The first copper pools were issued in the 50s of the 13th century at the mint of the city of Bulgar, which existed before the Mongol conquest, with the name of the deceased caliph an-Nasir lid-Din. Subsequently, their minting was carried out for more than 20 mints different parts of the Golden Horde, the largest of which were Saray, Gulistan, Crimea, Azak, Khorezm.
Externally, copper and silver coins of the Golden Horde were designed very uniformly, and minted in different cities, they looked, with rare exceptions, differently and were easily distinguishable from each other. The Golden Horde pools, like the coins of all Mongol uluses, had a Muslim appearance. The legend on the coins was written using the Arabic alphabet. The prevailing inscriptions were in Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Uyghur. In copper coinage, which ensured the local sphere of monetary circulation, Muslim prohibitions on the use of images did not play a big role. Copper pools bear images of animals (for example, a lion, leopard), birds, a horseman, etc.
On coins of the 13th - early 14th centuries, the tamga of the Batu house was placed as a symbol of the unity of the ruling family. Tamga could be placed both on the side where the khan’s name was and on the opposite side.
Golden Horde pools were minted on blanks made from chopped parts of a rod, forged or stretched to a certain diameter. After this, the rod was cut according to the markings and the blanks thus obtained were flattened and annealed before applying the stamp. The thickness of the workpiece turned out to be unequal. One end, on which the cut fell, is thicker, the opposite, on which stronger blows of the hammer fell, is thinner. In the 14th century, “chocks” were first made - pieces of wire cut off on both sides. After flattening, the cut areas were cut off with scissors, which is clearly visible when examining the edges of the coins. The image was applied by embossing stamps, which were made from round steel rods of the required diameter. There are known finds of blanks at the Selitrennoye, Tsarevskoye and Vodyanskoye settlements in the Lower Volga region.
The cost of copper in the pools was lower than their nominal value, that is, there was a forced exchange rate. In the provincial cities of the Golden Horde, this forced course was obviously established by local authorities and was valid only there. Therefore, local provincial mintage does not go out in large quantities beyond the borders of its city. Partly a sign of value, pools could not be stored for long. With this practice of constant changes in copper in circulation, they quickly lost their value if they were not handed over to the treasury. This is why there are very few treasures of copper pools, which is why people lost these coins so often. This explains a large number of finds of copper pools in the cultural layer of the Golden Horde cities.
In imitation of the Jochid pools in the 15th - early 16th centuries, similar copper coins were minted in Moscow, Tver, Novogorod and Pskov. At the same time, the place of minting was indicated on the coin itself: “Moscow Pulo”, “Tverskoe Pulo”, etc. Banknotes had little value (60-70 pula were equal to 1 dengue) and were used for small payments.
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The currency of Botswana is the pula, which is divided into 100 thebes and issued by the Bank of Botswana. Botswana (before 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. First national currency unit Botswana - pula - introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.
IN cash circulation There are banknotes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 pula. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.
On paper banknotes Botswana contains portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pula banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national coat of arms, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its talons (right), and a man in a canoe ( left). The bill measures 150 x 75 mm and is colored predominantly in beige, yellow and green. To protect the authenticity of the 50 pula banknote, watermarks are used in the form of a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip running to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription WWII 50 is applied in microtext along the entire length. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front The sides of the bill have a hologram on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird or numerous digital denominations.
Pula is considered one of the most stable currencies Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: 6 Botswana pula can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.
Botswana Pula. 10 BWP banknote, obverse (front side). |
Botswana Pula. 10 BWP banknote, reverse. |
Botswana Pula. 20 BWP banknote, obverse (front side). |
Botswana Pula. 20 BWP banknote, reverse. |
Botswana Pula. 50 BWP banknote, obverse (front side). |
Botswana Pula. 50 BWP banknote, reverse. |
Botswana Pula. 100 BWP banknote, obverse (front side). |
Botswana Pula. 100 BWP banknote, reverse. |
Denomination: 5 thebe. The front side is an image of a bird. The reverse side is the coat of arms of Botswana. |
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Denomination: 10 thebe. The front side is an image of a goat. The reverse side is the coat of arms of Botswana. |
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Denomination: 25 thebe. The obverse of the coin shows the image of a buffalo. On the reverse side of the coin is the coat of arms of Botswana. |
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The currency of Botswana is the pula, which is divided into 100 thebes and issued by the Bank of Botswana.
Botswana (before 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. Botswana's first national currency, the pula, was introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.
In cash circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pula. Paper money 1, 2, and 5 pula were withdrawn from circulation on July 1, 2011. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.
Botswana's paper banknotes feature portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pula banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national coat of arms, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its talons (right), and a man in a canoe ( left). The bill measures 150 x 75 mm and is colored predominantly in beige, yellow and green. To protect the authenticity of the 50 pula banknote, watermarks are used in the form of a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip running to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription WWII 50 is applied in microtext along the entire length. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front The sides of the bill have a hologram on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird or numerous digital denominations.
The pula is considered one of the most stable currencies in Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: 6 Botswana pula can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.
The last series of banknotes in Botswana was issued on 23 August 2009. Appeared in this series new banknote at 200 pula. The bill is made in violet, brown, purple-green tones. On front side depicts a woman teaching children to read; on the reverse side there are four zebras at a watering hole. The watermark is a zebra on the hind legs and the number 200. The dimensions of the banknote are 156 x 78 mm.
Botswana (before 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. Botswana's first national currency, the pula, was introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.
In cash circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pula. Paper money 1, 2, and 5 pula were withdrawn from circulation on July 1, 2011. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.
Botswana's paper banknotes feature portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pula banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national coat of arms, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its talons (right), and a man in a canoe ( left). The bill measures 150 x 75 mm and is colored predominantly in beige, yellow and green.
To protect the authenticity of the 50 pula banknote, watermarks are used in the form of a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip running to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription WWII 50 is applied in microtext along the entire length. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front The sides of the bill have a hologram on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird or numerous digital denominations.
The pula is considered one of the most stable currencies in Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: 6 Botswana pula can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.
The last series of banknotes in Botswana was issued on 23 August 2009. This series introduced a new 200 pula banknote. The bill is made in violet, brown, purple-green tones. On the front side there is a picture of a woman teaching children to read, on the reverse side there are four zebras at a watering hole. The watermark is a zebra on the hind legs and the number 200. The dimensions of the banknote are 156 x 78 mm.