"APPROVE"

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR TECHNICAL

BUILDING MANAGEMENT

AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

The instruction was developed on the basis of the "Typical instructions for the technical operation of industrial buildings and structures of power enterprises" part 2, section 1, by ORGRES

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The technical operation of industrial buildings and structures of power plants in accordance with the provisions and instructions of this instruction must ensure their reliability, durability and conditions for uninterrupted power generation or transmission.

1.2. This instruction is intended for operating personnel and managers of enterprises and is a document on the basis of which the operation of industrial buildings and structures should be organized and carried out.

1.3. Industrial buildings power plants are called ground structures, which house most of the premises intended for long-term stay of people and the implementation of technological processes (auxiliary or main) in them for the production, distribution and transmission of energy (thermal, electrical).

1.4. production facilities power plants are such completed construction objects that do not have rooms for people to stay in them (or separate rooms for them, small in area) and are designed to provide one of the auxiliary or main technological processes with a short stay of people in them.

1.5. This instruction considers the issues of organizing the operation of building structures of industrial buildings and structures of power plants and their engineering equipment, networks and systems: heating systems, plumbing, hot water supply, industrial and household sewerage, groundwater drainage systems, various pits, foundations of process equipment, as well as networks (ground and underground) for the collection and removal of liquid industrial effluents, waste, as well as overpass structures supporting ground networks and structures.

1.6. Industrial buildings and structures of the power plant must be maintained in a condition that ensures their uninterrupted use for their intended purpose, which is achieved by systematic scheduled preventive repairs.

1.7. At each enterprise, the territory, buildings and structures must be assigned to the heads of the relevant departments by order of the director.

1.8. Supervision of the serviceable condition of industrial buildings and structures, control over compliance with the requirements of this instruction, PTE TE, over the timeliness and quality of repairs, over the implementation of measures to prevent and eliminate emerging failure conditions and to increase the durability of structures, is carried out by the person responsible for monitoring the technical condition of buildings and structures, appointed by order of the enterprise.

1.9. Annual and long-term plans for the repair of industrial buildings and structures are approved by the head of the enterprise.

2. ORGANIZATION OF CONSERVATION OBSERVATIONS

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

2.1. The main functions of personnel to control the technical condition of buildings and structures.

2.1.1. The main tasks and responsibilities of the person responsible for control are:

ensuring monitoring of the condition of buildings and structures;

supervision over the timely and high-quality repair of industrial buildings and structures by various repair units;

provision of technical assistance in planning and organizing repair and construction work by repair units;

implementation of orderly supervision of the technical condition of building structures of industrial buildings and structures by systematically conducting private current and scheduled general technical inspections in accordance with the approved schedule;

participation in the acceptance into operation of industrial buildings and structures completed by major repairs, reconstruction, expansion, or newly built;

checking the condition of engineering equipment of industrial buildings and structures and organizing its maintenance;

organization of work on certification and inventory of industrial buildings and structures;

supervising the technical operation of the territory of the power plant;

drawing up current and long-term plans for the repair of industrial buildings and structures;

2.1.2. The person responsible for control must have the following documentation:

order for the enterprise on the appointment;

PTE TE, this instruction and job description;

scheme-master plan of the enterprise with the application of all buildings and structures on it;

executive schemes-general plans of underground structures and communications on the territory of the power plant;

passports for each building and structure;

magazine of technical inspections of building structures of buildings and structures;

2.2. Technical supervision of industrial buildings

and facilities

2.2.1. Technical supervision over the condition, maintenance and repair of industrial buildings and structures of the power enterprise should be carried out: according to a schedule drawn up taking into account the actual intensity of wear of buildings and structures, approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise.

2.2.2. All comments, during inspections, of buildings, structures and individual building structures, defects, deformations, damages, violations of the PTE, are recorded in the log of technical inspection of building structures of buildings and structures and in the logs of technical inspection of building structures of buildings and structures.

2.2.3. The person responsible for the systematic monitoring of the condition of buildings and structures is obliged to periodically report on the results of technical inspections to the management of the enterprise, outlining the observed violations and proposed measures to eliminate the causes (obvious or alleged) that caused these violations; violations of the PTE and this instruction, causing deformations and damage, the development of which can lead to a decrease in the bearing capacity of building structures, loss of stability of elements of buildings and structures of the power enterprise.

2.2.4. In addition to systematic monitoring of the operation of industrial buildings and structures, mandatory general technical inspections of all buildings and structures must be carried out within the following periods:

1) regular inspections twice a year - in spring and autumn;

2) extraordinary inspections after fires, heavy rains, strong winds, snowfalls, floods, earthquakes and other natural phenomena, as well as accidents of buildings, structures and technological equipment of the power enterprise.

2.2.5. General regular spring and autumn technical inspections of buildings and structures are carried out by the inspection commission. The composition of the commission is appointed by the head of the enterprise. The commission is usually headed by the head of the power plant or his deputy.

2.2.6. The next or extraordinary inspection of industrial buildings and structures can be general or private.

During a general inspection, the entire building or structure as a whole is examined, including all structures or structures available for inspection, including engineering equipment, various types of finishes and all elements of external improvement or the entire complex of buildings and structures of the enterprise.

2.2.7. The spring inspection is carried out in order to examine the technical condition of buildings and structures after the snow melts or winter rains, that is, when all the external parts of the building, structures and the territory adjacent to them are available for inspection.

During the spring inspection, the scope of work on the current repair of buildings and structures carried out in the summer period is specified, and the scope of work on overhaul to include them in the next year's plan and in the long-term plan repair work(for 3-5 years).

During the spring technical inspection, it is necessary:

carefully check the load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and structures and take measures to eliminate all kinds of holes, slots and gaps; erosion and damage from melt and process water runoff; collapse of large ice floes; cracks of large opening and through nature (especially in cornice, balcony and canopy structures); noticeable to the eye deflections and other deformations and damage that threaten the safety of people;

check the readiness of coatings of buildings and structures for summer operation; the condition of the valleys, their weediness; the condition of structures adjoining roofs to vertical walls, pipes and other protruding structures, as well as the condition of roofs on slopes, ridges and overhangs; patency for storm water of internal drain risers, receiving funnels; serviceability and stability of structures of lightning rods, external structures of gutters;

to establish defective places requiring long-term observation;

check the serviceability of mechanisms and opening elements of windows, lanterns, gates, doors and other devices;

check the condition and take measures to put in order the blind area and storm water inlets, as well as vertical layout area adjacent to buildings and structures.

2.2.8. Autumn inspection of industrial buildings and structures produced in 1.5 months. before the onset of the heating season in order to check the preparation of buildings and structures for operation in winter conditions. By this time, all summer maintenance work and capital repairs carried out during the summer period, which are directly related to the winter operation of buildings and structures, should be completed.

During the technical inspection it is necessary:

1) carefully check the bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and structures for tightness and take measures to eliminate all sorts of cracks and gaps that have appeared over the summer, creating conditions for cooling the premises in the winter;

2) check the preparedness of the coatings of buildings and structures for snow removal and the necessary means for this (snow melters, working equipment), as well as the condition of the valleys, water intake funnels, risers of internal drains for the passage of melt water;

3) check the serviceability and readiness for operation in winter conditions: opening elements of windows, lanterns, gates, vestibule doors and other devices; air curtains at the entrance gates to industrial buildings and structures;

4) check the presence and condition of insulation of network fittings water networks household, fire water supply and technical water supply (fire hydrants, plungers, valves, etc.) installed in wells, as well as well insulation.

On ground networks, the condition of the insulation of water pipes is also checked. Insulating material should be laid in wells on floors arranged to a depth of 0.4-0.5 m from the top of the well cover. The thickness of the layer of insulating material is set depending on its thermal conductivity and local climatic conditions.

To insulate wells, installation of an additional wooden cover with a lining of insulating material (felt, polystyrene, etc.) can also be used. An additional cover is installed below the top of the well cover by 0.3-0.4 m. The materials used for well insulation must be dry;

5) in industrial buildings, check the state of readiness for winter of internal water supply networks. All places of networks where freezing of water is possible must be insulated;

2.2.9. During the general spring and autumn inspections, the fire-fighting equipment of the power plant, buildings and structures should be checked.

2.2.10. Specific calendar dates for the next inspections of buildings and structures are established depending on the climatic conditions of the areas where the enterprise is located and are approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise.

2.2.11. The proposals of the review committee should consider the following issues:

elimination of permanent or periodic impact on building structures of steam, water (cold and hot) leaks, etc.;

elimination of the causes of increased vibrations transmitted to building structures;

development of protective measures against direct impact on building structures of buildings and structures of closely located sources of thermal radiation (in the presence of visible deformations on the surfaces of structures);

All such proposals must be made by the commission in the final part of the act of general technical inspection of industrial buildings and structures (recommended application).

2.2.12. Based on the results of the work of the inspection commission, an act should be drawn up, which should contain:

the observed significant defects, the violations of the PTE TE with an indication of the approximate physical volume of repair work, as well as the places of defects, deformations and damages, and during the periods of autumn inspections, also the state of readiness of buildings and structures for operation in winter conditions;

especially highlighted (in its final part) are urgent repair work to be additionally included in the current year's repair plan, and emergency work to be urgently performed;

reflects the decisions of the commission on the involvement of experts from competent organizations to survey emergency or pre-emergency states of structures and issue an opinion on the necessary work to eliminate these conditions;

approximate dates for the implementation of each type of repair work and performers are outlined (in the final part of the act).

2.2.13. The act of technical inspection of a building or structure must be approved by the director or chief engineer of the enterprise with the issuance of an order on the results of the inspection, the adoption of the necessary measures, the timing of their implementation and those responsible for execution.

2.2.14. If emergency structures are identified during the inspection period, emergency measures should be taken to eliminate the causes that caused them, to temporarily strengthen these structures.

2.2.15. An employee supervising the operation of buildings and structures must conduct inspections and keep a workshop log of inspections of building structures. Based on the results of the inspections, this employee is obliged to make entries in the workshop log about the noticed defects, damage, deformations of the building structures of the workshop buildings and structures and the violations of the operation of technological equipment and communications, violations committed during the repair of equipment and communications that cause damage to building structures, and about the degree of pollution of premises and building structures inside and outside the buildings and structures of the workshop.

2.3. The main tasks and responsibilities of the person responsible for supervision,

during the period of current supervision

The main tasks and responsibilities of the person responsible for control over the technical condition of buildings and structures during the current supervision period are:

systematic identification and accumulation of technical information about the actual operating conditions and technical condition of buildings, structures, their building structures, territory, as well as the state of the surrounding production environment;

timely detection of structures of buildings and structures that are in a limiting (emergency) state and taking measures to eliminate this state;

the optimal choice of buildings and structures and their structural elements to be included in the repair plans in order to make the most efficient use of funds and resources;

advance accumulation and preparation of systematized data on the repair of buildings and structures and their structures for inclusion in the plan for the next year and in the long-term plan.

2.3.1. Territory

2.3.1.1. On the territories of the power plant, it is necessary to organize technical supervision to maintain in a reliable and serviceable condition:

networks for the organized collection and removal of surface and groundwater from the territory (ditches, drainage canals, culverts, storm sewers with collection wells, drainage networks, etc.);

networks of water supply, sewerage, drainage, heating and their facilities;

drinking water sources, reservoirs, reservoirs, sanitary zones for the protection of water supply sources with all hydraulic structures;

roads, driveways to fire hydrants, reservoirs, crossings, entrances to all industrial buildings and structures, warehouses, etc.;

vertical planning of the territory;

basic and working benchmarks and marks;

2.3.1.2. Periodically (especially during the period of preparation for operation in the winter), it is necessary to check the presence above the ground of indicators of hidden underground communications of water supply, sewerage and heating, gas pipelines, air pipelines, cables, etc.; check availability Vehicle and mechanisms to all facilities of the power enterprise, as well as along water supply and discharge channels, underground pipeline routes.

2.3.1.3. In order to protect the environment, it is necessary to ensure that landscaping is carried out on the territory of the power plant. In the absence of landscaping, organize its development and implementation. Maintain landscaping.

2.3.1.4. Systematic monitoring, especially during rains and downpours, of the condition of culverts should be organized.

Places for the passage of cables, pipes, ventilation ducts through the walls of buildings, structures in

within basements and plinths must be sealed with a waterproofing seal.

The faults identified during the inspection must be eliminated by the production unit of the enterprise that operates the drainage networks and devices, or by specialized repair organizations involved.

2.3.1.5. The main tasks for organizing the operation of the territory of the power enterprise directly at buildings, structures and in the territory adjacent to them are:

ensuring the execution of the blind area without cracks, subsidence around the entire perimeter of the building or structure made of waterproof materials. If cracks occur at the junction of asphalt or concrete blind areas (sidewalks) to the walls, the cracks must be cleared and sealed with hot bitumen. With a significant deformation of the blind area, it must be disassembled and re-made;

monitoring the serviceability of external water supply and heat supply networks, preventing their long-term operation with leaks in joints and through cracks in the walls of pipes, fittings and devices;

control over the serviceability of external networks of industrial and household sewerage, prevention of their clogging, overflow of control wells and bottling of sewer water throughout the territory.

2.3.2. Buildings and constructions

2.3.2.1. It is necessary to monitor the maintenance of roofs, all structures and devices for the removal of atmospheric water from the roofs of industrial buildings and structures in good condition.

2.3.2.2. Avoid accumulation of debris on the roofs, clogging of intake funnels, trays and valleys. Temporary (and even more so long-term) storage on roofs without wooden spacers of metal parts of equipment, structures, rolled steel elements, parts of hoisting and transport machines and mechanisms, as well as moving parts, materials in any way directly on the roof without protecting it is not allowed.

2.3.2.3. Demand immediate repair of all damage to the roof that occurs in the process of performing any repair work on the roofs of buildings and structures.

Do not use impact tools when removing snow or debris from the roof.

2.3.2.4. Monitor the timely removal of snow from the roofs and from the walls of buildings and structures.

During the snowfall season, periodically check the thickness of the snow cover on the roofs, as well as the presence of icing, and the sources of their occurrence in order to prevent the occurrence of emergency overloads of the coatings.

2.3.2.5. Take immediate action to clear roofs of snow and ice if the load from them can lead to the collapse of the coating.

2.3.2.6. In areas where steam and hot water are emitted from the exhaust pipes on the roofs of the boiler house, reinforce the roof.

2.3.2.7. Check the correctness of the execution of the joints of the junction of roofs to walls, parapets, exhaust pipes, ventilation shafts, and water funnels of internal and external drains, temperature-sedimentary seam. Check watertight connections.

2.3.2.8. Periodically check the condition of wooden structures of buildings and structures and ensure their operating conditions (optimal conditions of humidity, ventilation) and protection measures that protect against the occurrence of biological processes that destroy wood, as well as chemical destruction and ignition processes

2.3.2.9. When found in stone, brick, concrete and reinforced concrete structures cracks should be immediately organized to monitor their development with the help of beacons. It is also necessary to conduct systematic observations of the structures as a whole.

Crack location schemes, beacon installation dates and results of observations of cracking should be entered in the logs of technical inspection of buildings and structures.

With an increase in cracks, take measures for temporary insuring reinforcement of structures.

2.3.2.10. A systematic check of the verticality of structures, building elements (walls, columns, overpass supports), chimneys and other building structures should be organized within a timeframe that coincides with the measurement of foundation settlements. In the event of an increase in the deviation from the vertical of individual structures or structures, or the appearance of a longitudinal deflection that threatens their stability, it is necessary to involve a specialized organization for examination.

2.3.2.11. Do not allow punching holes in load-bearing structures without the written permission of the head of the enterprise.

3. SURVEY OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

3.1. Visual inspection

3.1.1. The visual method of technical inspection of buildings and structures is the main method for performing technical inspections and identifying damage and defects in the building structures of buildings and structures of energy enterprises.

3.1.2. A visual inspection of a technical inspection consists in inspecting the structures or the object of inspection with an entry in the inspection log about the observed damage and defects, identifying the causes of their occurrence.

3.1.3. The results of visual examinations must be confirmed by measurements of all observed damages and defects - deviations from the design, general and local deformations (deflections, shifts, distortions, settlement, openings, the length of cracks with probing their depths, etc.).

3.1.4. In addition to visual inspection of buildings and structures, the territory of the power plant with all its inherent structures and devices is also subject to a similar inspection.

3.2. Territory

3.2.1. During visual surveys of the territory of the power plant, it is necessary to identify the following violations of the rules for the operation of buildings and structures, defects and damage;

storage of materials, reagents, garbage, scrap metal, equipment parts in bulk, discharge of waste water, steam, oils, fuel oil, spill of alkalis and acids directly at the walls of buildings and structures;

planting trees and shrubs in close proximity to buildings and structures (near the walls);

the presence of flower beds, lawns, fountains in the area adjacent to buildings or structures;

all kinds of damage to road surfaces (potholes, subsidence, cracks, erosion, destruction or defects in the installation of curb stones, deformation of road surfaces from tracked vehicles, builders' imperfections, etc.);

damage subgrade roads and driveways, roadsides, slopes (damage to the sod cover of slopes, landslides, gullies, subsidence, deeps, etc.);

malfunctions of external heating networks);

malfunctions of the industrial storm sewer within the territory of the power enterprise (to involve specialists from the heat supply section and underground utilities for inspection);

destruction of structural elements of engineering road structures (bypass pipes, pressure walls, bridges, bridges, drainage ditches, ditches, etc.) within the territory of the power plant, clogging of ditches, ditches, bypass pipes, etc.;

malfunctions of drainage systems of embankments and excavations;

defects and damage to the blind area at buildings, structures and at separate supports of structures; cracks, subsidence, reverse slopes, destroyed areas, gaps at the junction.

3.3. Buildings and constructions

In industrial buildings and structures, visual inspections should be carried out, first of all, of the most vulnerable places, which must be determined for each building and structure. The most vulnerable places of buildings and structures include:

places of conjugation of structures: joints of panels, walls, coatings, ceilings, conjugation of walls of buildings of different heights;

interfaces of the roof with pipes crossing it, parapet walls, walls of adjoining rooms with a high number of storeys, protruding above the roof;

places where communications pass through walls: evaporator pipes, exhaust pipes of safety valves;

3.4. Bearing reinforced concrete structures

3.4.1. The main objective of the full-scale survey of load-bearing reinforced concrete structures is to determine their technical condition by identifying damage, defects, deformations and their causes. This type of research should include:

determination of defects and deformations, as well as the actual physical and mechanical characteristics of materials, structures (concrete, reinforcement, rolled steel, etc.);

determination of the general spatial position, type of construction and compliance with its design;

checking the compliance of the actual loads with the design ones (their values ​​and directions);

making engineering decisions on the maximum possible, partial restoration of the bearing capacity of structures or their replacement.

3.4.2. A visual inspection should identify structures or their sections with visible defects, as well as the most vulnerable structures (those in the most unfavorable operating conditions). The results of visual examinations should reveal whether additional instrumental studies are required, and determine, if necessary, their program.

3.4.3. Visual inspection and determination of the technical condition of reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures should include the identification of:

state of protective coatings (paint and varnish, plaster, thermal insulation, protective screens, etc.);

the presence of wet areas and surface efflorescence;

the state of the strength characteristics of the protective layer;

the presence of cracks and spalls of the protective layer;

violation of the adhesion of reinforcement to concrete;

the presence of reinforcement corrosion (by means of control punctures of the protective layer);

the presence of visible defects in the concreting of structures remaining from the construction period.

3.4.4. In the presence of wetted areas and surface punctures on the concrete, it is necessary to determine the size of these areas and the reason for their occurrence.

3.4.5. During surveys, it should be taken into account that the following types of cracks are most often found in reinforced concrete structures:

in columns - vertical on the faces of the columns, horizontal;

in beams and purlins - inclined at the supporting ends, vertical and inclined in span sections;

in slabs - in the middle part of the slab, directed across the working span with a maximum opening on the bottom surface of the slab; radial and annular in the middle with possible separation of the protective layer and destruction of the concrete of the slab; on the supporting sections directed across the working span with a maximum opening on the upper surface of the slab.

3.4.6. Identification of cracks and destruction of concrete of load-bearing structures should be carried out by examining their exposed surfaces, as well as by selectively removing protective coatings from structures. In this case, the position of cracks, their direction and the size of the opening, which is measured with a magnifying glass, should be determined. The depth of cracks is determined using special probes.

To determine the degree of stabilization of cracks that do not pose a danger at the time of the survey, it is necessary to organize observations of them, for this it is necessary:

install gypsum or cement beacons on all the most characteristic cracks and organize monitoring of their condition;

mark with paint, race clear lines the boundaries of the observed cracks (beginning and end), put the date of observation near these lines;

Cracks should be monitored for 20-30 days. If during this time the beacons turn out to be intact, and the length of the cracks does not increase, then their development should be considered complete;

a sketch of cracks, their development and the installation of beacons are given in the technical journal for the inspection of building structures.

Vertical cracks on the faces of columns under static load may appear as a result of excessive bending of the bars of the working reinforcement. Such a phenomenon can occur in those columns and their areas where clamps are rarely placed.

The presence of such a cause should be checked by selective openings of the protective layer.

3.4.7. It should be borne in mind that horizontal cracks in reinforced concrete columns do not pose an immediate danger if their width and depth are small, however, air and moisture can enter the reinforcement through such cracks and cause metal corrosion.

3.4.8. If inclined cracks are found at the supporting ends of beams and girders, the latter must be attributed to structures with insufficient bearing capacity along inclined sections, where shear stresses act. Vertical and inclined cracks in the spans of beams and girders also indicate their insufficient bearing capacity for the perception of a bending moment. To confirm these signs, verification calculations should be made.

3.4.9. Monolithic slabs with cracks in the supporting sections directed across the working span should be classified as structures with insufficient bearing capacity in terms of bending support moment.

3.4.10. In the reinforced concrete elements of buildings, cracks are often observed, the cause of which is the corrosion of the reinforcement from the action of penetrating moisture from the environment through the pores and defects of the protective layer. Reinforcing bars increase in volume during corrosion due to the formation of metal oxide crystals on their surface, and this causes the appearance of cracks in the protective layer of concrete, usually located along the bars. To identify this feature, selective opening of the protective layer is necessary.

3.4.11. It should be borne in mind that during operation in the joints and on embedded bonds, cracks occur due to shrinkage phenomena in the embedded concrete. The presence of such cracks shows that the sealing density of the solution to the metal is broken, which facilitates the access of moisture and air to it and creates conditions for the process of reinforcement corrosion. Such areas of monolithic joints should be attributed to structures with insufficient concrete density and moisture-permeable, requiring corrosion protection.

3.5. Load-bearing metal structures

3.5.1 Main objectives of the survey metal structures should be: identification of their general technical condition, the possibility of their further operation, wear patterns for the possibility of developing optimal measures to reduce wear and determine the service life of structures.

3.5.2. When identifying general condition metal structures should be determined:

the actual dimensions of all elements and joints of structures that are important in assessing their bearing capacity;

the quality of the materials used in the structures and its compliance with the requirements of the project;

defects and damage to elements and their connections.

3.5.3. The main defects and damages of metal structures, which should be identified first of all during field surveys, are:

in welds: defects in the shape of the weld - incomplete dimension, sharp transitions from the base metal to the weld, sagging, uneven width of the weld, craters, breaks;

defects in the structure of the weld - cracks in the welds or near the weld zone, undercuts of the base metal, no penetration along the edges and cross section of the weld, slag or gas inclusions or pores;

in rivet joints - notches, displacement from the axis of the rods and low dimensionality of heads, excess or lack of height of blind rivets, oblique rivet, cracking or rowan rivet, cutting metal by swaging, loose filling of holes with the rivet body, ovality of holes, displacement of rivet axes from the design position ; mobility of rivets, separation of heads, lack of rivets, loose connection of packages;

in structural elements - deflections of individual elements and the entire structure, helicity of elements, buckling, local deflections, curvature of nodal gussets, corrosion of the base metal and metal of the joints, deviations from the vertical, cracks.

3.5.4. Deflections, bends, buckling and similar defects and damage to structural elements and structures as a whole must be detected visually. Their dimensions are determined using a thin wire and a steel ruler. Deviations of structures from the vertical are determined using a theodolite or a plumb line and a steel ruler, offset in height - using a level and a conventional rail and steel tape measure.

3.6. Exterior walls

3.6.1. Inspection of the walls of industrial buildings and structures of power enterprises should be carried out in order to determine their technical condition, to identify the actual thermal insulation properties and compliance with operational requirements.

3.6.2. When examining walls, the following work should be carried out:

visual inspection and description of structures and their defects;

sampling and samples of construction materials and their laboratory research;

calculations of the temperature and humidity conditions of the walls based on survey materials (if in a given building, structure or room there is a violation of thermal parameters against the standards);

3.6.3. When visually inspecting structures, it is necessary to determine: the type of material and the structural scheme of the walls (bearing, self-supporting or hinged), the type of masonry, the thickness of the seams; for panel walls - the type of panels, the presence of embedded parts, the reliability of their design and design solutions for fastening to the frame; the condition of wall sections in the areas where trusses, girders, beams, floor slabs and coatings rest on them, their reliability in terms of stability parameters, the condition of wall sections (walls) adjacent to the openings of windows, doors and gates; condition of sedimentary and temperature seams; condition of protective coatings; the presence of defective areas (local destruction and weathering areas), cracks, deviations from the vertical, as well as destruction of the textured and protective layer, the permeability of the seams, corrosion of reinforcement and embedded parts of panels, the presence of efflorescence, condensate drips, dust, frost, etc., their distribution and reasons for the appearance; state of joints and junctions, frames of window and door openings; the type and condition of the horizontal and vertical waterproofing of the walls, its location in relation to the blind area.

3.6.4. Mandatory verification the state of protective devices, the failure of which causes the destruction of walls, namely:

roof drainage devices (gutters, pipes, cornice overhangs, trays);

sidewalks, drainage trays on sidewalks;

blind area around the perimeter of the building;

protective aprons or parapet coverings;

protruding architectural details;

window sill drains, etc.

In places where the specified protective structures are resolved, the state of the load-bearing elements of the walls is determined.

3.6.5. When examining walls, it is necessary to take into account the following factors, affecting the durability and thermal properties of walls:

the condition of the glazing, the formation of stagnation of sewage near the walls and the violation of the system of slopes of the floors to the water intake grates of the sewage channels of industrial sewerage;

insufficient sealing of production equipment, leading to excessive release of steam and moisture;

malfunctions of local and general ventilation devices;

absence or violation of hydro - and vapor barrier of walls in industrial and amenity premises with a damp and wet mode of operation.

3.6.6. In the presence of masonry delamination, it is necessary to open the exfoliated thickness, measure the depth and area of ​​delamination. At the same time, the main causes of delamination should be identified (thermal effects, systematic wetting with liquids - atmospheric, mechanical, etc.).

3.6.7. When cracks are found in wall structures, it is necessary to determine the nature and type of cracks, the causes of their occurrence, their number, opening width, length and depth.

3.6.8. All wall defects found during the inspection (delamination, masonry, cracks, weathered areas, areas with corrosion of the textured reinforcement layer, panel attachment points that are significantly affected by corrosion, etc.) are applied to the drawings, which provide textual explanations containing information about detected defects.

3.7. Coatings

3.7.1. Coating surveys by full program should include the following activities:

inspection and description of structures and their defects:

instrumental examination of structural elements and their sections;

sampling and samples of materials from structures and their laboratory research;

calculations of the temperature-humidity regime of coatings based on research data.

Inspection of coatings includes inspection of the bearing and enclosing parts.

3.7.2. Visual examination of the coating (inspection) should be carried out from the side of the roof and from the side of the room. During the inspection it is necessary to determine:

condition of the lower surface of the bearing base;

type of material and design scheme of the coating;

the type of roof and the design of the interface of the roof and load-bearing structures with walls;

the design of the eaves of the roof;

the presence and condition of embedded parts and fasteners;

quality and safety of filling joints between panels and piece materials;

condition of sedimentary and temperature seams;

condition of protective coatings;

the presence of defective areas (cracks, holes, deflections), efflorescence, drips, condensate, dust; their distribution and causes.

3.7.3. For roofs made of roll materials, during inspections, it is also necessary to identify:

conformity of the direction of gluing to the slopes of the roof and the project, the presence and condition of the protective layer;

condition of the surface of the insulating layers - dents, air and water bags and drips of mastic in the seams;

details of the interface of the roof with protruding elements on the coatings (lantern structures, ventilation shafts, parapets, etc.). At the same time, the magnitude of the rise of the carpet on the vertical wall is determined, areas of cracking of the carpet, sponginess and shedding of adhesive mastics, reliability of sealing the carpet at the junctions are identified;

the condition of the valleys, their silt, pollution, debris, the presence of slopes towards the spillway funnels, the correct implementation of the latter.

3.7.4. For roofs made of piece materials, it is necessary to additionally consider:

the size of the longitudinal and transverse overlaps and overhang behind the cornice board;

compliance with the norms of the number and placement of fasteners;

adjunctions to the parts protruding above the roof;

the presence of aprons at the junctions with vertical structures and collars made of galvanized steel to pipes;

the quality of sealing the gaps between the lining of the valleys, grooves and the adjacent roof surface;

overlapping of skates and ribs with shaped parts;

the tightness of the roof elements to the base;

the presence and condition of expansion joints, working passages on the roof.

3.8. floors

3.8.1. Floor surveys should include the following types of work:

identification of operating conditions;

determination of types of coatings and floor structures based on the study technical documentation or in its absence - by opening;

study of the condition of the floors.

3.8.2. Inspection of the condition of the floor to produce visual methods.

With the visual method of examination, it is necessary to fix the places and nature of visible damage (potholes, dents, gullies, holes, holes, cracks, dents, etc.). At the same time, the dimensions of the destroyed areas of the coating, the depth of damage, the condition of the junctions of floors to other building structures, pipelines and process equipment, areas of stagnation of liquids, as well as the causes of defects or deformations are determined. For coatings made of piece materials, the state of the seams is also visually determined: the degree of filling, loosening and the presence of delamination of the seam of the seam material from the coating and the coating from the underlying layer.

3.9. Translucent fences

3.9.1. The tasks of field surveys of translucent fencing of industrial buildings are:

identification and thermal properties of the design of the light opening;

identification of the nature of the impact of the external and internal environment on the durability of its elements;

3.9.2. Field surveys of translucent fences should include the following work:

visual examination of all elements of the light opening (of the same design characteristics);

selection of samples of a translucent element for laboratory research;

processing of the obtained results, assessment of the operational properties of the structure and its technical condition;

3.9.3. A visual examination should reveal visible defects in the design of the light opening, its maintainability, the efficiency of the devices (mechanisms) for opening and closing, deformations of the metal or wooden frame of the bindings (flexibility and their bulges, warping, sagging, leaky closing, etc.), the number broken glass, the presence of frost and the formation of condensate on the surface, the condition of the sealing material; the presence of open slots (or semi-closed) between the window frames and the wall, damage to the sills on the outer sashes of the window sashes, improper slope of the window sills and slopes, damage to the glass coating, violation of the sealing mastics in the seams of the glass profile structures, or their complete loss, cracks in the elements of the glass profile, defects in the supporting rubber galoshes, flexibility or vibration of glass profile elements, etc.

3.10. Foundation and foundations

3.10.1. Field surveys of bases and foundations in the visible zones of the latter (in basements) are periodically necessary as a preventive measure that contributes to the timely detection of the initial processes of deformation of foundations and foundations due to uneven settlements or heaving of the foundations. These deformations of foundations and foundations affect the state of all other structures of buildings and structures, and therefore their protection from destruction and timely restoration is one of the main tasks of operation.

3.10.2. If deformations of a sedimentary nature are found in the structures of the ground part of the building and structure (vertical and inclined cracks in the brick or block masonry of the walls, inclined cracks in the wall panels, cracks in the elements of reinforced concrete floors and coatings, in crossbars and horizontal bracing of the frame, breaks in the welded seams of metal structures, etc.) should provide for frequent monitoring of foundation settlement and deformations with a cyclicality determined by a specialized organization.

3.10.3. If cracks of a sedimentary nature are found in structures, it is necessary to determine, if possible, the cause of their occurrence, the age of the cracks, measure the width of the opening and the length of the cracks, determine the nature of the opening along the vertical (increased opening up or down) and the degree of their danger.

3.10.4. Field work materials are entered in the survey log containing:

section and plan of each exposed foundation with a reference to the pit on the schematic plan of the building and an indication of all dimensions of the foundation; sketches of details of conjugation of columns with the foundation, foundation beam with foundation, sections of foundation beams, bases of metal columns and anchors;

a detailed description of the foundation materials and anti-corrosion protection with a visual assessment of their condition and an indication of the sampling and testing sites;

description of the detected defects (cracks, crevices, voids, punctures, delaminations, delaminations, efflorescence, violations of the connection between the concrete components, etc.);

geological columns along the discovered walls of the pits with a detailed description of lithological differences and an indication of the places for sampling soil and groundwater at the level of the base of the foundation.

3.10.5. The results of surveys of bases and foundations should contain:

a brief description of the objects, engineering-geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the site of the surveyed building, including geological sections of the site, hydroisogypse schemes, data on the direction of groundwater movement, sources of pollution, inclusions of aggressive components, etc.;

The instruction was developed by ________________________________________ / _______________ /

MAGAZINE

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES1

№ ____________________

___

_________________________________ The journal started on _____________19 __. ended _____________19 __	Responsible for logging (surname, initials), number and date of the order and assignment order 1) _______________________________________ 2) _______________________________________ 3) _______________________________________
	Date of inspection		Description (if necessary, a sketch) of the observed defects, deformations and violations of PTETE. Suggested or identified causes	Planned types of observations, tests. Sketch of test sites or sampling for testing. Scheduled activities and deadlines for their implementation to eliminate deformations, defects, violations of PTETE, performer	Start and end dates of observations or tests (see column 5). Intermediate and final results of observations and tests	Date of commencement and completion of the implementation of measures (repair, strengthening, liquidation of the violation). A mark on the completeness and effectiveness of execution. Actual performer

1 To be completed for each building and structure.

MAGAZINE

TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

_________________________________________________________________________________

name of the company and its division

________________________________ ________________________________________________

name of the building or structure

	Date of inspection	Name of the room, structure, location (floor, elevation, row, axis, etc.)	Description of the defects, damages, deformations, violations of the Rules for the operation of the building, premises and PTETE, and types of equipment repair, in which the violation was committed, that were noticed during the inspection; types of aggressive influences (leaks, fistulas, spills, shocks, vibrations, etc.)	Measures and terms for the elimination of defects, damage, deformations, violations of PTETE. Surname, position of the person responsible for their implementation (date, number of order, order)	Activity start date Marks on the progress of the activity. date of completion	Personal signature (after each entry in the journal) of the person responsible in the department for the inspection of building structures

I approve:

Director (chief engineer)

_________________________

"___" ______________ 19__

general technical inspection of industrial buildings and structures

as of ___________ 19__

Commission consisting of: ________________________________________________________________

surname, initials, position

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

appointed by order of the director _________________________________________________

Business name

From "__" ____________ 19__ No. ________________

in the period from ______________ to ____________ 19 __ carried out a general technical inspection

the following buildings and structures _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Business name

_______________________________________________________________________________

enterprises

	Name of the building, structure, building structure and their location (room, axis, rad, mark, etc.)	A brief description of the defects and damages of building structures, engineering equipment noted during the inspection, requiring repair work	Type of work and repair required (KR - overhaul; TR - Maintenance; US - gain; AR - emergency repair, etc.)	Scheduled repair period (year, quarter, in an emergency - month, date)	Unit of measurement	Approximate volume of main work	Actual volume of main work performed

Signatures of commission members

MAGAZINE

technical inspection of the state of the territory,

__________________________________________________

Name,

________________________________

power plants

Responsible for keeping a log and surveying the territory

_______________________________

surname, initials

Started ____________ 19 __

	Date of inspection	Place of inspection (coordinates). Description of observed defects, violations of the requirements of PTETE and instructions (Part I, section ______________) territory	The alleged causes of defects and violations of the maintenance of the territory	Proposed measures, deadlines for the elimination of defects and violations, and notes on the progress of the measures	Responsible for inspection and record keeping (signature)

USER MANUAL

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

BASED ON METAL FRAME

1. GENERAL

1.1. Buildings and structures based on a metal frame must be systematically protected from the damaging effects of atmospheric, climatic and technological factors.

1.2. Systematic maintenance of the building structures of buildings and structures based on a metal frame should be carried out, it is necessary to timely perform a set of operations to maintain the serviceability and operational suitability of them as a whole, their individual parts and structural elements.

1.3. To ensure operational control over the performance of maintenance work on buildings and structures based on a metal frame and their accounting, a log of maintenance of the operation of buildings and structures based on a metal frame should be kept (Appendix 1).

1.4. For buildings and structures based on a metal frame, operated in special conditions that differ from the conditions taken into account by this Standard Instruction, local instructions are drawn up.

1.5. During the operation, maintenance and repair of buildings and structures based on a metal frame, it is prohibited to change their space-planning solutions, as well as to make openings in the outer walls for gates, doors, windows, communications inputs, etc., to perform work to strengthen building structures without a project or agreement with design organization or other specialized organization.

1.6. Replacement or modernization of technological equipment or a technological process in a building or structure based on a metal frame, causing a change in force effects, loads, the degree and type of aggressive impact on building structures, should be carried out only according to special projects developed by the design organization or agreed with it.

1.7. Work on dismantling equipment, laying or readjusting communications must be agreed with the design organization. The work must be carried out in such a way as to ensure the safety of building structures - without their overload and unacceptable deformations.

1.8. When maintaining the engineering equipment of buildings and structures, the basis of the metal frame should be guided by the requirements of the relevant SNiP, GOST, instructions.
2. BEARING STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

2.1. During operation, it is not allowed to change the structural schemes of the supporting metal frames of buildings and structures.

2.2. Frame structures of buildings and structures must be protected from overloads. To this end, the following should not be allowed without agreement with the design organization:

Suspension, installation, fastening on the frame structures of buildings and structures of the technological equipment, vehicles, pipelines and other devices provided for by the project;

Accumulations of snow, dust and debris on the roofs and primarily in the valleys;

Additional temporary load on the frame structure from devices and mechanisms used in the production of repair and installation work;

The use of structural elements of buildings and structures as anchors, braces, stops;

Lateral pressure on columns and other frame structures from the storage of materials and products, piles of soil and other bulk materials directly at the walls and columns. Storage of materials and products and bulk soil should be located no closer than 2 m from the structures.

2.3. When performing repair work and work related to the reconstruction of the load-bearing building structures of the frames, it is necessary to protect them from impacts and other mechanical influences.

2.4. It should not be allowed to weaken the supporting structures of frames by cutting and drilling in the elements of trusses, columns, beams and other supporting structures without agreement with the design or other specialized organization that has a license.

2.5. It is not allowed to remove or rearrange horizontal and cross vertical connections between the frame columns and roof trusses, cut out braces, racks and other structural elements (trusses, columns, etc.), create rigid junctions of elements in places of hinges.

2.6. Fastening and welding of any parts to the frame metal structures, suspension of pipelines, lamps or cables is allowed only upon agreement with the design or specialized organization.

2.7. The shoes of the columns of the frame of buildings and structures, anchor bolts and connections from the upper edge of the foundations or from the level of the room to a height of 0.3 m should be protected from moisture with dense concrete. The contact of the metal bearing parts of the columns and the connections between them with the soil or bulk fuel is not allowed.

2.8. The surfaces of columns and other frame elements must be cleaned of dirt, dust, soot and oil.

2.9. Behind the supporting building structures of the frames of industrial buildings and structures, especially the state of the joints of prefabricated metal structures, as well as structures that are subject to the influence of the wet conditions of workshops, vibration, dynamic, thermal and variable static loads, it is necessary to conduct systematic monitoring and observation.

2.10. When inspecting the building structures of frames, special attention should be paid to columns, frame crossbars, truss and truss trusses, girders, supporting elements of half-timbered houses, etc.

2.11. During the period of operation of buildings and structures, a systematic check of the verticality of columns, trusses and other building structures should be organized (but at least once every five years). In the event of an increase in the deviation from the vertical of individual structures or a longitudinal deflection that threatens the stability of structures, it is necessary to involve a specialized organization for examination.

2.12. During the operation of the metal frames of buildings and structures, defects found, such as a mismatch in the size of the welds to the design dimensions, lack of penetration, undercuts, burns and visible significant porosity of the seams, craters, seam tears, hairline cracks, significant corrosion, lack of seams in the places specified by the project, cracks in rivets, rattling during tapping, absence of the required number of rivets, anchor bolts, nuts and locknuts and their corrosion damage, poor tightening of bolted joints, deformation of bolts as a result of mechanical damage, significant weakening (more than 10%) of bolt sections, structural elements corrosion, the presence of large gaps between the columns and the base plates of the supporting nodes of the trusses with bolted connections, and others, should be eliminated in the first place.
3. CRANE STRUCTURES

3.1. In order to timely identify and eliminate defects, damage and deviations from the parameters, crane runways of cranes during their constant operation under the influence of dynamic loads and a significant impact of their technical condition on the stability of the supporting frame of buildings and structures should be subjected to control (partial) at least once a year. ) survey.

3.2. At least once every three years, a complete technical examination of crane runways should be carried out with the involvement of a specialized organization licensed to perform this type of work.

3.3. Responsibility for the maintenance of hoisting cranes and crane tracks in good condition should be assigned to the head of the department for the operation of hoisting mechanisms and crane tracks of the corresponding workshop.

The person responsible for the maintenance of lifting machines must also ensure:

Carrying out regular inspections and repairs of crane runways in a timely manner;

Systematic control over the correctness of keeping a journal of periodic inspections by workshops responsible for crane equipment and crane tracks;

Timely elimination of identified malfunctions of crane tracks;

Regular personal inspection of crane runways;

Maintenance and current repair of crane tracks by trained and certified personnel;

Periodic testing of the knowledge of the personnel serving the crane runways;

Timely preparation of crane tracks (safety measures) for their technical examination by local specialists, as well as for maintenance and repair work on the tracks;

Storage of technical documentation for crane tracks.

3.4. Maintenance and inspection of crane runways during crane operation is not permitted.

The place of production of these works should be well lit. In case of insufficient lighting, the mentioned works should not be carried out.

It is not allowed to turn on the mechanisms when people are on the crane outside its cabin. An exception is allowed for persons conducting crane runway inspection from a crane. In this case, the mechanisms must be switched on at the signal of the person performing the inspection.

3.5. The rails (steel bars) of the crane runways must have fasteners that exclude their lateral and longitudinal displacement during the movement and operation of cranes.

3.6. An extraordinary instrumental geodetic check of the state of the track must be carried out in cases where visual inspection reveals rail shifts, track curvature, large wear of the flanges of the crane wheels, rail heads, weakening of the rail fastening and other violations, as well as after laying the track or its repair (straightening).

Geodetic survey should include the following measurements:

Leveling of crane rails;

Determination of the planned position of the rails;

Measurement of the displacement of the rail from the axis of the crane beam and the beam itself relative to the faces of the columns;

Measurement of crane runways and overhead cranes.

3.7. Highly qualified specialists from specialized organizations should be involved in works on geodetic survey of crane runways.

3.8. It is necessary to involve specialized organizations in the development of design solutions for straightening or strengthening crane runways.

3.9. When operating crane structures, it is not allowed:

Change the mode of operation of cranes to a heavier one without the consent of the design organization and the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia;

Expose crane structures to shock during the operation of overhead cranes due to malfunction of rail and crane tracks (displacement, subsidence, slopes);

Store parts of crane and other technological equipment on the braking platforms, if this is not provided for by the project.

3.10. Crane structures (crane beams, brake platforms) must be cleaned of dirt, dust, soot and oiling.
4. WALL ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES

4.1. In the practice of operation of buildings and structures based on a metal frame, defects and damage to the wall fencing are observed, which worsen their performance and require their timely elimination in order to further reduce the more significant costs of work to strengthen and restore the bearing capacity and tightness of the outer walls.

Explicit and hidden defects of the wall protection, developing over time, can cause serious weakening of the supporting structures and cause accidents in buildings and structures.

Timely strengthening and restoration of the bearing capacity and tightness of walls is an effective means of extending the period of normal operation and preventing accidents.

4.2. For right choice and the implementation of the most optimal option for strengthening or restoration, a qualified examination is necessary.

4.3. During the operation and maintenance of wall enclosing structures, it is necessary to eliminate:

Deformations, damages and destructions, revealed as a result of improper use of materials;

Deformations and damage to masonry and wall panel nodes resulting from uneven settlement of foundations (cracks in masonry, destruction of joints in panels, displacement of support nodes, etc.);

Deformations and damage resulting from the influence of thermal effects, especially in the walls of the main buildings of the TPP (cracks in the masonry along the axes of the columns, chipping and destruction of vertical seams at the joints of panels, chipped bricks, chipping of mortar and other damage under the supports of beams, trusses, girders, jumpers, etc.);

Local destruction of masonry and wall panels on eaves and window sills, at the installation sites of drainage devices;

Violations of the tightness of expansion joints;

Violations of interfaces of window and door bindings with walls;

Displacements and distortions of wall panels in and out of the plane of the walls;

Air permeability due to the destruction of the elements of sealing the joints of wall panels (cement sealing, sealing gaskets, sealing mastics);

Delamination of protective layers in wall panels with exposure and corrosion of reinforcement;

Destruction and flaking of brick and mortar from the outside brick walls;

Corrosion processes of embedded parts, supporting units and fittings of panels, as well as metal window casings, violations of anti-corrosion protection on these elements;

Destruction of the basement of the walls due to soaking and defrosting, violation of waterproofing in it.

4.4. If there are signs of an unsatisfactory temperature and humidity regime of enclosing structures (increased indoor air humidity, local steaming and destruction of walls from the outside in winter, massive swelling of the carpet on the roof, etc.), instrumental (including laboratory) checks of moisture accumulation in materials and aggressiveness of the environment.

Sampling for the analysis of the moisture content of materials should be carried out from areas with different temperature and humidity conditions of the premises and different designs of fences.

The simplest and most reliable way to determine moisture content is the weight method using the formula

where W- moisture content of the material, %;

R 1 - mass of raw material sample, g;

R 2 - weight of the dried (to constant weight) sample at a temperature of 105 С, g.

4.5. When monitoring the safety of the enclosing structures of the walls, it is necessary:

4.5.1. The facades of buildings should be periodically cleaned of dirt and dust, washed and painted (in the presence of a surface layer in the form of plaster) with the simultaneous restoration of the finishing layer, window sill drains, drainage devices, the outer sides of window frames, doors. Protruding parts of facades; keep cornices, belts, plums, peaks in good condition.

4.5.2. The external walls of buildings from the side of the premises should be periodically cleaned from contamination. For everybody a separate room buildings or structures based on a metal frame, calendar terms for cleaning the walls should be established depending on the degree of their contamination during the production process and the requirements for cleanliness of the premises according to the conditions of the technological process and fire safety.

4.5.3. Periodically (once every five years) clean the temperature-sedimentary seams in the walls from clogging with the restoration of all protective design coatings. Sealing joints with mortar or plastering is not allowed.

4.5.4. Do not allow discharge of waste water and steam not provided for by the project through pipes passed through the outer walls.

4.5.5. Avoid accumulation of snow near the walls of buildings and structures in their basement, removing it at a distance of at least 2 m from the walls before the onset of a thaw.

4.6. The main operational quality of the walls should be the constancy of their strength and heat-shielding properties. External wall protections within one year should not have accumulation of moisture. Humidity building materials of the outer walls of buildings during operation should not exceed the allowable SNiP values.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. This production instruction has been developed in accordance with RD 153-34.0-21.601-98 “Typical instructions for the operation of industrial buildings and structures, part II, p.1. Maintenance of buildings and structures", "Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants" (approved by order No. 115 dated March 24, 2003), RD 34.21.521-91 "Typical instructions for the technical operation of industrial buildings and structures of power enterprises, part 1. Organization operation of buildings and structures.

1.2. This instruction establishes requirements for the operation and maintenance of building structures of industrial buildings and structures of the organization during operation.

1.3. This instruction is obligatory for operating personnel and executives who carry out operation and technical supervision of operation, as well as maintenance of industrial buildings and structures of Vector LLC.

1.4. The personnel responsible for the operation of buildings and structures must be familiar with this instruction against signature.

1.5. Industrial buildings and structures must be systematically protected from the damaging effects of atmospheric, climatic and technological factors.

1.6. The distribution of objects, territory and volumes of maintenance of industrial buildings and structures between the divisions of the organization with the appointment of responsible persons is determined by the order of the head of the organization.

1.7. During the operation, maintenance and repair of industrial buildings and structures, it is prohibited to change their space-planning solutions, as well as to make openings for gates, doors, windows, utility lines, etc. in the outer walls, to perform work to strengthen building structures without project or coordination with the designer or a specialized organization.

1.8. When maintaining the engineering equipment of buildings and structures, one should be guided by the requirements of the relevant SNiP, GOST,.

2. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

2.1. Territory

2.1.1. Storage of materials, scrap metal, equipment parts and other materials on the territory adjacent to buildings and structures should be carried out in places specially designated for this purpose.

2.1.2. It is forbidden to block passages and driveways on the territory, as well as entrances and entrances to buildings.

2.1.3. In winter, passages and driveways should be cleared of snow in a timely manner. By the beginning of the flood, the entire drainage network (drainage system, industrial sewerage) must be inspected by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, and measures must be prepared for the passage of flood waters.

2.1.4. In order to protect the bases of the foundations of buildings and structures from flooding, erosion and sedimentation of foundations under the influence of ground, atmospheric and process waters, the following should be done:

- ensure the serviceability of the blind area around the buildings, timely sealing of the resulting subsidence, potholes and cracks in the blind areas and sidewalks;

- prevent violation of the planning of the territory near buildings and structures, exclude heaps or compaction of soil, adding it to the basement of buildings or structures;

- systematically clean drain trays and downpipes, storm drains (open trays, ditches and drains) from clogging;

- check during heavy rains the proper operation of drainage devices and eliminate the detected malfunctions.

2.1.5. When performing cleaning or earthworks using graders, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators and other mechanisms, measures should be taken to prevent damage to building plinths, foundations of external walls, technological pipeline racks, sidewalks, blind areas, drains, wells, etc.

2.1.6. During the operation and maintenance of the territory, the following should not be allowed:

- planting trees and shrubs in close proximity to buildings and structures (near the walls);

- the presence of flower beds, lawns near buildings and structures;

- damage to road surfaces (potholes, subsidence, cracks, ruptures, destruction or defects in the installation of curb stones, deformation of the road surface from tracked vehicles, imperfections, etc.);

- damage to the subgrade and driveways, roadsides, slopes (damage to the sod cover of slopes, landslides, gullies, subsidence, deeps, etc.).

2.2. Building foundations

2.2.1. In order to timely detect the initial processes of deformation of foundations and foundations due to uneven settlement or heaving of foundations, it is necessary to periodically carry out full-scale inspections of foundations as preventive measures.

2.2.2. The foundations of industrial buildings and structures must be protected from the occurrence of uneven sedimentary deformations that cause cracks in them and in the walls. In this regard, it is necessary to comply with a number of requirements:

- excavation of the earth, if it is necessary to open a pit inside the building at a distance of less than 2 m from the cutoffs of the base of the foundations, is allowed only if there is a project developed by a specialized organization;

- it is not allowed to leave open pits or trenches near the foundations;

- it is not allowed to leave the foundations uncovered for a long period (more than the period of performance of the work provided for by the project for the production of works) in order to avoid flooding the foundations with atmospheric or process waters; needs to be done in a timely manner backfill and restoration of adjacent areas of the floor and blind area. Pit pits should be closed with the means provided for by the decision of the design organization or the contractor who carried out the project for the production of works.

2.2.3. Foundations should be protected from mechanical impacts and watering, therefore it is not allowed:

– punching holes, niches, furrows and channels in foundations without a design solution developed by a general designer or a specialized organization;

- dropping loads and parts on the heads of the foundations of columns, walls, equipment protruding above the floor;

- penetration of water into the soil of the base of a building or structure as a result of its runoff from the roof, from the water supply system (domestic or technical), steam pipelines, technical communications and equipment. Leaks in these systems must be repaired immediately;

- water penetration into operated basements or technical undergrounds, special basements, underground fuel supply facilities, etc.

2.2.4. Sewage channels, trays, pits are subject to periodic cleaning from pollution, and the gratings and plates blocking them must be constantly maintained in good condition.

2.2.5. It is not allowed to clean channels and pits with iron shovels, crowbars and other tools that can damage structural elements. For these works, wooden shovels sheathed with roofing steel, tin, or plastic should be used.

2.2.6. It is not allowed to backfill the basement parts and walls with soil in order to avoid their moistening and destruction by freezing.

2.2.7. Bolts fastening steel and reinforced concrete columns to foundations must be in good condition and not have bends, cracks, tears.

2.2.8. To monitor the settlements of the foundations of the most critical buildings and structures, geodetic benchmarks should be laid.

2.3. Wall and enclosing structures

2.3.1. During the operation and maintenance of wall enclosing structures, it is necessary to eliminate:

- deformations, damage and destruction, revealed as a result of improper use of materials (for example, silicate brick instead of ordinary red);

- deformations and damages of masonry and wall panel nodes resulting from uneven settlement of foundations (cracks in masonry, destruction of joints in panels, displacement of support nodes, etc.);

- local destruction of masonry and wall panels on eaves and window sills, in places where drainage devices are installed;

- violations of the tightness of expansion joints;

- violations of interfaces of window and door frames with walls;

- displacements and distortions of wall panels in and out of the plane of the walls;

- air permeability due to the destruction of the elements of sealing the joints of wall panels (cement sealing, sealing gaskets, sealing mastics);

- delamination of protective layers in wall panels with exposure and corrosion of reinforcement;

- destruction and flaking of bricks and mortar from the outside of brick walls;

- corrosion processes of embedded parts, support units and fittings of panels, as well as metal window casings, violations of anti-corrosion protection on these elements;

- destruction of the basement of the walls due to soaking and defrosting, violation of waterproofing in it.

2.3.2. The facades of buildings should be periodically cleaned of dirt and dust, washed and painted (in the presence of a surface layer in the form of plaster) with the simultaneous restoration of the finishing layer, window sill drains, drainage devices, the outer sides of window frames, doors. The protruding parts of the facades: cornices, corbels, plums, peaks must be kept in good condition.

2.3.3. Periodically (once every five years), it is necessary to clean the temperature-sedimentary seams in the walls from clogging with the restoration of all protective design coatings. Sealing joints with mortar or plastering is not allowed.

2.3.4. Do not allow discharge of waste water not provided for by the project through pipes passed through the outer walls. As an exception, such a release can temporarily be made on the territory of the organization at a distance of at least 3 m from the outer walls of buildings and structures, provided that there are protective concrete or asphalt concrete road surfaces with slopes and drains into the industrial sewer at the places of discharge. Emission of waste water directly to the blind area is not allowed.

2.3.5. Avoid accumulation of snow near the walls of buildings and structures in their basement, removing it at a distance of at least 2 m from the walls before the onset of a thaw.

2.3.6. The main operational quality of the walls should be the constancy of their strength and heat-shielding properties. Humidity of building materials of the outer walls of buildings during operation should not exceed the values ​​allowed by SNiP.

2.3.7. External walls should be protected from moisture condensation, for which it is necessary:

- maintain the design mode of heating and ventilation in the premises. It is necessary to regularly ventilate the premises with outside air through window openings with control of the volume of air intake, its humidity and temperature in order to avoid violations of the design mode of the internal air environment. For automatic control of environmental parameters (temperature, humidity), appropriate control systems are installed;

- air intake for production needs (boilers) is carried out only from the outside, it is forbidden to take air from the premises of the buildings of buildings;

- periodically renew the vapor barrier layer on the surface of the walls as it wears out;

- additionally insulate individual sections of the walls moistened with condensate (in the corners and near window sills) or install additional heating devices according to projects developed by the general designer or agreed with him;

- to ensure the constant removal of accumulations of moisture in the inter-frame spaces of window openings.

2.3.8. If wet areas or mold are found on the walls, the causes of their appearance should be identified, eliminated and the specified sections of the walls should be dried.

2.3.9. In all cases of punching holes in an insert made of hollow stones, as well as in combined masonry, it is necessary to ensure that the voids in separate (opened) stones are closed with the isolation of these voids from the outside and inside air.

2.3.10. If increasing cracks appear on the outer or inner surfaces of brick, concrete and reinforced concrete walls, as well as delamination of the textured layer or facing ceramic tiles, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination and immediately install “beacons”. If, according to the indications of the "lighthouses", further deformations of the wall fences have stopped and do not cause concern, it is necessary to repair the cracks with mortar.

2.3.11. The location of cracks, the dates of installation of the "beacons" and the results of observations of the behavior of cracks should be entered in the technical journals of inspections of buildings and structures.

2.3.12. If places with weathered or fallen bricks are found in the walls of the building, clear these places with their re-embedding, observing the dressings between the old and new masonry.

2.3.13. It is forbidden to drill (let alone punch) holes in the ribs of panels of thin-walled reinforced concrete partitions, to make any other punchings with a diameter of more than 50 mm in load-bearing internal walls.

2.4. Windows, gates, doors

2.4.1. Damaged or broken glazing must be replaced immediately with a new one, especially during rainy or winter periods.

2.4.2. When replacing damaged large-sized glass in steel and aluminum stained-glass windows or bindings, it is necessary to leave gaps (when cutting glass) between the glass with a rubber seal and the strapping to prevent glass breakage.

2.4.3. To strengthen the glass, all cracked putty must be replaced with a new one or glazing beads with a rubber gasket must be installed.

2.4.4. Cleaning of glazing surfaces from contamination should be carried out from the outside and inside with a frequency determined depending on the requirements of the technological process, but at least twice a year.

2.4.5. In winter, the glazing surface should only be cleaned from the inside.

2.4.6. To seal the internal glazing, it is necessary to ensure the tightness of the porch of the casement sashes by straightening bent or warped elements of the sashes and mullions, close up the gaps in the blind areas of the sashes; restore destroyed or cracked glass putty, rubber seal (with the change of its deformed sections).

2.4.7. Any swing gates in an industrial building or structure in the open position should be fixed with special stops to prevent spontaneous closing.

2.4.8. When preparing buildings and structures for winter, it is necessary:

- to bring springs, counterweights of doors, drive devices of gate closing mechanisms into good condition;

- check and ensure the correct hinge and tightness of the doors and gates;

- ensure the insulation of entrance and entrance vestibules and the good condition of the heating devices at the gates (thermal curtains) in the absence of vestibules;

- insulate all cracks along the perimeter of the porch of the gate and doors.

2.4.9. For the winter period, the gates that are not required for the production process should be closed, providing for the constant possibility of quickly and easily opening them in case of emergency (fire, accident). At the same time, it is necessary to periodically check the serviceability of the gate opening mechanism, for which purpose it is necessary to regularly perform control opening and closing them.

2.5. Floor

2.5.1. floor structures in industrial premises must correspond to the technological processes occurring in them, and perceive the operational impacts characteristic of these technological processes.

2.5.2. When using floors, it is not allowed:

- to carry out work related to impacts directly on the floor, if this is not provided for by the project. For these works, special places and devices (workbenches, tables, etc.) should be provided;

- drop various heavy objects on the floor, as well as put heavy equipment without gaskets;

- install containers with cargo on the floor, resting on the floor not on the entire lower plane of the container, but on the legs;

- drag heavy objects across the floor connected with wire or strip iron that scratches the floor, as well as roll heavy objects directly on the floor without lining boards, beams, etc .;

- use vehicles (trolleys, wheelbarrows) on a metal track without first laying rolling boards or metal strips on the floor;

- place bulky items, equipment and inventory in aisles, driveways and corridors, violating their design overall dimensions.

2.6. Combined roofing

2.6.1. The structures of enclosing combined coatings are in the most severe operating conditions and require proper care and supervision.

2.6.2. During the operation of coatings, it should be constantly taken into account that the reliability and durability of the coating depends on:

- timely visual and, if necessary, instrumental examinations;

- timely completion of work to maintain the roofing in good condition;

— compliance of the adopted design solutions for roofing with the requirements of the relevant SNiP and project requirements.

2.6.3. During maintenance and proper care of combined roof coverings during operation, it is necessary to prevent the accumulation of snow and dust on the roofs with a layer equal to or exceeding the design standard load in terms of weight. Regularly clean the roof to prevent damage. When cleaning the roof, snow or debris should be cleared evenly from both roof slopes, without collecting snow, dust and debris in a heap.

2.6.4. To eliminate the possible overload of the roof, cleaning of its sections covered with snow and covered with frost should be carried out periodically in compliance with precautionary measures in order to prevent damage to the roofs. For cleaning, use wooden shovels and scrapers that do not damage the roof. For the same purpose, a layer of snow 5–10 cm thick should be left on the roof. It is forbidden to use metal tools for cleaning roofs.

2.6.5. Ice and icicles hanging from the visors must be knocked down in a timely manner using ladders, telescopic car towers and in other ways that do not damage the cornices.

2.6.6. Places for cleaning roofs from snow, icicles and ice should be fenced at the bottom, and the passage for pedestrians and the passage for vehicles should be closed with an observer posted for the duration of the work.

2.6.7. With the onset of spring and at the end of autumn, remove dust, pine needles, leaves and other debris from roofs and water intakes. Sweeping needles and leaves into the funnels of internal drains is not allowed.

2.6.8. In summer, the upper sections of internal drains should be regularly cleaned from the roof with a ruff attached to a pole (the diameter of the ruff should be equal to the diameter of the drain pipe), the lower sections should be cleaned after revision.

2.6.9. Do not allow people to stay on the coatings, except for cleaning the roof of snow, debris and dirt, performing repair work and work on inspection, technical certification.

2.6.10. For maintenance, provide convenient exits to the outer surface of the coating. Exits to the roof must be permanently locked, and the keys must be kept by those responsible for the operation of industrial buildings and structures.

2.6.11. Make sure that the renewal of the protective layers of rolled or mastic roofs is carried out within the time limits determined by local operating conditions, but at least every 8-10 years.

2.6.12. Steel roofs, gutters, downspouts and other external parts of drains should be periodically painted as the old paint layer wears out, but at least every 5 years. If individual areas of damaged paint are found on the roof, the latter must be immediately painted.

2.7. Floors, work platforms

During the operation and maintenance of reinforced concrete and metal structures of floors, work platforms, stairs and canopies, the following rules must be observed:

2.7.1. In the case of dampening of floors that occurs due to disruption of the normal operation of technological pipelines, equipment and water supply and sewerage systems, it is necessary to immediately identify and eliminate the causes of watering, remove the layers of the composition of the floor that have collapsed from wetting, dry the structure of the floor, then restore the waterproofing, replace or repair defective pipelines .

2.7.2. When operating work platforms for equipment maintenance, window filling, landing sites for cranes, transition platforms and bridges, it is not allowed:

- store building materials, equipment, etc. on them;

- clutter up passages and stairs leading to them;

- cut holes or individual structural elements;

2.7.3. Work platforms, bridges, ladders should be periodically, at least once a month, cleaned of dust, lubricants and debris.

2.7.4. Unused equipment and materials should be removed from the sites as soon as possible;

2.7.5. The surface of metal platforms, passages and steps of stairs must be rough, excluding the possibility of slipping.

2.7.6. On a worn surface, it is necessary to restore the roughness as it wears out by drop welding of metal using electric welding.

2.8. Bearing structures of frames of buildings and structures

2.8.1. During operation, it is not allowed to change the design schemes of the supporting reinforced concrete and metal frames of industrial buildings and structures.

2.8.2. Frame structures of industrial buildings and structures must be protected from overloads. To this end, the following should not be allowed without agreement with the design organization:

- suspension, installation, fastening on the frame structures of buildings and structures of technological equipment, pipelines and other devices not provided for by the project;

- accumulations of snow, dust and debris on the roofs and, first of all, in the valleys;

- additional temporary load on the frame structure from devices and mechanisms used in the production of repair and installation work;

- the use of structural elements of buildings and structures as anchors, braces, stops;

- lateral pressure on columns and other frame structures from the storage of materials and products, piles of soil and other bulk materials directly at the walls and columns. Storage of materials and products and bulk soil should be located no closer than 2 m from the structures.

2.8.3. When performing repair work and work related to the reconstruction of the load-bearing building structures of the frames, it is necessary to protect them from impacts and other mechanical influences.

2.8.4. It should not be allowed to weaken the supporting structures of frames by cutting and drilling in the elements of trusses, columns, beams and other supporting structures without agreement with the design or specialized organization that has a license.

2.8.5. It is not allowed to remove or rearrange horizontal and cross vertical connections between the frame columns and roof trusses, cut out braces, racks and other structural elements (trusses, columns, etc.), create rigid junctions of elements in places of hinges.

2.8.6. The shoes of the columns of the frame of buildings and structures, anchor bolts and connections from the upper edge of the foundations or from the level of the room to a height of 0.3 m should be protected from moisture with dense concrete. The contact of the metal bearing parts of the columns and the connections between them with the soil or bulk fuel is not allowed.

2.8.7. The surfaces of columns and other frame elements must be cleaned of dirt, dust, soot and oil.

2.8.8. Behind the supporting building structures of the frames of industrial buildings and structures, especially the state of the joints of prefabricated reinforced concrete and metal structures, as well as structures that are subject to the influence of the wet conditions of workshops, vibration, dynamic, thermal and variable static loads, it is necessary to conduct systematic monitoring and observation.

2.8.9. During the operation of the metal frames of buildings and structures, defects found, such as a mismatch in the size of the welds to the design dimensions, lack of penetration, undercuts, burns and visible significant porosity of the seams, craters, seam tears, hairline cracks, significant corrosion, lack of seams in the places specified by the project, cracks in rivets, rattling during tapping, lack of the required number of rivets, anchor bolts, nuts and locknuts and their corrosion damage, poor tightening of bolted joints, deformation of bolts as a result of mechanical damage, significant weakening (more than 10%) of bolt sections, structural elements corrosion, the presence of large gaps between the columns and the base plates of the supporting nodes of the trusses with bolted connections, and others, should be eliminated in the first place.

3. TECHNICAL SUPERVISION OF PRODUCTION BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

3.1. The person responsible for the operation of buildings and structures is obliged to draw up an annual calendar schedule for current and regular technical inspections of buildings and structures of the subordinate unit.

3.2. Inspections of each building and structure are carried out according to the schedule:

— for boiler houses with an installed capacity of 10 Gcal/h or more — at least once every 4 months. with a service life of more than 15 years;

— for boiler houses with an installed capacity of less than 10 Gcal/h — at least once every 6 months with a service life of more than 10 years.

3.3. Current inspections of buildings and structures with a service life of up to 15 years are allowed to be carried out:

— for boiler houses with an installed capacity of 10 Gcal/h or more — once every 6 months;

— boiler houses with an installed capacity of less than 10 Gcal/h — once a year.

3.4. In boiler houses with an installed capacity of 10 or more Gcal/h, it is necessary to organize observations of the groundwater level in control piezometer wells with a frequency of:

- in 1 year of operation - at least 1 time per month;

- in subsequent years - depending on the change in the level of groundwater, but at least once a quarter.

3.5. All comments identified during inspections and observations are recorded in the workshop logs of the technical inspection of buildings and structures.

3.6. Mandatory inspections of buildings and structures of thermal power plants are carried out 2 times a year (in spring and autumn) by the inspection commission, the composition and timing of the inspection are appointed by the head of the organization.

3.7. Unscheduled inspections of buildings and structures of thermal power plants and networks are carried out after fires, heavy rains, strong winds, snowfalls, floods, earthquakes and other natural phenomena, as well as accidents of buildings, structures and technological equipment of the organization.

3.8. Spring inspection is carried out in order to assess the technical condition of buildings and structures after the snow melts or rains of the autumn-spring period.

3.9. During the spring inspection, the scope of work on the current repair of buildings and structures carried out in the summer period is specified, and the scope of work on major repairs is identified to be included in the plan for the next year and in the long-term plan for repair work (for 3-5 years).

3.10. During the spring technical inspection it is necessary:

- carefully check the load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and structures and take measures to eliminate all kinds of holes, slots and gaps; erosion and damage from melt and process water runoff; collapses of large icings; cracks of large opening and through nature (especially in cornice, balcony and canopy structures); noticeable to the eye deflections and other deformations and damage that threaten the safety of people;

- check the readiness of the coatings of buildings and structures for summer operation; the condition of the valleys, their weediness; the condition of structures adjoining roofs to vertical walls, pipes and other protruding structures, as well as the condition of roofs on slopes, ridges and overhangs; patency for storm water of internal drain risers, receiving funnels; serviceability and stability of structures of lightning rods, external structures of gutters;

- identify defective places that require long-term observation;

- check the serviceability of mechanisms and opening elements of windows, lanterns, gates, doors and other devices;

- check the condition and take measures to put in order the blind area and storm water inlets, as well as the vertical planning of the territory adjacent to buildings and structures.

3.11. Autumn inspection of industrial buildings and structures is carried out 1.5 months before the onset of the heating season in order to check the preparation of buildings and structures for operation in winter conditions. By this time, all summer maintenance work and capital repairs carried out in the summer period, which are directly related to the winter operation of buildings and structures of thermal power plants, should be completed.

3.12. 15 days before the start of the heating season, a partial inspection of those parts of buildings and structures is carried out, for which, during the general autumn inspection, defects in repair work in preparation for winter were noted, in order to verify their elimination.

3.13. During the technical inspection it is necessary:

- carefully check the load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and structures for tightness and take measures to eliminate all kinds of cracks and gaps that have appeared over the summer, creating conditions for cooling the premises in the winter;

- check the readiness of the coatings of buildings and structures for the removal of snow and the necessary means for this (working equipment), as well as the condition of the valleys, water intake funnels, risers of internal drains for the passage of melt water;

- check the serviceability and readiness for work in winter conditions: opening elements of windows, lanterns, gates, vestibule doors and other devices;

- check the presence and condition of the insulation of network fittings for water supply networks of household, fire water supply and technical water supply installed in wells, as well as insulation of wells in accordance with the requirements.

3.14. On ground networks, the condition of the insulation of water pipes is also checked. Insulating material should be laid in wells on floors arranged to a depth of 0.4-0.5 m from the top of the well cover. The thickness of the layer of insulating material is set depending on its thermal conductivity and local climatic conditions.

3.15. Based on the results of the work of the inspection commission during the spring (autumn) inspection, an act is drawn up, which is approved by the head of the organization with the issuance of an administrative document on the results of the inspection, the adoption of the necessary measures, the timing of their implementation and those responsible for execution, as well as:

- the observed significant defects, committed violations of the PTE are given, indicating the approximate physical volume of repair work, as well as the places of defects, deformations and damages, and during the periods of autumn inspections, also the state of readiness of buildings and structures for operation in winter conditions;

- urgent repair work to be additionally included in the current year's repair plan, and emergency repair work to be urgently performed are highlighted (in its final part);

- the decisions of the commission on the involvement of experts from competent organizations to survey emergency or pre-emergency states of structures and issue an opinion on the necessary work to eliminate these conditions are reflected;

- approximate dates for the implementation of each type of repair work and performers are outlined (in the final part of the act).

3.16. The building structures of industrial buildings and structures for thermal power plants are subjected once every 5 years to a technical examination by a specialized organization according to a list approved by the head of the organization.

3.17. The organization must ensure lightning protection of buildings and structures of boiler houses. Gaseous fuel pipes must be grounded.

3.18. Mounted lightning protection devices are subject to scheduled inspections, and the most critical elements of lightning protection (lightning rods, down conductors, connections, grounding conductors) are subject to periodic control.

3.19. Industrial buildings and structures of boiler houses and heating networks must be kept in good condition, ensuring their long-term, reliable use for their intended purpose, taking into account the requirements sanitary norms and rules, labor safety rules.

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Instructions for lightning protection of buildings, structures and industrial communications, 749.73kb.

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Typical instruction for the operation of industrial buildings and structures of energy enterprises, 2397.73kb.

Typical instruction for the operation of industrial buildings and structures of energy enterprises, 788.58kb.

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Design of buildings and structures of I and II levels of responsibility development of sections, 132.39kb.

The discipline of the curriculum for the training of a specialist Specialty 271101. 65 “Construction”, 18.47kb.

Recommendations and measures to eliminate defects and damage identified during the inspection, 22.52kb.

USER MANUAL

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

USER MANUAL

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

BASED ON METAL FRAME

1. GENERAL

1.1. Buildings and structures based on a metal frame must be systematically protected from the damaging effects of atmospheric, climatic and technological factors.

1.2. Systematic maintenance of the building structures of buildings and structures based on a metal frame should be carried out, it is necessary to timely perform a set of operations to maintain the serviceability and operational suitability of them as a whole, their individual parts and structural elements.

1.3. To ensure operational control over the performance of maintenance work on buildings and structures based on a metal frame and their accounting, a log of maintenance of the operation of buildings and structures based on a metal frame should be kept (Appendix 1).

1.4. For buildings and structures based on a metal frame, operated in special conditions that differ from the conditions taken into account by this Standard Instruction, local instructions are drawn up.

1.5. During the operation, maintenance and repair of buildings and structures based on a metal frame, it is prohibited to change their space-planning solutions, as well as to make openings in the outer walls for gates, doors, windows, communications inputs, etc., to perform work to strengthen building structures without a project or agreement with a design organization or other specialized organization.

1.6. Replacement or modernization of technological equipment or a technological process in a building or structure based on a metal frame, causing a change in force effects, loads, the degree and type of aggressive impact on building structures, should be carried out only according to special projects developed by the design organization or agreed with it.

1.7. Work on dismantling equipment, laying or readjusting communications must be agreed with the design organization. The work must be carried out in such a way as to ensure the safety of building structures - without their overload and unacceptable deformations.

1.8. When maintaining the engineering equipment of buildings and structures, the basis of the metal frame should be guided by the requirements of the relevant SNiP, GOST, instructions.

2. BEARING STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

2.1. During operation, it is not allowed to change the structural schemes of the supporting metal frames of buildings and structures.

2.2. Frame structures of buildings and structures must be protected from overloads. To this end, the following should not be allowed without agreement with the design organization:

Suspension, installation, fastening on the frame structures of buildings and structures of the technological equipment, vehicles, pipelines and other devices provided for by the project;

Accumulations of snow, dust and debris on the roofs and primarily in the valleys;

Additional temporary load on the frame structure from devices and mechanisms used in the production of repair and installation work;

The use of structural elements of buildings and structures as anchors, braces, stops;

Lateral pressure on columns and other frame structures from the storage of materials and products, piles of soil and other bulk materials directly at the walls and columns. Storage of materials and products and bulk soil should be located no closer than 2 m from the structures.

2.3. When performing repair work and work related to the reconstruction of the load-bearing building structures of the frames, it is necessary to protect them from impacts and other mechanical influences.

2.4. It should not be allowed to weaken the supporting structures of frames by cutting and drilling in the elements of trusses, columns, beams and other supporting structures without agreement with the design or other specialized organization that has a license.

2.5. It is not allowed to remove or rearrange horizontal and cross vertical connections between the frame columns and roof trusses, cut out braces, racks and other structural elements (trusses, columns, etc.), create rigid junctions of elements in places of hinges.

2.6. Fastening and welding of any parts to the frame metal structures, suspension of pipelines, lamps or cables is allowed only upon agreement with the design or specialized organization.

2.7. The shoes of the columns of the frame of buildings and structures, anchor bolts and connections from the upper edge of the foundations or from the level of the room to a height of 0.3 m should be protected from moisture with dense concrete. The contact of the metal bearing parts of the columns and the connections between them with the soil or bulk fuel is not allowed.

2.8. The surfaces of columns and other frame elements must be cleaned of dirt, dust, soot and oil.

2.9. Behind the supporting building structures of the frames of industrial buildings and structures, especially the state of the joints of prefabricated metal structures, as well as structures that are subject to the influence of the wet conditions of workshops, vibration, dynamic, thermal and variable static loads, it is necessary to conduct systematic monitoring and observation.

2.10. When inspecting the building structures of frames, special attention should be paid to columns, frame crossbars, truss and truss trusses, girders, supporting elements of half-timbered houses, etc.

2.11. During the period of operation of buildings and structures, a systematic check of the verticality of columns, trusses and other building structures should be organized (but at least once every five years). In the event of an increase in the deviation from the vertical of individual structures or a longitudinal deflection that threatens the stability of structures, it is necessary to involve a specialized organization for examination.

2.12. During the operation of the metal frames of buildings and structures, defects found, such as a mismatch in the size of the welds to the design dimensions, lack of penetration, undercuts, burns and visible significant porosity of the seams, craters, seam tears, hairline cracks, significant corrosion, lack of seams in the places specified by the project, cracks in rivets, rattling during tapping, absence of the required number of rivets, anchor bolts, nuts and locknuts and their corrosion damage, poor tightening of bolted joints, deformation of bolts as a result of mechanical damage, significant weakening (more than 10%) of bolt sections, structural elements corrosion, the presence of large gaps between the columns and the base plates of the supporting nodes of the trusses with bolted connections, and others, should be eliminated in the first place.

3. CRANE STRUCTURES

3.1. In order to timely identify and eliminate defects, damage and deviations from the parameters, crane runways of cranes during their constant operation under the influence of dynamic loads and a significant impact of their technical condition on the stability of the supporting frame of buildings and structures should be subjected to control (partial) at least once a year. ) survey.

3.2. At least once every three years, a complete technical examination of crane runways should be carried out with the involvement of a specialized organization licensed to perform this type of work.

3.3. Responsibility for the maintenance of hoisting cranes and crane tracks in good condition should be assigned to the head of the department for the operation of hoisting mechanisms and crane tracks of the corresponding workshop.

The person responsible for the maintenance of lifting machines must also ensure:

Carrying out regular inspections and repairs of crane runways in a timely manner;

Systematic control over the correctness of keeping a journal of periodic inspections by workshops responsible for crane equipment and crane tracks;

Timely elimination of identified malfunctions of crane tracks;

Regular personal inspection of crane runways;

Maintenance and current repair of crane tracks by trained and certified personnel;

Periodic testing of the knowledge of the personnel serving the crane runways;

Timely preparation of crane tracks (safety measures) for their technical examination by local specialists, as well as for maintenance and repair work on the tracks;

Storage of technical documentation for crane tracks.

3.4. Maintenance and inspection of crane runways during crane operation is not permitted.

The place of production of these works should be well lit. In case of insufficient lighting, the mentioned works should not be carried out.

It is not allowed to turn on the mechanisms when people are on the crane outside its cabin. An exception is allowed for persons conducting crane runway inspection from a crane. In this case, the mechanisms must be switched on at the signal of the person performing the inspection.

3.5. The rails (steel bars) of the crane runways must have fasteners that exclude their lateral and longitudinal displacement during the movement and operation of cranes.

3.6. An extraordinary instrumental geodetic check of the state of the track must be carried out in cases where visual inspection reveals rail shifts, track curvature, large wear of the flanges of the crane wheels, rail heads, weakening of the rail fastening and other violations, as well as after laying the track or its repair (straightening).

Geodetic survey should include the following measurements:

Leveling of crane rails;

Determination of the planned position of the rails;

Measurement of the displacement of the rail from the axis of the crane beam and the beam itself relative to the faces of the columns;

Measurement of crane runways and overhead cranes.

3.7. Highly qualified specialists from specialized organizations should be involved in works on geodetic survey of crane runways.

3.8. It is necessary to involve specialized organizations in the development of design solutions for straightening or strengthening crane runways.

3.9. When operating crane structures, it is not allowed:

Change the mode of operation of cranes to a heavier one without the consent of the design organization and the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia;

Expose crane structures to shock during the operation of overhead cranes due to malfunction of rail and crane tracks (displacement, subsidence, slopes);

Store parts of crane and other technological equipment on the braking platforms, if this is not provided for by the project.

3.10. Crane structures (crane beams, brake platforms) must be cleaned of dirt, dust, soot and oiling.

4. WALL ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES

4.1. In the practice of operation of buildings and structures based on a metal frame, defects and damage to the wall fencing are observed, which worsen their performance and require their timely elimination in order to further reduce the more significant costs of work to strengthen and restore the bearing capacity and tightness of the outer walls.

Explicit and hidden defects of the wall protection, developing over time, can cause serious weakening of the supporting structures and cause accidents in buildings and structures.

Timely strengthening and restoration of the bearing capacity and tightness of walls is an effective means of extending the period of normal operation and preventing accidents.

4.2. For the correct choice and implementation of the most optimal option for strengthening or restoration, a qualified examination is necessary.

4.3. During the operation and maintenance of wall enclosing structures, it is necessary to eliminate:

Deformations, damages and destructions, revealed as a result of improper use of materials;

Deformations and damage to masonry and wall panel nodes resulting from uneven settlement of foundations (cracks in masonry, destruction of joints in panels, displacement of support nodes, etc.);

Deformations and damage resulting from the influence of thermal effects, especially in the walls of the main buildings of the TPP (cracks in the masonry along the axes of the columns, chipping and destruction of vertical seams at the joints of panels, chipped bricks, chipping of mortar and other damage under the supports of beams, trusses, girders, jumpers, etc.);

Local destruction of masonry and wall panels on eaves and window sills, at the installation sites of drainage devices;

Violations of the tightness of expansion joints;

Violations of interfaces of window and door bindings with walls;

Displacements and distortions of wall panels in and out of the plane of the walls;

Air permeability due to the destruction of the elements of sealing the joints of wall panels (cement sealing, sealing gaskets, sealing mastics);

Delamination of protective layers in wall panels with exposure and corrosion of reinforcement;

Destruction and flaking of bricks and mortar from the outside of brick walls;

Corrosion processes of embedded parts, supporting units and fittings of panels, as well as metal window casings, violations of anti-corrosion protection on these elements;

Destruction of the basement of the walls due to soaking and defrosting, violation of waterproofing in it.

4.4. If there are signs of an unsatisfactory temperature and humidity regime of enclosing structures (increased indoor air humidity, local steaming and destruction of walls from the outside in winter, massive swelling of the carpet on the roof, etc.), instrumental (including laboratory) checks of moisture accumulation in materials and aggressiveness of the environment.

Sampling for the analysis of the moisture content of materials should be carried out from areas with different temperature and humidity conditions of the premises and different designs of fences.

The simplest and most reliable way to determine moisture content is the weight method using the formula

Where W- moisture content of the material, %;

R 1 - mass of raw material sample, g;

R 2 - weight of the dried (to constant weight) sample at a temperature of 105 С, g.

4.5. When monitoring the safety of the enclosing structures of the walls, it is necessary:

4.5.1. The facades of buildings should be periodically cleaned of dirt and dust, washed and painted (in the presence of a surface layer in the form of plaster) with the simultaneous restoration of the finishing layer, window sill drains, drainage devices, the outer sides of window frames, doors. Protruding parts of facades; keep cornices, belts, plums, peaks in good condition.

4.5.2. The external walls of buildings from the side of the premises should be periodically cleaned from contamination. For each individual room of a building or structure based on a metal frame, calendar terms for cleaning the walls should be established depending on the degree of contamination during the production process and the requirements for cleanliness of the room according to the conditions of the technological process and fire safety.

4.5.3. Periodically (once every five years) clean the temperature-sedimentary seams in the walls from clogging with the restoration of all protective design coatings. Sealing joints with mortar or plastering is not allowed.

4.5.4. Do not allow discharge of waste water and steam not provided for by the project through pipes passed through the outer walls.

4.5.5. Avoid accumulation of snow near the walls of buildings and structures in their basement, removing it at a distance of at least 2 m from the walls before the onset of a thaw.

4.6. The main operational quality of the walls should be the constancy of their strength and heat-shielding properties. External wall protections within one year should not have accumulation of moisture. Humidity of building materials of the outer walls of buildings during operation should not exceed the values ​​allowed by SNiP.

Walls must meet the following requirements:

static- walls must be sufficiently strong and stable when exposed to design forces and loads, and also meet the requirements of fire resistance;

thermotechnical- external walls should provide in the protected room the temperature and humidity conditions necessary for sanitary conditions.

4.7. External walls should be protected from moisture condensation, for which it is necessary:

4.7.1. Maintain the design mode of heating and ventilation in the premises. It is necessary to regularly ventilate the premises with outside air through window openings with control of the volume of air intake, its humidity and temperature in order to avoid violations of the design mode of the internal air environment. For automatic control of environmental parameters (temperature, humidity), appropriate control systems are installed.

4.7.2. Avoid placing bulky equipment in the premises that impede the free circulation of air near the walls, as well as storing indoors or outside, directly at the outer walls, industrial waste (slag, ash, shavings) and powdered chemicals (in the form of salt crystals, loose, astringent and etc.). All such waste must have special places for temporary storage (platforms, containers, chests), and for chemical reagents - special cells or rooms provided for by the project.

4.7.3. Periodically renew the vapor barrier layer on the surface of the walls as it wears out.

4.7.4. Additionally, insulate separate sections of the walls moistened with condensate (in the corners and near window sills) or install additional heating devices according to projects developed by the general designer or agreed with him.

4.7.5. Ensure constant removal of accumulations of moisture in the inter-frame spaces of window openings.

In case of systematic accumulation of condensate, take measures to remove moisture to storm drains by installing appropriate drainage devices.

4.8. If wet areas or mold are found on the walls, the causes of their appearance should be identified, eliminated and the specified sections of the walls should be dried.

The most common causes of wall dampening include:

Construction or condensation moisture;

Damage to technological, water or industrial sewer underground, overhead or adjacent sections of networks and their devices;

Wetting associated with the operation of process equipment.

4.9. To reduce the drying time of wetted walls, artificial drying of the walls using additional heating or heating appliances or devices should be used. In this case, the drying of the walls should be carried out on the basis of the following conditions:

4.9.1. When using heating and heating devices of the convective type, the heated air near the surface to be dried should, as a rule, have a temperature not higher than 50-55°C.

4.9.2. When using heating and heating devices of the radiation type, the temperature on the heating surfaces should be maintained at 65-70°C.

4.9.3. Heating and heating devices of the convective type should be used mainly for the general drying of rooms, and the radiation type - for drying individual sections of the walls.

4.9.4. During the drying process, moisture should be removed from the premises using existing ventilation systems.

4.10. Increased wall moisture caused by surface or ground water should be eliminated by:

Development and implementation of a special project to combat the dampening of walls with groundwater;

Streamlining the removal of surface atmospheric water (repair or widening of the blind area, repair of gutters, etc.);

Replacement of failed waterproofing;

Devices for additional waterproofing;

Laying new or additional drainage;

Wall drying by passive or active electroosmotic drying;

Maintenance of roofs, drainpipes, funnels, gutters, coverings of external ebb of window openings, cornices, parapets, protruding wall belts in good condition.

4.11. It is necessary in all cases to eliminate increased wall moisture caused by damage to process equipment by:

Timely elimination of any sources of moisture;

Replacement of a wall material weakened by systematic waterlogging with a new one.

4.12. Do not allow without agreement with the design organization or other specialized organization:

Changes in the thermal characteristics of walls moistened with condensate by installing external or internal plaster, increasing the layer of insulation or other changes constructive solution walls adopted in the project; for the correct solution of such issues, calculations are required;

Punching holes in walls, making additional openings for windows, doors and gates, building walls, rearranging and dismantling walls and partitions without appropriate calculations and drawings, as well as punching solid furrows or channels with a depth of more than 60 mm in stone walls with a thickness of less than 380 mm , with thicker walls, the depth of the channel should not exceed 1/3 of the wall thickness.

4.13. When maintaining walls made of large-sized panels, it is necessary to:

Ensure reliable fastening of panels to the building frame and protection of embedded parts from corrosion by painting;

Ensure secure sealing of panel joints.

4.154. Facade and interior surfaces of aluminum (metal) enclosing structures and window casings having a decorative or protective coating must meet the following requirements:

4.14.1. Enclosing structures should be systematically, at least once a year (in early spring), cleaned of dust and other contaminants.

4.14.2. When dry and wet cleaning of enclosing structures, it is not allowed to use chalk, sand, grated brick, soap containing free alkali, coarse fabrics and other materials that can damage the surface of aluminum (metal) structures.

4.14.3. Enclosing structures must, as a rule, be wiped with soft cloths or sponges soaked in a solution of mild soap that does not contain free alkali, or in a solution of special detergents, and also wrung out.

4.14.4. Surfaces of structures covered with hard-to-remove dust or dirt should be cleaned with a neutral aqueous soap solution heated to a temperature of 50-60°C. After removing dirt, the entire surface should be wiped with a solution of mild soap or a solution of special detergents; internal surfaces - with soft cotton rags or a vacuum cleaner with nozzles from hair brushes.

4.14.5. Cleaning and elimination of minor malfunctions of enclosing structures, window casings and glazing should be carried out from cradles moving along the facade of the building along special guides using vehicles with retractable telescopic platforms or other similar devices with a folding cranked mast structure, and indoors - from stairs and service sites.

4.15. Translucent enclosing structures and window openings made of glass blocks and glass profiles must:

4.15.1. Systematically (according to the schedule) clean from dust and dirt with water and synthetic detergents.

The frequency of cleaning depends on the specific conditions of the dust content of the environment, but should not be less than twice a year. For cleaning, use brushes with soft synthetic fiber, rubber or foam rubber sponges.

Ladders used in this case, resting with their upper ends on glass blocks or on glass profile elements, must have ends wrapped in soft material (rubber, foam rubber, durable fabric with a cotton lining, etc.).

4.15.2. Temporary or permanent heaters and other sources of heat with a temperature above 70°C should be placed at a distance of at least 250 mm from the surface of glass block or profile glass railings.

4.15.3. Elements of enclosing structures made of sheet or profile glass that have cracks, as well as broken glass blocks or glass blocks with significant cracks, must be replaced. Glass blocks with small cracks can be left in the fence, but their condition must be monitored. Before carrying out repair work to replace damaged elements, it is necessary to fence off the danger zone for safety reasons.

4.16. Plastered wooden surfaces of internal walls and partitions, painted with synthetic paints that are chemically resistant to alkalis, should be cleaned of dirt with warm soapy water, followed by rinsing cold water. When washing, you can use a brush, brushes, sponges and rags.