How to open a bank without much hassle. How to open your bank from scratch What you need to open a bank
Banking business is a profitable, but very difficult direction. And people with extensive experience, the necessary knowledge and the ability to make serious investments are capable of engaging in this type of business. But if the desire to open a financial institution is great, but there are not enough opportunities, you can open credit organizations. It will take less money to open them.
Usually, experienced entrepreneurs go to open a bank. They need their own bank to service the parent company. There are many banks in Russia, including both large and small ones. Big competition. But on the other hand, more and more people use the services of banks, which means that you have the opportunity to establish a successful business. Opening a private bank in Russia is not easy. But if you have a well-written business plan, subject to all the rules and regulations, the business will become successful.
A business plan is essential. It will help not to miss a single trifle and nuance, so that nothing interferes with the work of the bank.
Private bank business plan
Both large and small banks conduct regular medium-term planning of their activities to strengthen their positions. It is for this purpose that a business plan is developed, which is based on analysis and planning.
Detailed planning will allow you to correctly choose the main strategy for your development, to gain advantages over competitors. For example, the experience of many banks shows that medium and small banks should work in a specific direction. Only a large bank can be universal. And this direction of work should be fixed in the business plan.
The development of a business plan should be based on a development analysis. Analytical developments are carried out in several directions. The legislative environment and the foreign market, sales and customer base, the position of the bank on financial market and evaluation of competitors. In this case, you can make a forecast for the next five years.
Planning the bank's development strategy will help expand the resource base, increase revenue growth, and help set the main development goals for the next five years. For example, to gain a positive reputation and constantly maintain it; expand the range of services; expand the customer base; attract new investments; create a flexible interest rate policy; etc.
Variety of banks
For a novice entrepreneur, you need to know the existing types of banks in order to choose the direction that best reflects his aspirations. Financial institutions are divided into five types:
- Retail. Their advantage is that they provide all kinds of financial services. Their difference is the diversification of assets.
- Credit. Bank funds are an asset, customer debt is a liability.
- Estimated. Working with individuals, offering all settlement services.
- Market. Investments in securities.
- Interbank structures. Interaction with financial institutions, resulting in profit.
But many banks choose a universal type in order to work in several directions at the same time. The license of the bank describes in detail what operations the bank is entitled to carry out. The license changes only after two years. There is an opportunity to choose the type of bank where some disadvantage is felt.
Read also: What do you need to open a notary office?
How to open your own bank
Before such an important matter as opening your own bank, conduct a serious analysis of your capabilities and strengths. Both you and your founders must have the required amount, there must be no previous convictions and bad credit history. Verification of bank documents will be accompanied by a total verification of all founders.
There is an important condition, there must be five million euros on the company's personal account. Otherwise registration will not be possible.
After that, all partners sign an agreement and choose the legal form of their organization. Usually commercial Bank opened as a joint stock company. The law does not restrict the choice of an open society or a closed one. For the activities of the bank is selected the code OKPD 2 64. These are financial services.
Next stage. It is necessary to draw up and sign a memorandum of association. The Central Bank of Russia will tell you whether you have chosen the name of your organization correctly, whether there are any analogues in existing financial institutions.
Having received a certificate of registration, all the necessary information is sent to the Main Department for the region where you open a bank. It is impossible to obtain a license if there is no agreement with the GTU. All documents verified by the GTU are sent for the next verification to the Central Bank, where additional information may be needed. And that is not all. The Banking Supervision Committee decides on the issue of registration. And if all the questions have received a positive decision, the Tax Inspectorate enters a new private bank in the register of credit institutions.
Within thirty days, the founders must deposit the authorized capital into the account and collect the necessary papers. Here is the list:
- Founders statement.
- Constituent documents.
- Business plan.
- The meeting of founders must adopt the protocol.
- Receipt of payment of state duty.
- Documents on registration of founders and their notarized copies.
- Questionnaires of candidates for leading positions.
- Legal entities represent audit report that their financial statements reliable. Individuals present documents that confirm the source of their funds that they will contribute.
- Documents on the basis of which a conclusion is being prepared that the credit institution complies with all requirements for conducting cash transactions.
- Certified consent of the federal antimonopoly authority to establish a financial institution.
- If a bank is registered as a joint stock company, their first issue of shares is registered.
- List of founders and their full details.
The task of collecting documents can be simplified. There are institutions that specialize in collecting the necessary documentation. You can contact them. But the cost of their services is quite high, and there is no guarantee that a license will be issued. There are many reasons for refusal to issue a license. There are many types of licenses, the main thing is to choose the right one.
You can contact specialists who can issue a ready-made bank business plan or draw it up according to your requirements and capabilities. Specialists of some agencies can help in the correct execution of documents. They also have established links with regulators so you can get answers from them earlier. But everything else will have to be done by ourselves. Only decisive and self-confident people are capable of registering their own bank.
Encyclopedic reference: a bank (from Italian banco - ‘bench’) is a financial institution that provides businesses and individuals with services related to making payments and other financial transactions. Regulation and control of the banking system of the state (issue of state valuable papers, establishing exchange rates etc.) is carried out by the Central Bank. In addition to it, commercial banks can operate in the country, performing a wide range of banking operations (granting loans, opening and maintaining accounts, selling securities, and others).
The answer to the question of whether the bank is profitable seems obvious - this is one of the most highly profitable activities. Another thing is that it is quite difficult to enter this market. Firstly, significant investments are needed (the minimum authorized capital, according to Russian legislation- 300 million rubles), secondly, rich experience in the banking sector, and thirdly, good connections.
Step by step to develop your own bank
Step one: select format
To an inexperienced eye, it may seem that all banks provide the same set of services. However, it is not. In the banking sector, there are 5 functional groups: credit, market, settlement, retail banks, as well as financial institutions focused on interbank relations. You can choose one of the specified specializations for your bank or create a universal bank that will combine the features of all types of banking organizations. The last option requires the most effort, but in the end will attract the largest number of customers.
step two: we form a legal base
Banking activities are subject to licensing. Before you open your bank, you need to form an impressive package of constituent documents, licenses and approvals. In addition to documents evidencing fiscal and tax registration, you will need the following licenses.
General license for banking operations issued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
License to carry out operations in the securities market issued by the Federal Commission for the Securities Market;
License to conduct transactions with precious metals (if such type of activity is specified in the Charter).
In addition to standard constituent documents, the bank needs:
Permission for the right to act as a guarantor before the customs authorities (issued by the State Customs Committee);
A registration certificate that allows the bank to attract deposits and place precious metals, as well as conduct other operations with precious metals and stones (issued by the Central State Inspectorate for Assay Supervision).
Step Three: we form a range of services
After all licenses and certificates have been obtained, you can form a range of services provided to individuals and (or) legal entities. Here is an example list:
Opening and maintenance of accounts;
Making settlements, conducting payment transactions;
Settlement and cash services;
Collection;
Currency transactions (purchase and sale) in cash or non-cash form;
Direct Money transfers(without opening an account);
Operations with bank cards, travelers checks;
Depository operations;
Financial advice.
Where to get money?
The exact answer to the question of how much it costs to open a bank is known only to those who have already successfully overcome all the stages of formation. In addition to the fact that it is necessary to have at least 300 million rubles authorized capital, we need funds for premises, office and banking equipment, legal registration, hiring and remuneration of personnel, creating a reliable security system, and much, much more. The total amount amounts to hundreds of millions of rubles - one cannot do without serious investors. According to experts, the average payback period commercial bank ranges from 5 to 10 years.
Summing up
The risks in banking are as high as the returns. Before launching such a project, it is necessary to conduct a professional market research and make a forecast of changes in the economy and financial sector for several years ahead.
The accuracy of a forecast, even made by a specialist, is relative, since the banking sector is closely related to political environment in the country, and it is almost impossible to predict the political state even for the payback period.
One of the most common types of big business is opening your own bank. Below is a step by step outline of how to set up a bank.
The form of business is not of fundamental importance, the bank can be a joint-stock company or an enterprise. If formally the founder of the bank is a legal entity, then before submitting documents for permission banking, it is necessary that there are no non-payments to funds and losses.
Authorized fund
If a commercial bank is created, then it must be registered with the National Bank with a fully formed authorized capital. The fund's budget is made up of the personal funds of the founders, declared and issued in percentage terms. Each of the founders has the right to no more than 35% of the authorized capital.
Before you create your own bank, you need to form an authorized fund of the required size. for banks and financial institutions– 5 million euros. This amount can be paid both in foreign and national currency.
When the statutory fund is fully formed and its minimum part consists of Money, then they are transferred to a temporary account opened with the National Bank for the time required to complete the procedure for registering a new bank.
The rest of the statutory fund may consist of real estate registered in accordance with all necessary standards and suitable for use.
Required documents
Thinking about how to create a bank, first of all, you should take care of the correct execution of all documents.
- Bank charter.
- Application for state registration with a list of banking operations subject to licensing.
- Documents of the statutory fund. Usually, this is an extract from a temporary account on the availability of funds.
- An extract from the decision of the founders, which indicates the positions of managers and the chief accountant of the bank.
- Copies of registration of legal entities - founders of the bank.
- Documents of individuals - founders of the bank.
- Documents confirming the right of location of the bank at its legal address.
- Certificate of declaring the monetary parts of the fund at the Tax Inspectorate.
- Documents on the transfer of funds from the statutory fund by each of the founders.
- Forms of prospective candidates for the positions of chief accountant and heads of departments. Their compliance with the requirements is a higher economic education, three years of experience in a similar position in a bank, no criminal record.
- A three-year business plan showing the approximate level of income and expenses.
- Expert appraisal of real estate of the statutory fund and acts of verification of the appraisal commission.
- Documents confirming payment for obtaining a banking license and state registration.
- Documents that confirm the technical equipment of the bank.
Bank registration
After receiving and submitting all of the above documents, National Bank review them within two months. Based on the results of the work of the consulting commission, a decision will be made on the compliance of the candidates for managers and the chief accountant. After an affirmative decision is made by the Board of the National Bank, the licensing department adds a record of registration to the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individuals. A confirming document is issued to the head of the bank, and registration data is transferred to the Ministry of Statistics, the Ministry of Finance, and the Inspectorate of the State Tax Committee.
In case of refusal to register, the Board of the National Bank shall announce the reasons. This may be either a discrepancy between the statutory fund in design or size, incorrectly submitted information in the documents for registration, a discrepancy in the candidacies of managers or the financial situation of the founders of the bank.
Creation of branches
After you have managed to create your bank, you can open a number of representative offices or branches. Branches carry out all banking operations of the main bank, provided for by the license. To obtain permission to open a branch, you must also contact the National Bank and provide a number of documents. It is necessary to write an application for the establishment of a branch and submit a document confirming the decision to open a branch by a meeting of founders.
Within 30 days, the commission will consider the issue of the expediency of opening a branch.
A negative decision may be due to the losses incurred by the bank within three months before the application was submitted, or inconsistencies in the execution of documents on the organization of the branch and its activities. If the decision is positive, the list of registered branches will be attached to the bank's charter. In addition, the bank may be issued permission to organize exchange offices and settlement centers. Also, a bank may have a representative office that does not carry out banking operations, but represents the interests of the bank.
Obtaining a license
Banking operations are subject to licensing. When registering a bank, a general license is issued. It allows you to conduct financial transactions in the national currency. After obtaining this license, the bank can apply for an internal license allowing it to carry out financial transactions in foreign currency.
One year after registration, the bank can apply for a general license allowing it to conduct financial transactions outside the country. Exceptions are branches of foreign banks or banks whose statutory fund is made up of foreign investments.
Three years after registration, the bank can apply for a license to conduct operations with precious metals and stones. For an affirmative decision to issue licenses, the bank must have funds in the amount of at least 10 million euros. After obtaining licenses, the bank can not only conduct financial and banking operations, but also make technological additions to the work. And before you create your own bank, you need to think through everything so that it meets all the technical requirements. It is better if he offers his clients as many ATMs as possible. It would not be superfluous to create an Internet bank, this is a modern means of remote customer service.
Bank liquidation
A change in the bank's activities may be related to the reorganization process. It can be made after a decision is made by the meeting of founders or in a court order by decision of state bodies. A bank may merge with another bank. Then all rights pass to the newly formed structure. Upon separation, a part of the bank becomes an independent banking structure. In all cases of changing the status of the bank, re-registration takes place.
The liquidation of the bank can be carried out after the decision of the Board of Founders and state bodies.
In case of liquidation, a special commission is created to monitor the correctness of the procedure for terminating activities.
Many people who are well aware of the trend in the development of the credit and finance market, as well as banking services, have repeatedly wondered how you can open your own bank. It is worth noting that this is not an easy task and not everyone can do it. However, with a good plan, anything can be done. This business plan for opening a bank will help each of us in this difficult matter.
Before opening a bank, it is necessary to study and weigh everything. Our task is to tell everyone who wants to know how to open it and what pitfalls to be aware of.
Summary
Financial
- The goal of your project is to open a bank.
- Organizational and legal form. There will be a closed joint stock company.
- Project success. Demand for banking services is growing all the time, so this project is very beneficial.
Description of the enterprise
We can assume the opening of this financial institution, the so-called middle level. There are five types of banks:
- retail;
- credit;
- settlement;
- market;
- interbank financial structures.
Absolutely each of these types has its own specifics. In order to make a choice, you need to know a brief description of each option.
So let's start with credit bank. The assets in it are based on the debt of their clients, and the liabilities on their own funds. In the calculation, the main emphasis is on settlement and cash services all your clients. Regarding the market type, we can say that securities prevail in its assets, and liabilities, as a rule, are formed from its own funds. A retail bank, for example, is distinguished by the fact that there is a diversification of assets and the widest range of financial services is provided.
Interbank financial structures are such banks that are characterized by profit from interaction with other similar financial institutions.
Currently, there is a huge number of banks of the fourth type. To open, you must register a closed joint stock company, as well as receive all Required documents and permissions.
The main ones are:
- a general license of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for the right to carry out such activities;
- registration certificate of the Russian State Assay Office;
- obligatory permission of the State Customs Committee.
Bank personnel and its management bodies
The supreme governing body of the bank is the so-called General Meeting of Shareholders. As a rule, the management of all current activities is carried out by the Board.
Main structural divisions
The Department of Guarantees and Lending prepares the necessary materials for the Credit Committee, conducts various preparatory work, and much more. Also, this department successfully interacts with many other services of the bank on guarantee and credit operations.
Foreign Trade Department - performs various functions related to currency control in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The Internal Control Service, for example, operates on the basis of the existing Charter of the Bank, as well as the existing Regulations on the Control Service.
This service has the right to:
- receive from the necessary persons all documents for the verification;
- establish the correspondence of various operations and actions that are carried out by bank employees, internal documents of the bank and much more;
- involve, if necessary, employees of other departments of the bank;
- make copies of documents received.
This service reports to the well-known Board of Directors at least once a year.
Description of services
Banks typically provide customers with services such as:
- maintenance and opening of various bank accounts;
- execution of settlements on behalf of legal entities and individuals;
- cash services for persons;
- lending services;
- issuance of various bank guarantees;
- maintenance of plastic cards;
- conducting various depository operations;
- brokerage operations in foreign exchange and stock markets, and much more.
Financial plan
In order to open a small bank today, you need at least 100,000,000 rubles. As for the average bank, this figure will already be much higher. However, its payback period is approximately five to ten years. It all depends on its type. As you can see, after passing the bank's payback mark, you can earn quite a lot in this area.
To open a bank, you need to have a starting capital of about 500 million rubles, understand banking and be ready to face serious competition in the market. The decision-making process of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on issuing a license for this type of activity may take up to six months. And the founder of a financial institution will be able to return capital investments not earlier than in 5 years.
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What bank can be opened?
The created financial institution can provide a full range of services or specialize in issuing loans, attracting deposits, or performing other operations.
Classification of banking organizations:
| View | Description |
| Universal | Main characteristics:
Compared to specialized banks, this type of banks is more resistant to fluctuations in the country's economy. |
| Credit | Such organizations are focused on the sale of financial resources on credit for various purposes. The bank receives profit in the form of interest on the loan. |
| savings | For implementation investment activity the bank attracts money from customers in the form of deposits. For a certain time, the entrepreneur will have capital at his disposal, which can be multiplied. The client will receive the promised percentage, thereby protecting his free funds from depreciation, and the bank will receive profit from investments in various projects/assets. |
| Estimated | These financial institutions carry out various kinds of settlements between individuals and legal entities. To obtain sufficient profit, the bank does not need to have a large number of customers, the volume of transactions is important. |
| Market | The main purpose of its existence is to serve larger financial and credit organizations, including maintenance/establishment of interbank relationships. The assets of such institutions mainly consist of the finances of other banks (for example, securities). |
Services
List of operations performed by financial and credit organizations:
| Name | Description |
| Attracting money in deposits | Consumers of this service can be both individuals and legal entities. Clients transfer their free funds to the bank for temporary use, thereby earning on interest. The resulting capital can be invested profitably by a financial institution and earn high profits. |
| Providing loan products | Commercial organizations issue loans for the following purposes:
As a price for using the bank's funds, it charges the client a percentage. |
| Opening and maintenance of bank accounts | In accordance with the laws of Russia, all legal entities must have accounts to carry out cashless transactions. For their implementation, the bank may charge a commission. |
| Credit/debit card service | Maintenance of plastic settlement instruments by the issuing bank involves:
|
| Financial consulting | Such a service requires the presence of professional employees who are thoroughly versed in various issues:
The consultant must be able to understand the client's problem and offer solutions to solve it. At the same time, he will need the ability to explain a difficult situation to the client in accessible and understandable words. |
| Financial flow management | The service allows you to analyze, monitor, record cash flows client companies. Employees of a financial institution must not only control existing receipts and expenses, but also develop a further plan for the movement of funds. |
| Provision of brokerage services | Here the purchase and sale of securities is carried out at the expense of the client and on his behalf. Directions of this service:
|
| Investment service | Sample list of services:
|
| Insurance | It is produced by franchising or creating joint ventures. Financial institutions also practice credit life insurance for the client. It guarantees the repayment of the issued loan in a situation where the borrower died / fell ill. |
| Trust transactions | These transactions represent a transaction for the management of the client's property, as well as the provision of services on his behalf as a trustee. Thus, the customer, without losing ownership of his assets, profits from their investment in various markets. For completed trust transactions, the bank charges a commission fee in its favor. Examples of trust operations:
Banks have to perform the following functions:
|
| Leasing operations | Such a service is based on leasing non-current assets for a long period of time with a view to their subsequent use in production. Examples of objects of a leasing transaction:
|
| Factoring operations | They are one of the types of trade and commission transactions combined with working capital lending (involving the collection of receivables, a guarantee against currency risks). Factoring types:
|
Relevance
Reasons for the attractiveness of business in the banking sector:
- Profitability and profitability. With the right approach, an entrepreneur can quickly recoup (in about five years) and multiply a considerable initial investment.
- Perspective. The services of financial institutions are in great demand, their range is expanding along with the growth of customer needs and the development of scientific and technological progress.
- Kudos. A banker is an elite profession, so having your own credit organization is very status.
- A wide range of activities. An entrepreneur can independently determine the format of the business, its target audience, assortment, geography of work, etc.
Description and analysis of the market
Characteristics of the Russian banking sector of the economy:
- According to Central Bank, as of February 2017, 572 financial and credit institutions were registered in Russia.
- The market is highly competitive.
- According to the survey, 63% of Russian citizens use the services of one financial institution, 22% use two, and 5% use three.
- Over the past five years bank loan used by about 40% of the population.
- About 20% of the country's citizens have high loan payments, they make up more than 30% of the total family budget. Approximately 8% of people give away more than half of their income to pay off their debt to the bank. However, 32% of the population with credit debt pay amounts not exceeding 10% of their monthly earnings.
- Every fourth borrower faced the problem of the impossibility of making loan repayments on time.
- 27% of people confirmed that they have savings in the form of: bank deposit, savings insurance policy, stocks, bonds and other securities.
- Growing in popularity consumer credit. Approximately every tenth citizen intends to use it.
- Bank deposits are in third place in terms of popularity/reliability after investing in real estate and gold/jewelry.
- The mortgage market leader is OJSC Sberbank, its share at the beginning of 2015 was 47.5%.
- The percentage of non-cash payments is increasing (from 5% in 2013 to 16% in 2015). Most often, this method was paid for: mobile communications, the Internet, television, taxes, fines, loans.
- Leading market player credit cards- Sberbank OJSC (according to the data for the second quarter of 2016, it occupies 41.1%).
Photo gallery
The main participants of the mortgage market Leading players in the consumer lending market Methods of investing money according to the degree of reliability Credit card market leaders Percentage of loans outstanding on time in total loans/loans (excluding VTB, Sberbank, Bank of Moscow) The level of use of banking services by respondents, percentage of all respondents
The target audience
The client of a financial and credit institution can be both an individual and an organization / enterprise.
Portrait of a typical user banking services:
Competitive advantages
The strengths of the bank should be the following points:
- positive image;
- favorable credit products;
- high interest rates on deposits;
- thoughtful pricing policy;
- good reputation of major shareholders;
- competitive and balanced range of services;
- high quality of the provided service;
- a sufficient amount of authorized capital/assets, guaranteeing the security of customer deposits;
- the presence of a currency / general license;
- stable customer base;
- extensive correspondent network;
- a sufficient number of ATMs in different parts of the city;
- thoughtful marketing campaign;
- optimal branch network;
- the required qualifications of key employees and senior management;
- friendly service;
- lack of queues;
- Individual approach to each client;
- good material base;
- focus on the wishes / requests of customers;
- introduction of new types of operations/services;
- availability of Internet banking, corporate website, mobile application etc.
- thoughtful infrastructure;
- convenient location of offices, ATMs, etc.
Advertising campaign
The development and implementation of the bank's marketing program should be carried out by a professional firm or/and full-time specialists.
- make the organization recognizable among a large target audience;
- convince potential users of the reliability of the company;
- create a sufficient customer base;
- form a positive opinion among the target audience of the bank, etc.
Marketing program activities:
- development and promotion of a memorable brand, logo, etc.;
- creation of outdoor signs/banners;
- printing of leaflets, business cards, brochures, posters, calendars, notepads, etc.;
- placement of advertising information on boards, billboards, superboards, arches, banners, lightboxes, LED screens, on public transport, etc.;
- broadcasting ads on television and radio, in newspapers and magazines;
- development of special offers for organizations, government agencies, small and large businesses;
- formation of a bonus and discount program;
- creation of a modern, informative and functional portal on the Internet, mobile offers, groups in popular social networks;
- acting as a sponsor of various mass events (for example, in the field of sports and culture);
- organization of an advertising campaign on the Web (often used contextual, targeted and teaser).
To implement the above measures, at the initial stage of operation, an average-sized bank will need an amount of about 500-600 thousand rubles. Monthly marketing expenses will be approximately 100,000–150,000 rubles.
The video is devoted to the problem of organizing electronic marketing for banking institutions. Shot by the channel "Completo - System Electronic Marketing".
Step-by-step instructions for opening
Estimated step-by-step instruction to open your own bank:
- Market analysis, as well as evaluation of competitors and the list of services provided.
- The study of legislative norms and rules of functioning in this field of activity.
- The choice of business format and its focus.
- Formation of a preliminary business project for a future commercial bank.
- Determination of own opportunities for the development of the organization and its management.
- Selection of partners / co-founders, their verification (reputation, no criminal record, no debts to the state for taxes and other payments).
- Resolution of the issue concerning the size of the authorized capital and its structure.
- Choosing the optimal organizational form for business.
- Search for a name for the bank being created.
- Determination of the organization's management structure.
- Selection of the main, managerial, auxiliary and service personnel.
- Preparation of documents for subsequent registration.
- Selection of locations for the location of the main office, bank representative offices, installation of ATMs, etc.
- Legal registration of business activities and obtaining permits (including licenses).
- Preparation of premises (re-planning, construction and repair work) and installation of purchased equipment.
- Conducting advertising campaigns.
- Grand opening of the bank.
Documents and licenses
Key issues that arise in the process of registering a banking organization:
- Before opening, you need to come up with a name for a financial institution. After a suitable brand is formed, an agreement on the foundation of the bank is signed. At the next stage, a request is sent to the Licensing Department of the Central Bank about the possibility of using the abbreviated and full name (in Russian). Within five days, a response will be received on the admissibility of using the proposed name.
- Organizations can act as founders individuals. In the next three years after registration, the founders of the bank are not allowed to leave the number of participants.
- In accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation, registration is required to establish a financial institution legal entity. Here the entrepreneur has to choose the organizational form for his business. It can be an LLC, a public joint-stock company or a non-public one. Having gone through all the procedures for organizing a bank in stages, the Central Bank of Russia issues a Certificate of its state registration.
- OKVED code - 64.19 “Other monetary intermediation”, 64.92 “Granting loans and other types of credit”.
The list of documents for the establishment of a financial institution is presented in Instructions of the Bank of Russia dated 02.04.10, No. 135-I. Its full title is "On the procedure for the Central Bank to make a decision on the state registration of credit organizations and the issuance of licenses for banking services."
A package of constituent and other documents for the creation of a financial and credit institution:
- a statement expressing a desire to open a bank;
- articles of association;
- a business plan (when developing it, the recommendations provided in Bank of Russia Ordinance No. 1176-U dated July 5, 2002 “On Business Plans of Credit Institutions” are taken into account);
- a contract for the lease of premises or papers confirming the ownership of them;
- receipt of payment of the amount of state duty;
- founding documents;
- minutes from the general meeting of the board of directors (this reflects the decision of the participants on the creation of the bank, its name, approval of the charter, business plan, etc.);
- documents evidencing the availability of financial capabilities of the founders of the bank to form the authorized capital (including confirmation of the sources of origin of funds);
- papers confirming the compliance of the institution being created with the standards of the Central Bank (including certificates for equipment, a scheme of premises, a license from a security company, an insurance company);
- petition to the antimonopoly authority for the registration of the bank (a copy of the positive opinion is provided to the Central Bank);
- documents required for the issue of shares (when registering a JSC);
- a list of founders in writing, questionnaires of candidates for the positions of the head, chief accountant, his deputy;
- a written description of each member of the board of directors, confirming their compliance with the established requirements.
The tax inspectorate will enter the institution into the register of credit organizations only after receiving a positive opinion from the Banking Supervision Committee.
The Central Bank of Russia carries out licensing activities for financial and credit institutions. The issued document contains a list of banking transactions permitted for execution, its validity period is not limited. The currency/s in which transactions can be performed are also indicated here.
Depending on which license is issued, the following restrictions on working with are possible:
- various currencies;
- precious metals;
- foreign banks;
- certain categories of legal entities/individuals, etc.
The decision to issue a license can be received by the founders within six months from the date of receipt of the securities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. After the owners are informed of the positive result of the consideration of documents, they must pay the amount of the authorized capital in full. It will be kept on a correspondent account with the Bank of Russia. Its amount is strictly regulated and cannot be less than 300 million rubles. The license is issued within three days after the payment of the entire amount of the declared authorized capital.
To carry out transactions in national and foreign currencies, the bank requires a general license. In this case, the budget of the financial institution should be more than 900 million rubles.
In addition to the formation of the authorized capital, bankers will be required to:
- create a reserve fund;
- classify assets;
- strictly comply with the norms of the provisions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Since the process of preparing documents requires certain skills, knowledge and time, the founders of the bank can seek help from third-party organizations. In this case, considerable funds will be required to pay for the services of an intermediary.
Room and design
To organize the work of a credit institution, the following main premises are required:
- head office;
- bank branches;
- area for the installation of ATMs.
When choosing a location for the central office, special attention should be paid to the following criteria:
- proximity to the city center;
- area of the premises from 150 square meters;
- the possibility of placing a sign in a conspicuous place;
- location near a major transport hub (metro, bus stops, etc.);
- good entrance;
- availability of ample parking;
- proximity to large shopping centers / business centers or other objects of mass congestion of people.
Office space can be bought (the cost varies depending on the region from 8 to 20 million rubles) or rented. Most often, entrepreneurs acquire a building for the bank's board of directors, and rent other areas.
The central office of a universal financial institution usually has the following departments:
- work with corporate clients;
- for servicing organizations/enterprises;
- work with individuals;
- back office;
- cash point;
- acquiring;
- money vault;
- collection;
- depository.
The office must ensure the uninterrupted operation of all engineering systems:
- Internet;
- lighting;
- electrical equipment;
- heating;
- ventilation;
- conditioning;
- telephony;
- water supply;
- sewers, etc.
To organize bank branches in different districts of the city, region and country, premises of 50-80 square meters will be needed.
Features of the design of areas commercial establishment:
- tracking corporate style in the interior and equipment of all bank branches;
- associating the design of the premises and showcases with the logo of the organization and its brand name;
- the similarity of the interior of each representative office of a credit institution;
- informative design (due to the selection of paint colors on the walls, the lines of the interior itself, the correct arrangement of lighting, furniture, etc.);
- comfortable working conditions for employees of the organization (not causing drowsiness, passivity or aggression);
- the absence of annoying colors, heavy volumes and emotional barriers in the interior;
- functional zoning and proper planning (for example, through the creation of closed/open spaces, secluded areas for consultations/negotiations, waiting areas, etc.);
- conciseness and lack of excessive decoration;
- use in modern design finishing materials(for example, natural wood or stone).
The bank premises must:
- inspire confidence in his clients;
- evoke a sense of security in its visitors;
- win over potential users of banking services;
- attract new consumers.
Photo gallery
Interior Design Example #1 Interior Design Example #2 Interior Design Example #3 Interior Design Example #4 Interior Design Example #5 Interior Design Example #6
Equipment and inventory
Equipping a financial and credit institution (head office, five branches and ten places for installing ATMs):
| Name | Things | Approximate price, rub./pc. | Total cost, rub. |
| ATM | 17 | 500 000 | 8 500 000 |
| Payment terminals | 10 | 400 000 | 4 000 000 |
| Bill counter | 15 | 30 000 | 450 000 |
| Office safe | 10 | 13 000 | 130 000 |
| Safes for money | 20 | 15 000 | 300 000 |
| Currency detectors | 10 | 20 000 | 200 000 |
| Banknote wrapper | 6 | 23 000 | 140 000 |
| Money cart | 8 | 15 000 | 120 000 |
| Document Shredder | 6 | 30 000 | 180 000 |
| Cash equipment | 8 | 50 000 | 400 000 |
| Computers | 20 | 30 000 | 600 000 |
| Office equipment (printers, scanners, telephones, etc.) | — | — | 400 000 |
| Office PBX | 6 | 30 000 | 180 000 |
| Furniture for the customer waiting room (sofas, crosses, chairs, tables, etc.) | — | — | 1 000 000 |
| Furniture for employees and clients (cabinets, racks, chairs, armchairs, tables, etc.) | — | — | 1 000 000 |
| Utility room furniture | — | — | 500 000 |
| Money storage equipment | — | — | 1 000 000 |
| Equipment for collection service | — | — | 500 000 |
| Alarm system, video surveillance, fire safety | — | — | 3 000 000 |
| Air conditioners | 10 | 40 000 | 400 000 |
| company car | 2 | 1 500 000 | 3 000 000 |
| Other equipment, inventory | — | — | 3 000 000 |
| Total | — | — | 29 000 000 |
Photo gallery
ATM - 400,000 rubles Safe for the office - 13,000 rubles Bill counter - 30,000 rubles Universal currency detector - 20,000 rubles Pack shaper - 23,000 rubles Mini-ATS - 30,000 rubles Trolley for money - 15,000 rubles Document shredder - 30,000 rubles
Structural divisions and personnel
Organizational structure of the bank (for one main office and five branches):
| Department name | Description | Positions | Quantity, pers. |
| Credit transaction management | Main functions:
| Head of division and loan officers | 7 |
| Credit | Develops the organization's credit policy | Head of department and financiers | 3 |
| revision | Conducts external analysis and evaluation of the bank's activities | Head of division and financiers | 3 |
| Deposit transaction management | Employees carry out operations for accepting / issuing deposits, as well as issuing securities and placing them. | Head of department and deposit experts | 7 |
| Planned | Main functions:
| Head of division, marketer and economist | 3 |
| operating room | It is designed for:
| Senior operator and specialists | 10 |
| Estimated | Employees of the department carry out settlement and cash operations. | Senior cashier and cashier | 7 |
| Legal | Main functions:
| Head of department and lawyers | 3 |
| Accounting | Mostly, the specialists of the department are engaged in operations for maintaining accounting and reporting (financial, tax). | Chief accountant and accountants | 3 |
| personnel | The employees of the department are engaged in the following main issues:
| Head and HR manager | 2 |
| Administrative and economic | Given structure:
| Head of department and specialists | 3 |
| Administrative and managerial | Financial management is carried out credit institution. The main functions of top managers of the bank:
| Bank manager and his deputy | 2 |
| Total | 53 | ||
The organizational structure of the bank may differ depending on:
- license type;
- scale of the bank (number of branches);
- direction of the business and its format;
- range of banking services provided, etc.
Basic requirements for candidates for senior positions in a credit institution:
- higher profile education (economic/legal);
- absence of convictions/offenses for crimes in the financial/commercial sphere;
- ability to negotiate, communication skills;
- good references from a previous job;
- competence and responsibility;
- organizational skills;
- experience in a management position in a financial structure;
- high moral character;
- emotional-volitional character;
- the ability to maintain one's authority;
- the ability to criticize and accept criticism, as well as to punish and encourage.
Key requirements for the main employees of the bank:
- higher education in the profile of the position held;
- no criminal record;
- availability of certificates/certificates on completion of advanced training courses;
- work experience in the specialty;
- responsibility;
- punctuality;
- attentiveness;
- sociability.
To organize high-quality protection of the bank's premises, the founder should choose a private security agency with a good reputation. Legal services can also be outsourced.
Financial plan
Initial information for financial planning of a banking organization from scratch:
| Indicator | Meaning |
| Business Format | universal bank |
| Organizational and legal form | Public Joint Stock Company |
| Business registration | Produced with the help of third parties |
| Number of founders | Five individuals |
| Head office location | Russian Federation, Moscow |
| Number of branches | 5 |
| Number of places for installing ATMs (outside bank branches and main office) | 10 |
| Location of branches | Moscow |
| License | Basic |
| Service | Main services:
|
| Head office space | Acquired for ownership |
| Bank branch premises | Are rented |
| Security | Hiring specialists from a private security agency (outsourcing) |
| State size | 53 people |
| The target audience | Individuals and organizations/enterprises operating in various fields of activity |
How much does it cost to open a bank?
Initial investment in your own banking business:
| Expenditures | Approximate prices, rub. |
| Amount of authorized capital | 300 000 000 |
| Licensing, permits and business registration | 50 000 000 |
| Purchase of equipment | 29 000 000 |
| Acquisition of intangible assets | 5 000 000 |
| The cost of the building for the head office | 20 000 000 |
| Rent for the premises of the institution's branches and places for ATMs (for six months) | 5 700 000 |
| Repair and design of buildings | 5 000 000 |
| Marketing and advertising costs | 2 000 000 |
| Salary with accruals (for three months) | 12 000 000 |
| Purchase of consumables (stationery, etc.) | 1 000 000 |
| Other costs | 2 000 000 |
| Total | 431 700 000 |
To open a bank that will operate throughout the country, several billion rubles will need to be invested in the business.
Where to get money?
Possible sources of money to open a bank:
- own funds (this is the main resource);
- attraction of private investors/co-founders;
- bank loan (in the presence of collateral and guarantors).
Recurring costs
Regular monthly bank maintenance costs:
| Expenditures | Approximate prices, rub. |
| Rent | 950 000 |
| Communal expenses | 200 000 |
| Salary (with deductions to funds) | 4 010 000 |
| Marketing | 100 000 |
| Depreciation of fixed assets | 400 000 |
| Fare | 30 000 |
| Security agency services | 900 000 |
| other expenses | 600 000 |
| Total | 7 190 000 |
The amount of annual expenses for organizing the work of a financial and credit institution will be 7,190 thousand rubles.
Income
The calculation of the efficiency parameters of the bank's business project was made on the basis of the following data:
The main financial indicators of the project:
Calendar plan
Key stages in the implementation of a business project for opening a bank from scratch:
| Stages | 1st month | 2nd month | 3rd month | 4th month | 5th month | 6th month | 7th month | 8th month |
| Collection of information about the financial market in Russia | + | |||||||
| Drawing up a detailed business project | + | + | ||||||
| Search for partners / investors (if own funds are not enough to open a bank) | + | + | ||||||
| Collecting a package of documents for registering a business and the required permits | + | + | ||||||
| Registration of a bank and obtaining a license and positive conclusions from supervisory services | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Depositing the amount of the authorized capital | + | |||||||
| Search for a place / area for the head office, branches, ATMs | + | + | + | |||||
| Making transactions for the sale/purchase/lease of the necessary premises | + | + | + | |||||
| Design, design, construction and repair work on the areas of the bank's office and its branches | + | + | + | + | ||||
| Selection and purchase of the required equipment | + | + | + | |||||
| Marketing Campaign Activities | + | + | + | + | + | |||
| Finding and hiring employees | + | + | + | |||||
| Selection of a private security company and conclusion of an agreement with him for the protection of the bank | + | + | ||||||
| Opening of a financial and credit institution and all its branches | + |
Risks and payback
Classification of risks associated with the activities of the bank:
| Name | Characteristic | Probability |
| Credit | Persons who have received bank money for temporary use may not return it at all or give it only partially. This risk increases in the situation of issuing loans to a group of related borrowers, representatives of one sector of the economy. You can reduce the likelihood of such a hazard by:
| High |
| Percentage | It represents the financial loss due to the change interest rates on loans and deposits. The risk is regulated by the credit institution and directly depends on the actions of the bank's managers to manage its resources and the decisions they make. | High |
| Unbalanced liquidity | This is the probability of a commercial institution incurring losses due to the inability to raise money in time to cover loan obligations. In such a situation, the bank needs to take into account the changing market conditions and the possibility of a sharp increase in demand for loan products. To counter the risk, you can:
| Medium |
| Loss of yield | Due to non-compliance by a credit institution with acceptable levels of the previously listed risks, there is a risk of losing its own profitability. | High |
| Currency | The profitability of the bank depends on the change in currency rates. | High |
| Market | This risk is caused by changes:
| Medium |
| Operating | It may arise as a result of unsuccessful transactions carried out by the bank. Main reasons:
To minimize the likelihood of this risk, strict internal control over the bank's operations is required. | Average |
| Legal | The bank needs high-quality legal support for its activities. This will warn the institution against the emergence of reputational and financial risks. | Medium |
The payback of funds invested in the creation of the bank will occur in 56–60 months from the date of its launch.
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