Free download VNTP 81
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR

APPROVE:
Minister of Energy and Electrification of the USSR
I.S. Not empty
"8" October 1981

NORM
TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Approved. Minutes of the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Energy dated August 17, 1981 No. 99
in agreement with the Gosstroy of the USSR, letter No. AB-3430-20 / 4 dated 06/29/81.
Moscow, 1981

These standards were developed by the All-Union State Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution Design Institute "Teploelektroprokt", taking into account the feedback and suggestions of VTI. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, VNIPIenergoprom, Soyuztekhenergo, Central Design Bureau of Glavenergoremont, CDU UES of the USSR, Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR, NPO TsKTI, Minenergomash, as well as other design, research, operational and repair organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy.
The norms are considered, approved by the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Energy and agreed with the USSR State Construction Committee letter No. AB-3430-20 / 4 of June 29, 1981 and are mandatory for technological design of thermal power plants.

USSR Ministry of Energy and Electrification (USSR Ministry of Energy)
Norms process design thermal power plants
VNTP-81
Instead of the norms of technological design of thermal power plants and heating networks, approved on May 8, 1973.

1. GENERAL

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR

APPROVE:

Minister of Energy and Electrification of the USSR

I.S. Not empty

NORM

TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS

in agreement with the Gosstroy of the USSR letter No. AB-3430-20 / 4 dated 06/29/81.

Moscow, 1981

These standards were developed by the All-Union State Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution Design Institute "Teploelektroprokt", taking into account the feedback and suggestions of VTI. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, VNIPIenergoprom, Soyuztekhenergo, Central Design Bureau of Glavenergoremont, CDU UES of the USSR, Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR, NPO TsKTI, Minenergomash, as well as other design, research, operational and repair organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy.

The norms are considered, approved by the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Energy and agreed with the USSR State Construction Committee letter No. AB-3430-20 / 4 of June 29, 1981 and are mandatory for technological design of thermal power plants.

1. GENERAL

1.1. These standards are mandatory for the design of all newly constructed steam turbine thermal power plants with turbine units with a capacity of 50 thousand kW and above with initial steam parameters for turbines up to 24 MPa (240 kgf / cm 2) and 510-560 °C .

The standards also apply to expandable retrofit steam turbine power plants and gas turbine plants with appropriate adjustments due to existing technological schemes, equipment layouts, buildings and structures.

Note: These standards do not apply to the design of nuclear, diesel and geothermal power plants.

When designing, one should be guided by the current regulatory documents, a list of which is given in the appendix to these standards.

These standards are the fundamental document in the design of power plants.

1.2. The complex of buildings and structures of thermal power plants includes:

a) buildings and structures for industrial purposes (main building with chimneys, structures for the electrical part, technical water supply, fuel supply and oil and gas facilities);

b) ancillary industrial buildings and structures (combined auxiliary building, warehouses, start-up boiler house, administrative building, repair shops, oil facilities);

c) auxiliary buildings and structures (railway station, garage, facilities for the collection and treatment of waste, oily and fecal water, off-site structures, roads, fences and landscaping, civil defense structures, temporary structures).

1.3. The design of thermal power plants should be carried out at a high scientific and technical level, with the use of progressive, highly economical equipment.

1.4. The main technical decisions should be made taking into account: ensuring the reliability of the equipment; maximum savings in initial investment and operating costs; reduction of metal consumption; increasing labor productivity in construction, operation and repair; nature protection, as well as the creation of normal sanitary and living conditions for operating and maintenance personnel.

Space-planning and design solutions for newly constructed, expanded and reconstructed TPPs should be made in accordance with SNiP.

The projects should take into account the possibilities of maximizing the use of wastewater production waste, waste heat and ash and slag in the national economy of the country.

In the projects of power plants, sections on the organization of operation and repair are developed. The specified sections are developed in accordance with: for operation with the "Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants and networks", and for repairs with the "Instruction for the design of the organization and mechanization of the repair of equipment, buildings and structures at thermal power plants" .

1.5. The layout of technological equipment should provide normal conditions for maintenance and repair of equipment with its high mechanization with minimal use of manual labor.

1.6. For power plants being built in areas with an estimated outdoor air temperature for heating minus 20 °C and above, it is allowed to design the main buildings of power plants with an open boiler room, as well as with a semi-open installation of peak solid fuel boilers.

Semi-open installation of hot water boilers for gaseous and liquid fuels is used in areas with a calculated outdoor temperature for heating minus 25 °C and higher.

1.7. Office and auxiliary premises with permanent residence in them should be located in places separated from the operating equipment by walls. Inside the premises, it is prohibited to lay technological pipelines, with the exception of heating, plumbing, ventilation pipelines and pipelines necessary for the technology of work carried out in the premises.

It is forbidden to place service and auxiliary premises below the mark. 0.0 m, in the zone of location of flanged connections of pipelines and valves under excessive pressure environment, under bunkers of coal, dust, ash, accumulators, flue gas ducts of boiler units, at the maintenance sites of technological equipment.

When office and auxiliary premises are located near places of potential injury hazard, two exits from opposite sides should be provided.

Ancillary rooms should be located in places with the least impact of noise, vibration and other harmful factors, if possible in places with natural light.

The levels of harmful factors inside the premises should not exceed the values ​​established by the relevant scientific and technical documents:

microclimate - GOST 12.1.05-76 "SSBT. Air of the working area. General sanitary and hygienic requirements". GOST 12.1.007-76 "SSBT. Harmful substances. Classification of general safety requirements";

noise - GOST 12.1.003-76 "SSBT. General safety requirements";

vibration - GOST 12.1.012-78 "SSBT. Vibration. General safety requirements".

Illumination in auxiliary rooms must meet the requirements of SNiP II-4-79. "Natural and artificial lighting".

1.8. Gas pipelines supplying hot gas to the TPP, including those passing through the territory of the power plant to the valve at the inlet to the hydraulic distribution plant, are not part of the power plant facilities and belong to the main gas networks.

2. NATURE PROTECTION

2.1. Land protection

2.1.1. The choice of a site for the construction of a power plant must be carried out in compliance with the "Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics" of legislative acts on nature protection and the use of natural resources, rules and regulations building design, is linked to the district planning scheme or the general scheme of the industrial hub.

2.1.2. When developing projects for power plants, you should:

Use, as a rule, non-agricultural lands and unproductive lands;

Provide for the removal and storage of the fertile soil layer (on the lands of temporary and permanent allotment) in order to apply it to recultivated (restored) lands and unsuitable lands;

Provide compensation for the withdrawn agricultural land;

When retracting land plots for temporary use, the subsequent reclamation of these sites should be provided.

2.1.3. The area of ​​allotted land plots for the construction of power plant facilities should be used rationally and determined by the following conditions:

Optimal blocking of industrial buildings and structures;

Placement of auxiliary services and ancillary industries in multi-storey buildings;

Compliance with the standard building density in accordance with the requirements of the head of SNiP;

Taking into account the necessary reserve of space for the expansion of power plants in accordance with the design assignment and with an appropriate feasibility study;

Determining the area of ​​ash and slag dumps, taking into account the use of ash and slag in the national economy.

2.1.4. Land acquisition should be carried out in stages, taking into account the actual need for construction objects. Temporarily allotted lands for quarries, soil dumps, etc., after carrying out all the necessary reclamation work on them, must be returned to land users.

2.1.5. As part of the power plant project, there should be a section on the reclamation of land allotted for temporary use, and the improvement of unproductive land, as compensation for the withdrawn agricultural land. Reclamation projects are carried out with the involvement of design organizations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, the State Forestry of the USSR and the Ministry of Fisheries of the USSR. Projects for the improvement of unproductive lands should be carried out with the involvement of design institutes for land management (giprozems) of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture.

2.1.6. When placing power plants in developed energy systems, the projects should consider the possibility of refusing construction or reducing the volume of construction at the site of the power plant of the central repair shop, material warehouses and the repair and construction shop at the TPP, bearing in mind the centralized provision of the needs of the power plant.

2.1.7. When designing a power plant, one should consider the possibility of using existing construction bases and enlargement sites near the located enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Energy.

2.1.8. Access railway and car roads, as well as external engineering communications, heat pipeline routes, power lines and communications, inlet and outlet channels of technical water supply, etc., if they coincide in direction, should, as a rule, be placed in the same land allotment strip and, if possible, trace them, without violating the existing boundaries of agricultural land and crop rotation fields.

2.1.9. Ash dumps should be designed taking into account their conservation or reclamation after filling them with ash and slag to the design height.

2.2. Air Basin Protection

2.2.1. The projects of thermal power plants should provide for measures to ensure the reduction of the concentration of harmful substances and dust in the surface layer of atmospheric air, to values ​​not exceeding the permissible sanitary standards MPC).

This condition must be ensured taking into account the operation of the power plant at its final capacity, as well as taking into account the fund created by other sources of atmospheric pollution.

The calculation of the concentration is carried out when the power plant is operating at its full electrical and thermal load, corresponding to the average temperature of the coldest month.

When calculating for the summer mode of operation of the power plant, in cases where three or more turbines are installed on it, the shutdown of one of them for repairs is taken into account.

2.3.Water basin protection

2.3.1. To protect the water basin from pollution by various industrial wastewater, appropriate treatment facilities must be provided to ensure compliance with the sanitary standards of the USSR Ministry of Health.

2.3.2. The choice of method and scheme for the treatment of industrial wastewater is made depending on the specific conditions of the designed station: capacity and installed equipment. Mode of operation, type of fuel, method of ash and slag removal, cooling system, water treatment system, local climatic, hydrogeological and other factors with relevant technical and economic calculations.

The discharge of wastewater into water bodies should be designed in compliance with the "Rules for the Protection of Surface Water from Pollution by Sewage" and in the prescribed manner agreed with the authorities for the regulation of the use and protection of water, state sanitary supervision, for the protection of fish stocks and regulation of fish farming and other interested bodies.

2.3.3. Design of reservoirs-coolers, ash and slag dumps, sludge dumps, evaporation ponds, water treatment, etc. Should be carried out taking into account the development of comprehensive measures to protect surface and ground water from pollution by sewage.

When developing activities, consider:

The possibility of reducing the amount of polluted industrial wastewater through the use of advanced equipment and rational circuit solutions in the technological process of the power plant;

Application of partially or fully circulating water supply systems, reuse of waste water in one technological process at other installations;

The possibility of using existing, planned treatment facilities of neighboring industrial enterprises and settlements or the construction of common facilities with proportional equity participation;

The project should exclude filtration of polluted waters from ash and slag storages into the ground stream.

3. MASTER PLAN AND TRANSPORTATION

3.1. General plan

3.1.1. The area or point of construction of a thermal power plant is determined by the scheme for the development of energy systems or the heat supply scheme of the area. The choice of a site for construction, as well as the determination of the main characteristics of the power plant, is carried out on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of competing options, carried out in accordance with the requirements of the "Instructions for the development of projects and estimates for industrial construction", as well as the relevant chapters building codes and rules.

3.1.2. The site for the construction of a power plant should, as far as possible, satisfy the following conditions:

The soils that make up the site should allow the construction of buildings and structures, as well as the installation of heavy equipment without the construction of expensive foundations;

The groundwater level should be below the depth of the basements of buildings and underground engineering communications;

The surface of the site should be relatively flat with a slope that provides surface drainage;

The site should not be located in places where minerals occur or in the zone of collapse of workings, in karst or landslide areas and areas contaminated with radioactive waste, as well as in protected areas in accordance with applicable law;

When focusing on a direct-flow technical water supply scheme, the site should be located near reservoirs and rivers in coastal areas that are not flooded by flood waters, taking into account the lowest height of cooling water;

For cogeneration power plants, the site should be as close as possible to heat consumers.

3.1.3. Planning decisions for the location of power plant facilities, including a residential settlement, should take into account the prevailing wind direction, as well as existing and prospective residential and industrial buildings.

3.1.4. The layout of the general plan of construction sites should be decided taking into account the approach of railways and roads, the conclusions of power lines and other communications according to the most rational scheme in conjunction with the general scheme for the development of the area, taking into account architectural requirements and requirements for sounding the territory.

3.1.5. The master plan of the power plant is carried out taking into account:

Development of the power plant at full capacity;

Optimal technological dependence of ancillary production support services in relation to the main production in compliance with the necessary sanitary, fire and other standards governing the distance between buildings, structures and utilities;

The location of railway stations and fuel depots, as a rule, outside the fence of the industrial site (if the fuel depot is located behind the railway station of the power plant, a pedestrian bridge (tunnel) should be provided for the passage of personnel and the passage of communications);

Architectural design of the site of the main entrance to the power plant, free from the development of temporary buildings and structures.

To buildings and structures, and, if necessary, around them, a road is provided for the passage of fire engines.

3.1.6. The construction and installation base, as a rule, should be located on the side of the temporary end of the main building. The set of temporary buildings and structures should provide for their maximum blocking, as well as the use, if possible, of permanent structures of the power plant for a suitable purpose. Installation sites should be located no further than 100m from the temporary end of the main building of full power.

During the construction of several power plants in one area, the location of their common construction, installation and repair district production completing base (RPKB) of power plants and the settlement is determined by the regional planning scheme.

The construction, installation and repair base is taken to be of minimum size with a rational blocking of industrial and auxiliary buildings, taking into account their further use.

3.1.7. The choice of the elevation of the main building should be carried out on the basis of a feasibility study of options at reduced costs, taking into account the capital costs for construction and operating costs for lifting the cooling water.

3.1.8. To ensure surface drainage, as a rule, an open system should be used by arranging ditches, trays and ditches. The use of a closed drainage system must be justified.

3.2. Transport economy

3.2.1. The choice of the type of passenger transport must be determined on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.

3.2.2. The choice of the type of transport for external and internal transportation of cargoes of power plants (railway, conveyor, road, water, pipeline, etc.), as well as the type of rolling stock for rail or road fuel delivery should be made on the basis of technical and economic comparisons of options.

3.2.3. For passenger transportation during construction and operation periods, the most efficient modes of transport should be used, providing the least time spent for the movement of workers between places of residence and work.

3.2.4. For power plants located in an industrial area or at industrial enterprises, rail transport is linked to the general scheme for the development of rail transport of an industrial hub.

3.2.5. Co-operation with neighboring enterprises and the Ministry of Railways should be envisaged in the construction and operation of integrated railway stations, access roads, common outfitting devices and locomotive-car depots.

3.2.6. All railway transport facilities should be designed for the full development of the capacity of power plants with the allocation of work volumes according to construction phases.

3.2.7. The construction of access railway tracks for oil-gas power plants when fuel oil is supplied through pipelines or by water transport should be determined by the maximum volume of cargo transportation during the periods of construction and installation of the power plant.

3.2.8. Useful lengths of receiving and departing tracks at junction stations and railway stations of power plants are taken, as a rule, on the basis of setting the routes of the prospective weight norm of the train.

In some cases, with appropriate justification and agreement with the Office railway at railway stations of power plants, it is allowed to reduce the useful lengths of tracks, but on condition that the reception of the route is not more than two or three feeds.

3.2.9. The number of tracks at the railway station of the power plant is determined by the number of incoming routes per day, taking into account the coefficient of uneven movement of trains 1.2.

Receipt of other household and construction cargoes to the power plant is taken into account with the coefficient of uneven train traffic 1.5.

3.2.10. When determining the number of routes, the daily fuel consumption is taken based on the 24-hour operation of all installed boilers at their nominal capacity.

3.2.11. For the needs of construction, permanent railway tracks should be used as much as possible.

Permanent railway entrances to the turbine and boiler rooms are provided only from the temporary end of the main building. From the permanent end of the main building and along the front of the installation of transformers, the arrangement of ways for transformers to be rolled is provided. For CHPPs, it is allowed to arrange the transformers rolling paths from the side of the temporary end.

3.2.12. Electric pushers or, if justified, electric locomotives with remote control shall be used to push the wagons onto the wagon dumpers.

Special shunting devices must be used to roll back the empty stock.

Ways of thrust and rollback of wagons must be fenced in accordance with safety requirements.

3.2.13. All wagons with solid and liquid fuel arriving at the power plant must be weighed, and scales should be used that allow wagons to be weighed on the go without stopping the train.

The weight of liquid fuel supplied in railway tanks is periodically determined by weighing or measuring.

3.2.14. For shunting work on the tracks of the power plant, diesel locomotives or electric locomotives must be used.

At power plants, if it is impossible to cooperate with other enterprises, it is planned to build an equipment and repair unit for locomotives and mechanisms of a coal warehouse, or a locomotive depot for oil-gas stations. In cases of purchasing a fleet of specialized wagons for a power plant, a locomotive-car depot should be provided.

At the railway station of the TPP, a service and technical building, a point for the control and maintenance of wagons, and, if necessary, an electrical centralization post or turnouts, should be provided.

Refueling of axle boxes of wagons with lubricant and production of uncoupled repair of wagons should be carried out at the departure points of the TPP railway station, for which lubrication facilities, racks for storing spare parts, asphalting of the track along the repair tracks for the delivery of spare parts should be provided with a corresponding increase in the distance between the tracks.

If necessary, the departure tracks must be equipped with automatic brake testing devices.

Uncoupling repairs of wagons must be carried out on a special railway track.

Station railway tracks, rolling stock maintenance tracks, passenger platforms and crossings must be illuminated in accordance with the requirements of the MPS standards.

3.2.15. In the case of delivery of fuel routes directly by the locomotives of the Ministry of Railways, the access railway tracks of the power plant adjacent to the electrified highways must also be electrified.

When electrifying the railway tracks of power plants, it is necessary to use the possibility of connecting to the traction substations of the Ministry of Railways, blocking traction substations with general industrial transformer substations, as well as blocking duty points and workshops of the contact network with locomotive-car depots or wagon inspection points.

The possibility of using the overload capacity of the existing traction transformers and rectifier units of the MPS should also be checked.

3.2.16. The choice of the signaling system of a railway station (electric interlocking, key dependence of switches and signals or another system) is determined by a feasibility study.

Inactive arrows should be left for manual maintenance by the shunting brigade.

3.2.17. Railway tracks and points connected with the operation of the car dumper must be equipped with electrical interlocking.

Turnouts that determine the exit of the electric pusher for pushing cars should only be controlled by the duty officer at the railway station with mandatory control of the position of the electric pusher.

3.2.18. Unloading and releasing devices must be equipped with automatic exit and entrance light and sound alarms.

3.2.19. Highways are designed for the full development of the power plant. The design of the pavement and the width of the carriageway of roads is selected in accordance with SNiP, based on the size of traffic and types of vehicles both during construction and during operation.

3.2.20. When choosing the direction of external roads, the prospects for the development of the region and the most effective combination of the projected road with the network of existing and projected communication routes are taken into account. Routes and main parameters of the designed road roads are chosen on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.

3.2.21. The main road access linking the power plant site with the external road network is designed for two traffic lanes with an improved capital type pavement and, as a rule, should be approached from the side of the permanent end of the main building.

3.2.22. External roads for servicing water intake and treatment facilities, outdoor switchgear, artesian wells, ash and slag pipelines, open outlet and inlet channels should be designed for one lane with an improved lightweight type pavement or transitional types of pavement.

Access roads to fuel depots should be provided with improved lightweight coverage.

3.2.23. On the square at the main entrance to the power plant, parking lots for public transport, as well as private cars, motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles are provided. The dimensions of the sites (their capacity) are determined depending on the number of operational personnel.

4. FUEL AND OIL ECONOMY

4.1. Unloading, supply and storage of solid fuel

4.1.1. The daily fuel consumption is determined on the basis of 24 hours of operation of all power boilers at their nominal capacity. The fuel consumption of hot water boilers is determined based on 24 hours of operation when covering heat loads at the average temperature of the coldest month.

4.1.2. The hourly productivity of each fuel supply line is determined by the daily fuel consumption of the power plant, based on 24 hours of fuel supply operation with a margin of 10%.

For power plants with a capacity of 4000 MW and above or with a fuel consumption of more than 2000 t / h, fuel is supplied with two independent outlets to the main building.

4.1.3. With a fuel supply capacity of 100 t / h or more, for unloading the railway. wagons with coal and oil shale, wagon dumpers are used.

4.1.4. With a fuel supply capacity of 100 to 400 t/h, one car dumper is installed, from 400 to 1000 t/h - two car dumpers.

The number of car dumpers for power plants with a fuel supply capacity of more than 1000 t/h is determined based on 12 tippings per hour of wagons of average weighted capacity, in which fuel is supplied to these power plants, plus one reserve car dumper.

4.1.5. When installing two or more car dumpers at the warehouse, an unloading rack 60 m long is provided for unloading faulty cars.

4.1.6. For power plants operating on milled peat, the type of unloading device (tankless, trench with multi-bucket loaders, etc.) is determined in each specific case, taking into account the consumption of peat and the type of wagons.

4.1.7. For power plants with a fuel supply capacity of less than 100 t/h, as a rule, tankless unloading devices are used.

4.1.8. When supplying the power plant with dry non-freezing coal or milled peat, fuel delivery can be carried out in self-unloading wagons equipped with remote control for opening and closing hatches. In this case, car dumpers are not installed.

4.1.9. To unload the sludge, a railway is used. an overpass at the fuel storage, next to which a site for storing sludge should be provided.

4.1.10. When freezing fuel is supplied to the power plant, defrosting devices are built. In the absence of a car dumper, in addition to the defrosting device, fuel unloading mechanization is provided. The capacity of the defrosting device should be determined taking into account the warm-up time of the wagons, the daily fuel consumption and be linked to the length of the thrust path and the incoming fuel routes.

4.1.11. In unloading devices for crushing freezing and lumpy fuel on grates, including milled peat, it is planned to install special crushing machines. The gratings above the car dumper bins must have cells no larger than 350x350 mm in size, expanding downwards. In other cases, the dimensions of the cells above the bunkers are taken in accordance with the requirements of the Safety Rules.

With appropriate justification, the dimensions of the gratings under the car dumper with a cell of more than 350x350 mm are allowed; at the same time, in addition to crushing machines, additional crushers for coarse crushing should be provided.

4.1.12. Fuel is supplied to the boiler room, as a rule, by a two-line system of belt conveyors designed for three-shift operation, of which one line is a reserve one; at the same time, the possibility of simultaneous operation of both threads of the system should be provided. The supply of fuel to the warehouse is carried out by a single-line system.

4.1.13. Fuel supply from each car dumper is carried out by one belt conveyor with a capacity equal to that of the car dumper.

4.1.14. When installing one car dumper, the performance of each line of the fuel supply system to the boiler room is taken equal to 50% of the car dumper's performance.

4.1.15. In the fuel supply path of power plants operating on all types of solid fuels, including milled peat, hammer mills for fine crushing are installed, which ensure fuel grinding to a size of 25 mm. When working on peat and other fine fuels (0 - 25 mm), it is possible to supply fuel in addition to crushers.

The performance of all installed fine crushers must be no less than the performance of all fuel supply lines to the boiler room.

In the technical justification, the performance of crushers is selected taking into account the screening of fines using a screen.

4.1.16. In the fuel supply path on conveyors for catching metal from coal, the following are installed:

In the transfer unit there is a suspended self-discharging electromagnetic metal divider and a metal detector;

In front of the hammer crushers there is a suspended self-discharging electromagnetic metal divider and a metal detector, and after the hammer crushers there is a pulley and suspended electromagnetic metal separators.

Moscow, 1981

The choice of a site for the construction of a power plant must be carried out in compliance with the Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics, legislative acts on the protection of nature and the use of natural resources, norms and rules for building design, and is linked to the district planning scheme or the general scheme of the industrial hub.

2.1.9. Ash dumps should be designed taking into account their conservation or reclamation after filling them with ash and slag to the design height.

3.1.2. The site for the construction of a power plant should, as far as possible, satisfy the following conditions:

The soils that make up the site should allow the construction of buildings and structures, as well as the installation of heavy equipment without the construction of expensive foundations;

The groundwater level must be below the depth of the basements of buildings and underground utilities;

The surface of the site should be relatively flat with a slope that provides surface drainage;

The site should not be located in places where minerals occur or in the zone of collapse of workings, in karst or landslide areas and areas contaminated with radioactive waste, as well as in protected areas in accordance with applicable law;

When focusing on a direct-flow technical water supply scheme, the site should be located near reservoirs and rivers in coastal areas not flooded by flood waters, taking into account the lowest height of cooling water;

For cogeneration power plants, the site should be as close as possible to heat consumers.

To buildings and structures, and, if necessary, around them, a road is provided for the passage of fire engines.

4.1.35. All indoor fuel transshipment facilities, as well as raw fuel bunkers, are designed with dust tightness and dedusting installations.

Dedusting installations are provided in the transfer units, crushers and in the bunker gallery of the main building. For unloading devices, the choice of dedusting system in each case is determined individually.

When dedusting with the help of aspiration plants, the air removed by them from the fuel supply rooms should be replaced with a stream of purified air, and in the cold season, heated air. An unorganized inflow of outside air during the cold season is allowed in the amount of no more than a single air exchange per hour.

4.1.36. Cleaning of dust and scree of coal in fuel supply rooms must be mechanized. All heated fuel supply rooms should be designed to remove dust and scree of coal using a hydraulic flush.

4.2.32. Oil-contaminated water is drained from the bottom of any tank of the main and kindling fuel oil facilities to a working tank, or to a receiving tank, or to a treatment plant.

On gas pipelines and fuel oil pipelines, only steel fittings should be used.

When designing pipelines:

The use of cast iron fittings is not allowed:

On gas pipelines of combustible gas, fuel oil pipelines with a nominal bore of 50 mm or more;

On pipelines of water and steam with a nominal bore of 80 mm or more and a coolant temperature of 120 ° C;

On oil pipelines;

On pipelines from deaerators to the feed pump;

On pipelines of all diameters with a coolant temperature of 120°C with fittings having electric drives.

When developing designs for exhaust devices from safety valves, special devices are being developed to reduce noise.

6.21. For oil coolers of turbine units, an oil cooling system is used, which excludes oil from entering natural water sources (rivers, reservoirs, etc.).

9.24. The rooms of the central (main), block and group control panels, as well as rooms for computer equipment, are made with soundproofing and air conditioning. There are two exits from the shield premises.

The ceiling of the shield room must be waterproofed.

The height of the central part of the room (CCP, MCR, CHU and MCR), in which the operational circuit is located, is assumed to be 4 m.

The interior of the shield is made according to a special project.

In the case of installing a relay or other equipment of the control system outside the control room in separate isolated rooms, the latter are ventilated.

Near the premises of the block control panel, rooms are provided for the duty personnel of the TAI workshop and a bathroom.

There are three strategic methods for protecting against workplace hazards:

Ì Spatial or temporal separation of the noxosphere (the space in which a potential hazard is likely to occur) and the homosphere (the space in which a person is located, for example, a workplace).

Ì Ensuring a safe state of the human environment. At the same time, blockages, fences separating dangerous mechanisms from a person, ventilation and air conditioning of the working area, etc. are used. Collective protective equipment (CPS) is widely used, for example, protective screens in the path of noise propagation, etc.

Ì Adaptation of a person to the noxosphere, that is, the strengthening of the protective properties of a person. To solve this problem, personal protective equipment (PPE) is used, which allows you to descend into the depths of the sea, go beyond the space station, withstand 500 ° C in case of fire, etc. Along with PPE, methods are used that ensure human adaptation to the production environment, for example, training workers in safe work practices, instruction, etc.

The principles of ensuring labor safety are conditionally divided into four classes:

Ø orienting,

Ø technical,

Ø managerial

Ø organizational.

Guiding principles guide the search for safe solutions. At the same time, a systematic approach to solving problems is used, the principle of the possibility of replacing a person in a hazardous area with industrial robots, the principle of collecting information about an object and classification dangers, the rationing principle (norms about illumination, noise).

The group of technical principles includes:

Ø protection by distance and time;

Ø hazard shielding;

Ø weak link (fuses, valves);

Ø blocking, etc.

Organizational principles include:

Ø incompatibility (for example, rules for the storage of chemicals);

Ø compensation (providing benefits to persons working in hazardous areas);

Ø rationing, etc.

The management group includes the following principles:

Ø planning (planning of preventive and other measures);

Ø feedback, recruitment, incentives;

Ø control and responsibility.

Security tools are divided into two groups:

Ø means of collective protection;

Ø personal protective equipment.

Basic Remedies subdivided into:

- protective

 stationary (non-removable);

- movable (removable);

portable (temporary)

Currently, the role of automatic safety equipment is increasing, for example, for fire prevention, water quality monitoring, etc.

1. Safety:

the presence of a weak link (fusible link in the fuse);

2. Blocking:

- mechanical;

- electrical;

- photovoltaic;

- radiation;

- hydraulic;

- pneumatic;

- pneumatic

3. Signaling:

 by purpose (operational, warning, identification means);

- the way information is transmitted

- light;

- sound;

- combined

4. Means of protection remote control

- visual;

- remote

6. Means of special protection that provide protection for ventilation, heating, lighting systems in hazardous areas of equipment.

Safety requirements must be taken into account at all stages of creative activity:

- scientific intent

 research work (R&D),

 experimental design work (R&D),

- creating a project

- project implementation,

- tests,

- production,

- operation,

- modernization,

- conservation

 liquidation

- and burial.

The means of safety management in production are different. These include:

»  fostering a culture of safe behavior;

»  public education;

»  use of technical and organizational means of collective protection;

» - application individual means protection;

»  use of the system of benefits and compensations, etc.

Ecobioprotective technology- devices, devices and systems designed to prevent air pollution, protect the purity of water, soil, to protect against noise, electromagnetic pollution and radioactive waste. If, when improving technical systems, it is not possible to ensure the maximum permissible impact on a person of harmful factors in the zone of his stay, then it is necessary to use ecobioprotective equipment:

ü  dust collectors;

ü  water treatment devices;

ü - screens;

ü - fences;

ü protective boxes

ü sanitary protection zones;

ü  low-waste and non-waste technologies;

ü  selection and use of individual and collective means of protection.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the use of eco-bioprotective technology

1 - devices that are part of the WF exposure source; 2 - devices installed between the source of the WF and the area of ​​activity; 3 - devices for protecting the area of ​​activity; 4 - personal protective equipment.

In cases where the possibilities of eco-bioprotective equipment for collective use are limited and do not provide MPC, MPC of harmful factors in the area where people stay, personal protective equipment is used.

Classification and basics of application of eco-bioprotective technology. The means of collective protection of workers from the action of harmful factors must meet the following requirements:

Be strong enough, easy to manufacture and use;

Eliminate the possibility of injury;

Do not interfere with work, maintenance, repair;

Have a secure fixation in a predetermined position.

Classification of eco-bioprotective equipment:

Producing does not mean buying cheap and selling expensive. Rather, it means buying raw materials at reasonable prices and converting them, at possibly the slightest additional cost, into a good product...

Henry Ford

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VNTP 81. Norms for technological design of thermal power plants

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