness itself, ideas of individual rights and freedoms arose at its level. Gradually, the economic situation in the era of initial accumulation of capital led to freedom of enterprise both in trade and in other industries.

In the agricultural field, the activities of the feudal lords are gradually replacing state regulations on changing the rules of land use and farming. The government promotes the formation of national industry, which, in turn, influenced the development of the all-Russian market. In addition, the state patronized the introduction of agriculture, more advanced than before.

In the sphere of foreign trade, the government seeks to acquire colonies and conduct Thus, everything that was previously characteristic of individual trading cities now becomes the political and economic direction of the entire state as a whole.

Conclusion

The main distinguishing feature of the era of initial accumulation of capital is the emergence of commodity-money relations and a market economy. All this left a special imprint on all spheres of social life of that period. At the same time, it was a somewhat contradictory era, in fact, like other transitional periods, when there was a struggle between feudal control of the economy, social life, politics, spiritual human needs and new trends in bourgeois freedoms, due to the expansion of trade scales, which contributed to the elimination of territorial isolation and limitations of feudal estates.

B. Industry and manufacture. New phenomena in the country's economy

1. In the 17th century. new processes begin in the economic development of the country:

> firstly, large patrimonial farms, monasteries, and artisans are increasingly drawn into market relations, and prerequisites arise for the creation of an all-Russian market;

> secondly, manufactories arise;

> thirdly, an increasing number of artisans produce products for the market;

> fourthly, a hired labor market is being formed.

2. Home crafts are becoming widespread. Peasants produce cloth, ropes, ropes, clothes, bast shoes, etc. These goods go to the market through buyers. Peasants completely or partially break with agriculture. Commercial and industrial villages appear. There is a tendency to transform crafts into small-scale production.

3. Commodity specialization of individual regions is outlined. Metal production took place south of Moscow - Serpukhov, Kashira, Tula. Iron was distributed throughout the country, the treasury placed large orders of cannons, cannonballs, and barrels. In the regions of Ustyug and Tikhvin, plows, shovels, hoes, nails, and frying pans were produced based on the buyer.

4. Rope factories were founded in Nizhny Novgorod and Vologda, salt pans were founded in the North and Volga region, and a shipyard was built in Dedinovo.

5. In the middle of the 17th century. Manufactories appeared in Russia - large enterprises based on the division of labor, mostly manual, with the participation of hired workers. 30 manufactories emerged. Manufactories were divided into:

> state-owned - belonged to the state, carried out its orders, state peasants worked for them, as well as peasants assigned to factories (assigned). Famous manufactories are the Cannon Yard, the Armory, the Gold and Silver Chambers, the Velvet Yard;

> merchant - belonged to rich merchants; peasants and foreign craftsmen bought for the factories worked for them; the products went to market. These are rope yards in Vologda, Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk, metallurgical plants in the Urals, fisheries in Astrakhan;

> patrimonial - belonged to large boyars, serfs worked for them, produced flax, hemp, canvas, etc.

Russian manufactories were based primarily on serf labor, but hired labor already played a noticeable role.

1. In the 17th century. There have been changes in the area of ​​trade. The government abolished small levies and introduced a single duty. Small artisans and poor merchants gave their goods to large merchants, who transported them in batches over considerable distances. Merchant convoys connected remote areas of the country with each other. The economic life of one region begins to depend on the presence of trade relations with another region of Russia.

2. Certain areas specialize in the production of certain goods. For example, Astrakhan exported caviar, fish, and salt; Novgorod, Kostroma and Yaroslavl - linen, canvas and leather; Kazan - leather and lard; Siberia - furs. Moscow became the center of market relations; trade in 120 types of goods was carried out here.

3. Large fairs arise, which attract merchants from different places. Fairs played a major role in the development of trade: Makaryevskaya (Nizhny Novgorod), Svenskaya (Bryansk), Irbitskaya (Western Siberia), Solvychegodskaya.

Thus, at the end of the 17th century. the prerequisites are emerging for the creation of a nationwide market.

4. Russia’s foreign trade relations are also developing. Trade with England, Holland, Persia, Bukhara, and China is growing. The main point in trade with Western Europe was Arkhangelsk, accounting for 75% of foreign trade turnover; in trade with the East - Astrakhan. Russia did not have its own merchant fleet, so many goods were bought by foreign merchants at cheap prices. Timber, honey, resin, tar, lard, caviar, meat, and bread were exported from Russia. Spices, wines, fine cloth, jewelry, and weapons were imported into Russia. Foreigners traded freely in our domestic market, competing with Russian merchants, speculating in Russian goods. It was necessary to protect the Russian market from the dominance of foreigners. In 1667, under pressure from Russian merchants, the New Trade Charter (author - A. A. Ordin-Nashchokin) was adopted, according to which foreign merchants were prohibited from retail trade on the territory of Russia, and the import of certain types of goods into Russia was also prohibited.

An important step towards Russia’s transition to a market economy was the formation of separate principalities in place of fragmented markets single all-Russian market. The prerequisites for its formation were:

1) creation of a unified monetary system of the country. Until the end of the 15th century. All independent principalities issued their own money. However, as they were subordinated to Moscow, the principalities were deprived of this right. One of the last centers of independent issue of money was Novgorod, which stopped minting only in the middle of the 16th century;

2)formation of the institutional structure of all-Russian trade. From an institutional point of view, the existence of a single market requires

a) subjects of trade relations conducting transactions throughout its territory,

b) nationwide trade centers,

c) developed means of communication.

All these components gradually took shape in the Russian economy. So, in the XVI-XVII centuries. in Russia there was an active process initial accumulation of commercial (merchant) capital . By the end of this period, the merchants had become a special class, officially recognized and supported by the state. Moreover, the merchants are sometimes even assigned national political functions. Thus, the annexation of Siberia to Russia was carried out as a result of Ermak’s expeditions, carried out with the money of the Stroganov merchants. By the 17th century A system module of trade centers for ¾ all-Russian fairs is also being developed. The most important among them were Makaryevskaya (Nizhny Novgorod), Irbitskaya, Svenskaya, Arkhangelskaya, Tikhvinskaya. Fairs were usually held 1-2 times a year and coincided with church holidays. In addition, the capital's Moscow market became increasingly important, attracting flows of goods throughout the year. Finally, in a centralized state, communication routes gradually developed to connect the main cities of the country. Bad roads in the vast country, however, remained one of the main obstacles to the development of a single economic space for centuries;

3)specialization of individual regions countries in production. Already by the 17th century. In Russia, a relatively strong specialization of regions has developed in both agricultural and industrial production. The North-West of the country specialized in the cultivation of flax, the South and South-East ¾ in the production of bread and meat, the suburban areas of large cities ¾ in vegetable growing and dairy farming. Novgorod, Pskov and Tver were famous for the production of linen, Moscow for the manufacture of cloth, Tikhvin, Serpukhov, Tula for metallurgy, Staraya Russa and Totma for salt production. The mutual exchange of products united the country into a single economic space.

Nevertheless, the process of formation of the all-Russian market proceeded very slowly. For example, only during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, customs were abolished within the country (1754), which until then had greatly hampered the movement of goods between the regions of the huge power. In general, in the 18th century. and the beginning of the 19th century. With the further development of the factors already listed (growth of trading enterprises and trade centers, improvement of communications, increased specialization), the degree of unity of the Russian market gradually increased.

A turning point in the formation of the country's single market was the massive construction of railways. If initially railways connected only certain regions, then by the end of the 19th century. The largest centers of the country turned into railway junctions and the whole country was covered with a network of highways. It was from this time that the unity of the Russian market began to manifest itself at the level of current commercial activity. It could not have been otherwise: while the journey from Moscow to Khabarovsk took several months at best, and the transportation of meat from the black earth provinces and Ukraine that specialized in its production to consumers in Moscow and St. Petersburg was possible only in winter, ¾ until then the economic unity of the country could be only relative.

As shown by the research of academician I. D. Kovalchenko, carried out by quantitative methods based on the analysis of dynamics prices in different provinces of the Russian Empire, the final formation of a single market agricultural consumer goods (and pre-revolutionary Russia was an agricultural country) should be attributed only to the 80s of the 19th century. During this period, price fluctuations for the first time begin to obey a uniform rhythm for the entire country. And the formation of single markets factors of production (Earth , work force , capital ¾ in agriculture it was primarily draft animals) happened even later ¾ at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Around the same time, the existence of a single market began to be reflected in the results of operations firms :agricultural enterprises operating in different provinces are gradually developing the same level profitability . Thus, in the highly competitive agricultural sector of the Russian economy, a mechanism for the formation of zero economic profit . This indisputably proves that all enterprises operated in a single economic space.

Russia has entered the twentieth century. with a finally established national market. Subsequent turbulent events in Soviet and post-Soviet history periodically led to a narrowing or partial disintegration of the common economic space, but never completely destroyed it.