Scientific work: Economic security of the Russian Federation
COURSE WORK
on the course "Economics"
on the topic: "Economic security Russian Federation»
Introduction
1. Economic security as a type of state security
2. Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation
2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the world economy
2.2 Types of threats to Russia's economic security
3. Ways to improve the economic security of the Russian Federation
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Second half of the 90s of the XX century. marked by the revival of the attention of state structures and the public to the problems of the country's national security. The formation of a socially oriented market economy necessitated the development and approval of basic concepts in the national security system.
Modern reform of the legal and economic foundations of the Russian state cannot but take into account the interests of national security. This problem becomes especially acute in the context of increasing globalization and in connection with Russia's active involvement in international political and economic processes. Foreign economic aspects of the country's national security are the most important component of the state's economic security system. The more economically developed a country is, the more economic resources it has (or controls), the higher its degree of protection from possible threats.
At the present stage, economic security is a guarantee of the independence of the country, determines the possibility of conducting an independent economic policy and creates a condition for stability and success in the context of the globalization of the world economy.
In the period from 1996 to 2005, scientific research was carried out and a number of scientific papers, collective monographs on this issue Senchagova V.K., Oleinikova E.A., Grunina O., Guseva G. and others were published. special courses on national security and its various aspects. The urgency of the problems of economic security is reflected in the work of all-Russian and international scientific and practical conferences.
The paper considers the general problems of Russia's economic security associated with its activities in the system of international economic relations.
1. Economic security as a type of state security
The features of the state are:
the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions exercising the functions of state power;
· the law fixing a certain system of norms sanctioned by the state;
a certain territory to which the jurisdiction of the state extends and in which its population lives.
The life and ideas of the people, the state are deployed in various spheres, and in each of them the action of unfavorable factors, dangers and threats that violate the normal life of a person, society and the state is possible. In terms of content, the following types (areas) of its activities are distinguished: economic, social, political, military, environmental, legal, technological, cultural, intellectual, informational, demographic, psychological, and many others.
The state protects its interests, its territory, its population from external and internal threats.
A threat to the security of the state can be formulated as the possibility of such a development of events that will create (or creates) a danger to the existence of the state, its political and economic independence.
There are the following types of state security:
geopolitical security;
Geopolitical security is the protection and security of state interests guaranteed by constitutional, legislative and practical measures.
political security;
Each state is interested in having a stable internal political environment, in creating an intrastate climate conducive to the normal development of all spheres of society and the individual. Political security is the state of security of the country's geopolitical life. The purpose of political security is determined by the type of state. The essence of political security is determined by the ability to pursue an independent foreign and domestic policy and resolve issues of state structure.
· military security;
Military security is the ability to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and population of a country from internal and external threats. Military security includes the following areas: state borders, armed forces, deterrence, military education, military science and military industry.
economic security.
The problems of national economic security are increasingly becoming the subject of study by representatives of various sciences. Scientists offer their own definitions, define the essential features of this complex social phenomenon, reveal emerging social connections between related concepts and phenomena. However, there are still many "dark spots" in this area. Until now, there is no unanimity of opinion among the researchers of this problem on the definition of basic concepts, which in practice gives rise to significant difficulties in applying the legislation on economic security. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the development of a conceptual apparatus.
The legal definition of the concept of "economic security" can be found in the Federal Law of October 13, 1995 No. No. 157-FZ "On state regulation foreign trade activity". In accordance with Article 2 of the said Law, economic security is a state of the economy that ensures a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and progressive development of the Russian Federation, the invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. Therefore, the state of the economy is the main sign of economic security.
Therefore, in a compressed (concentrated) form, we can say that national economic security is a state of protection of the main national economic interests from internal and external threats.
It is important to emphasize that such concepts as "conditions", "factors", "correlation" characterize economic security from different points of view. Thus, the condition is the environment (environment) in which economic security proceeds (realizes). There are economic, geopolitical, environmental, legal and other conditions. The factor is the reason, the driving force of economic security. The ratio of economic interests is understood as their mutual relationship, location relative to each other.
Economic security is characterized by the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at meeting the needs of the individual, society, state, the presence of minerals, developed infrastructure, skilled labor and its training system, as well as the nature of integration into the system of world economic relations.
The objects of economic security are:
· economic system of the country: producers and sellers of products, works and services;
· natural wealth of the country - agricultural land, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, shelf, minerals.
The subjects of economic security are:
· functional and branch ministries and departments;
tax and customs services;
Banks, exchanges, funds and Insurance companies;
Manufacturers and sellers of products, works and services;
Society for the protection of consumer rights.
In Russia, the doctrine of economic security was approved and introduced by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996. No. 608 "The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)". In pursuance of the provisions of this Decree on December 27, 1996. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1569 “On priority measures for the implementation State strategy economic security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)”. These documents define the purpose and objects of the state strategy of economic security, characterize the threats to the economic security of Russia, formulate the criteria and parameters of the state of the economy that meet the requirements of economic security, describe the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring economic security. As noted in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, “in international relations, Russia is faced with the desire of industrialized countries, large foreign corporations to use the situation in the Russian Federation and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in their economic and political interests ... Without ensuring economic security, it is almost impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally.” By the above Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a number of federal executive bodies (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc.) are responsible for developing quantitative and qualitative parameters of economic security criteria, monitoring and forecasting the factors that determine the emergence of threats to economic security, and conducting research to identify trends and opportunities for the development of threats and search for optimal ways to overcome them. At the same time, the economic security system should identify situations in which the actual or projected parameters of economic development go beyond the threshold values, develop measures to overcome them (i.e., to exit the country from the danger zone), conduct an examination of the adopted regulatory legal acts, state decisions on financial and economic issues from the standpoint of Russia's economic security.
To understand the essence of threats to the economic security of Russia, let us consider the structure of the modern world community.
Some scientists divide the world community into two parts: privileged and adjacent rich developed states (Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Singapore and some others) with a population of about 1 billion. people (“golden billion”) and other unprivileged countries, whose population by 2000 exceeded 5 billion people. In 1994, 1 billion people in rich countries accounted for 70% of the world's total social product, and the remaining 4.6 billion. people - 30%.
Other scientists divide the countries into three groups: the countries of the "golden billion", the new industrial countries that have entrenched themselves on the periphery of the developed world (China, India, most of the "Asian tigers", some of the countries of Latin America, the former socialist countries, most of the oil-producing states), and, finally, the third a group of so-called "falling" states (a significant part of the countries of the American continent and Asia, as well as the former USSR).
The peculiarity of such a division of countries is that competition between these groups of states is practically impossible, “vertical” movements to the top are extremely difficult, while competition within each of the groups is becoming increasingly fierce.
Place of Russia in general economic indicators can be determined on the lower border of the second group of states. The reality of the threat of consolidation on this border and the possible further weakening of positions is based on the structural regression of the Russian economy as the main trend of the past decade.
2. Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation
2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the world economy
We can agree with the assessments of the well-known American economist Turow that "today Russia is halfway between a market economy and a planned economy, and neither of them works."
The economic result of the reform is a drop in Russia's share in world GDP to 2.4% and a transition from the 3rd place occupied by Russia in the USSR (after the USA and Japan and shared it with Germany) to the 15th. e. almost halved specific gravity Russia and world exports in comparison with the pre-perestroika period.
As a result, the share of Russian products in the world markets for science-intensive civilian products is 1%. For comparison, the US accounts for 36% , Japan - 30% of these markets. Especially dangerous is the lag in such industries as computer science, electronics, communications, which has developed in the past decades, including because of the existing gap between the civilian and military-industrial sectors of the economy.
Many Western experts explain the general economic weakening of Russia by the ineffectiveness of economic reforms and the excessive opening of the economy to foreign competition. Others emphasize that it is not "liberalism, but the economy of plunder that has been established in the country" that is to blame. The assessments of French economists are distinguished by a particularly critical approach. Professor Brandet (Dauphine University of Paris) writes: “Everything that could be sold was sold in Russia, and as a result, in the absence of funds for investment, huge sums of money ended up in individual accounts of Swiss and Cypriot banks. The industrial potential of the country was practically destroyed, and the volume of industrial production decreased by 10% per year.
The Russian economy currently remains largely reformed, transitional, and has not completed its transformation into any particular state. It combines elements of the old and new systems. If in terms of the share of non-state economic entities the Russian economy can be considered a completely market economy, then in terms of the efficiency of their activities and the level of competitiveness, it is not. In addition, more than half of Russian firms are generally fictitious and are often associated with illegal activities.
In Russia, an inefficient structure of social production persists - the predominance of the fuel and energy and raw materials industries and the low share of engineering products and modern high-tech, science-intensive industries. Weak is the financial and credit in general and the banking system, in particular, which limits the investment of production. Internal parameters largely determine external ones: Russia remains a supplier of raw materials and an importer of finished products on world markets, including various types of modern technology and food.
Russia's participation in international economic relations is still insignificant. The share of Russia in the world population is 2.5%, in world natural resources - 30%, in world exports - 1.74% (moreover, in world exports of high-tech goods - 0.7%), in world imports - 0.73%. Consequently, Russia is weakly involved in global processes, which is connected both with the legacy of the past and with the weaknesses of its present position.
At the same time, the importance of the world market for the Russian economy is enormous. Thus, in 2002, exports amounted to 133.7 billion dollars, and imports - 57.4 billion dollars.
The current state of Russia's economic security is characterized by Table 1.1:
Table 1.1
Current indicators of economic security of the Russian Federation
No. p / p
Indicators
Threshold
Actual state
Actual vs. Threshold Ratio
Grade
Gross
domestic product:
overall from average
by "seven"
per capita
from average
by "seven"
per capita
from the world average
Dangerous 2
Share in industrial
production
processing
industry
70% 50% 0.71 dangerous 3
Share in machine
production
mechanical engineering
20% 15% 0.75 dangerous 4
Investment volume in %
25% 13% 0.6 dangerous 5
Scientific expenses
research in % of GDP
2% 0.5% 0.25 dangerous 6
The share of new types of products in the volume
manufactured products
6% 2.6% 0.43 dangerous 7
Share in the population
people with income
below subsistence
minimum (2004)
7% 20% 0.29 dangerous 8
Duration
life of the population
70 years old 64 years old 0.91 dangerous 9
Income Gap
high income groups
population
and 10% of the most
low-income groups
8 times 12.9 0.62 dangerous 10
Crime level
(number of crimes
per 100 thousand population)
5 thousand 6 thousand 0.83 dangerous 11
Unemployment rate
according to ILO methodology
7% 9.2% 0.76 dangerous 12
Inflation rate for the year
20% 6% 1.25 dangerous 13
Volume of domestic debt in %
to GDP for comparable
period of time
30% 33% 0.9 dangerous 14
Current need for
service and
repayment
internal debt in %
to tax
budget receipts
25% >100% 0.25 dangerous 15
Volume of external debt
25% 31% 0.8 dangerous 16
Share of external
borrowings in
covering the deficit
budget (2004)
30% 45% 0.66 dangerous 17
Budget deficit
in % of GDP (2004)
5% 4.2% 1.2 dangerous 18
The volume of foreign
currencies in cash
to the amount of cash rubles
25% 100% 0.25 dangerous 19
The volume of foreign
currencies against
ruble mass
in national currency
10% 50% 0.2 dangerous 20
Money supply (M2)
as a percentage of GDP
50% 12% 0.24 dangerous 21
Share of imports in
total domestic consumption
including
food
Differentiation
subjects
Living Wage Federation
1.5 times 5 times 0.3 dangerous
Nevertheless, it should be noted that in the past few years, positive trends have emerged in the development of the Russian economy, outstripping some world processes. - 2.5%, and the growth rates of Russian GDP amounted to 4.1% and 7.3%, respectively.
The growth of production and GDP that has been outlined in the past two years and is forecasted in Russia can be regarded as a stable trend only if it is possible to make the most of favorable conditions for the growth of domestic production (ruble devaluation, rising world oil prices) and other market factors, which, unfortunately, can be reversible.
However, for all the shortcomings of the country's economic policy, one cannot fail to see that the free access of Russian producers to foreign markets is limited by far illiberal measures: the practice of double standards is widely used in relation to Russia, as well as special concessions and demands in domestic and foreign economic policy, and the pressure of external debt.
As a result, Russia, with a weakened and unbalanced economy, must fit into an international situation characterized by at least three main intractable problems:
split-civilization;
· the growing unpredictability of global economic processes, especially in the field of financial flows;
· opposition of the national management of many countries to the methods and forms of globalization.
Russia has both competitive advantages and weaknesses in world markets. Competitive advantages include:
a) high availability of mineral resources - 13% of the world's proven oil reserves, 36% of natural gas, 12% of coal are concentrated in Russia;
b) a significant amount of accumulated fixed production assets and funds of universal equipment, which makes it possible to reduce the capital intensity of the technological modernization of a number of industries (although a significant part of them has a long service life and wear and tear);
c) cheap labor combined with a sufficiently high level of its qualifications;
d) the presence of unique advanced technologies in a number of industries, especially in the military-industrial complex, etc.
It should be noted that these advantages lose their nature over time - natural resources are exhausted, equipment and new technologies become obsolete, skilled labor is aging and emigrating.
At the same time, many Russian competitive advantages are limited by Russia's strategic weaknesses, which include:
a) weakness of the system for supporting the competitiveness of Russian exports;
b) a sharp reorientation of foreign economic relations to the West and an increase in deformations in this area (increasing the raw material orientation of Russian exports, the loss of traditional sales markets);
c) blocking entry to markets where Russia has competitive advantages;
d) competitive technologies used in the military-industrial complex are focused on the production of small batches of products with a weak level of control of material costs;
e) a rapid decline in domestic demand for science-intensive products, which destroys an already weak competitive environment for the "running" of goods and technologies, prior to their promotion to the foreign market.
However, for modern Russia characterized by an ever-expanding interaction with the world market. Russia's share in world GDP after the 1998 crisis has a constant upward trend. This also leads to increased threats associated with the foreign economic sphere.
2.2 Types of threats to Russia's economic security
In the specialized literature, there is no consensus among scientists on the list of threats to national economic security. Different researchers define the composition of internal and external threats in different ways. It should be noted that this composition often varies without taking into account the changed political, socio-economic and other conditions. Sometimes there is a combination of internal and external threats to economic security, current and strategic.
The main threats to Russia's economic security are manifested in those sectors in which economic relations with international actors are carried out. Let's consider the most important ones.
1. Commodity market.
According to experts' forecasts, exports of finished products will grow faster in international trade in the future, the market share of raw materials and income from it will decrease due to the introduction of resource-saving technologies.
In this area, the main threats for Russia are:
· irrational structure of exports and imports and the possibility of its conservation, the share of engineering products in Russian exports is less than 5%, (high-tech - about 1%), and in imports - more than a third;
· discriminatory measures and, above all, anti-dumping sanctions of other countries and blocs, in relation to Russia in 2001. there were 99 anti-dumping and other procedures in 24 countries of the world (in relation to ferrous metals, rolled metal, nitrogen fertilizers, textiles), which annually cause damage in the amount of 3.5 billion dollars;
· illegal export of natural resources from Russia;
· illegal (smuggling) import of goods into Russia;
· chroniclarge non-payments for fuel and energy resources supplied to the CIS countries;
· dependence of the state of the Russian economy (GDP, inflation, budget revenues, trade balance, etc.) on world oil prices;
· sharp liberalization of foreign trade, which can lead to an increase in the export of non-renewable natural resources and the ruin of most domestic producers, increase unemployment.
2. Financial and credit sphere.
Among the threats are the following:
The weakness of the banking sector (its total capital is only 4% of GDP) threatens the disappearance of domestic and the emergence of foreign entities and regulators (both private companies and international organizations) of this sphere and the economy as a whole in their own interests. In 2001, the capital and assets of the Russian banking system amounted to 10 and 80 billion dollars, while these figures for any Western bank were 30-40 and 700-800 billion dollars, respectively;
· the growing influence of global financial processes, fluctuations in the market, including negative ones, on the financial sector and the economy as a whole, which was demonstrated by the 1998 crisis;
· Capital flight, which bled the economy, depriving it of investments, while the budget lost 100 billion dollars. Russia, which is in great need for investment, is, paradoxically, a major exporter of capital (especially illegal) in the world capital market.
· An increase in the inflow of foreign investment has a number of negative consequences. Firstly, it actually contributes to the consolidation of the raw material export-oriented model of the Russian economy, since half of the total investment in industry is investment in the fuel and energy and raw materials industries. Secondly, at present, there is not so much a threat of capital outflow from Russia as a threat its significant inflow to the market, which, due to its narrowness, can create serious problems, both for the stability of the market itself and for the stability of the ruble.
· Inflexible inefficient debt policy. Russia's external debt payments reach up to $17 billion annually. Russia's entry into the Paris Club cost her a loss of $110 billion, which other countries owed out of a total debt of $160 billion. Today, this figure is $10 billion. Russia has received significant revenues from high oil prices on world markets and has increased its gold and foreign exchange reserves. The Russian leadership announced the full and timely (and even early) payment of its external debt, although it was possible to negotiate its restructuring use these funds for investments.
3. Foreign exchange market.
Main threats:
· Pegging the Russian ruble to the US dollar. Russia actually credits the USA with the fact that there are about 100 billion dollars in cash in Russia. Moreover, Russia is actually strengthening the dollar, since gold and foreign exchange reserves are held mainly in dollars. In the event of a fall in the dollar, Russia expects a financial crisis;
· the policy of underestimating the value of the ruble against the dollar by several times is being pursued, which provides current, short-term benefits, but a strategic loss. The low exchange rate of the ruble generates cost-push inflation, excessive exports of raw materials and capital flight. Current export earnings, which are high due to the undervalued ruble, bring market benefits that do not lead to an increase in investment in the economy. A cheap national currency makes it easier for foreign companies to buy Russian assets.
4. Labor market.
While the developed countries are restricting the process of immigration, Russia is already experiencing a real expansion from Asia, primarily from China. Moreover, illegal immigration is many times greater than legal immigration. This threat leads to an aggravation in the Russian labor market, increasing the demand for jobs and reducing the price of labor (wages). In addition, immigrants are cheaper for employers, because do not have any social guarantees.
Other threats to the economic security of Russia include:
Table 1.2
Threats to the economic security of Russia
Types of threats
Grade
Corruption in authorities 7.49 Decline in production in knowledge-intensive industries 7.43 Sharp increase in crime 6.31 Destruction of domestic scientific schools 5.60 Failure by the state to protect business entities 5.32
Russia's relations with international subjects of economic relations are ambiguous and can both open up new opportunities for Russia and carry certain threats to its security. Let's consider these relations, firstly, with international economic organizations and countries, and, secondly, with the subjects of international business.
Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is of great importance. Tasks, the solution of which can be ensured by Russia's participation in the WTO:
for the sake of self-presence as an equal member,
support for Russian exporters,
stimulating the development of new sectors,
Limitation of domestic monopolies.
However, the WTO requires a sharp liberalization of the Russian economy, including its opening to foreign entities. Among the requirements:
liberalization of access for foreign labor to Russian market labor;
· liberalization of the access of foreign firms (primarily financial, trade, construction, tourism, etc.) to the services market;
· reduction of import duty rates to a level lower than in the US and the EU;
· complete liberalization of exports and the abolition of measures of non-tariff regulation;
· alignment of domestic and world energy prices, liberalization of the current regime of foreign exchange regulation;
Providing non-residents with a national tax regime;
· rejection of subsidies to producers at the federal and regional levels, etc.
Reckless compliance with WTO requirements can lead to an increase in energy prices in Russia (and, therefore, to everything), an uncontrolled increase in the export of raw materials and a decrease in income from it due to lower world prices, a sharp increase in imports and the ruin of domestic producers of most goods and services, and, consequently, the growth of unemployment, the massive influx of foreign labor (Asian), not spoiled by social guarantees and therefore cheaper. The abolition of export duties will lead to an increase in prices for energy and then for all goods and services.
Russian legislation does not comply with WTO rules in the field of forms of economic support permitted by the state. In the event of accession to the WTO and the transition to international rules (since the Constitution establishes the priority of international norms), the manufacturing industry, the service sector and agriculture in Russia will practically disappear.
Moreover, membership in this organization does not in itself guarantee economic growth. For example, although Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Georgia joined the WTO, their GDP per capita indicators remained the lowest among the 14 countries accepted in the last 5 years.
A special area is the activities of large international business entities in Russia, primarily transnational corporations (TNCs).
International business (in the face of large corporations) poses an increased danger to the Russian economy, because:
Differs in activity and aggressiveness;
· its activities are hidden in contrast to state institutions or international organizations;
guided solely by considerations of profit;
· carries out industrial espionage, from which our firms have not learned to defend themselves.
TNCs seek to subordinate to their interests the sectors of the national economy that have competitive advantages.
TNCs seek to consolidate the raw material orientation of the Russian economy, and in promising industries - to ensure their leadership. They benefit from the economic crisis in the country - they buy cheaper unprofitable competing enterprises. Despite the well-known information of all international rating agencies about the risk of investing in the Russian economy, the share of foreign entities in the capital of leading Russian companies is constantly growing.
The penetration of international business entities into Russia comes through investments in the capital of Russian economic entities (companies, banks), loans to Russian firms, imported goods, the provision of various services (banking, insurance, financial), etc.
A number of large TNCs are already operating in the real sector of the Russian economy - General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Renault, Shell, McDonald's, Canon, Nestle, Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola, Siemens, Erickson, etc.
A special type of threat is associated with the activities of the oligarchs in Russia and the possible oligarchic modernization of Russia.
It should be taken into account that oligarchic groups have made a significant contribution to the integration of our country into the world economy; they provide today the bulk of domestic investment. Oil companies have ensured a significant reduction in the cost of oil produced, thereby reducing the dependence of the country's economy on the global situation. Today, oligarchic groups are in many ways the initiators of the further liberalization of the domestic economy.
At the same time, the role of oligarchic groups, according to some authors, is anti-national. As subjects of the Russian economy, oligarchs act mainly as foreign investors. Oligarchic property in Russia is registered with foreign legal entities, mostly offshore companies. The families of most oligarchs permanently live outside of Russia, and most oligarchs do not associate their personal and family strategic interests with Russia as a geopolitical and ethno-cultural entity, which gives rise, among other things, to the continued large-scale export of capital abroad. limits of Russia.
A serious danger is the high degree of criminalization of the economy. The "shadow" component of the Russian economy has reached critical levels - if the share of the illegal sector in the GDP of Western countries is officially estimated at 5-10%, then in Russia it is almost 25%.
Among the general trends in Russian organized crime, the following can be distinguished:
· domestic crime has gone far beyond the Russian territory, establishing contacts both with criminal structures and quite legally operating subjects of the economy of various states;
· the scale of illegal export operations with energy carriers, especially with oil, other strategic raw materials and materials, is constantly increasing, and not only domestic organizations, but also their foreign partners are involved in actions that damage Russian interests;
· activity and influence of "ethnic" criminal formations with ties with the diaspora in the near and far abroad is growing throughout Russia (their areas of activity are export-import operations with raw materials and scarce everyday goods, counterfeiting, crimes in the Russian gold and diamond complex. Using the "shuttle" way of committing crimes, hiding behind a language barrier, differences in culture, they are hardly vulnerable to the law enforcement forces of any country);
· the positions of criminal formations in the field of drug business are consistently strengthening, their organization and interaction with similar structures abroad is growing;
· Smuggling of weapons and ammunition, explosives and devices, their leakage from military facilities and manufacturing plants, from areas of military conflicts (at the same time, modern Western-made weapons are smuggled into conflict areas in Russia) are acquiring menacing dimensions;
· there is a further strengthening of the material, technical and financial base of criminal structures, the growth of the professionalism of their participants through the expansion of international relations.
Russia is also increasingly involved in the process of transnationalization of crime. One notable example is the Russian mafia's money laundering scandal and its transfer through the Banc of New York to firms controlled by criminal leaders. From October 1998 to March 1999 alone, $4.2 billion passed through this bank.
Consequently, Russia participates in international economic relations in the context of globalization, having a weak economy with an inefficient structure, a sharp discrepancy between the domestic and foreign markets with an aggressive policy of strong international actors.
3. Ways to improve the economic security of the Russian Federation
The situation in the sphere of Russia's economic security is difficult, but not hopeless.
Rashid Ismailov, a legal expert who has written a number of works on economic security issues, believes that in order to mitigate external threats to the country's economic security, it is necessary to strengthen state control over the movement and use of natural resources, restore the volume of geological exploration and outpace the growth of explored reserves of fuel and raw materials compared to production; implementation of a broad modernization of production and primary processing of fuel and raw materials, the transition to resource-saving technologies. This will make it possible in the future to achieve a relative and absolute reduction in the internal needs of natural resources, to increase the share of export foreign exchange earnings directed to investment purposes.
In order to weaken import dependence, it is necessary to provide financial support from the state to domestic producers capable of producing goods that are in demand by the West today. It is also necessary to apply a more flexible system of customs duties, identify sectors of the economy that need customs protection, introduce a state monopoly on the import of medicines, tobacco products, alcohol, grain and on the export of oil and oil products, non-ferrous metals, etc.
Lykshin S. and Svinarenko A. note that a market economy (especially in a country like Russia) is unthinkable without elements of centralized leadership. Where it is reasonable, it is necessary to actively introduce methods of state planning and management of the economic life of the country.
In this regard, it is possible to single out the main directions of state-legal regulation of the economy in general and entrepreneurial activity in particular. These are, in particular: state ownership and entrepreneurship, the use of forms and methods of state planning and regulation (norms, regulations, quotas, a system of state, regional and municipal orders); state regulation of the Russian national market, state regulation of international economic relations
In the economic program of Russia, the main emphasis should be placed on the development (with elements of powerful state support and protectionism) of the system-forming sectors of the national economy, such as mechanical engineering, the metallurgical industry, the fuel and energy, chemical and forestry complexes, and light industry. It is in these areas of the economy that investments and capital injections should be purposefully and systematically carried out.
From the standpoint of ensuring national economic security, an important problem is the rental income of Russia. The redistribution of rental income will, on the one hand, eliminate (or at least reduce) the gap in the property status of Russian citizens - between the poor and the very rich. On the other hand, this redistribution will make it possible to somewhat reduce the number of domestic billionaires who appropriate a significant part of the rental income.
In order to ensure national economic security, the country's leadership needs to pursue a more balanced and consistent foreign policy.
Borisova V.D. notes that it is impossible for any country to achieve the state of the national and incl. economic security, if the needs of the population for food as one of the foundations of the life of society are not satisfied.
It is necessary to methodologically clearly distinguish between the concepts of "food security of society" and "food security". Food security - the ability of the state to provide all members of society with food in sufficient, rational, environmentally friendly and safe nutrition in order to strengthen the health of the nation and preserve its gene pool, increase life expectancy, improve the quality of life, increase the labor activity of the population not only through self-sufficiency, but also with the active use of advantages of the international division of labor. Food security implies the ability of a country to provide food for its current and emergency needs of the country's population as a whole, and for each individual person in food in accordance with scientifically based standards at the expense of its own resources.
As a criterion for the country's food security, the level of imported food supplies from the total volume of its consumption in the country is used. In the Russian Federation, the threshold value should not exceed 25%. Exceeding this level gives rise to strategic dependence on food-importing countries.
It is noteworthy that in developed countries, for example, in the USA back in the 70s. A law on the country's food security was adopted, aimed at ensuring a stable food supply by supporting domestic agriculture and preserving its natural resources, as well as ensuring the high quality of food products, maintaining their high competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets.
The priority tasks in the field of ensuring food security in Russia should be recognized as:
· Formation of a unified food complex in the country and its achievement of an optimal level of food production in the volume, assortment and quality sufficient to meet the population's need for nutrition in accordance with scientifically based standards.
· Development of optimal options for the structure of food imports (tropical and subtropical crops).
· Determining the nutritional needs of the country's population and providing the population with environmentally friendly food that determines the health and life expectancy of the population, the gene pool of the nation.
· Ensuring economic access to a basic set of food products, which means ensuring the solvency of demand among the main social groups of the population and eliminating hunger and malnutrition. A state policy is needed to redistribute income, expand employment and increase the consumption of high-quality food, regulate prices for agricultural products and food.
· Creation and maintenance of food reserves that can be used in extreme situations.
· Timely detection, forecasting and elimination of threats to food security, determination of threshold values.
· Strengthening state regulation of inter-regional supplies of food and raw materials for a more complete provision of regions with food. For example, 23 regions of Russia grow grain in excess, and 50 regions feel a lack of it, while the state does not have effective levers for regulating the Russian grain market, which allows some regions to set a monopoly price, while others import imported grain, because. taking into account transportation costs, domestic grain becomes uncompetitive.
· Active support for the development of integration and cooperation, allowing to reduce transaction costs, optimize commodity and financial flows and increase the competitiveness of enterprises.
· Development of market infrastructure: organization of regional wholesale markets and credit institutions, which will allow for effective intra- and inter-regional exchange.
Conclusion
1. Economic security is the state of protection of the economy from internal and external threats. The goal of economic security is to ensure the sustainable economic development of the country in the interests of meeting the social and economic needs of citizens with optimal labor costs and reasonable use of natural resources.
2. Threats in the sphere of the economy are complex. This means that economic security is affected by various factors; and not only in pure economic form. It is significantly influenced by geopolitical, social, environmental and other factors.
3. Among the main threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation are considered: an increase in the property differentiation of the population and an increase in the level of poverty, the deformity of the structure of the Russian economy, an increase in the uneven socio-economic development of regions, the criminalization and oligarchization of society and economic activity.
4. To combat the threat to the economic security of Russia, an economic security strategy must be developed, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate both internal and external threats that can have a destabilizing effect on the economy.
5. Russia's national idea should be Russia's attempts to regain the status of a world power. We used to build developed socialism, then communism. Now, for the revival of the nation, the awakening of its spiritual, moral principles, a new ideal is needed: Russia is a strong and prosperous state.
Literature
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2. Belozerov I.P. Economic security of Russia // Proceedings of the conference "Reforms in Russia - history and modernity."
3. Borisova VD Actual problems of Russia's economic security at the present stage.//Questions of Economics. 2002–#2.
4. Zotova N. GusakovN. Modern problems of national security. // National security. 2001–#8-9.
5. Ilyin M. S., Tikhonov A. D. Financial and industrial integration and corporate structures: world experience and realities of Russia. M., 2002.
6. Ismailov R. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. St. Petersburg, 1999.
7. Ismailov R. Economic security of Russia. // Business and security. 2004–#2.
8. Kolosov A.V. Economic security. – M.: CJSC Finstatinform, 1999.
9. Lykshin S., Svinarenko A. Development of the Russian economy and its restructuring as a guarantee of economic security// Questions of Economics. 2004.–No. 12. P. 117-118.
10. Milyukov P. I. Memories. Volume two (1859-1917). M., 1990.
11. Pechenev V.Vladimir Putin - the last chance for Russia? M., 2001.
12. Pomorov A.A. Yeltsin - the tragedy of Russia. M., 1999.
13. Management of the socio-economic development of Russia: concepts, goals, mechanisms / Ruk. auto call D. S. Lvov, A. G. Porshnev. M .: CJSC "Publishing House" Economics ", 2002.
14. Tsyganov S.I., Manina A.Ya. Foreign investments in Russia: problems of national economic security: Monograph. Yekaterinburg: Publishing house of UrGUA, 2000.
15. Yarochkin V.I. Securitology - The science of life safety. M, 1999.
Problems of Ensuring Russia's Economic Security
The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security, is a basic, fundamental need for both the life of an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has negative impact on the development of the functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, aggravating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.
Today, the most pressing issues are those related to threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.
At present, the object of economic security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of sustainability, invulnerability, a balance of obvious benefits and certain damage brought by the process of "drawing" into international market relations and economic relations. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, the stagnation of the agricultural sector, and a decrease in the revenue side federal budget etc.
The object of this study is the economic security of Russia. The subject of the research is the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia. regulatory safety management
The purpose of the work is to study the concept of "economic security" and identify the main problems of its organization in Russia. As a result of the study, the following tasks were solved:
reveal the essence of the concept of "economic security";
consider the regulatory framework for economic security;
study the main governing bodies of economic security in Russia;
consider mechanisms for ensuring economic security in Russia;
draw conclusions about the importance of ensuring economic security and solving the main problems.
The theme of the course work, its goals and objectives determined the methodology of the study. It was carried out within the framework of macroeconomic and structural-institutional approaches based on the dialectical method, historical and logical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical and econometric methods for processing and analyzing empirical data.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign scientists-economists in the field of management and protection of economic interests, solving security problems, the results of scientific research by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and a number of other institutions on economic security issues.
Various aspects of the management of the national economy and its individual sectors in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy have been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. The works of L.I. Abalkin, A.V. Sidorovich, Yu.S. Ufimtsev, A.A. Odintsov, V.K. Senchagova, S. Rabkina and others. Both periodicals and teaching aids were used.
According to the degree of importance, economic security indicators can be divided into general, basic and private. According to the scale of the characterized object of safety, it is possible to distinguish:
- 1) microeconomic indicators that determine the state of the enterprise, firm, institution, as well as families and individuals;
- 2) mesoeconomic indicators characterizing the region or industry;
- 3) macroeconomic indicators reflecting the state of the country's economy as a whole.
The main mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is also highlighted, and the basic principles for ensuring economic security are considered. The second chapter reveals the actual problems of ensuring economic security in Russia today. In the context of the study, the interaction between the federal center and the regions in the process of ensuring economic security, the main problems and the significance of this interaction are considered. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the vertical of control and the actually existing horizontal of regulation of regional economic development exacerbates the situation and introduces chaos into the development of relations between the federal center and the regions, and that, according to E.M. Primakov, “Russia faces a long struggle not only for building effective state institutions, but also to overcome the ingrained resistance to the very idea of strengthening the rule of law. And as it happened in the history of our country, part of the final solution to the problem of the legitimacy of power may be the transfer of power from the center to the regions and local authorities.”
The influence of the development of nano-technologies within the framework of scientific and technical progress on the economic security of the country is revealed. Since nanometric materials and products (with parameters from 1 to 100 nm) are characterized by radically improved physical, chemical and consumer properties, it is often impossible to get a full-scale idea of the prospects and possible consequences of this systemic process. Pessimists focus public attention on the potential threats and risks of nanotechnology production and the use of products with nanofeatures. We are talking about the possible biological and environmental hazard of nanoobjects. According to experts from the UN World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the following specific properties of nanotechnologies cause the greatest concern: the invisibility of nanotechnologies when they are used makes it difficult to control and track their consequences (as in relation to nuclear technologies); high rates of development of nanotechnologies make it difficult, especially in the long term, to predict their possible consequences and take appropriate measures. It is generally acknowledged that the nanotechnology industry in Russia is "quite 'politicized' as it uses significant amounts of public funding distributed among competing groups."
The main results of the study are that in order to ensure the economic security of Russia, to solve the tasks set, it is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the country's economic security in the context of globalization is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures to prevent economic threats. It includes the following elements:
- - objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society in order to identify and predict internal and external threats to economic security;
- - development of threshold, maximum permissible values of socio-economic indicators, non-observance of which leads to instability and social conflicts;
- - activities of the state to identify and prevent internal and external threats to the security of the economy.
The mechanism for ensuring economic security in the context of globalization is implemented through the state strategy, which should be the ideology of development and take into account strategic priorities and national interests. Therefore, the main goal of economic strategy is to form the structure of the economy and the formation of industrial, financial and banking structures that can create conditions for the introduction of capital into a new direction of economic development.
Another important aspect of the economic security strategy is the stability of the national currency. The state strategy in the field of ensuring economic security is developed and implemented within the framework of the ongoing economic policy, the main priorities of which are to achieve the sustainability of the economic situation of the individual, the socio-economic stability of society, the state, the observance of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the rule of law and law-abiding of all, including public authorities .
For these purposes, a well-functioning and reliable system of state influence on the economy should be created, which allows for the regulation of the most important economic transformations with the least losses, and is also capable of taking on the functions of managing and maintaining the country's economy at a safe level. The state must implement a set of measures, primarily to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the country's economic security.
Since the problem of economic security has been quite relevant in Russia since the early 90s. This is quite natural, since the transformation of the state is accompanied by the collapse of old institutions and the creation of new ones. But, as you know, this process is very long and costly. Accordingly, in this period the country is in a state of transition and is quite vulnerable. Until now, the government of the Russian Federation cannot bring the country to the proper level. Prevention of various threats to economic security is entrusted by the President of Russia to the federal executive authorities. There are special government decrees in this area with lists of measures, but, unfortunately, today their application in practice is not felt.
In conclusion, I would like to highlight the main directions for solving problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of Russia.
It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework for all types of economic relations. The national interests of Russia in the field of economy are key. A comprehensive solution to the problems associated with the realization of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the stable functioning of a diversified high-tech production capable of providing the leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and the social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade - - competitive export goods.
The isolation of the economic complexes of the regions created the psychology of temporary workers, which today society has to abandon. The objective, at that time, isolation of the economic complexes of the regions, which took place within the framework of political euphoria, the complexity of the system of relations between the regions and the federal center, including in matters of budget financing and tax relations, formed a new system of federal interaction. It was built not just on the principles of administrative-territorial division, but on the economic lobbying of certain interests. Hence the absence of those "links" between the center, regions, state corporations, private companies and the population, which actually force each of the participants in this process to determine their interests.
From the position of ensuring the economic security of the country, it is strategically important that the planned projects be implemented, since, on the one hand, the federal center actually provides additional funding to the regions, and on the other hand, the regions themselves activate their internal reserves, forming a new system of economic relations. The state deliberately finances from federal sources those powers that in many Western countries are funded by the regions themselves. Thus, creating a basis for the subsequent independent development of the territories, but within the framework of the Federation and the overall development strategy of the country. Perhaps this is one of the options for the transition from disintegration processes to the integration of territories. As for another problem related to nanotechnology, it shows that the equalization in the current situation of the level of financing of nanoindustrialization in Russia and the United States is a unique phenomenon in itself. But in order to increase production and increase the competitiveness of domestic nanoproducts, first of all, systemic institutional changes are needed. They are associated with the development of a mechanism for targeted state lending to long-term innovative projects, the “growing” of public-private venture partnership institutions, and the formation of an effective patent system and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, introducing procedures for strategic and indicative planning of development institutions with the establishment of target indicators for their activities, fixing strict requirements and safety standards for nanomaterials, etc.
On the topic: Problems of economic security of Russia
Introduction
1. The current state of development of economic security problems
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security
2. Applied aspects of economic security
2.1 Methodology for identifying key economic security issues: historical aspect
2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The study of the problems of Russia's economic security, by right, has now taken a leading place in the work of Russian research and analytical centers. This topic is devoted to a significant number of author's articles, monographs, collective research. In essence, the current socio-economic situation in Russia is such that no matter what research Russian economists undertake in one area or another, they cannot but touch upon the problems of the country's economic security.
Economic security has different structural levels. We are talking about the economic security of the state, society, enterprise, individual. All these levels form a complicated economic system that does not float in a vacuum, but has a solid foundation - the economic space.
The economic space is the basis of the modern economic system, while possessing relative independence. The economic role of space, its heterogeneity, fragmentation, and in former times, was taken into account when analyzing the conditions for the formation of differential land rent, which was expressed in specific cost values.
Target term paper - Determining the place and role of economic security in the development system modern system management.
We must not forget that space paired with time are fundamental philosophical categories, the nature of which has not yet been thoroughly studied.
1. The current state of development of economic security problems
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
The increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security is based on objective processes and phenomena taking place in the national economy and in Russian society, as well as in the global economy and in international economic relations. It seems appropriate to include the following among the most important such processes and phenomena.
First, the economic experiment of the 1990s in Russia had as its main goal the redistribution of property and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. On the whole, it is quite understandable that in the course of privatization the only effective means to achieve this goal was the destruction of the state administration system, since it was the state that was the main holder of ownership of the conditions and means of production.
All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive rather than constructive. Russia has set a kind of record for the duration and depth of the economic recession in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, the socio-economic problems of Russia had become so acute that changing domestic and foreign economic policy became not a matter of discussion between economists and political scientists, but a matter of preserving the Russian state on the economic and political map of the world. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, has chosen the goals of achieving economic growth through the predominant development of the production of durable goods as reform priorities. Naturally, this was accompanied by a structural redistribution of property to the extent that it met the main goals of development without destruction. national system management.
National interests, issues of economic security of the state have been and remain decisive in the complex of reforms carried out in China. As a result, the People's Republic of China has demonstrated record rates of economic growth, has become one of the driving forces and a stabilizing factor in the world economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally "inundated" with Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad took a strong position in local business circles not only in developing countries, but also in industrialized countries. Unlike many, it was this country that withstood the unfolding in 1997-1998. world financial crisis.
Secondly, as a result of the change in the leadership of Russia at the turn of the century, the problem of the economic security of the state from a declarative and opportunistic one began to gradually turn into a question of the practical economic policy of the state. This served as an impetus for conducting new research and developing practical approaches to ensuring national security in various areas, including the security of financial and economic activities.
Thirdly, the process of the beginning of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, observed at the present time, seems to reflect the completion of some transitional stage of deregulation of the national economy. To a certain extent, the main division of state property has already taken place, and entrepreneurship is becoming more interested in maintaining the current situation, in stabilizing and consolidating what has been achieved. New radical changes and social upheavals no longer meet the interests of entrepreneurship, because they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sale of products and services, and, most importantly, they can threaten a new radical redistribution of property.
In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs themselves are increasingly becoming interested in securing their position in a regulated market, while improving the legal framework for entrepreneurship, protecting the individual, property rights, in other words, in the implementation by the state of its fundamental tasks of ensuring the economic security of financial and economic activities.
Fourth, there was a clear disappointment with the results of the reforms among economists and political scientists from among the "reformers" who stood at the origins of the start of economic reforms. Thus, not only the majority of the population, which remained "outboard" of market reforms, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment conducted in the country. The demand for economic and political "radical liberalism" was extremely high at the stage of the destruction of the existing system of state administration and the implementation of privatization. However, as with other social upheavals that occurred in history, the ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the completion of the redistribution of national wealth. Under these conditions, the Russian economic literature intensified critical reflection on the ongoing reforms, and more and more attention began to be paid to the role of the state in the economy and the problems of ensuring national economic security.
Fifthly, the globalization of the world economy and international production relations calls into question the preservation of the national-state form of organization of economic systems. Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just individual competitive companies, but state-monopoly structures, which they are unable to resist alone.
The fact that in the process of globalization the problem of national interests and the economic security of the state is aggravated is evidenced by such trends as the implementation in explicit and hidden forms of state support for national business in world markets; expansion and increase in the number of zones of national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the United States; active study of the problems of ensuring the security of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.
It would be possible to continue enumerating the objective processes that underlie the recently increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. However, both the trends listed above and the studies conducted by Russian scientists and specialists indicate that the problem itself is not far-fetched, but quite specific.
1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security
In the extensive literature on the entire spectrum of issues of state, national and economic security, the factor of globalization has not yet received proper coverage, which is interpreted mainly as the next step in the linear development of the international division of labor. And in modern economic literature there are arguments about the comparative costs and comparative advantages of various options for the division of labor between countries. It is assumed that it is still deployed on the basis of the principle of mutual benefit and interdependence, and not so long ago the last word in the theory of international relations was the concept of interdependence of nations and states in the world economy.
However, the experience of the world, or, as it was called in the literature, the "Asian" crisis of 1997-1998, although this crisis is not regional, but systemic, shows that the capital flight organized by large financial speculators, which bankrupted the dynamically developing countries of the Asian region, changed configuration of the world economy, bringing to the surface the destructive role of world financial capital.
There are many examples, but only one can be cited - the more than sad fate of Indonesia, which had a backlog of high-tech industries for the 21st century and could really take its rightful place among developed countries. The instant withdrawal of capital in the form of portfolio investments ruined the country, caused the sharpest social conflicts and even the division of the territory.
Using such examples, one can assess the entire degree of risk for national economies, which is associated with the globalization factor. With this in mind, the country must be prepared to take proactive steps to ensure its economic security.
In this case, it is necessary to correctly determine the vector of such actions. Some experts consider the probable decline in world prices for exported raw materials, as the main source of foreign exchange earnings, to be a special destabilizing factor. However, economic threats to a much greater extent for our country, as well as for many others, are currently coming from the instability of the currency and financial markets. This is no longer interdependence, but dependence within the system of the world economy, due to its structural imbalance.
The globalization factor has upset the relative balance of the world economy system, the interdependence of its structural elements and components.
The qualitative difference between the global system and the previous traditional model of international economic relations is its structural asymmetry, not only due to the hypertrophy of its financial segment, but also its separation from the system due to the exceptional mobility of portfolio investments.
In this regard, experts point to the threat to the economic security of the country of sudden outbreaks of financial epidemics: “Thus, we are talking about the formation of qualitatively new processes that make the situation less and less manageable by the traditional set of levers. This trend is also enhanced by the peculiarities of the behavior of market operators, whose actions can be provoked by the steps of some large participants (the so-called herd behavior). Hence the threat of the spread of financial epidemics, often based on the subjective mood of the market. It is these circumstances that make many economists and practitioners (P. Krugman, J. Bhagwati, J. Soros and others) talk about the need to limit the mobility of capital, reduce the destabilizing possibilities of "hot" short-term money.
Following the old scheme, it can be assumed that the mobility of capital constitutes the investment potential for material production, that the competitive mechanism of the free flow of capital is the basis for the modernization of production. This was the case as long as finance capital was functionally connected with productive capital.
However, for some time now, a different scheme has been operating. Despite the short historical period of its implementation, material has already been accumulated for summing up some results.
Of course, the new situation requires in-depth scientific research leading to successful economic practices that can ensure the economic security of the country at all its structural levels.
2. Applied aspects of economic security
2.1 Methodology for identifying key economic security issues
The relevance, complexity and novelty of the problem of economic security and the security of its financial component in the context of globalization suggests a combination of empirical analysis with the implementation of the scientific potential of methodology and theory.
Profound structural changes in the system of economic relations in our country quite naturally gave a powerful impetus to the development of specific applied work across the entire spectrum. market relations, their structure and infrastructure. Our scientists, specialists, and practitioners had to master both new economic vocabulary and new approaches to real economic processes on the go.
Questions of methodology and theory have been relegated to the background and even further, perhaps because of their dubious "Marxist" origins. Generations of young PhDs in economics understand the intricacies of banking but believe that methodology and technique are one and the same. But if in applied economic research, perhaps, it is possible to confine oneself to methods, then for a qualified determination of the nature of such complex phenomena as economic security, it is necessary to use both method and theory in combination.
As a method in this work, an attempt was made to use the universal principles of a systematic approach.
The issue of economic security is already being actively developed in our country, a solid basis has been created for its further theoretical understanding, a number of definitions have been proposed. But the work done seems to be predominantly analytical. The subject has been studied in parts, and the time has come to move from the particular to the general, i.e. make a synthesis. As a result of the synthesis, the subject under study - economic security - will appear as a whole, and the whole, as follows from the general systems theory, is an interconnected set.
In relation to economic security, this can be represented as an interconnected set of economic relations within a large system organized according to the principle of hierarchy, i.e. subordination of some structural elements of the system to others.
The main property of the system is its integrity. This means that the system is not a simple collection of its elements, their arithmetic sum. Its qualitative certainty depends on the strength of the interaction, the adhesion of its constituent parts. If individual elements fall out of the system, then it does not decrease, but collapses.
The consequence of the integrity of the system is integrativity. Integrity is the basic law of any system - technological, biological, cultural, military, social, economic. The integrativity of the system in an abstract form is expressed in the irreducibility of the parts of the system to their sum, which is greater than the terms.
In the language of economics, this means that the system, through the interaction of its parts, creates an additional productive force that is greater than the productive force of its individual parts.
The positive dynamics of the economic system is characterized by natural and monetary, absolute and relative indicators and indicates its economic security.
Economic security - dynamic integral indicator integrity of the economic system.
Economic security belongs to the category of complex economic categories, in this capacity it reflects the interconnections and interdependencies of a large economic system. This system can be characterized with varying degrees of abstraction in accordance with the methodological principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete. Therefore, the proposed definition, due to its abstract nature, expands into a number of other, more specific definitions as a necessary approximation to the modern realities of the Russian economy.
Nevertheless, it is possible to understand the current situation in a constantly reforming economy (although it is high time to stop at least in order to understand what economic system we are in) with minimal costs using the best practices of the theory, thereby making the transition from methodological to conceptual research principles.
However, if science has developed universal principles of a systematic approach as a research method, then modern economic science does not have such universal principles. On the contrary, it breaks up into different schools, directions that offer conflicting concepts that explain the same economic phenomena and processes, often from opposite positions.
In recent years, the opinion about the crisis of economic theory as a whole has begun to spread. Both in our country and in the West, economic theory turned out to be untenable in solving the problems of transitional post-socialist economies. For example, the inflation forecast for Russia turned out to be underestimated by tens of thousands of times, privatization did not lead to the emergence of an effective owner. True, claims in this case should be presented to liberal economists. Well-known Western economists of alternative directions - the late V. Leontiev, K. Arrow, J. Tobin and others - were critical of the recommendations of experts close to the International Monetary Fund, for whom the main thing is to remove the state from the economy, while economists close to the institutional direction, they believe that during the period of radical restructuring of the economy, the regulatory role of the state should not be weakened, but strengthened.
Within the scope of this study, it is not possible to dwell on this issue specifically. However, it is also incorrect to leave it aside because of the need to turn to theory.
The reform of the economy of our country was and is being carried out according to the liberal model, and its failures, at least in the West, are explained in the opposite way: supporters of economic liberalism - by the fact that the state continues to interfere in the economy, and their opponents - by the fact that the state has abstained from regulating complex economic processes, which ultimately led to the threat of losing its economic security.
In 2001, a study was published in the United States, carried out under the auspices of the American independent research Institute for Peace under the eloquent title "The Tragedy of Russian Reforms", in which the thesis is consistently carried out that the reforms would be effective in economic and social relations if they were carried out differently, democratically, taking into account the interests of the population of the country, its economic security.
The liberal model of reforms was, as already noted, focused on the eradication of state ownership, the creation of the social base of capitalism, and has already conceptually created a threat to the country's economic security, since this model lacked criteria for economic and social efficiency.
It is not by chance that the reality of such a threat turned out to be in the center of attention of politicians, sociologists, economists, and the problem of the economic security of our country came to the first place in importance.
The crisis state of modern economic theory can be seen as an incentive to develop new approaches based on economic knowledge accumulated over many decades, which cannot be depreciated due to the failure of any school or theory.
In this regard, institutional theory has great scientific potential, the fashion for which has led to significant costs and confusion, since it is difficult to understand why, for example, “new institutionalism” and “neo-institutionalism” exist, as it were, independently.
It seems to us that modern economic theory cannot be reduced to institutionalism, no matter how it is interpreted, it must be based on the synthesis of the actual interpretation of classics, neoclassics and institutionalism. This version of the formation of a general economic theory is close to what Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. Maevsky calls evolutionary theory. He writes: “The paradox of modern post-industrial society is that fundamental economic science in countries that have achieved success in the field of technological progress is still in captivity of the so-called orthodoxy, primarily neoclassical theory. The latter does not adequately describe the features of a technologically progressing market economy ... The consequence of such a paradox can be considered the fact that something like a Chinese wall has arisen between orthodoxy and modern business in the field of technology.
The author rightly points out the timeliness of the process of formation of modern evolutionary theory, which considers economic development as an irreversible process of increasing complexity, diversity and productivity of production due to periodically recurring changes in technologies, types of products, organizations and institutions (rules of conduct, according to D. North) .
D. North, the Nobel Prize winner, is the most authoritative representative of the version of institutionalism that adequately perceives and scientifically interprets modern economy functioning on the basis of the interaction of market and non-market factors.
This important circumstance is also pointed out by J. Kornai, who made significant clarifications to the principles of systemic research within the framework of the “systemic paradigm”, modernizing it by including both market and non-market institutions in the system.
He offers a fairly broad understanding of the concept of institutions, which "includes the dominant legal structure of the system under consideration, its moral norms and property rights, the distribution of power centers, incentives interacting with the subjects of society, and the information structure" .
The modern economic system is a more complex and more contradictory interaction of its constituent elements and components than the system of the classical market economy of the past. That is why it is advisable to trace the process of historical changes that have taken place, comparing the past with the present, referring to the classical systemic paradigm.
As you know, the classical school of English political economy made a historical transition from fragmented economic knowledge to systemic. It was the classics who made a breakthrough in theory, presenting the market economy as a large economic system of social division of labor, in which the relationship between production and consumption is mediated by exchange and distribution.
A large economic system is economic relations between people in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, which are self-regulated by the "invisible hand of the market", i.e. competition. A large system is structurally composed of small systems. This means that both production, and exchange, and distribution, and consumption have relative independence, their own structure and logic of development. We emphasize that this independence is relative, i.e. should not go beyond the dependence between small systems in accordance with the principles of hierarchy and integrity.
It is advisable to represent a large economic system through the interconnections of its enlarged blocks - production and circulation. This is a departure from the scheme under consideration, but it allows us to dwell on two interpretations of the nature of the relationship between them, the concept of the primacy of production over circulation and the concept of exchange, which assigns a decisive role to the sphere of circulation.
The classical concept of the primacy of production over circulation was opposed in the past and is opposed in the present by the exchange concept, which considers the sphere of circulation as a system, and production as a subsystem.
Of course, 200 years ago there were other terms in circulation. The question rested on the nature of wealth and the sources of its achievement. Wealth was a central theme and subject of controversy between the mercantilists, on the one hand, and the physiocrats, and then the classics, on the other. The classics, as you know, associated wealth with the production of material wealth.
Thus, under industrial capitalism, the growth of profits was ensured by the expansion and modernization of production, led to an increase in labor productivity, with the growth of the wealth of individual capitalists, the wealth of society grew. Capital needed qualified workers, and this expanded the scope of education, capital was interested in the development of science and technology, using their achievements in competition. The system was integrative, its dynamics were positive. On this real basis, the ideology of liberalism was quite organically formed. The emerging new economic system was dynamic, its integrativity is beyond doubt. The connections and interconnections of production, exchange, distribution and consumption were mediated by the market; the contradictions inherent in the relative isolation of each of the small systems were successfully resolved until the first crisis of overproduction, which occurred in 1825 and was considered at first as a temporary failure in the sphere of marketing. But later it turned out that since 1825 the market system entered into a stage of cyclical development that continues to this day.
During a crisis, the system loses its integrative properties, the whole ceases to be greater than the sum of its parts. In terms of organizational science - A. Bogdanov's tectology, ingression is a general form of a chain connection and is equal to organization. Its opposite is disingression or disorganization, the sign of which is “the reduction of the practical sum of activities by the very way they are combined. And it becomes conceivable only in such a form that some part of them becomes resistance to some other part of them. Such a part that resists is consumption limited by solvent needs. Resistance in the sphere of consumption is constantly operating and only gradually reaches a critical mass, which manifests itself through a crisis.
Before the global crisis of 1929-1933. the system coped with crises on its own, and each point of economic recovery exceeded the previous one. The system developed along an ascending line, albeit through periodic recessions, i.e. she was in relative economic security.
However, the global crisis of 1929-1933, which was especially devastating in the United States and rightly called the "Great Depression" there, turned out to be irreversible. It was, in the full meaning of this definition, a crisis in the system of market self-regulation.
The way out of the crisis was not carried out by the "invisible hand of the market", not through the mechanisms of competition, but by the methods of strict state regulation within the framework of the "New Deal" of President Roosevelt. The adopted laws "On the restoration of national industry", "On the regulation Agriculture” and others were contrary to the American Constitution, but met the needs of US national security, in which economic security was central.
The history of a mixed economy in the USA and Europe begins with Roosevelt's New Deal, where economic policy was formed under the influence of the ideas of John Keynes, outlined by him in his monograph “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” published in 1936.
Keynesianism was established in the post-war period for three decades. Every government of any developed country put the fight against unemployment at the forefront by increasing the aggregate demand of the population. Without going into the details of his well-reasoned recommendations to increase aggregate demand in order to stimulate investment through various social payments, etc., it can be stated that they were ultimately aimed at intra-system balancing of production and consumption. But this turned out to be necessary methods of state intervention in the economy, both direct and indirect, through financial and credit instruments and levers.
The terms belonging to Keynes, such as "built-in stabilizer", "budget multiplier", testify to the introduction of non-market institutions into the system of market relations.
In a certain sense, Keynes' predecessors in this direction were the American institutionalists, who drew attention to the limitations of the neoclassical analysis of human economic behavior, which is supposedly guided only by the relations of supply and demand, while in reality various institutions influence his behavior - the family, trade unions, traditions, education, culture, religion. J. Commons, for example, considered such a market category as value not as a result of the interaction of supply and demand, but as a product of a legal agreement of "collective institutions".
In the 20s of the 20th century, institutionalists justified state intervention in the economy with the aim of curbing the power of monopolies; in the 30s, anti-crisis regulation was considered the main task of the state. In this regard, the structure of a large economic system has become more complex due to the incorporation of non-market institutions, or stabilizers, into its subsystems. Thus, in direct production, the relationship between labor and capital has lost its purely market character due to the legislative establishment of a minimum wages and participation of trade unions in the conclusion of collective agreements between employees and their employers.
In the post-war period, state support for business began to be carried out through tax incentives, the accelerated depreciation method, which was first used in the United States in 1942. Then other countries began to use it: in 1948 Germany, in 1960 France, in 1962 Great Britain .
Social payments, including unemployment benefits, should also be included among the built-in stabilizers. Indeed, the taxes that fund unemployment benefits rise sharply when employment is high. Therefore, the reserve fund grows during the boom and puts pressure on spending too much, curbing inflation. On the contrary, during a period of weak employment, the reserve fund is used to pay income, thereby increasing effective demand, supporting consumption, which leads to a decrease in the rate of decline in production, thereby mitigating the recession.
Other types of benefits - such as charitable payments outside the social insurance system - are also of the stabilizing type due to the nature of their automatic counter-cyclical regulation.
Thus, not only the production segment of the economic system falls out of the space of free competition to the extent that state regulation exists. This applies to exchange, distribution, and consumption.
One of the conditions for Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization is, as is known, the deregulation of agricultural production. However, in the US, Canada and Europe, favorable climatic conditions do not prevent agricultural subsidies in amounts that are incomparable with the costs of this key industry for Russia in terms of its economic security. In the United States, the number of employees in the system of the Department of Agriculture is second only to the Pentagon, but the point is not in the number, but in the variety of the functions that the employees of this ministry perform in regulating such an important industry.
The state in the United States uses a powerful tool to stabilize the economy through a system of purchasing goods and services for its needs in the amount of about 2 trillion. US dollars, i.e. is a permanent participant in the exchange relationship. The data presented do not give a complete picture of the institutional features of the modern economic system, but they can serve to expose the myth about the advantages of a free competitive market system, which has not existed in nature for a long time.
The inclusion of non-market institutions in the economic system is caused by the objective need to ensure its economic security and was achieved by maintaining the integrity of the system, greater or lesser consistency of its structural elements and components. Periodically arising after the crisis of the 30s. of the last century, recessions were not threatening to economic security, with the exception of the global crises of 1974-75. and the crisis that began in 2001 and is currently ongoing, which in many ways is of a systemic nature.
It can be argued that the crisis of the early 70s. of the last century was the prologue of the modern crisis.
In the early 70s of the last century, two events took place that left their mark on all subsequent years. This is the collapse of the gold standard as a result of the US refusal to exchange paper dollars for gold to IMF member states.
Masses of paper dollars were issued on euro markets, then eurobonds were issued, the issue of which was not taxed, euro-commercial bills appeared with the condition of payment in eurocurrency, and so on. This was the first impetus to the isolated position of the sphere of circulation in the economic system, which quickly acquired a supranational character.
Another important event in the early 1970s was the organization of the international cartel of oil producers and exporters OPEC and its decision to multiply oil prices.
Both of these factors influenced the nature of the next cyclical crisis, which was characterized by a combination of high unemployment and high inflation, which formally contradicted the Keynesian model of combining low unemployment with metered inflation.
The classical cycle in the phase of depression is characterized by a decrease in prices and, on this basis, the dissipation of commodity surpluses, the crisis in 1974-1975. was not classical in this regard, prices were kept high not only because of oil prices, but also because of the excess money in circulation associated with the collapse of the gold standard.
The current situation's accusations against Keynesian counter-cyclical regulation were, to say the least, not correct. Keynes recommended paper issuance as the government's monetary reserve, which should be used for investment in production during a recession, but with the condition that investment should go to the real sector of the economy, and not to speculative transactions in the markets.
The ambiguity of the course towards deregulation and liberalization of economic relations has another aspect - the discrepancy between the ideology of economic liberalism and the actual practice of state regulation in all economically developed countries with " market economy».
The course towards deregulation within the framework of Reaganomics or Thatcherism was resolutely declared, but implemented with great caution. In practice, Keynesian methods of influencing the economic cycle were preserved, for example, the well-known practice of regulating the loan interest rate central bank USA - the Fed, its increase during a period of high conjuncture and decrease during a recession.
Important areas of key importance for the country's economic security, such as agriculture and energy, not to mention military and space programs, remained under state protection and control.
It wasn't until 1996 that the California Legislature decided to remove state control over the electricity system within its jurisdiction.
It was assumed that energy producers freed from state control would enter into noble competition for the consumer, market mechanisms would work and prices would begin to fall, as it is written in the textbooks of Economics. According to A. Marshall's pricing model, the surplus profit, which he called "quasi-rent", formed as a result of rising prices due to the excess of demand over supply, should be invested in increasing production capacity, as a result, supply will increase and prices will decrease.
However, in reality, it turned out that the construction of powerful power plants requires billions of dollars of investment, i.e. long money, while the shortage of electricity during peak hours allows it to be sold at a price 8-10 times higher than the cost of its production. California has experienced rolling blackouts that have left a strong impression on other states that are slow to take advantage of the free market economy of the California model.
Investment in the real sector of the economy becomes unattractive in comparison with the fantastic profitability of stock speculation and the possibility of relocating enterprises to countries with low labor costs. This practice is associated with the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs), which explodes national economic systems and does not fit into the traditional economic theory of the international division of labor. The new world economy, which began to be designated as global, has not received a worthy theoretical interpretation. It, of course, is not in the system of A. Smith, nor in the system of K. Marx, nor in the system of J. Keynes, who considered international processes as national processes that went beyond their borders, and did not attach to them the special significance that they acquired currently.
2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state
Indeed, in the past, the external economy did not break away from its national soil, international economic relations were interstate in nature and guaranteed the inviolability of sovereignty and economic security, and the principle of mutual benefit acted in international exchange.
Globalization poses a threat to the sovereignty of the state and its national security, if it is considered in the aspect of the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is equal to the economic space for the free movement of their goods and capital.
It is known that the basis of the economic global system is about 500 TNCs, five of them control more than half of the world production of durable goods, as well as aircraft, electronic equipment of cars, etc.
Supporting the ideology of economic liberalism, advocating the free movement of capital, goods, services within the global economic space, TNCs themselves use planning, set prices not as a result of the struggle between supply and demand, but by administrative means. But the most important thing is that in the 90s of the last century there was a transformation of transnational capital into financial capital with its separation from real capital.
At the system level, this means a gap between the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation, an imbalance in the relationship between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. And this is no longer abstract reasoning, but an objective reality expressed in numbers. So, if in 1990 600 billion US dollars were sent to money speculation every day, then in 1997 - more than 1 trillion. US dollars, which is 29-30 times higher than the cost of goods and services sold per day.
Financial separation from real economy is a historical reality of the late twentieth century.
With the increasing power of computers on the market valuable papers secondary securities began to dominate, united by the general concept of "derivatives". These are futures, swaps, options, etc. Not so long ago, these securities were a kind of insurance for the real economy. But then, with the development of the electronic market, derivatives trading became completely autonomous. In the middle of the 90s of the XX century. The commercial director of Deutsche Bank, T.Fischer, defined the current situation as follows: "the financial world has emancipated itself from the real sphere."
Such emancipation was expressed in astronomical sums: at the end of the 20th century. the total volume of the secondary securities market was approaching 100 trillion. US dollars, and the annual turnover of financial transactions reached half a quadrillion US dollars.
An economist who has not accepted the postulates of modern monetarism must ask himself how it is possible to achieve such fantastic sums, which is the source of enrichment for financial speculators, were the old mercantilists who believed that trade was the source of wealth really right? The answer can be unequivocal: the superprofits of financial speculators are the result of the redistribution of material wealth on a global scale. This is made possible by the liberalization of national economies, depriving the state of the possibility of strict financial control, regulation foreign exchange market, conservation of national wealth.
The new economic system that is being formed as a result of globalization contains a destructive gene that gives rise to and multiplies the value of the asymmetry factor - hypertrophy stock market, which feeds on dimensionless credit resources.
The well-known historian, ethnologist L. Gumilyov called space and time the parameters of the history of ethnic groups. He gave space an essentially economic definition, calling it "enclosing and feeding landscape." He interpreted time in an extraordinary way, emphasizing the conventionality of both linear and cyclic time.
But time, like space, has an economic content, for example, an indicator of hourly labor productivity, the cyclical nature of a market economy, depreciation periods, etc. At the same time, these indicators may be included in the integrative indicator of the security of the economic system. It should be clarified that logically, at the level of theory, we can talk about a single integrative indicator of economic security, its positive dynamics. However, economic security is made up of many factors - military, political, economic, social, demographic. Of particular importance in modern conditions have energy and food security, directly related to the economic space. And this is nothing new. As we have seen, the economic aspect of space was taken into account earlier both in theory and in practice, however, economic space was not an independent object of scientific research and was not considered as an economic category, as it is now.
There are quite serious grounds for bringing the problem of the security of the economic space to the fore.
Of course, this is directly related to globalization, which has already been discussed. However, attention to the negative manifestations of globalization, which constitute a threat to economic security not only for Russia, but also for the world economy, should not distract from the objective processes underlying the globalization of the world space.
The economic space coincides with the territory in a natural closed economy, existing on the principles of self-sufficiency, or autarky.
In a market economy, the economic space is determined by the scale of production and the geography of the sale of its product. Its conquest is carried out on the basis of specialization and cooperation. This is the material basis of the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is an economic space without national borders, in which capital, goods, and services move freely. Modern communications and, potentially, the "Internet" make the economic space single and non-national.
The economic space has turned into an aggressive economic, competitive environment, which is still open to new competitors. Therefore, Russia should make every possible use of its intellectual potential, natural resources, part of the surviving production base for the appropriate support of its national producers and potential exporters.
With the support of state protectionism, soft, hidden, as is done in countries with a developed market economy, domestic entrepreneurs, through the inevitable processes of mergers and acquisitions, can move on to conquer economic space, or, more precisely, to win it back. It would not be superfluous to recall that the Westerner and marketer S. Witte insisted on pursuing an active protectionist policy towards young Russian capital.
In the Soviet system, the state played the main role in ensuring economic security at all its structural levels. In addition to a powerful apparatus of political control, which is condemned by the public, the state had an equally powerful economic base.
However, without delving into the still not fully clarified question of the comparative advantages or disadvantages of various models of control, we note something in common: the role of the state in the economy is proportional to the resources it manages, be it the budget, natural resources, property rights.
The Russian state continues to free itself from such a burden as industrial enterprises, land, reduces taxes and thereby loses the opportunity to have a significant impact on economic processes, not to mention economic security and its one of the main threats - the flight of capital from the country. This sensitive issue is not properly discussed, although it is the reason for the scarcity of the state budget.
In yielding the economic space to business, the state should not shirk its inherent modern functions - political, economic, social. State regulation of economic processes should be aimed at restoring optimal proportions between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. This goal can be served by institutions of property rights, contract law, competitive order, etc., the activation of which can reduce the uncertainty factor, reduce risks and threats to economic security and business and the state.
Conclusion
Summing up some results, we can state that the economic security of Russia is closely related to the structure and dynamics of the world economy, which is in a state of potential systemic crisis. Our country can protect its economy from the risks of globalization by reducing its dependence on accidents and sudden fluctuations in the world market.
The scientific achievements of the theory of catastrophes, the subject of which is the study and prevention of risks, conflicts and crises, can become a response to the needs of ensuring economic security.
The need to turn to the theory of catastrophes for many became obvious already at the beginning of the “perestroika” and the answer to it was the publication of the monograph “Theory of Catastrophes” by Academician V. Arnold, in which guidelines were formulated for responding to the difficulties and likely undesirable consequences of the reforms.
The main thing is to realize the non-linearity of transient processes, to which managers who are accustomed to linear thinking need to adapt.
This can be understood as a call for prompt and non-standard solutions and actions to prevent a crisis in the economic security of the country, primarily from the state, but not only from the state, but also from institutions - norms, mechanisms, rules of conduct.
List of used literature
1. Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12
2. Arnold V. Catastrophe theory. - M., 1990.
3. Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science, book 1. - M., 1989. - S. 161.
4. Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - S. 28
5. Gumelev A.A. From Russia to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia in actual time-space // Philosophy of economy. - 2004. - No. 5.
6. Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policy // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3.
7. Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - S. 114
8. Illarionov A.I. Criteria of economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10
9. Martin G.P., Schumann H. The Trap of Globalization: An Attack on Prosperity and Democracy. - M.: Publishing house "ALPINA", 2001. - S. 82.
10. Movsesyan A., Ognivtsev S. Transnational capital and national states // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6. - S. 56-57.
11. Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of the situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAN "EPIKON", 2004. - S. 77.
12. Ortting R. RAO UES of California. - N.G. 01/20/2001.
13. Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3
14. Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5.
15. Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - S. 28.
16. Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12.
17. Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989.
18. Chekmarev V.V. To the theory of economic space // Proceedings of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3.
19. Economic security: Production - Finance - Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagov. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004
20. Reddaway P. & Glinsky D. The tragedy of Russia's Reforms. Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. - Wash.: United States Institutes of Peace, 2001.
See: Illarionov A.I. Criteria of economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10; Economic security: Production - Finance - Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagov. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004; Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - S. 28; Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12; Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3; Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - S. 114; Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5.
For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization in the financial sector, notes: “... a modern monetary and financial system has developed, characterized by the highest degree of internationalization of capital while maintaining the national-state form of organization of monetary and financial systems.” Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of the situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAN "EPIKON", 2004. - S. 77.
See: Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - S. 28.
See: Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policy // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3.
See: Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989.
See: Chekmarev V.V. To the theory of economic space // Proceedings of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3.
See: Arnold V. Catastrophe theory. - M., 1990.
See: Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
RUSSIAN STATE
TRADE AND ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY
TULA BRANCH
(Tula branch of RGTEU)
Department of Commerce and Management
COURSE WORK
by discipline economic theory
on the topic Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation
Completed:
1st year student
full-time education
specialties 080100
"Economics and management of the organization" Head:
Associate Professor, Candidate of Economic Sciences
Mark of admission (not admission) to protection
"_____" __________ 2014
Tula 2014
Introduction
2.1 Threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation
2.2 Internal threats.
2.3 External threats.
3. Ways to overcome the problems of Russia's economic security
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction.
At present, the study of the problems of the economic security of the Russian Federation is rightfully one of the most important activities of economists. A huge number of articles, monographs and studies are devoted to this topic.
The current situation in Russia is such that the studies of economists in one way or another intersect with the problems of economic security, and as world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, a guarantee of the stability of society.
Ensuring the state security and defense of the country always requires a developed, strong, stable economy.
In the modern world, the development of military technologies has made it almost impossible to conduct large-scale military operations (deterrence effect), so economic methods are becoming the main weapon in the current realities.
The purpose of the work: to determine the main problems of the economic security of the Russian Federation, to analyze their essence, as well as to highlight possible ways to solve them.
Task: to analyze the identified problems, to process the statistical information collected during the work.
1. Economic security. Concept, essence.
Economic security is the protection of the country's economy from internal and external adverse factors that disrupt the normal functioning of the economy, undermine the achieved standard of living of the population.
The Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" defines the economic security of Russia as the protection of the vital interests of all the inhabitants of the country, Russian society as a whole and the state in the economic sphere from internal and external threats. Economic security is the main component of the national security system, its guarantees are a necessary condition for ensuring the stable development of the national economy.
In macroeconomics, economic security is such a state or level of development of the means of production in the country, in which the process of sustainable development of the economy and the socio-economic stability of society is ensured, practically, regardless of the presence and action of external factors.
Economic security - a set of economic, political, military, scientific, technological and social aspects and factors that determine the state or level of national security of the state.
Economic security is traditionally regarded as the most important qualitative characteristic of the economic system, which determines its ability to maintain normal living conditions for the population, sustainable provision of resources for the development of the national economy, as well as the consistent implementation of national-state interests.
The levels of economic security are determined by the following factors:
1. The geopolitical and economic-geographical position of the country and the related distribution of productive forces on the territory of the country. As well as access to domestic and foreign resources.
2. Economic and military-political power of the country and its competitive position in the world economic system in strategically important areas of development.
3. Orientation of the country's institutional system to support the branches of the industrial economy, on which the level of national security depends.
4. The priorities of the economic policy of the state in relation to industries providing a competitive advantage, enterprises of the national economy.
5. The parameters of the sectoral and regional structure of GDP, the strategic importance of the sectors of the national economy and regions of the country for ensuring national security.
6. The presence of reserves of strategically important material goods of the first and higher order in volumes sufficient to ensure economic security in conditions of force majeure.
1.1 National economic security.
The need for security - the elimination of undesirable effects leading to cardinal deformations - is one of the basic needs of both the individual and the whole society. In modern conditions, the need for security has become aggravated, since if it is not observed, a number of negative phenomena arise not only for the individual, but also for the whole society - the state.
National security means such a state of the external environment that allows maintaining the normal functioning of the entire state, preserving its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
National security for a long period of time had an exclusively external orientation - the protection of the independence of the state from external interference. The current stage of human development has brought the understanding of national security to a fundamentally different level. Scientific and technological progress has significantly changed the methods and the very essence of military aggression. For example, with the advent of atomic weapons, the conduct of hostilities does not make sense, since as a result of them both the aggressor and the object of aggression will be destroyed. The level of national security increasingly depends not on the specific military power of the country, but on such factors as the level of development of the national economy, the quality of life of the population, the degree of development of social infrastructure, and the size of national wealth. Modern threats to national security have shifted towards terrorism, intercultural conflicts, environmental violations, and the decline of the national economy.
The main component of national security is national economic security, the importance of which in modern conditions is increasingly growing under the influence of globalization and integration of the world economy.
National economic security is a mode of functioning of the national economy, which allows maintaining acceptable living conditions for the population - the quality, standard of living and the provision of economic resources to the extent necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth.
National economic security is based on such basic principles as:
Independence of the national economy. Due to the increasing involvement of national economies in the world economy, this principle can only be fulfilled relatively - it is necessary to achieve a state of relative independence of the national economy. The task of the state is to form such a level of development of the national economy that allows it to take a competitive and equal position in the world economy;
Stability of the national economy. The state must create a sustainable growth of the national economy, excluding social upheavals, strengthening the role of criminal structures and creating a security regime for every citizen;
Sustainable growth rates of the national economy. In modern conditions, only constant and sustainable growth can provide an acceptable level of economic security, including the improvement of production, the professionalism of each person.
Economic security is based on the independence, stability and growth of the national economy, which is a prerequisite for its normal functioning.
1.2 Economic security of the state.
For the state (as well as for society and for the individual) there is no absolute economic security, that is, a state when there are no external and internal threats to the national economy.
Obviously, the economic security of the state is determined, first of all, by the state of the productive forces and socio-economic relations, the scale of the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the country's economy, and the structure of foreign economic relations. In this regard, it can be argued that the material basis of the economic security of the state is the developed productive forces capable of ensuring expanded reproduction and civilized life of citizens.
The economic security of the state is closely connected with the concepts of "development" and "sustainability" of the economy.
The development of the national economy is one of the components of economic security. If the economy does not develop, then the state's ability to resist negative external and internal influences is sharply reduced.
The stability of the country's national economy as a single system means the strength and reliability of its elements, economic and organizational ties between them, the ability to withstand internal and external loads.
1.3 State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation.
The purpose of the State Strategy is to ensure such development of the economy, which would create acceptable conditions for the life and development of the individual, the socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the preservation of the integrity of the state, successfully countering the influence of internal and external threats.
Without ensuring economic security, it is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally.
The implementation of the State Strategy should create the necessary conditions for achieving the overall goals of national security. In particular, ensure:
Protection of the civil rights of the population, raising the level and quality of its life, guaranteeing social peace in the country and tranquility in society;
- Effective solution of internal political, economic and social problems, based on national interests;
- Active influence on the processes in the world affecting the national interests of Russia.
The foreign economic orientation of the State Strategy lies in the effective implementation of the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations, and the prevention of Russia's critical dependence on foreign countries or their communities in vital issues of economic cooperation.
The objects of economic security of the Russian Federation are the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations in the state regulation of economic activity.
The state strategy includes:
1. Characteristics of external and internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation as a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital economic interests of the individual, society and the state;
2. Identification and monitoring of factors that undermine the stability of the socio-economic system of the state, in the short and medium term (three to five years) perspective.
3. Determination of criteria and parameters that characterize national interests in the field of economy and meet the requirements of the economic security of the Russian Federation.
4. Formation of economic policy, institutional reforms and the necessary mechanisms to eliminate or mitigate the impact of factors that undermine the stability of the national economy.
2. The position of Russia in the modern economy.
Let's turn to the results of the World Economic Forum 2013-2014.
The 2013-2014 Global Competitiveness Index is topped by Switzerland, which has been ranked number one for the fifth year in a row. The second and third places, as in the previous year, are occupied by Singapore and Finland, respectively. Germany has moved up two positions and is now in 4th place.
The United States has improved its ranking from 7th to 5th and continues to be the world leader in providing innovative products and services, despite some macroeconomic stability concerns. The improvement of the country's positions is connected, first of all, with the increase in the efficiency of the financial market, as well as the strengthening of public confidence in state institutions.
It is noted that, compared with the previous year, Russia's position has improved largely due to macroeconomic factors. Thanks to the low level of public debt and the continuing budget surplus, the country has risen in this section of the ranking from 22nd to 19th place over the past year. Despite the fact that the Russian economy is currently teetering on the brink of a recession, its macroeconomic indicators still compare favorably with those of a number of other countries. The strengths of the Russian economy were also attributed to the high prevalence of higher education, the state of infrastructure and a significant amount of domestic market.
However, the low efficiency of state institutions (118th place), insufficient innovation potential (78th), inefficient antimonopoly policy (116th), underdevelopment of the financial market (121st), low level of competition in the markets of goods and services (135th) and lack of investor confidence in the financial system (132nd place). As in the past year, corruption, the inefficiency of the state apparatus, high tax rates. All these factors contribute to the inefficient allocation of the country's resources and hinder the growth of competitiveness.
Among the countries of the former USSR, Russia has let Estonia (32nd place), Lithuania (48th), Azerbaijan (46th), Kazakhstan (50th) and Latvia (52nd) ahead. Other states of the post-Soviet space are located below: Georgia (72nd place), Armenia (79th), Ukraine (84th, down 11 positions), Moldova (89th) and Kyrgyzstan (121st).
2.1 Threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
Threats to economic security - such phenomena and processes that adversely affect the economic condition of the country, limit the economic interests of the individual, society, state, create a danger to national values and the national way of life.
So, what is the root of Russia's problems in the economic sphere? Let's try to understand this issue, approaching it from different angles.
Today, the threats to economic security associated with disproportions in the structure of the economy, low competitiveness of products, the export of capital abroad, the growth of corporate external debt, unstable investment activity, the stratification of society along property lines, as well as the gap in the levels of economic and social development between the subjects of the Federation, remain valid.
2.2 Internal threats.
One of the most important problems, no doubt, is corruption.
Corruption today is one of the rooted problems for Russian society, the state, and the economy. Its impact on the country's economy is growing, its scale is increasing, and areas of corruption are expanding.
More than $33.5 billion is spent annually by Russian entrepreneurs on bribes to corrupt officials. Ordinary corruption costs 3 billion for ordinary citizens. An average of $20,000 in bribes per year is paid by each of the 1.7 million Russian officials.
Thanks to the stabilization of the socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation, the need and opportunities to counteract it have moved to a qualitatively new level.
The impact of corruption affects all stages of production processes and redistribution of resources, violates the integrity of economic systems, and reduces budget revenues at all levels.
Corruption is accompanied not only by a large-scale withdrawal of resources from official circulation, but also by the distortion of statistical, financial, tax reporting, and a decrease in the transparency (transparency) of the economy.
Huge resources are concentrated in the corruption turnover, which, if legalized, can become a reserve for economic growth.
Another important problem is the demographic crisis.
Let's turn to the statistics. 78% of the population of Russia lives in its European part, which is less than 25% of the entire territory of the country.
The share of the urban population in 2010 was 73%. As of January 1, 2013, 166 cities have a population of more than 100,000 people. Of these, 15 cities have a population of more than one million people.
This is where the problem of uninhabited remote regions of the country arises. A huge part of the territories is empty, there is simply no one to live on it.
Although Russia is in 9th place in terms of population, but relative to its territory, it is very small. And in terms of population growth, the Russian Federation is in 183rd place out of 195, so we can not expect an improvement in the situation with this problem in the foreseeable future.
The problem of insufficient financing of science in Russia has long occupied one of the most important positions. Let's analyze this problem on the basis of world statistics.
Consider the table of R&D (Research and Development) funding in different countries of the world in the recent year 2009.
Share of countries in total R&D spending in 2009 (Table 1)
Country Total expenditure on R&D
billion dollars % of global R&D spending
US 389.2 35
Japan 139.6 12.6
China 123.7 11.1
Germany 67.9 6.1
South Korea 41.3 3.7
France 41.1 3.7
UK 37.2 3.3
India 28.1 2.5
Canada 23.2 2.1
Russia 21.7 2
Brazil 18 1.6
Sweden 11.4 1
Israel 8.8 0.8
TOTAL 1112.5 100
Thus, Russia lagged behind the United States in terms of R&D spending by 17 times, the European Union by 12 times, China by 6.4 times, and India by 1.5 times.
Therefore, we can conclude that R&D costs in our country are too low in comparison with world leaders, which slows down the innovative development of the economy, one of the elements of which is the development of the country's scientific and technical potential.
The structure of expenses for technological innovations of organizations by type in Russia is characterized by serious disproportions. Slightly less than half of the funds, about 48%, allocated for technological innovation is spent on the purchase of machinery and equipment. They are noticeably behind the costs of research and development, which steadily occupy the second place in the composition of innovative costs. International comparisons show that in a number of Western European countries - in Belgium, Iceland, Luxembourg, R&D expenditures are 1.5–2 times, and sometimes even more, than investments in the purchase of machinery and equipment.
It can be concluded that in Russia enterprises pay more attention to the purchase of finished equipment and machines, rather than independent research and development.
In the structure of funding sources for Russian science over the past decade, the main one, as before, remains the federal budget. Its share for 2007, as follows from Table 2, is 66.5% of R&D expenditures. While the amount of funds of the business sector was 26.6% of R&D spending, which is not enough to ensure the competitiveness of the economy. Comparing with other countries, we see that the contribution of business in such leading countries as Japan, China, Sweden, and the USA reached 70-77% of R&D spending.
Table number 2
R&D spending in 2007
% of GDP Financing share (%)
State Business
Sweden 3.6 24.43 63.86
Finland 3.47 24.05 68.2
South Korea 3.47 24.8 73.65
Japan 3.44 15.63 77.71
US 2.68 27.73 67.40
Germany 2.54 27.76 68.07
Big Seven 2.53 26.64 65.8
OECD 2.29 28.56 63.79
France 2.08 38.42 52.44
Canada 1.88 31.42 49.4
UK 1.79 29.33 47.19
EU 27 1.77 34.11 54.7
China 1.49 24.62 72.37
Russia 1.12 66.5 26.6
Brazil 1.02 57.88 39.38
India 0.71 80.81 16.11
In December 2013, at a meeting of the Council for Science and Education, President of the Russian Federation V. Putin promised to allocate about 48 billion rubles to the development of fundamental science, stating that the approaches laid down in federal targeted programs and focused on conducting applied work are completely incompatible with fundamental science. match.
“Here we need our own, non-budgetary logic - the transition from estimates to the formation of strategic development programs and grant allocation of funds.”
In January of this year, the president instructed to transfer funding for science in Russia to grants:
“In order to increase the efficiency of the use of federal budget allocations for scientific research, take measures aimed at changing the existing mechanism for financing such research, providing for: financing of fundamental and exploratory scientific research mainly through grants; termination of funding for fundamental and exploratory scientific research at the expense of federal budget allocations for the implementation of federal targeted programs.
As a basis for switching to grants, the Russian Science Foundation was created in November last year, designed to support research and development of Russian scientists on a grant basis. His CEO fund was appointed Alexander Khlunov. The need to create a fund was associated with the need to improve the existing funding mechanisms in the scientific and scientific and technical fields and the need for a more flexible tool for supporting scientific research, taking into account the specifics of this area as much as possible.
The problem of property stratification of the population, in my opinion, is also important.
The salaries of officials are increasing from year to year, leaving the salaries of ordinary citizens far behind; power structures not only practically do not fight this phenomenon, but also make a feasible contribution to its development.
In China, for example, the stratification of the population by income is recognized as one of the most acute social economic problems. Experts have determined that it will take at least 20 years to close the gap between different strata of Chinese society. In Russia, for the same purposes, much more time may be needed.
To reflect the degree of stratification of the population by income, the Gini coefficient is used.
The Gini coefficient is an index of income concentration. Suppose all citizens have the same income - then it is equal to zero. And if the entire income of the country has settled with one person, then the coefficient is equal to one.
International standards prescribe that it should not exceed 0.4, otherwise it is fraught with social upheavals. In most developed countries, it is much lower, so the social system in them is very stable.
Naturally, this indicator does not cover all aspects of the distribution of income, and to describe them there is also a coefficient of funds - the ratio of incomes of 10% of the richest and 10% of the poorest citizens.
Over the past 10-14 years, the Gini coefficient of Russia has grown from 0.395 in 2000 to 0.420 in 2012. The fund ratio is increasing even faster, indicating a growing gap between the richest and the poorest. In 2000, the gap was 13.9 times, and in 2012 it was already 16.4 times. Thus, the stratification of the population by income is not only Chinese, but also our most acute problem.
At the end of August 2013, Rosstat reported that in the first half of 2013, the average monthly salary of federal civil servants increased in nominal terms (that is, excluding inflation) by almost 20% compared to the first half of 2012, averaging 70,000 rubles.
13% of the country's population earns less than 9 thousand rubles a month, while in Kalmykia and the Caucasian republics the share of citizens with such earnings exceeds 30%.
“The issue of income stratification is directly related to social justice. Income stratification is beyond our reach,” Russian President Vladimir Putin said at the ONF conference in 2013.
My opinion is that in Russia the concentration of resources does not provide investment and does not translate into the creation of new high-quality jobs. These resources are either withdrawn from the country or are involved in many gray corruption schemes. Even such superprojects as the Olympics have created only an abundance of low-quality jobs, which were filled mostly by migrants.
In my opinion, this problem is extremely difficult to solve, but still possible. By limiting the salaries of civil servants and using the released funds to increase the salaries of ordinary citizens (educators, medical workers), it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in the situation, in addition, it is necessary to tighten control over civil servants, in particular, over how reliable information they provide in declarations and incomes and expenses.
Problems tax policy are also significant.
In May 2012, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Main Directions of the Tax Policy of the Russian Federation for 2013 and for the planned period of 2014 and 2015. According to this document in 2013 - 2015. It is proposed to continue improving the tax system of the Russian Federation by conducting a tax maneuver. At the same time, there are a number of comments and suggestions on the document.
The Guidelines for Tax Policy noted that an important task of changes in tax administration is to reduce the overall level of administrative burden by attracting more taxpayers to taxation. It is difficult to agree with this approach, it is more expedient to improve the quality of the work of the tax authorities, reduce the paperwork, develop conciliation procedures and other tools.
Much attention is also paid to the issues of obtaining documents and information from banks by the tax authorities, including in relation to deposits and accounts of taxpayers.
However, the current issue of relations with banks regarding the arrest and removal of arrest from the accounts of non-payers was not reflected in the Main Directions of Tax Policy.
Often, the suspension of transactions on taxpayers' accounts is used not as a guarantee of the collection of accrued payments, but as a means of forcing them to pay, which often leads to abuses, including those of a corrupt nature. Account blocking is also possible in case of non-submission of the declaration within the prescribed period for reasons beyond the control of the taxpayer (problems with mail, delivery through the operator of telecommunication channels).
There are cases when the request to freeze the account comes to the bank after the actual execution of the tax payment by the payer. Moreover, the bank cannot, after the payer satisfies the collection requirement, automatically and independently, without the written permission of the tax authority, unblock the client's account. Certainly, this has a negative effect on financial position taxpayers.
The so-called anti-offshore measures should be considered as mechanisms to counteract tax evasion. The Russian Ministry of Finance believes that if a foreign subsidiary company does not pay dividends to the Russian parent company, then the offshore profit should be included in the tax base of the Russian company.
For these purposes, the term “foreign controlled company” should be enshrined in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
However, in order for these norms to work in real life, it is necessary to create clear control mechanisms, since unscrupulous taxpayers will quickly learn to hide their affiliation with certain firms.
2.3 External threats.
An important external threat is the growth of public debt.
Russia's total external debt has risen again. According to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2014. it reached 732.046 billion dollars, which exceeded by 15% last year's figure of 636.435 billion dollars.
Let's take a quick look at the structure of Russia's external debt:
Debts of government agencies (the state debt itself) to foreign creditors increased over the year by almost 16.5% and reached $63.44 billion. Mostly, debts are denominated in securities.
External debts of the banking system in 2013 increased by 6.6% to $214.94 billion.
The debt of the Central Bank of Russia remained virtually unchanged and amounts to 15.844 billion dollars (a year earlier - 15.639 billion dollars).
The main volumes of Russia's foreign debt still fall on the so-called. "other sectors" (enterprises and organizations). Foreign debts of domestic companies in 2013 increased by 20 percent (73.019 billion dollars) and reached an impressive figure of 437.822 billion dollars. Including external liabilities in the form of loans increased from 230.512 to 266.297 billion dollars.
Despite the fact that the growth of the total external debt of Russia in 2013. slowed down to 15.0% against 18.1% in 2012, its scale ($95.6 billion) remains very significant. In addition, the level of external debt by the beginning of 2014 reached 31.1% of GDP.
The structure of Russian exports is predominantly raw material in nature: mainly energy raw materials, raw metals and concentrates are supplied to the foreign market. The share of products of deep processing does not exceed 10%, which significantly reduces the efficiency of exports.
At the same time, import expansion to the Russian market and dependence on the world market in meeting domestic needs, including strategic ones, with food products and high-tech equipment is increasing.
The problem of personnel leakage abroad.
Unfortunately, at present Russia is the main supplier of highly qualified specialists abroad. And in this case, we are talking about the loss of that part of the population that could provide Russia with a worthy place in the world of the 21st century.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, by decision of the Governing Council, suspended the process of accepting Russia into its membership and announced the strengthening of cooperation with Ukraine.
At the moment, public attention is riveted to the sanctions of Western countries against Russia in connection with the disapproval of the entry of Crimea into Russia.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
Suspended military and civilian meetings with Russia, and also refused to plan joint military missions.
- Suspended practical cooperation with Russia and excluded it from the process of eliminating Syrian chemical weapons.
- Suspended all forms of cooperation with Russia, except for negotiations at the level of ambassadors and above.
- The Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ceased cooperation with the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
- Closed free access to the headquarters to all employees of the Russian mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with the exception of the ambassador, his deputy and two assistants.
European Union:
Suspended negotiations with Russia on visa facilitation and a new basic agreement.
- Imposed sanctions against 21 Russian and Crimean officials, including a ban on entry into the EU and freezing of bank accounts.
- Canceled the EU-Russia summit, expanded the list of persons against whom sanctions are imposed by 12 people, EU member states canceled bilateral summits with Russia.
- He stopped the construction of the South Stream and announced the possibility of refusing Russian gas.
Council of Europe:
Canceled all planned events in Russia.
- Deprived the Russian delegation of the right to vote and banned its representatives from holding leadership positions in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and also banned Russian representatives from participating in observer missions of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe until the end of 2014.
The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation has banned air travel to Crimea.
G8 "Big Eight":
Suspended the preparations of the leading Western countries for the G8 summit in June in Sochi.
- Suspended Russia's participation.
USA:
On March 4, investment and military cooperation with Russia was frozen, and bilateral negotiations and conference planning were also cancelled.
On March 27, they suspended cooperation with Russia in the field of combating drugs, and also suspended the issuance of licenses to American companies to export "potentially dangerous products" to Russia
On March 28, they stopped licensing exports of defense goods and services to Russia.
On March 30, the work of the Russian-American presidential commission was stopped.
On April 2, a number of projects with Russia were suspended within the framework of a bilateral presidential commission, as well as some areas of cooperation through law enforcement agencies, and funding for their implementation was redirected to Ukraine.
On April 3, they suspended consultations with Russia in the field of missile defense, and also suspended cooperation in the space sector, with the exception of the International Space Station project and a number of projects in the field of peaceful atom.
3. Ways to overcome the problems of Russia's economic security.
The created unfavorable climate for increasing the competitiveness of Russian enterprises requires the adoption of urgent measures to ensure the survival of the Russian economy in the face of ever-increasing competition in the global market in the process of its globalization:
1) development of the state scientific policy, linked to innovation and industrial policy, the policy of the new stage of privatization and the policy on small business;
2) accelerating scientific and technological progress and increasing competitiveness, the key to which lies in free enterprise, market mechanisms;
3) consistently pursuing a policy to strengthen Russian science on the basis of strengthening the foundation of the real sector of the Russian economy, primarily in terms of agriculture and industrial sectors that produce consumer goods;
4) transfer of Russian production to an innovative development path:
– creation of a powerful complex of innovative industries operating in a mature market infrastructure;
- Consistently pursuing a policy of continuous support and expansion of new competitive advantages for those enterprises that focus on the production of new technological products and the creation of their own brands, while getting rid of uncompetitive bankrupt enterprises;
– conducting an antimonopoly policy with the prohibition of any artificial support and lobbying for the interests of individual, especially inefficient producers;
– completion of the reform of natural monopolies aimed at the formation of competitive blocs of domestic producers;
- development of a national program to increase labor productivity and competitiveness of production in order to stimulate domestic innovative business, strengthen ties between academic institutions and universities, industry research institutes and laboratories and industrial enterprises;
– changing the tax regime for innovative firms and divisions;
– development of reliable legislation for the protection of intellectual property.
Raising the level of investment from 20 to 30% of GDP, so the main priority of economic policy is the investment climate, attracting private investment.
Factors and conditions for ensuring the above measures aimed at creating an intelligent economy based on knowledge can be the following:
1. Reforming Russian science, including the following stages:
– commercialization of the R&D sphere: integration of scientists into the market mechanism, applied use of their achievements;
- orientation of research (including fundamental research) towards specific targeted programs, towards specific financing of scientific and technical projects related to the development of innovative business;
- building networks "science - experiment - production" and, as a result, an increase in the share of private funding for R&D while reducing the share of public funding.
2. Ensuring sufficient funding for the scientific and technical sphere. Unfortunately, the cost of R&D in the country is about 12 billion dollars, while in the USA - 264, in the European Union - 150 and in Japan - 130 billion dollars. In addition, it must be taken into account that a significant part of our R&D expenditures still goes to the military-industrial complex and almost does not concern the production of mass domestic civilian products.
3. Formation of a close relationship between R&D and industry:
– creation of a state system of encouraging entrepreneurs for using the latest achievements of domestic science and technology in production;
– targeted financing of especially important and promising projects;
- tax cuts, provision of special loans, leasing of the latest types of machinery and equipment under state guarantees.
4. Open recognition by the state of the priority of scientific and technological progress and innovative development over production growth. The state should have special programs to accelerate scientific and technological progress and innovative development of Russian industry. Such programs are available in almost all developed countries of the world.
5. Expansion of international scientific and technical cooperation, study of useful foreign experience.
As part of the fight against corruption, Vladimir Putin signed the Decree "On the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2014-2015".
The approved National Plan is aimed at solving the following main tasks, including:
- Improving the organizational foundations for combating corruption in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
- Activation of anti-corruption education of citizens;
- Ensuring the implementation of legislative acts and management decisions in the field of combating corruption in accordance with the National Anti-Corruption Strategy.
In addition, amendments were made to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 21, 2009 N 1065 "On checking the reliability and completeness of information submitted by citizens applying for positions in the federal civil service and federal civil servants, and compliance by federal civil servants with the requirements for official conduct."
In the interests of real socio-economic growth in Russia, it is necessary to reconsider government policy and reforms in structural, industrial, monetary policy and the use of foreign economic relations.
An important task is to restore relations with other countries, especially in the realities of the Ukrainian crisis and the entry of the Crimean Republic into the Russian Federation. The latter fact seriously complicated the dialogue between Russia and Western countries.
Events continue to develop at the moment, however, a number of sanctions have already been introduced against Russia, since from the point of view of Western countries, the annexation of Crimea to Russia is a violation of the economic integrity of Ukraine.
Conclusion.
Summing up, we can say that Russia faces, firstly, the task of reforming science, otherwise, without this, an increase in its funding will not give the desired effect, and secondly, the transfer of Russian industrial production to an innovative path of development based on an economy based on knowledge and , thirdly, the expansion of scientific and technical ties and partnerships with world scientific and technological leaders. At the same time, innovative ability is the most important factor of competitiveness. If a country has this ability, then it has a strategic advantage. Therefore, it is necessary to form modern mechanisms for linking science and business, to ensure a specific choice of priorities and “points of growth” on an innovative basis. Russia can and must integrate into the global scientific and technological space, become a worthy partner of the world's scientific and technical leaders in the field of innovation and trade in high-tech products.
Also, one of the tasks facing the Russian Federation is to establish relations with Western countries. Measures to address this problem have already begun to be taken, at present, as I believe, the tension in relations has subsided.
Most of the economic problems of the Russian Federation are completely solvable, the only thing is that it is impossible to get rid of the problems accumulated over many decades overnight, this process takes time and considerable effort. Although to this day Russian economy there remains a sufficient number of sick places, but in recent years there has been a slight, but still positive dynamics, which inspires hope that someday the serious problems of Russia's economic security will be resolved.
Literature:
1. Gordienko D. V. "Fundamentals of the economic security of the state."
2. "Economic security of Russia: General course" Textbook / Ed. V. K. Senchagova.
3. Illarionov A.I. "Criteria of economic security".
4. Arkhipov A. "Economic security: assessments, problems, ways to ensure".
5. Shishkarev S.N. “Legal Foundations of the Anti-Corruption Policy of Russia. History and Modernity: Monograph".
6. Kozlova A. "Economic security as a phenomenon and concept."
7. Beketov N.V. "Problems of ensuring the economic security of the state in the field of foreign economic activity."
8. Kuznetsova E.I. "National economic security as a subject of the economic strategy of the state"
9. Ria.ru is a Russian news agency.
10. Ru.Wikipedia.org is a free encyclopedia.
11. Gks.ru - Russian committee statistics.
12. News.kremlin.ru - site of the President of Russia.
Ensuring economic security is one of the most important functions of the state, it is a guarantee of the country's independence and a prerequisite for the stability and effective functioning of society. Economic security is part of the national security system, along with such key components as ensuring the reliable defense of the country, maintaining social peace in society, protecting against environmental disasters, etc. Assessment of the level of public debt, the weakening of scientific and technical potential, regional economic disintegration, sharp differentiation in income, the outflow of funds abroad show that ensuring economic security is a very urgent problem for modern Ukraine.
The problems of economic security are actualized during the crisis periods of development. For example, the economic crisis of 1923-1933. demanded the development and implementation of effective measures to strengthen the economic security of the state, the constancy of its economic system and the socialization of economic policy. This approach was reflected in President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" economic policy, which was characterized by support for the monetary and banking system, stimulating private investment, stabilizing prices, controlling inflation and competition. These measures have strengthened the economic and social security of the state, have made it possible to pursue an effective social policy that is adequate to the requirements of the time. Due to the creation of conditions for ensuring the economic security of a person, the provision of state guarantees of social security in the country, it was possible to achieve significant economic results, introduce appropriate institutional changes and legislative initiatives. In 1934, the Federal Committee for Economic Security was established, and in 1935, the Social Security Board, which over time was turned into an administration (Social Security Administration). In the same year, laws on the economic security of the individual were adopted.
During the 70-90s. 20th century the economic state is characterized by the circumstances of the "oil shock", the global food and raw material crisis, and the crises of the financial systems of Western countries. During this period, the concepts of international and national security were developed in the field of providing fuel and raw materials and food; the formation of the first structural elements of the supply system for individual Western states and the world as a whole took place; the position was convincingly established that the achievement of the economic stability of the state is the most important factor in global leadership, the most effective provision of the national interests of the country in general and economic in particular.
The long-term process of finding effective ways to reliably protect national economic interests in the United States has made it possible to create an effective and efficient legal and regulatory framework for economic security. The economic security of the United States as a separate and integral issue is not formulated both in conceptual and strategic documents, and in legislative and legal acts. It is considered only as an integral and essential structural component of the national security of the United States in the National Security Strategy and is presented in the form of separate aspects relating to its legislative support. The experience of the United States is most indicative and useful in a situation where the instability of the global economy has increased significantly, and attention has increased to the issues of ensuring economic security at the level of national economies.
Currently, there are both theoretical and methodological approaches to assessing the level of economic security of the country. Thus, the indicators of economic security include the most significant parameters that give a general idea of the state of the economic system as a whole, its stability and mobility: GDP growth, the level and quality of life of the majority of the population, inflation rates, unemployment, economic structure, property stratification of the population, criminalization economy, the state of the technical base of the economy, R&D expenditures, competitiveness, import dependence, openness of the economy, internal and external debt of the state.
However, there is no common understanding of what is meant by security in general and economic security in particular.
Fair, according to the author, is the understanding of security as a set of conditions for the existence of the subject, which he mastered (comprehended, assimilated, created) in the process of his self-realization, and which he is thus able to control. Thus, security is not a state of protection of the interests of the subject, security is not at all anyone's state. Security is the conditions for the existence of the subject, controlled by him. Security, in general terms, is a specific set of conditions of activity. Ensuring security, in turn, is the process of creating favorable conditions for activity. Ensuring the security of the subject is the creation of conditions under which his interests would be realized, his goals would be realized, which are based on his values. Such an understanding of security allows us to move away from the currently unpopular threat-based security management approach and move on to managing the potential of the object in question.
There are also approaches to identifying threats to national security based on the current analysis and forecast of the dynamics of the external environment. This approach was presented in determining the main threats to the security of Ukraine at the meeting of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine on November 17, 2010. Thus, three main threats to national security were identified, which can be called current, focused on solving the problems of the country's development during the next year, 2011.
The first threat was the fact that over 20 years of Ukraine's independence, it was not possible to build a state with sufficient financial and economic immunity. With a highly stable investment climate and responsible national business. Therefore, the global financial and economic crisis will continue to determine the agenda of the life of the country, society and every citizen.
As the second threat, the country's rapid loss of competitiveness was identified, which occurs against the backdrop of a low-tech Ukrainian economy, the loss of motives for introducing innovations, against the backdrop of inefficient public administration.
The third threat at the meeting of the National Security and Defense Council was the build-up of socio-political conflict and general civil instability. In particular, it was about the lack of consolidation of the efforts of the authorities and the opposition.
Threats related to development security, the defense capability of the state in the face of terrorist threats, radicalization of separatism, extremism, information wars and the emergence of new types of weapons in cyberspace were also considered.
Thus, three spheres of society's life activity have been identified: financial, economic and socio-political, crisis phenomena in which are quite probable. From this list, financial and economic threats are the subject of study of the economic security of the country. In addition, in the proposed list of threats, there is a clear transition from management based on the assessment of threats as environmental impact factors to management of the facility's potential. After all, both "financial and economic immunity" and the competitiveness of the country's economy are an assessment of its potential, and not the factors of external influence. Therefore, this approach is a statement of fact: with the existing trends in the development of the external environment, the potential of the object is insufficient. Consequently, the increase in instability in the development of the global economy requires an adequate increase in the economic potential of the national economic system, which will be a set of measures to ensure the economic security of the country.
Literature Pokotilenko R.V. Dissertation on the health of the scientific level of the candidate of economic sciences: The mechanism of formation and security of economic security, Specialty 08.02.03 - Organization of management, planning and regulation of the economy, Donetsk. - 2002. Ivashchenko G.V. On the concept of "security" [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.portalus.ru/modules/philosophy. Ukrainska Pravda [Electronic resource] Vlada was named the main threat to Ukraine. – Access mode: http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/20/5589207.
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