Reporting distribution accounts. Budgetary distribution accounts. Section I. Long-term assets

21.12.2023

Distribution accounts First of all, they have a control function in the formation of individual expenses and compliance with the estimates established for them, and are also used for the purpose of reasonable distribution between individual types of products (works, services) for a full calculation of their actual cost.

The structure of distribution accounts includes two groups of accounts: collection-distribution and budget-distribution.

Collective and distribution These are active accounts. They include expenses that cannot be directly attributed to specific product items, since they are collective, and then written off and distributed between these items in a conditional, indirect way. Therefore, such costs are called indirect costs.

A distinctive feature of collective distribution accounts is the absence of a balance on them. Therefore, they are not presented in the balance sheet. These accounts perform the accounting function of monitoring compliance with estimated allocations for such overhead expenses as 25 - general production or 26 - general business expenses, 44 “Sales expenses”, etc. They collect costs for them in the context of estimated debit items. The expenses collected on debit for the reporting period are written off from the credit of these accounts for calculation objects.

Budgetary and distribution accounts provide control over the validity of the distribution of expenses and income between reporting periods.

The principle of matching income and expenses and their temporal reference to the corresponding reporting period is ensured by the presence of budgetary distribution accounts in the chart of accounts. These include: account 96 “Reserves for future expenses”, 97 “Deferred expenses” and 98 “Deferred income”.

Accounts 96 and 97 have a lot in common. On both debits, actual expenses associated with the production and economic activities of the enterprise are reflected, and on their credit, these expenses are evenly written off according to established standards to the corresponding calculation objects.

The difference between them is that in account 97 “Future expenses” the debit reflects expenses that are made sometimes, at a time and in large quantities, and then they are gradually written off (repaid) on the credit. As a result, in this account the balance of expenses not yet written off is reflected in the debit of the account, therefore it is classified as active accounts.

Account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” first reflects the creation of the necessary reserve to cover future expenses by credit, by including them in the cost of production according to the norm, and then the debit reflects the actual expenses incurred. As a result, in this account the balance of the unused reserve is reflected in the credit of the account, therefore it belongs to passive accounts. If the created reserve is insufficient, this account may turn into its opposite - account 97 “Future expenses”.

Account 98 “Deferred income” allows you to evenly attribute income to the financial results of the corresponding reporting period. In the credit of this account, income for future reporting periods is first reflected, and in the corresponding reporting period, taking into account expenses incurred, from the debit of this account, income is written off to the financial results of the reporting period. The balance of deferred income not yet written off is reflected in the credit of account 98, therefore it belongs to passive accounts.

Collection and distribution accounts are intended for the collection and subsequent distribution of costs at individual stages of production and sale of finished products.

The following active accounts are classified as collection and distribution accounts:

25 “General production expenses”;
26 “General business expenses”;
44 “Sales expenses”.

The structure of accounts 25 and 26 has some features that distinguish them from other active accounts. These accounts do not have a balance because they are closed at the end of each month.

In this regard, accounts 25 and 26 are not reflected in the balance sheet.

Chart of accounts 25 “General production expenses” and 26 “General business expenses”

Account 26 “General business expenses” records general business expenses associated with enterprise management, i.e. maintenance of administration, accounting, office, payment for various legal, information, auditing services, etc.

These expenses are collected during the month on the debit of accounts 25 and 26, and at the end of the month they are ultimately written off to account 20, i.e., included in the cost of production.

Expenses on accounts 25 and 26 are called indirect, since they are not directly related to the production of specific products.

Account 44 “Sales expenses” reflects the costs associated with the sale of products. Such expenses include the costs of containers, packaging, transportation, advertising of finished products, etc.

Example 4.7.

Keeping records on collection and distribution accounts 25 and 26. During the month, indirect expenses are reflected, shown in table. 4.5.

Exercise.

	Determine the amount of write-off of general production and general business expenses for accounts 25 and 26 at the end of the month.
Table 4.5 Amount, rub. 1 . Salary accrued:	10000 15000
a) accounting employees b) equipment adjusters 2. Social tax (35.6%) is charged on wages:
a) accounting workers
b) equipment adjusters
3. Postal expenses for the office were paid from the cash register.
4. Inventory written off to the HR department
4. Inventory written off to the HR department
5. Spare parts written off for equipment repairs
6. The invoice for legal services has been accepted and paid

7. Depreciation of the freight elevator has been calculated
8. The invoice for the installation of the alarm system has been accepted and paid.

9. At the end of the month, overhead costs were written off as production costs.

10. At the end of the month, general business expenses are written off as production costs

To solve the problem, it is necessary to collect and close accounts 25 and 26.

Account 26 “General business expenses” To correctly reflect in the accounting accounts the various and numerous business transactions performed by an organization in the course of business activities, a classification of accounts is necessary.

Classification of accounts -

This is a scientifically based grouping of accounts, i.e. division of accounts into groups and subgroups according to any homogeneous characteristics, which allows for uniformity in the reflection of business transactions, comparability and commensurability of relevant indicators. Accounting accounts are classified according to two main criteria:

The economic content of the account is determined by the content of the object that is taken into account. For example, the economic content of account 50 “Cash” is cash stored in the cash desk of the enterprise, and the economic content of account 80 “Authorized capital” is the amount of the enterprise’s own funds allocated by the founders and assigned to them.

The economic content of the account determines its structure and purpose (Fig. 14).

The structure of the account should be understood as the order of records of business transactions in the debit and credit of the account.

Based on the classification, a chart of accounts is developed.

Rice. 14. Classification of accounts by purpose and structure

G/L accounts are intended to account for the presence and movement of the organization’s economic assets and the sources of their formation.

Inventory (material) accounts intended For accounting for the presence and movement of fixed assets, inventories and monitoring their safety.

All inventory accounts in relation to the balance are active. The debit of these accounts reflects the receipt (income, increase) of economic assets, and the credit reflects the disposal (expense, decrease). Balances can only be by debit.

Business transactions on inventory accounts are accounted for in monetary and physical terms.

Cash accounts are designed to account for the organization's funds, their inflows and outflows.

All accounts are active. Their debit reflects the receipt of funds on a certain date, and their credit reflects the expense and transfer. Balances are debit only.

Own capital (reserve accounts) are designed to account for various organizational funds, reserves and designated purposes. Accounts are passive.

A credit reflects the formation of funds, and a debit reflects the use of funds for their intended purpose. Balances can only be on credit.

Settlement accounts

are intended for settlements of this organization with other organizations and individuals, i.e. Accounts receivable and payable are taken into account.

Analytical accounting of settlement accounts is carried out in the context of individual legal entities and individuals.

In active-passive accounts, receivables and payables are taken into account simultaneously. An account can have two balances: debit (accounts receivable) and credit (accounts payable). This type of residue is called expanded.

Settlement accounts make up a large group of accounts.

Regulatory accounts are intended to perform the functions of clarifying and regulating the assessment of economic assets and their sources. They have no independent meaning and are maintained in addition to the main accounts. Regulatory accounts are divided into additional and contractual.

Additional accounts - These are accounts with the help of which the actual value of an object is determined by adding (summing up) the amounts of the main and regulating accounts. An example of such an account is account 16 “Variance for the cost of materials.” By adding or subtracting the amounts accumulated on account 16 to the cost of purchased materials and raw materials, the actual cost of the procured assets recorded on account 15 is determined .

Contract accounts are passive and specify the amount of the active account. For example, account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. It reflects the amount of depreciation of fixed assets during their operation, and the fixed assets themselves are accounted for in active account 01 “Fixed Assets” and are assessed at historical cost. By subtracting the amount of depreciation from the original cost, the residual value is determined, i.e. actual cost of fixed assets. Account 02 is passive. Such regulatory accounts are called contractual.

Contract account scheme

Residual value of fixed assets = 100,000 - 25,000 = 75,000 thousand rubles.

Transaction accounts are intended for accounting of business processes and recording in accounting their results. Since business processes (supply, production, sales) consist of a set of various business transactions, the accounts are called operating accounts. They are divided into four subgroups:

collecting and distribution;

reporting and distribution;

calculation;

matching.

Collection and distribution accounts are designed to collect any homogeneous expenses for the purpose of ongoing control over them and distribution to the appropriate objects.

Collection and distribution accounts are active. In accounting, the debit of these accounts collects expenses during the month when they are accrued or paid, and at the end of the month the entire amount of these expenses is written off on credit, as a rule, to account 20 “Main production” and distributed among all types of products for inclusion into its cost. There are no balances on these accounts, since the debit and credit turnovers are the same. These accounts are closed monthly.

Reporting and distribution accounts are designed to evenly distribute expenses or income between adjacent reporting periods (months, years) and play a big role in correctly including expenses in the cost of production for the period to which they actually relate.

Reporting and distribution accounts - active and passive. An example of an active account is account 97 “Deferred expenses”. The debit of this account records expenses incurred in a given period, but actually relating to future periods. To the credit of this account, expenses are gradually written off when appropriate periods occur.

Account 97 “Deferred expenses” has a debit balance, which means the unallocated amount of expenses.

Passive reporting and distribution accounts include account 96 “Reserves for future payments.” It is intended to summarize information about the state and movement of amounts reserved in the prescribed manner, in order to evenly include expenses in production costs and distribution costs.

♦ Calculation accounts are designed to account for costs associated with the production of products, procurement of materials, and performance of any work. According to these accounts, the cost of production, harvested raw materials and materials, and work performed is calculated. In accounting, the calculation of the cost of products (works, services) is called calculation, which is why accounts are called calculation accounts. These include accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”.

The debit of account 20 “Main production” takes into account all actual costs associated with the production of products, and the credit - the actual costs related to finished (finished) products, i.e. actual production cost of this product. The account balance at the beginning of the month can only be in debit and means work in progress.

♦ Matching accounts are used to account for business processes and their results.

The debit and credit of these accounts account for the same object, but in different monetary values. By comparing these assessments, it is possible to determine the result of any particular process. An example of a matching account is account 90 “Income and expenses from current activities”.

Financial performance accounts are intended for accounting of financial results of economic activities of organizations. An example is account 99 “Profits and losses”. In relation to the balance, this account is active-passive. The credit of this account reflects the profit received from the sale of products, and the debit - losses.

On account 99 “Profits and losses” the sal is determined before, which can be either debit or credit. A credit balance means a profit, and a debit balance means a loss.

Balance sheet accounts reflect the state and changes in accounting objects belonging to the organization by ownership, operational management and economic management.

Off-balance sheet accounts - These are accounts; the balances of the accounts are shown behind the balance sheet total. These accounts account for funds that do not belong to the organization. A special feature of these accounts is that they are not subject to double entry. Transactions on them are recorded either only as a debit when funds are received, or as a credit when funds are returned. They are similar in structure to active accounts.

Off-balance sheet accounts are intended for:

accounting for values that do not belong to the organization, but are temporarily at its disposal (001, 005), in safekeeping (002), in processing (003), accepted for commission (004);

control of individual business transactions (006);

accounting for conditional rights (007, 008);

accounting for contingent liabilities (009);

accounting for leased property (011).

The classification of accounting accounts (see Fig. 15) according to economic content provides for the grouping of economic assets and production processes, as well as the sources of their formation, according to their economic role in the production and financial activities of business entities.

Accounts for economic content are divided into active and passive, since funds and their intended use in the processes of economic activity are taken into account in active accounts, and the sources of their formation - in passive ones.

To obtain information about long-term asset accounts, accounts 01 “Fixed Assets”, 03 “Income Investments in Tangible Assets”, 04 “Intangible Assets”, 07 “Equipment for Installation and Construction Materials” are used, which reflect their condition and movement according to book value . The debit of these accounts shows the receipt of funds, and the credit shows the outflow.

Rice. 15. Classification of accounts by economic content

To account for products, accounts 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”, 43 “Finished products” are intended. The debit of these accounts reflects the manufactured products or semi-finished products assessed at the actual cost of production, and the credit reflects their disposal. Inventories are reflected in account 10 “Materials”. The availability and movement of goods are formed in accounts 41 “Goods”, 42 “Trade margin”. The account balance is debit.

Cash is accounted for in such accounts as 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 55 “Special bank accounts”, 57 “Cash in transit”, 58 “Short-term financial investments”, 81 “ Own shares (shares in the authorized capital).” The balance on these accounts is debit, which means the availability of cash and other funds.

Accounts for accounting for funds in accounts receivable calculations are presented as account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 73 “Settlements with personnel for other transactions”, 75 “Settlements with founders”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”. Accounts receivable accounts can only have a debit balance, which indicates the amount of outstanding receivables.

To account for the process of procuring material assets, accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials” are intended. The debit of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” reflects the purchase cost of inventories; the account balance can only be a debit.

The production process is reflected in such accounts as 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production costs”, 26 “General business expenses”, 28 “Defects in production”, 29 “Service production and facilities”, 97 “Expenses future periods." These accounts are used to record the costs of business activities. In the debit of the accounts, the costs of the relevant production are collected, and in the credit - they are written off for their intended purpose. Debit balance means those produced, but not yet written off for their intended purpose.

The sales process is reflected in accounts 44 “Sales expenses”, 90 “Income and expenses from current activities”, 91 “Other income and expenses”. The debit reflects the actual cost of products sold, goods, other valuables and the costs of their sale; for a loan - "writing off expenses and reflecting revenue for sold values. The sales accounts reveal the result of economic activity.

To account for capital investments, account 08 “Investments in long-term assets” is intended. The debit of this account takes into account the costs of construction of buildings and the acquisition of fixed assets and other expenses of capital investments. The actual cost of fixed assets is formed on the account. The debit balance represents the amount of unfinished capital investments.

All accounts of sources of formation of economic assets are passive, the credit reflects the formation of sources, and the debit reflects their use

Classification characteristics of accounts and their purpose
	Account name	Attitude towards balance	Classification group	The account is intended to summarize information

Section I. Long-term assets
	Fixed assets		Inventory	on the availability and movement of fixed assets of the organization that are in operation, stock, conservation, lease, trust management
	Depreciation of fixed assets		Regulatory, contractual	on depreciation accumulated during the operation of fixed assets
	Profitable investments in tangible assets		Inventory	on the presence and movement of the organization’s investments in part of the property, buildings, premises, equipment and other assets that have a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income
	Intangible assets		Inventory	on the presence and movement of intangible assets of the organization
	Amortization of intangible assets		Regulatory, contractual	on depreciation accumulated during the use of intangible assets of the organization
	Long-term financial attachments		Monetary	on the availability and movement of investments in securities of other organizations, bonds of state and local loans (if their established repayment period exceeds 12 months), authorized funds of other organizations, etc., as well as loans granted to other organizations (for a period of more than 12 months) , contributions of participants in a joint activity agreement to the common property of a simple partnership

Continuation of the table.

	Equipment for installation and building materials	Inventory	on the availability and movement of technological, energy and production equipment (including equipment for workshops, pilot plants and laboratories) requiring installation and intended for installation in facilities under construction (reconstruction). This account is used by property developers
	Investments in long-term assets	Calculating	on the organization’s expenses in objects that will subsequently be accepted in accounting as fixed assets, land plots and environmental management facilities, intangible assets, as well as on the organization’s expenses on the formation of the main herd of productive and working livestock (except for poultry, fur-bearing animals, rabbits, families bees, service dogs, experimental animals, which are taken into account as part of funds in circulation)
	Deferred tax assets	Regulating additional	on the presence and movement of deferred tax
ChapterII.
	Productive reserves	Inventory	Materials
	On the availability and movement of raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, inventory and household supplies, containers and other valuables of the organization (including those in transit and processing)	Inventory	Animals being raised and fattened