Vertical reinforcement of facing masonry. How is the reinforcement of the brickwork of the walls. Reinforcement of walls with metal rods

18.01.2022

At present reinforcement brickwork is not mandatory, since the building material is produced using modern technologies, using various components and additives that improve the structure of the brick, providing a reliable connection between the elements.

It also increases the strength of concrete, which eliminates the need to use mesh to reinforce rows of bricks. But to ensure improved stability for certain types of structures according to SNiPs, the use of reinforcing mesh is still recommended.

Peculiarities

Before determining why a grid is needed, it is necessary to consider different types of this product, which are used in the construction of structures. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages, and therefore you need to know where it is best to apply the grid.

Reinforcement is carried out in order to improve the strength of the entire structure. It also prevents the walls from cracking during the shrinkage of the foundation, which occurs during the first three to four months after the construction of the structure. The use of reinforcing mesh makes it possible to remove all loads from the masonry, but it is necessary to use only metal or basalt products.

To strengthen the building and eliminate shrinkage, various reinforcement options can be selected, regardless of what material they are made of. Reinforcing mesh helps to build walls with better quality, while it is recommended to lay it at a distance of 5-6 rows of bricks.

Also, half-brick walls are trimmed with reinforcement. To do this, lay the grid through 3 rows. In any case, the step of its laying is determined by the strength class of the structure, the grid itself and the plinth.

Most often, BP-1 mesh is used to reinforce brick walls. It can also be used for other types of construction works and lay on various solutions, including adhesive for ceramic tiles. Such a mesh has a mesh size in the range from 50 to 100 mm and a wire thickness of 4-5 mm. Cells can be square or rectangular.

The product is durable and resistant to aggressive substances or moisture. It has increased impact strength and can maintain its integrity in the masonry even if the base is partially damaged, which makes it possible to quickly restore it. The mesh does not contribute to the deterioration of the thermal insulation of the masonry and can last up to 100 years. Its installation allows you to reduce the level of vibration of the structure, it perfectly adheres to concrete. Sold in rolls for easy transport.

Mesh properties

Depending on the material used, the reinforcing mesh can be:

basalt;
metal;
fiberglass.

basalt

metal

fiberglass

The material of manufacture is selected based on the design features of the structure where reinforcement will be used. The last grid has the least strength, and the disadvantage of the first and second is that they can be subject to corrosion during operation. Metal mesh is often used for vertical reinforcement. It is strong enough, but it can cause some difficulties when laying in the wall, and therefore it is necessary to work with such material very carefully.

Basalt mesh is considered the best option for reinforcing bricks., which is durable and surpasses metal products in its parameters. Also, polymer components are added to this mesh during production, which prevents corrosion and increases resistance to harmful factors.

Advantages and disadvantages

All grids that are sold today are produced in accordance with the requirements of SNiPs, and therefore, to ensure their durability, it is only necessary to comply with the norms for laying bricks and walls. Such a mesh can withstand a significant breaking load, which is an important factor for brick walls. It is also light in weight and can easily fit into walls.

Other benefits also include:

good stretch;
light weight;
low cost;
the convenience of use.

The only downside is that it is necessary to properly lay the grids, determining their consumption depending on the type of wall and the characteristics of the foundation. Therefore, specialists should work with such materials in order to ensure the maximum effect from the construction. If it is illiterate and incorrect to lay the reinforcing material, then this will only increase the cost of the work, but will not bring the expected result and will not increase the strength of the wall.

Kinds

Reinforcement can be performed in the following options.

Transverse

This type of wall reinforcement involves the application of reinforcing elements on the surface of the brick to increase its compressive strength. It is therefore recommended to choose special types wire meshes with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm. Or conventional reinforcement can be used, which is cut into rods (6-8 mm). If necessary, ordinary steel wire is also used, if the height of the wall is not very large.

Transverse reinforcement is usually carried out during the construction of columns or partitions, and all elements of the reinforcing material are installed at a distance, depending on the type of structure. They must be laid through a small number of rows of bricks and at the same time strengthened from above with concrete. So that the steel does not corrode during the period of use, the thickness of the solution should be 1-1.5 cm.

Rod

For this type of surface strengthening, reinforcement is used, which is made of metal rods cut into a length of 50-100 cm. Such reinforcement is laid into the wall in 3-5 rows. This option is used only for ordinary bricklaying and the rods are placed at a distance of 60-120 mm from each other in a vertical or horizontal position.

In this case, the reinforcing material should enter the seam between the bricks to a depth of 20 mm. The diameter of the rods is determined based on the thickness of this seam. If it is necessary to strengthen the masonry, then, in addition to the rods, steel strips can also be used additionally.

Longitudinal

This reinforcement option is divided into internal and external, and the elements inside the masonry are located depending on the location of the reinforcing parts. Often, for this type of reinforcement, rods with a diameter of 2-3 mm are also additionally used, they are installed at a distance of 25 cm from each other. You can also use a regular steel corner.

To protect such elements from the effects of negative factors, it is recommended to cover them with a layer of mortar 10-12 mm thick. Installation of reinforcing elements is carried out every 5 rows of bricks or according to a different scheme, depending on the characteristics of the masonry. To prevent displacement and deformation of the rods, they must be additionally attached to the bricks. If a significant mechanical load is expected on the structure during its operation, then it is possible to lay reinforcing components every 2-3 rows.

For facing masonry today, you can use different types of meshes and at the same time lay them in various variations, which will help to line the walls with decorative materials if necessary. To do this, you can additionally leave a small amount of mesh outside the masonry for the installation of thermal insulation.
It is mandatory to connect the individual elements of the reinforcing meshes to each other in the masonry.
Experts note that when reinforcing, you can choose any shape of the grid with square, rectangular or trapezoidal cells.
Sometimes meshes can be made independently by changing the size of the cells and the cross section of the wire.

The construction of houses and other objects of brick should be carried out only according to SNiPs. Most of the rules relate to the strength of the structures being built. Masters know a lot of ways that help improve the strength of almost any part of the structure. The same can be said about the laying of brick walls.

Someone might suggest that the strongest hitch is cement. However, there are ways to make brickwork even stronger by incorporating specific details. In order for the construction of their brick to be stronger, it should be reinforced with reinforcement.

There are several types of brick wall reinforcement: transverse, vertical and longitudinal. The first type involves the use of simple metal bars or mesh. The bars help keep the stone from splitting during loads that attempt to bend or stretch it.

The bars can be combined into a single lattice using a welding machine or wire. The mesh width should be between 30 and 120 mm. In adjacent seams, the mesh cannot be replaced with individual bars, which are laid at an angle of 90 degrees to each other.

If the reinforcing mesh is made of very large bars, then this will cause a decrease in the strength of the masonry due to the greater thickness of the inter-row seams. Reinforcement of walls and any other structures is carried out using a mesh assembled for welding. It can be in the form of squares, rectangles or wavy shapes.

To prevent the metal from being destroyed by rust, it must be immersed in the cement mortar completely to a depth of at least 2 mm on all sides. The seam will have a thickness of at least 14 mm, of which 5 mm will be reinforcement.

Walls and partitions need to be reinforced in every 5th row of brickwork. If a one-and-a-half or double brick is used, then the procedure is repeated in every 4 rows. Wavy bends are attached to the reinforcement directly at the construction site. To do this, reinforcement with a thickness of 5 to 15 mm is bent every 5 or 10 cm. It is unacceptable to use reinforcement with a large diameter, because this will increase the thickness of the inter-row seam.

Reinforcement with wave-shaped wire of the walls is done in every 5th row. It should be laid in pairs perpendicular to the previous 2 rows. They try not to allow the distance between the bars in the mesh to exceed 120 mm. This is one of the most affordable methods: it is simple to perform and requires minimal financial outlay. It is often used in individual construction cottages and houses. Lintels and similar structures are laid out of brick using transverse even rods.

Reinforcing brick walls and partitions

In places of increased seismic hazard, the walls of houses need to be strengthened by the following methods: vertical and longitudinal. This solution is used to absorb forces trying to stretch small walls, partitions and poles.

The metal lattice should protrude from the masonry on the inside of the partition by a couple of millimeters. This is necessary in order to navigate in rows with reinforcement.

Longitudinal reinforcement of brickwork exists in two varieties:

Longitudinal reinforcement of walls and partitions is performed with AI or AII reinforcement. In this case, the thickness of the masonry joint will depend on the humidity of the air. When it is not high, it will be within 1.2 cm. If the humidity is high, then the bricks should be laid on a layer about 2-3 cm thick.

To perform the reinforcement of walls and partitions in the vertical plane, reinforcement is used that has a class AI or BI, with a thickness of 3 to 8 mm. A modern alternative has been created to metal mesh for masonry, which is called TsPVS. Their strength and reliability are at a high level, but they are lightweight and easy to use.

Straight bars of reinforcement are laid in ordinary masonry walls. Part of the reinforcing bars are placed along the entire wall and inserted into it to a depth of 15 to 20 cm. This helps to strengthen the beam, organizing the distribution of the load from the stone to the opening.

Reinforcement should be in every second or third row. The choice depends on the load that the beam experiences. The choice of the size of the bar is carried out depending on the thickness of the seam of the brickwork. The beam and any openings in the wall must not exceed 2 m.

Reinforcement of brick pillars

Brick pillars can be made in two ways:

Carriers. Such pillars serve as a support that is able to hold a lot of pressure, having a small base surface. They rest on the foundation of the house and are designed solely to withstand compression.
Fences. Even they have varieties: wicket and intermediate. The former are designed to support the weight of the movable gate, while the latter are not.

It is necessary to lay brick pillars using reinforcing inclusions (mesh or rods). The mesh size should not exceed 120 mm. In order to provide increased strength to the column masonry, a steel column or a reinforcement frame is concreted into their base. Brickwork will cover them from all sides, walling them up.

It is impossible to build pillars with an empty middle, because they have very low strength indicators. Which in the future will affect the characteristics of the entire structure. To make the pillars even stronger, some rows are reinforced with mesh. If the post is close to the wall, then it is better to connect them with metal rods.

Installing reinforcement in brick walls and partitions can be done without special skills. However, this process has a very strong influence on the strength and service life of the structure. On the use of fittings, it is better to consult with professionals.

The appearance of cracks in brick buildings is not uncommon, according to statistics, this occurs in a third of newly built houses. Causes of cracks can be:

errors made during the design process;
uneven settlement of the soil base;
violations of construction technology;
seismicity of the construction area;
a significant increase in load and so on.

The simplest and most widely used method to increase the strength of a structure is to reinforce brickwork.

In what main cases is it necessary to perform reinforcement

Existing heavy loads on the building envelope. For example, in multi-storey buildings, the lower structures are affected by the weight of the upper floors (walls and partitions, floor slabs, flights of stairs and landings, roof, Decoration Materials, furniture and people);
When erecting buildings on subsidence and heaving soils high probability of cracks in the walls.
The area of construction is located in a seismic zone. For the perception of the effects of tremors, it is necessary to ensure increased strength of the structures.
The construction of brick arches and freestanding columns.
Complex forms of masonry.
The use of low quality building materials (bricks of low grades, with chips, a large number of half products, low grades of solutions).

The correct reinforcement of brickwork is set out in SNiP, the provisions of which are mandatory. In case of self-execution of work with a lack of sufficient experience, it is recommended to take the advice of a designer or a qualified builder. Such services will be inexpensive, and improper or insufficient reinforcement can lead to expensive costs to correct the deficiencies.

Varieties of execution

During the construction of brick buildings, the following types of reinforcement are used to reinforce walls and partitions:

Transverse. Reinforcement of brickwork is carried out with a mesh laid in horizontal seams. The following types of networks are used:

metal masonry galvanized factory production. Are produced square, rectangular or zigzag from hot-rolled reinforcing smooth steel А-I and Вр-I with diameters of 3 ... 8 mm with cells from 3 to 12 cm;
reinforcing bars connected with a knitting wire with a diameter of 5 to 8 mm. When using black rods, thorough anti-corrosion painting is mandatory;
all-metal expanded metal mesh (CPVS), these are modern reinforcing products manufactured in the factory using expanded metal technologies and having specific gravity 2.5 less than traditional welded. The undoubted advantage is high strength, reliability and ease of installation;
polyethylene and PVC nets;
composite and basalt. Products with low weight are not subject to corrosion and rotting, do not conduct electric current, are characterized by high heat resistance and low thermal conductivity. The use of such products makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the seams due to the possibility of reducing the cross section of the elements. This saves money.

Grids are not laid in every row. Through how many rows the brickwork is reinforced is determined by the calculation set out in building codes and rules. This takes into account the magnitude of the loads acting on the wall, their displacement from the central axes and the height of each row. Most often, grids are laid at intervals from 2 to 5 rows, and when using thickened bricks, no more than 4. Zigzag are stacked in two adjacent rows in pairs, so that the location of the rods in them is mutually perpendicular.

The effect of the use of meshes is reduced when they are located at a distance of ≥ 45 cm. Structurally, the products are located at intervals of ≤ 1 m. From the inner surface, the ends of the grids should protrude at least 2 - 3 mm. This makes their location accessible for visual verification of the correct laying and serves to strengthen the connection with the inner cladding. If necessary, the ends are easily cut off with scissors for metal.

Reinforcement of masonry with meshes is carried out in combination with mortar ≥ M 50.

Longitudinal. Often performed to reinforce brick partitions and main load-bearing walls to increase their flexural strength and counteract lateral forces. used armature A-I and A-II with diameters up to 12 mm. It can be internal, for which purpose reinforcing bars (less often meshes) welded together by transverse reinforcement are placed in the grooves made in the solution of longitudinal seams. Or outside, under a layer of cement mortar. The spacing of the clamps when reinforcing the outside is taken to be ≤ 15 diameters of the reinforcement used, and for the internal 25 diameters. The strength of the walls directly depends on compliance with these conditions. Often, in non-bearing partitions made in half a brick, basalt nets are laid in every 5th row. In the same way, reinforcement of facing brickwork can be carried out for connection with load-bearing walls.

To strengthen thin partitions, it is also used to lay steel corners in the seams on both sides, interconnected by metal jumpers. Corners can be laid and only on one side. Vertical rods or a mesh are attached to the corners, followed by covering with plastering cement mortar.

Vertical reinforcement of masonry. Often, brick columns are reinforced in this way, in which it is impossible to place reinforcement in the internal cavity or it is impossible to increase its size to perform external reinforcement. In this case, steel corners of the design section are installed in the corners of the column or column, united by welding of metal transverse jumpers. Such an operation not only strengthens the masonry, but also partially absorbs the loads acting on the structure. For vertical reinforcement of the walls, reinforcing bars are laid inside the voids in the brick, followed by pouring with cement mortar. To do this, the masonry must have voids passing through several rows.

Diameters of rods of classes A-I, A-II, VI are usually taken from 10 to 16 mm, but in high-rise buildings it can increase to 30 mm or more. Especially vertical laying of reinforcement is necessary in areas with high seismic activity.

Mandatory Rules

Reinforcement of load-bearing walls should be carried out from the bottom. If the base is brick, then it also needs to be strengthened.
In window openings, reinforcement is laid in 2 rows under and above the opening, in door openings - in two rows above the lintel.
Height differences (for example, when attaching a part under construction to an already built building) are connected by armored belts.
With internal reinforcement, the reinforcement is completely embedded in the solution.
The thickness of the joints must be at least 4 mm greater than the cross section of the reinforcement.
For reinforcing walls, reinforcement with the same characteristics and the same section should be used. The step of reinforcement on the wall must be fixed.
With loads of the same sign, single longitudinal rods are laid on the stretched side of the walls, with alternating signs - on both sides.
The ends of the reinforcing bars are embedded in adjacent stable structures.

Performing the correct reinforcement contributes to the uniform distribution of loads, significantly increases the strength characteristics of the structure and significantly increases its durability.

Reinforcement of brick walls is used to increase the strength characteristics of brickwork, uniform redistribution of loads, which significantly increases the bearing capacity of brick walls.

The need for reinforcement arises:

in seismically hazardous areas. But here, in addition to reinforcing the brickwork itself, anti-seismic belts should also be provided, depending on the area of \u200b\u200bseismicity. The calculation, of course, is made by the design company.
In areas where construction work is carried out on subsiding soils. Again, it all starts with the geology of the soil, with the choice of the type of foundation according to the calculation. Everything is interconnected, as you can see, and not a single structural element works separately.
Overloaded brick structures at the bottom of them. For example, a multi-storey brick house - reinforcement is used to enhance the bearing capacity of the supporting part. Heavily loaded brick walls, their individual parts are reinforced with mesh, as well as longitudinally stretched or compressed steel reinforcement.
In addition, attention should be paid to the quality control of the brickwork itself. I wrote about this before and you can read this article on the quality of brickwork.

Rules for reinforcing masonry walls

Reinforcement of brick walls is provided with rectangular meshes - welded or knitted, "zigzag" according to the project, but with a step at least every 5 rows of brickwork.

The thickness of the masonry seams should exceed the sum of the diameters of the installed reinforcement by 4 mm, while maintaining the average thickness of the masonry seam.

zigzag grid

The “zigzag” grids should be placed in two adjacent rows of brickwork in such a way that the arrangement of the twigs is mutually perpendicular.

For transverse reinforcement and compliance with the requirements for the thickness of the seam, the diameter of the mesh rods should not be less than 3 and not more than 8 mm. If the wire diameter exceeds 5 mm, then it is recommended to use a zigzag mesh.

When reinforcing in the longitudinal direction, the rods must be connected to each other by welding. If the joints are not welded, then the ends of the rods should be in the form of hooks and knitted with wire (the overlap of the rods is 20 diameters).

Brick walls with a building height of more than seven floors should be made with the installation of anchor ties to secure them at the level of the floors. In addition, anchor connections are installed in the corners of the outer brick walls, and at the junctions of the walls. It is not allowed to cross ventilation and smoke ducts with anchor ties.

In practice, at our construction site, we welded reinforcing bars embedded in the brickwork of the walls to the mounting loops of the floor panels of each floor. All this was carried out according to the project.

Reinforcement of the walls is made with wire meshes with a diameter of 3-5 mm with a cell size from 40x40 to 100x100mm. Its width should be 20mm more than the thickness of the masonry - so that the mesh protrudes 10mm beyond the plane of the wall on both sides.

When installing pillars, narrow walls (up to 1 meter) inside the building, three-row dressing of seams should be used. I want to note that with a small bearing capacity of brick pillars, they occupy a decent area in terms of plan. This discrepancy was resolved by increasing the grades of mortar and brick, as well as by applying reinforcement (transverse or longitudinal).

When transversely reinforcing piers or pillars with meshes, the mesh must be positioned so that the individual ends of the rods protrude onto one of the internal planes of the structure at a distance of 2-3 mm, or on 2 sides of the pillars.

When constructing brick pillars, it is not allowed to use individual rods instead of welded or knitted meshes, zigzag meshes.

Whatever the thickness of the brick walls, but if the project provides for strengthening the bearing capacity of the building with grids, then this is a rigorous decision. If today we are talking about reinforcement, then we will not be superfluous to recall that all reinforcing products must have a certificate of conformity.

In addition, it is necessary to draw up an act for hidden work on the laid reinforcement. How to issue it, read the article - an act on hidden work. I suggest watching a video on how reinforcing mesh is made in the factory.

When planning construction work, first of all, they pay attention to the strength indicators of the material used and the final stability of the structure. Bearing walls in apartment buildings and in private cottages experience increased loads, therefore, during the implementation of the project and directly construction work, the issues of increasing the strength of load-bearing structures should be given maximum attention. High-quality work will increase the stability of the walls to static load. To date, this is the most popular way to increase the strength of buildings.

The simplest technology actually appeared with the advent of this building material. In ancient times, various metal rods were used to improve the strength of brick walls, which became the prototype of modern reinforcement. It must be said that such work practically does not complicate construction work, which made this technology one of the most popular ways to increase the strength of buildings. It must be said that reinforcement allows to increase static stability. Therefore, these works are performed not so much to protect the walls from mechanical damage, but to improve the strength of the supporting structures.

Wall reinforcement principle

The brickwork is reinforced with metal mesh. The elements used are located transversely in depth. The choice of location of such elements primarily depends on the direction of the load.

This allows you to significantly strengthen the masonry and ensures the durability of the structure. The fittings located inside, allows you to qualitatively redistribute the load and prevent the occurrence of local overloads. Such reinforcing elements take up most of the load, which solves the problem of brittleness of the bricks or the binder used. Used reinforcement is divided into longitudinal and transverse. It is also customary to divide it longitudinally into horizontal and vertical varieties.

Strengthening the walls with your own hands

Strengthening brickwork is not particularly difficult, which allows you to do everything construction work on their own. You will need the following tools and materials:

Steel rods.
Steel fittings.
knitting wire.
Grid for fixation.
Metal planks.
Paint for metal.
Transverse.

Transverse reinforcement is performed by applying a steel reinforcing grid to the surface of the bricks. This allows you to improve the strength of the material in bending or compression. In this case, the implementation of inclined brickwork has a certain difficulty. This is necessary when making an arch or various architectural elements of a building. Masonry can be done using special templates and additional reinforcement.

It is allowed to use factory-made reinforcing wire and made independently by weaving or welding it.

Depending on their design, reinforcing elements can be laid through a different number of rows of masonry. From above, such elements are covered with a cement solution, the thickness of which must be at least two millimeters. It must be said that in order to ensure complete protection of the metal elements used against corrosion, the cement layer should be approximately 15 millimeters. We also note that when performing the transverse type, it is necessary to use one type of such reinforcing elements.

Therefore, it is not recommended to reinforce with wire and steel rods at the same time.

Using mesh for transverse reinforcement

Today, metal reinforcing meshes are very popular, which allow you to conveniently perform transverse reinforcement. The masonry, covered with such a mesh, is characterized by increased strength. Depending on the shape of the cell, the grid can be divided into the following types:

Zigzag.
Rectangular.
Square.

Rectangular reinforcing mesh is made of steel wire with a diameter of not more than 5 millimeters. Depending on its type, the cell size can be up to 100 millimeters. Experts recommend laying such a reinforcing mesh every 5 rows of bricks. It is necessary to mount the mesh in a brick wall in such a way that the ends of the wire and reinforcement extend a few millimeters outside the wall. Subsequently, such ends of the metal wire are cut and sealed.

The zigzag mesh is made of steel reinforcement and curved in a zigzag pattern with the help of special equipment. For the manufacture of such a reinforcing mesh, a wire with a diameter of at least eight millimeters is used. Strengthening with such a zigzag mesh is recommended to be performed every three rows of bricks. It is laid in masonry perpendicularly in each adjacent row.

Reinforcement of walls with metal rods

For this, zigzag and straight steel reinforcement can be used. It is necessary to lay the rods every 5 rows. Straight rods are recommended for use in regular brick laying. Several rods are placed across the entire width at a distance of 100 millimeters. The reinforcement is pressed into the seam filled with cement mortar and deepened by 20 millimeters.

Longitudinal wall reinforcement

Depending on the location of the metal elements, longitudinal reinforcement can be internal and external. To perform this work, metal steel rods with a diameter of 10 millimeters are used. With longitudinal internal reinforcement, the rods are buried at the very base of the masonry and placed vertically along the walls. It must be said that for private buildings in this case there will be enough reinforcement with a thickness of not more than 15 millimeters. Whereas for high-rise buildings, metal elements with a thickness of 30 millimeters can be used.

Horizontal reinforcement with metal rods is simple in execution. Quite often, such masonry reinforcement is used for vertical reinforcement. Before starting work, it is recommended to paint all used metal elements with a protective paint for metal, and in case of direct construction work, carefully cover the reinforcing elements with a layer of mortar.

Conclusion

Reinforcing brick walls does not present any difficulty, which allows you to carry out this work yourself when building private houses. With the help of special metal rods or mesh, it can significantly increase the durability of the structure and the strength of the brickwork. It is only necessary to correctly plan the technology of work and determine the type of reinforcing material used.

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When building any building, it is important to make it durable and reliable. Brick walls experience very significant loads during operation, which can lead to cracking of the walls, and even to their destruction. Reinforcing mesh prevents accidents when one end or section of the wall is loaded more than the other. It will help to avoid the mobility of the foundation, deformations from the effects of temperature. Therefore, the walls must be strengthened using meshes that are appropriate for the construction technology and the type of building being erected. This rather simple but effective protection makes the walls much stronger, especially when it comes to half-brick laying.

Reinforcement is different:

vertical;
horizontal;
transverse.

The grid is used for virtually all types of walls, (especially for those laid out in half-brick) and for columns. Its shape can be in the form of a square, rectangle and zigzag. To prevent corrosion of the grid, before use, it is placed in a container with a solution so that it covers it completely.

The seam during masonry in the case when it is reinforced, respectively, will be slightly wider than usual by a couple of centimeters.

As a standard, the mesh is laid in five rows. A rectangular grid is placed more often, after 4 rows. Zigzag meshes are laid in pairs, perpendicular to the reinforcement. This is done in two rows. For walls that carry the main load, a mesh is taken that has sufficiently large cells, each side of which is 50 mm. The thickness of the wire used in the mesh should be no more than 5 mm. The gaps between rows when reinforcing self-supporting walls are left quite large. The thickness of the wire used here can be no more than a millimeter or two.

Runs, lintels, ceilings, crossbars and other similar elements are reinforced autonomously. Brick pillars are usually reinforced in three rows.

For vertical reinforcement, reinforcing bars can range in size from 10 to 30 mm, depending on the size of the building. They are placed along walls or partitions. When installing reinforcing elements in the lining, it is necessary to leave an indent of up to 120 mm.

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Types of brickwork reinforcement

With the right choice of the type of reinforcement of brickwork, the following are taken into account: the method of laying, the bearing capacity of brick walls, the type of ligation of bricks, through what distance the reinforcement is carried out and other features. The main thing is to know how much the wall can withstand loads.

Reinforcement of brickwork occurs with the help of a reinforcing mesh. The grid, relative to the masonry, is located:

Longitudinally.
transversely.
vertically.

What is an armature?

Reinforcement occurs with the help of long reinforcement bars or a special mesh. The mesh or rods are made of metal wire. But modern reinforcing bars are made of PVC or polyethylene.

For such purposes, a rod with a diameter of 3-8 millimeters is suitable. In the construction of small buildings, rods 3-4 mm thick are used. But if it is decided to use reinforcement with a diameter of 6-8 millimeters, then it is not recommended to knit a mesh from it, the mesh at the joints has a large thickness, which means that the thickness of the seam will also increase. Best of all, lay it in a zigzag.

The rods can be located at a distance of 40-100 millimeters from each other. Thus, the grid will have cells from 40x40 to 100x100 millimeters.

The mesh is laid every 3-5 rows. The frequency of laying the mesh depends on the required strength of the wall; under heavy loads, reinforcement can be laid after 1 row. But the builders do not recommend laying the reinforcing mesh less often than after 5 rows, in this case, the ability of the reinforcement is greatly reduced and the reinforcement goes wrong.

Reinforcing mesh can be made independently, directly on construction site. And you can buy a ready-made grid. It is a connection of reinforcement rods at the same distance from each other. The connection is made by welding. If the mesh will be assembled at the construction site, then experts recommend not using welded joints due to the possibility of corrosion, it is better to use a knitting wire.

Reinforcing rod made of ferrous metal must be painted. If this is not done, then the metal will corrode, and the wire will not be strong. And this means that the reinforcement will not perform its main function - strengthening the masonry.

The order of laying the rods

Zigzag wire can be used instead of mesh. The wire should be located in adjacent rows, and in relation to each other, they should be perpendicular.

The reinforcement should protrude from the masonry by at least 5 millimeters, you can leave a protrusion more, because the protruding wire, in the future, can be used to fix layers of finishes, such as plaster. According to the grids protruding from the rows, it is possible to control whether the grid is laid everywhere.

The reinforcing wire is laid on a layer of mortar, at least 2 millimeters, both above and below. Such a technique is necessary to protect the reinforcement from corrosion during the period of operation, which means that the walls will be strong and reliable throughout the entire period of operation.

Materials for the manufacture of reinforcing mesh:

Reinforcing wire (required thickness).
knitting wire.
Hook for knitting fittings.

Everything is done very simply. First you need to measure the length of the transverse and longitudinal bars of the reinforcing cage. The length of the transverse rods should be slightly greater than the thickness of the brickwork. Then you need to cut the rods to the measured length. Then it remains only to tie the twigs together, this is easy to do with a special crochet hook.

Vertical reinforcement of masonry

For vertical reinforcement, rods of various lengths are used. A feature of this type of reinforcement is that the masonry is carried out taking into account the installation of the rods. The masonry should have voids after several rows, into which reinforcement is inserted and subsequently poured with a binding solution. Most often, this method is used to strengthen the structure of brick pillars and columns. This technique allows you to make the column strong without increasing the size. Vertical reinforcement of brickwork can be internal and external:

External reinforcement is to install rods on the outside of the column and close it concrete mortar. A mesh is also used here, it will strengthen the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire wall.
With internal reinforcement of the fortification, the rods are inserted into the cavity of the column and poured with mortar. Special reinforcing corners are also used and they need to be inserted as the pillar or corners of the walls are laid out.

The diameter of the wire with vertical reinforcement is usually 10-15 millimeters. But if the building is supposed to be built large and heavy, then reinforcement with a diameter of 30 millimeters is used. How much reinforcement to use is decided individually for each building.

Where are brickwork reinforced?

During construction tall buildings, the lower belt of the structure is recommended to be reinforced with a large amount of reinforcement.
Pillars and columns are reinforced if they do not have sufficient thickness. They are arranged as additional supports.
Doorways are additionally reinforced in two rows above the openings.
In window openings, the reinforcing structure is laid in two rows above the opening and below the opening.
In places where a new building joins an already built one, a reinforcing belt connects both parts of the building.
If the brickwork is carried out without dressing the seams, the mesh, in this case, is laid in every third row.

Longitudinal type of brickwork reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement of brickwork is used to strengthen walls for lateral loads and for bending. In this case, rods are laid in the longitudinal seams of the masonry, less often a masonry mesh is used.

The distance between the rods is calculated based on the location of the rods. With an external arrangement, the pitch of the rods should not exceed the diameter of the reinforcement by more than 15 times. And if the rods are located inside the wall structure, then the distance between them should not exceed the diameter of the reinforcement by 25 times.

Longitudinal reinforcement is used in the laying of walls and partitions.

Reinforcement elements are located inside the structure and outside. Separate rods are interconnected by welding. If welding is not used, then the ends of the rods are bent in the form of a hook and tied with knitting wire. In this case, a kind of grid is obtained from the rods.

The advantage of the external method is that reinforcement occurs after laying part of the walls. Construction takes place even if there are no materials at the construction site. Reinforcement occurs in the presence of the necessary materials.

Transverse type of brickwork reinforcement

Transverse reinforcement of brickwork is used for laying walls, partitions, columns. Effectively, this method of reinforcement works on bending and compression. And this is important when building inclined structures, for example, arched wall types.

Transverse reinforcement occurs by laying a grid of rods in rows. The rods are welded by welding or tied with a knitting wire independently.

In modern construction, for the reinforcement of brick walls, more and more often, exhaust and perforated meshes are used. They replace reinforcement in the form of zigzags and surpass it in strength. In addition, meshes are easy to use.

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1 What are the types of reinforcement?

Reinforcement can be used for laying both horizontal and vertical elements, it is especially important for laying in half a brick. It depends on the direction of the direct load, which acts completely on the entire building structure. After the work is completed, an appropriate act for the work is drawn up.

See also: why is reinforcement anchoring necessary?

So, reinforcement is of the following types:

transverse;
vertical;
longitudinal.

The first type involves the use of a steel post or mesh. The rods are connected to the mesh by welding, with an indent (step) of 30-120 mm. In the seams that are located adjacent, in no case should any parts of the column be inserted.

Reinforcing mesh is used to strengthen walls, pillars, half-brick partitions, columns and piers, it can be zigzag, rectangular and square. In order to avoid corrosion, the mesh is installed and immersed in the solution by at least 2 mm from all sides. The size of the seam in this case will be 14 mm thick.

The mesh is often inserted through each fifth a row of masonry in half a brick. However, if you have chosen a rectangular grid, then it should be laid through four rows. Zigzag meshes are usually made of steel, each mesh size is from 50 to 120 mm. They are usually laid in pairs every two rows, observing the conditions of perpendicularity of the direction of the reinforcement.

Vertical Reinforcement - Reinforcing bars are inserted vertically at the base of half-brick masonry along walls, partitions, pillars, or other structures. On average, the diameter of the reinforcement is 10-15 mm, of course, if the building is larger, then the indicator can go off scale and beyond 30 mm.

See also: about the rules for the construction of greenhouses from reinforcement.

Longitudinal reinforcement can be: external and internal. The use of one or another type depends on which side of the wall the elements will be located on. Most often for longitudinal fastening with a pole.

Here you should also observe an indentation up to 120 mm thick, during the installation of reinforcing elements in the facing masonry. This type is used to strengthen the strength of partitions or brick walls at bends. Upon completion, an appropriate act of work performed is drawn up.
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To make a half-brick wall stronger and more durable, you need to use continuous reinforcement with reinforcement, starting from the bottom and to the top through the interval. In the event that the basement is built of brick, then the fortifications must begin with it. When the first row of the foundation (you can read about the calculation of the reinforcement for the foundation separately) is ready, then you should install the finished structure from the reinforcing partitions from above. In the same way, the next five rows are strengthened.

After that, six rows are laid with bricks without strengthening, and then the strengthening procedure is repeated again. It is very important to follow the sequence.

If the pediment is less than 8 m, then the insertion is carried out through six rows, however, if the indicator is higher, then the strengthening of the facing part should be carried out every three rows. Upon completion, an appropriate act of work performed is drawn up.
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2 Rules for strengthening openings and "problem" places

Practice shows that cracks and other defects appear near openings and partitions. The whole secret is that a rather strong tension appears in the masonry itself in these places. In the area of doorways, namely above them, lay two rows with reinforcement, directly for strengthening. Windows are also reinforced in two places, only from the top and bottom.

See also: how to properly reinforce grillage and strip foundations?

Adjacent parts of the house of different heights are also problem areas where cracks occur. Splits and other defects appear due to different vertical stresses.

In order to strengthen these places, reinforcement is produced in this way: reinforcement is laid in the last three rows of the lowered part of the house, so that half of the reinforcing elements are wound into the higher part of the building, and the center of the horizontal grid falls at the junction.

As in any construction process, certain rules and regulations should be followed during the reinforcement of brickwork.

Upon completion, an appropriate act of work performed is drawn up. This is the only way to achieve the most positive result with durable and strong walls in the building, and the construction will be really constructive.

Thus, the basic rules for strengthening masonry:

The mesh should be completely immersed in the solution so that no edges peek out.
Ferrous metal fittings must be painted before use.
The seams should be 4 mm thicker than the rods.
In the process of building a building, it is necessary to use reinforcement or reinforcing mesh of the same thickness and other indicators.
If a reinforcing mesh was chosen for strengthening, then it should have a width such that the ends of its parts protrude on one of the piers by several mm
In the event that you make the mesh yourself, you do not need to use welding. It is best to fasten the elements with a knitting wire.

2.1 Wire mesh

For reinforcement, the reinforcing mesh can be of two types:

light (if the wire diameter is up to 10 mm);
heavy (diameter over 10 mm).

Often, a light mesh is used to strengthen the brickwork, with a diameter of not more than 5 mm, the data is entered in the act of work performed. During the construction of buildings, various types of meshes can be used: masonry, spot-welded from wire, as well as mesh reinforcement, which is made of cold-rolled punched sheet.

See also: what mesh to choose for floor screed reinforcement?

In addition, meshes of various materials can be used. Basalt and composite products are very popular today.

So, basalt meshes are designed to strengthen the brickwork of the walls, as well as to connect the load-bearing wall with the facing brickwork. It is also very often used for laying internal non-bearing partitions.

The advantages of basalt reinforcing mesh are:

does not rot;
does not conduct current;
easy to install, light weight;
low thermal conductivity;
high heat resistance;
the thickness of the seam decreases;
universal.

As for composite masonry meshes, they consist of a glass and basalt-plastic column.

According to consumer and technical indicators, they are not inferior to basalt analogues. And when compared with metal products, the advantages of composite meshes are much greater. Starting from the pricing policy, ending with lightness, strength, resistance to corrosion.
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2.2 Reinforcement of masonry walls: consumption of materials

During the construction of any building, a certain amount of materials is spent. It is very important to make accurate calculations and draw up an act if you decide to carry out construction work yourself.

During the strengthening of the brickwork of the walls, a clear calculation should be kept of how much the consumption of reinforcement is, as well as an act of work performed, this will help to avoid additional costs. In no case should you save on materials or purchase low-quality analogues.

If you save at this stage of construction, the life of the building may also decrease.

As mentioned above, it is very important to purchase the same reinforcement in all respects, from the thickness of the column to the type of material (basalt or composite is best).

So, reinforcing brickwork is a building process that is simple, but mandatory and integral.

They cannot be neglected and it is worth fulfilling, taking into account all the norms and rules, data on them are entered in the act of work performed. If you decide not to turn to specialists, then for self-implementation of strengthening it is best to undergo training and education.

Read also: about the features and rules for reinforcing aerated concrete masonry.

It must be remembered that the future durability of the walls or the building as a whole may depend on this, at first glance, not a laborious stage. It is best to immediately calculate and purchase the appropriate material, so you can reduce costs and further consumption for reinforcing brickwork.

To reinforce any structure, there are many reinforcing materials. You should not save on them, you should choose the highest quality ones. As we indicated above, it is best to stop your choice on composite and basalt analogues, metal reinforcing products have already begun to become obsolete and do not win in terms of performance modern views materials.
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2.3 Reinforcement of masonry from aerated concrete and foam concrete (video)

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Types and features of amplification

Reinforcement of brick walls is different. It depends on the direction of the forces acting on the structure and their magnitude. Reinforcement elements, evenly placed in the walls, prevent point overloads, even out the distribution of forces. They compensate for the fragility of the bonding base and brick, increase the load-bearing characteristics of the building. Given the individual characteristics, reinforcement is carried out in various planes:

transverse. Strengthening is provided by a mesh for brickwork. It prevents destruction, increases the resource of the building. This method is the most requested.
vertical. The process is carried out using steel bars with a diameter of not more than 15 mm, placed in strict order.
Longitudinal. The use of this type provides an increase in the stability of the object under construction and is relevant for seismic zones.

Getting ready for work

It is not difficult to harden brickwork on your own. All materials must be prepared in advance. You will need:

steel wire for knitting;
metal corner profile;
mesh for reinforcing brickwork;
rectangular planks;
reinforced bars;
rods of round section from steel;
paint for metal.

Transverse reinforcement of walls

Reinforcement of brick walls in the transverse direction is carried out by applying reinforcement to the surface. This contributes to an increase in resistance to compressive and bending forces, an increase in strength. The method is relevant when performing masonry structures of arch type located at an angle. Reinforcement of brickwork is made with corrugated bars or steel mesh, which is offered by manufacturers on the construction market. You can cook it yourself.

With the help of transverse reinforcement, the strength of building partitions, supporting structures and main walls is increased. The fittings are laid into the brick at a predetermined interval and filled with an additional mortar with a thickness of more than 2 mm. How many rows to install is regulated by building codes. The rules stipulate that when using brick standard size it is necessary to reinforce the masonry every 4 rows.

It is important to reliably protect the steel from rust, to ensure a high binding capacity. Provide a total layer thickness of about 15 millimeters. The specificity of operations involves the use of only one of the reinforcing elements. It is undesirable to reinforce the brickwork with a mesh simultaneously with the rods.

Features of transverse reinforcement

Special rods and welded mesh are used for transverse strengthening. The reinforcing mesh for this is cooked with cells of various shapes:

in the form of a square;
in the shape of a rectangle;
zigzag look.

To perform square or rectangular options, a wire with a cross section of 5 mm is used. Depending on the diameter of the rod used and the scope of application, the mesh size is taken from 3 to 10 cm. Traditionally, the masonry mesh is laid at intervals of five layers. If the thickness of the brick is higher than the standard, then it can be applied in four rows. The ends of the wire should protrude outward from the wall by 2-3 mm. Thanks to this, you can always check the location of the wire in the outer layers. Then the protruding parts are removed, the wire exit points are plastered or hidden under the tiles.

Reinforcing mesh for reinforcement measures may have zigzag cells. The interval between zigzags is 5-10 cm. This is affected by the diameter of the rods, which is 5-8 millimeters. The technology of laying such material regulates its installation through 2 layers of bricks, simultaneously with perpendicular reinforcement in adjacent layers.

The mesh to ensure rigidity is all-metal, exhaust or perforated. It is gradually replacing the zigzag, is in demand. This is due to its increased strength and ease of work.

Bar reinforcement transverse view

Rod hardening is performed with zigzag or straight steel wire. The manufacturing technology of zigzag elements is similar to the grid. The step between zigzags is up to 100 millimeters. The rods are laid at equal intervals in 3-5 layers.

Sequence of operations:

Install straight rods in parallel rows at intervals of 3 to 12 centimeters.
Place the reinforcement with a cross section of 3-8 mm perpendicular to them, press it into the solution to a depth of 2 centimeters.
Repeat the operation every 3 rows.

There are situations when it is required to increase the strength of the structure. To do this, round rods are replaced with steel strips and rolled products of a different assortment. The required strength of the structure and the dimensions of the object affect the section of the elements.

Longitudinal reinforcement technology

In the longitudinal plane, reinforcement is carried out from the outside of the building or from the inside. It can be horizontal or vertical, depending on the location. Rods are used as reinforcing elements. The interval between them with external reinforcement should not exceed 15 times the cross section of the reinforcement, for the internal version - 25.

The horizontal type strengthens the entire longitudinal structure, connects the vertical rods at the same level. Horizontal reinforcement elements are not only steel reinforcement and wire, but also strips and angles, the sections of which are related to the dimensions of the vertically installed reinforcement. The amplification circuits are protected from natural factors by staining and coating with a solution. For external location, a layer up to 12 mm thick is allowed. If the object is operated at increased humidity, a layer of cement mortar 3 cm thick is used.

In the vertical version, the reinforcement is located along the vertical walls of the building and is placed in the brickwork. Rods up to 15 mm in diameter are used. For large objects, the section size is increased to 30 mm. A steel corner profile can be used to connect the horizontal plane.

Mandatory requirements

Normative documents on construction regulate the rules for the performance of work and requirements that must be observed. Let's dwell on them:

completely sink the mesh into the cement mortar;
paint metal elements before performing work, protect them from corrosion;
ensure a guaranteed excess of the thickness of the seam covering the bars;
use the same type of reinforcement when building a building;
pay attention to the cell configuration;
achieve protrusion beyond the edges of the walls of the mesh fabric;
use steel knitting wire, do not use welding if reinforcing products are made by yourself.

note

Observe the basic conditions that will ensure the strengthening of any parts of the building:

Start work to ensure the reliability of external walls from the base of the object. To strengthen the base row of bricks laid on the base, lay the reinforcing cage. Repeat the operation through five horizontal layers.
Reinforce all problem areas, openings where there is a possibility of cracking. For example, a doorway is reinforced with two layers of reinforcement placed above it. Window reinforcement is carried out in a similar way, but reinforcing layers are installed above and below the window opening.
Strengthen the upper contour of the lower level of the building if the center of the building is displaced. Remember that in places of level difference, for example, outbuildings, problem areas are most often located. The reason for the split is the difference in the current efforts.

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In what main cases is it necessary to perform reinforcement

Existing heavy loads on the building envelope. For example, in multi-storey buildings, the lower structures are affected by the weight of the upper floors (walls and partitions, floor slabs, flights of stairs and landings, roof, finishing materials, furniture and people);
When erecting buildings on subsidence and heaving soils, there is a high probability of cracks in the walls.
The area of construction is located in a seismic zone. For the perception of the effects of tremors, it is necessary to ensure increased strength of the structures.
The construction of brick arches and freestanding columns.
Complex forms of masonry.
The use of low quality building materials (bricks of low grades, with chips, a large number of half products, low grades of solutions).

Varieties of execution

During the construction of brick buildings, the following types of reinforcement are used to reinforce walls and partitions:

Transverse. Reinforcement of brickwork is carried out with a mesh laid in horizontal seams. The following types of networks are used:

metal masonry galvanized factory production. Are produced square, rectangular or zigzag from hot-rolled reinforcing smooth steel А-I and Вр-I with diameters of 3 ... 8 mm with cells from 3 to 12 cm;
reinforcing bars connected with a knitting wire with a diameter of 5 to 8 mm. When using black rods, thorough anti-corrosion painting is mandatory;
all-metal expanded metal meshes (TsPVS), these are modern reinforcing products manufactured in the factory using expanded metal technologies and having a specific gravity 2.5 less than traditional welded ones. The undoubted advantage is high strength, reliability and ease of installation;
polyethylene and PVC nets;
composite and basalt. Products with low weight are not subject to corrosion and rotting, do not conduct electric current, are characterized by high heat resistance and low thermal conductivity. The use of such products makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the seams due to the possibility of reducing the cross section of the elements. This saves money.

Grids are not laid in every row. Through how many rows the brickwork is reinforced is determined by the calculation set forth in the building codes and regulations. This takes into account the magnitude of the loads acting on the wall, their displacement from the central axes and the height of each row. Most often, grids are laid at intervals from 2 to 5 rows, and when using thickened bricks, no more than 4. Zigzag are stacked in two adjacent rows in pairs, so that the location of the rods in them is mutually perpendicular.

Reinforcement of masonry with meshes is carried out in combination with mortar ≥ M 50.

Longitudinal. Often performed to reinforce brick partitions and main load-bearing walls to increase their flexural strength and counteract lateral forces. Fittings A-I and A-II with diameters up to 12 mm are used. It can be internal, for which purpose reinforcing bars (less often meshes) welded together by transverse reinforcement are placed in the grooves made in the solution of longitudinal seams. Or outside, under a layer of cement mortar. The spacing of the clamps when reinforcing the outside is taken to be ≤ 15 diameters of the reinforcement used, and for the internal 25 diameters. The strength of the walls directly depends on compliance with these conditions. Often, in non-bearing partitions made in half a brick, basalt nets are laid in every 5th row. In the same way, reinforcement of facing brickwork can be carried out for connection with load-bearing walls.

To strengthen thin partitions, it is also used to lay steel corners in the seams on both sides, interconnected by metal jumpers. Corners can be laid and only on one side. Vertical rods or a mesh are attached to the corners, followed by shelter by plastering with cement mortar.

Vertical reinforcement of masonry. Often, brick columns are reinforced in this way, in which it is impossible to place reinforcement in the internal cavity or it is impossible to increase its size to perform external reinforcement. In this case, steel corners of the design section are installed in the corners of the column or column, united by welding of metal transverse jumpers. Such an operation not only strengthens the masonry, but also partially absorbs the loads acting on the structure. For vertical reinforcement of the walls, reinforcing bars are laid inside the voids in the brick, followed by pouring with cement mortar. To do this, the masonry must have voids passing through several rows.

Diameters of rods of classes A-I, A-II, VI are usually taken from 10 to 16 mm, but in high-rise buildings it can increase to 30 mm or more. Especially vertical laying of reinforcement is necessary in areas with high seismic activity.

Mandatory Rules

Reinforcement of load-bearing walls should be carried out from the bottom. If the base is brick, then it also needs to be strengthened.
In window openings, reinforcement is laid in 2 rows under and above the opening, in door openings - in two rows above the lintel.
Height differences (for example, when attaching a part under construction to an already built building) are connected by armored belts.
With internal reinforcement, the reinforcement is completely embedded in the solution.
The thickness of the joints must be at least 4 mm greater than the cross section of the reinforcement.
For reinforcing walls, reinforcement with the same characteristics and the same section should be used. The step of reinforcement on the wall must be fixed.
With loads of the same sign, single longitudinal rods are laid on the stretched side of the walls, with alternating signs - on both sides.
The ends of the reinforcing bars are embedded in adjacent stable structures.

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Through how many rows is the brickwork reinforced