Androsenko I.A.

Cluster policy is a system of government measures and mechanisms for supporting clusters that ensure increased competitiveness of regions and enterprises included in the cluster, as well as ensuring the introduction of innovations.

Typically, cluster policy is seen as an alternative to anti-competitive measures of traditional “industrial policy”, which supports specific enterprises or industries.

In the Russian Federation, elements of cluster policy are included in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development until 2020. Based on the Concept, the Russian Federation provides for the creation of a network of territorial production clusters that realize the competitive potential of the territories, the formation of a number of innovative high-tech clusters in the European and Asian parts of Russia.

The main goal of implementing cluster policy is to ensure high rates of economic growth and diversification of the economy by increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, suppliers of equipment, components, specialized production and services, research and educational organizations that form territorial production clusters.

The implementation of cluster policy contributes to the growth of business competitiveness by realizing the potential for effective interaction between cluster participants associated with their geographically close location, including expanding access to innovation, technology, know-how, specialized services and highly qualified personnel, as well as reducing transaction costs, ensuring creating prerequisites for the implementation of joint cooperation projects and productive competition.

The main directions of cluster policy are:

· promoting the institutional development of clusters, primarily the development of a strategy for their development;

· stimulation of innovation and commercialization of technologies;

· assistance in providing consulting services;

· monitoring and forecasting the needs of the labor market, planning, participation in the development of state assignments for the training of specialists;

· development and distribution of manuals and manuals on organizing management at enterprises, taking into account industry specifics.

Measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of cluster participants include:

· assistance in the development of long-term partnership research programs, cooperation between enterprises in the financing and implementation of R&D;

· subsidizing part of the costs of enterprises for the creation of industrial designs, registration and legal protection of inventions abroad;

· establishment of benefits for the payment of regional and local taxes and fees, as well as tax on part of the profit payable to the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation; creation of special economic zones at the regional level;

· joint implementation of educational programs (material, technical, technological and personnel support for targeted training).

Formation of favorable conditions for the development of the cluster:

· investing in the development of engineering and transport infrastructure, housing construction, taking into account the tasks of cluster development. Implementation of tax regulation measures for cluster participants;

· financing of innovations within the framework of the federal target program "Research and development in priority areas of development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2007 - 2012": provision of scientific equipment to centers for collective use, support for research and development projects;

· programs of the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Innovative Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere (Bortnik Fund): support for the creation of new innovative enterprises;

· assistance in the implementation of innovative projects carried out by small innovative enterprises based on their own developments and with the participation of universities;

· support for R&D, including those carried out by enterprises to develop licenses for new technologies and technical solutions purchased from Russian universities, academic and industry institutes.

At the federal level, a number of mechanisms have been created to provide flexible financing for cluster development activities. Thus, in accordance with the Rules for the provision of federal budget funds provided for state support of small businesses, subsidies are issued on a competitive basis to constituent entities of the Russian Federation to finance activities provided for in the corresponding regional program. This mechanism creates opportunities for the most flexible use of financial support from constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to implement a wide range of cluster initiatives.

Currently, there is a cluster policy of two generations. The first generation cluster policy is a set of measures carried out by federal and regional authorities to identify clusters, determine the field of activity of firms forming clusters, create state bodies for supporting clusters and implement a general policy for maintaining clusters in the country and region (industry). Second-generation cluster policy is based on good knowledge of existing clusters in a country or industry and implies an individual approach to the problems of development of each cluster separately. The state can stimulate the development of clusters by carrying out a various set of measures: 1) “brokerage” policy - creating a platform for dialogue between various actors of the cluster; 2) diversification of local demand by placing government orders with local companies; 3) improving the skills of the local workforce through the implementation of programs of additional education and retraining; 4) creating a “brand” of the region and industry to attract foreign investment.

Thus, for the Russian Federation, cluster policy is a promising direction for increasing the competitiveness of the state and individual sectors of the national economy, as well as a mechanism for activating innovative processes in leading industrial complexes, including defense ones. It promotes effective and mutually beneficial cooperation between subjects of the production process, and, as a result, increasing the competitiveness of the enterprises themselves and their products.

Bibliography

cluster territorial production economy

1. Letter of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated December 26, 2008 No. 20615-AK/D19 “On methodological recommendations for the implementation of cluster policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.”

2. Innovative Russia - 2020 (Strategy for innovative development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020), Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, Moscow, 2010 (draft). Section IX. Territories of innovation.

3. Markov L.S. Problems of implementing cluster policy in Russia // Scientific expert. 2007. No. 4. P. 25.

4. Pilipenko I.V. “Cluster policy in Russia: possibilities for implementation and competitiveness of regions” // VIII Socratic readings “Post-industrial transformation of old industrial regions of Russia”. / Collection of reports, ed. V.A. Shuper. - M.: Eslan, 2011. - P. 177-211.

5. Khasbulatov O.R. Regional economic policy of developed countries of the world: Author's abstract. dis…. Ph.D. economics.sciences. M., 2008. P. 20.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Problems of modern economics, N 2 (38), 2011

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF REGIONS AND INDUSTRY COMPLEXES

Dombrovsky M. A.

Senior Lecturer, Department of World and Regional Economics, Perm State Social University

Methodological problems of economic clustering

The article shows modern directions of innovative economics that ensure the implementation of the process of economic clustering. The characteristics of the main elements of the cluster system are given. The necessity of developing an effective methodology for economic clustering is shown

Key words: innovative economy, cluster, cluster policy, methodology of economic clustering

The modern economy gives powerful impetus to the development of innovation. Today, the formation of economic structures is aimed at increasing their competitiveness on the basis of cooperation, specialization and integration, and the development of partnerships. The regional systems currently established in Russia with weak intra-system and inter-regional market infrastructure potential make it difficult to implement a clear policy of interaction between government agencies and business and limit the possibilities for developing the socio-economic space of the constituent entities of the federation.

On the contrary, in developed countries, a noticeable and stable trend is the formation of clusters, both spontaneous and regulated by the state.

In Russia, the process of economic clustering, i.e. Cluster formation is currently carried out mainly spontaneously, under the influence of market forces. This is a completely natural phenomenon, however, its theoretical, methodological and applied aspects are not fully realized.

The theory of cluster management, regulation of the process of their creation and functioning has not received proper development in economic science and practice of the Russian Federation, and the unadapted application of foreign experience may not provide the necessary effect in the unique socio-economic and institutional conditions of the country.

Let's consider the basic principles of the cluster approach methodology. As a rule, in modern studies, the authors note the relevance of using this method, but do not define the essence of the phenomena underlying the organization of the economic clustering process: “cluster policy”, “cluster initiative”, “cluster technology”, “cluster consulting”. To form an effective methodology for managing the processes of clustering of the socio-economic space of the regions of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to specify the terminology.

The process of economic clustering is implemented on the basis of the basic principles of cluster theory, which is distinguished by its abstract nature. The governing efforts of the state are always specific, have a specific focus, solve current problems of territory development, and are carried out through a set of clustering tools that is acceptable in a market economy. Therefore, on the one hand, it is important to clearly identify the cluster as an object of cluster theory, and on the other hand, as a subject of public administration.

The concept of “cluster” is one of the elements of the competitive strategy proposed by M. Porter, professor of the Department of Business Administration at Harvard Business School; a leading specialist in the field of competitive strategy and competition in international markets. Michael Porter defined a cluster as a group of geographically adjacent interconnected companies (suppliers, manufacturers, etc.) and related organizations (educational institutions, government agencies, infrastructure companies) operating in a certain area (market niche) and complementing each other.

In developed countries, cluster theory began to be applied in practice in the early 1990s thanks to the works of M. Porter, M. Enright, J. Dunning, R. Martin.

In modern Russia, the practical application of cluster theory is associated with the names of such scientists as M.K. Bandman, N.N. Kolosovsky, N.I. Larina, I.V. Pilipenko et al. In general, the authors formulate three broad definitions of clusters, each of which emphasizes the main feature of its functioning:

These are regionally limited forms of economic activity within related sectors, usually tied to certain scientific institutions (research institutes, universities, etc.);

These are vertical production chains; rather narrowly defined sectors in which adjacent stages of the production process form the core of the cluster (for example, the chain “supplier - manufacturer - marketer - customer”). Networks formed around parent companies fall into this category;

These are industries defined at a high level of aggregation (for example, a “chemical cluster”) or a collection of sectors at an even higher level of aggregation (for example, an “agricultural cluster”).

The center of a cluster is most often several powerful companies, while competitive relations remain between them. This distinguishes a cluster from a cartel or financial group. The concentration of rivals, their buyers and suppliers contributes to the growth of effective specialization of production. At the same time, the cluster provides employment to many small firms and small enterprises.

Thus, a cluster is a form of organization of economic relations. Initially it was used to increase competitiveness. However, in the adopted course towards modernizing the economy and building an innovative economy, the cluster began to be used to solve an increasingly wider range of problems, in particular:

When analyzing the competitiveness of a state, region, industry;

As the basis of national industrial policy;

When developing regional development programs;

As a basis for stimulating innovation;

As the basis for interaction between large and small businesses.

T.V. Mirolyubova, based on a review of foreign and Russian concepts and models, classified clusters according to the following criteria: by territorial coverage; by stage of cluster development; according to the degree of novelty of the products; by size; by industry; by differences in the structure of relationships; by degree of innovation; by role in the system of knowledge exchange and use; by the presence and degree of development of elements of the cluster structure; by level of aggregation of cluster participants; on the co-organization of practice-oriented fundamental science, design development and innovative industry; by the nature of the industry of the enterprises participating in the cluster.

The cluster methodology is based on consideration of the form of economic relations aimed at creating a “modern innovative product” as an integral set of elements in a set of relationships and connections between them. Therefore, we can talk about a cluster as a complex economic system.

Cluster systems are characterized by common features:

The presence of a leading enterprise that determines long-term economic, innovation and other strategies of the entire regional economic system;

Territorial localization of the bulk of economic entities - participants in the cluster system;

Creation by participants of a non-profit association, voluntary participation in this association and the presence of a coordinating organization and website;

The stability of strategic economic relations within the cluster system, including its regional, interregional, intrastate and international relations;

Long-term coordination of interaction between participants in the cluster system within the framework of its national and intraregional development programs, investment projects, and innovation processes;

Availability of corporate management systems, business process control, collective economic monitoring.

Cluster systems are formed on the basis of three principles depending on the structure, size and type of activity:

Common interests of potential participants - the same or interrelated areas of activity, a common market or field of activity;

Concentration - location convenient for regular contacts;

Interaction - relationships, interdependence with a wide variety of formal and informal relationships.

Naturally, the mechanisms for financing the cluster system are extremely important. Among the most significant cost items for the cluster’s activities, the following should be noted:

The costs of creating a cluster as a collection of organizations ordered and organized into any commercial association;

Costs of infrastructure development and its maintenance;

Costs for individual projects and programs of such a cluster.

Funding for the creation of a cluster, as a rule, is carried out on the basis of budget resources or a major sponsor (this could be, for example, the core enterprises of the cluster). Financing of infrastructure and individual projects in clusters is carried out both on the basis of mixed financing - contributions from enterprises participating in clusters and budget financing (common in Germany), and in the absence or with minimal participation of budget resources (most typical in the UK). For Russia, in our opinion, the optimal option is to integrate budget resources at various levels through target programs and specialized funds, contributions of cluster participants.

The organization of clusters is possible on the initiative of government bodies at various levels in order to develop competitiveness and innovative activity, on the initiative of a leading enterprise with sufficient capital, scientific, technological potential, labor resources, etc. As the level of mutual trust among the participants in the future cluster increases, there should be a gradual transition to more risky innovative projects. In the process of cluster formation, it goes through the following stages:

Motivating potential participants;

Development of general innovation and cluster strategies;

Development of a pilot project;

Development of a strategic project;

Stage of innovative design.

Innovative economic development based on stimulating clustering presupposes initiative and joint actions not only of business, but also of the state. We believe that the state should take responsibility for motivating cluster participants at the stage of its formation, not only through financing through targeted programs, but also through the formation of special legislation in the field of taxation. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate and formulate a “cluster policy”, which should include the elimination of formal barriers to the development of innovation; investing in human capital, workforce and human factors issues; investing in infrastructure. Cluster policy can solve problems of development of specific industries, regions and the country's economy as a whole. The functions of administration at all levels, scientific and educational institutions and entrepreneurs in the development of clusters should be complementary. In particular, the municipality must initiate clustering processes and provide every possible support to potential participants in the association. He must carry out active work in building interaction between various economic entities. Developing a cluster in isolation from the development of the region as a whole is ineffective. Therefore, clusters are open systems that stimulate competition. Their purpose is not to fix prices or limit competition.

Mutual exchange of information, joint scientific research or export promotion are aimed at developing the competitiveness of firms without limiting competition. To do this, in modern conditions of economic development based on clusters, a consensus on the development of clusters must be achieved between business and regional authorities. The cluster approach is implemented in practice through the implementation of cluster policy - activities to support clusters. ON THE. Korchagina reveals the content of this activity: “joint, targeted, documented actions of representatives of business, authorities, educational and research institutions, as well as other elements of the cluster to create favorable conditions for the business environment for the development of clusters and increase the efficiency of all their elements ".

Cluster policy provides for the adoption of strategies and programs for the development of individual clusters - the so-called. “cluster initiatives”, as well as the formation of an instrumental base for their implementation - the so-called. "cluster technologies".

In our opinion, cluster initiatives represent both individual and joint organized efforts of cluster firms, government, educational and research organizations aimed at increasing the growth and competitiveness of a particular cluster in a certain territory. If cluster policy is a system of government measures and mechanisms for supporting clusters that ensure increased competitiveness of regions and enterprises included in the cluster, as well as the introduction of innovations, then a cluster initiative is an activity to organize specific clusters in a specific territory.

Cluster policy is seen as an alternative to traditional “sectoral policy”, within the framework of which specific enterprises and industries are supported. Let us highlight the main distinctive parameters of the cluster approach in comparison with the traditional industry approach:

Territory development strategy;

Relationships between government and business;

Manufacturing and technology;

Competition;

Spatial development;

Economic efficiency criteria;

Labor market;

Institutional environment;

Type of dominant communications between enterprises.

The main distinctive features of the cluster approach to management in comparison with the sectoral one are presented in Table 1.

No.	Main comparison parameters	Characteristics of the cluster approach	Characteristics of the sectoral approach
1.	The principle of formation.	Horizontal and vertical integration, optimization of inter-industry interactions.	On a technological basis.
	Economic growth potential.	Synergy effects caused by the interaction of dissimilar elements. Presence of a “key participant” (large enterprises, research centers).	Intensification of enterprise (industry) production.
	Possibility of activating innovative potential.	A high level of innovative activity, achieved through the possibility of concentrating resources in individual elements of the cluster, which determine its innovative potential.	Limited due to the inertia of the innovation implementation system and communication problems.
	Competitiveness of the region's products.	It increases due to the territorial concentration of cluster elements, which leads to a reduction in transport and transaction costs.	Weakly expressed due to the territorial dispersion of enterprises implementing reproductive processes within one industry.
5.	Investment attractiveness.	Determined by the possibility of integrated use of investment resources.	The effect of investment is determined by the capabilities of the investment object.
6.	Communication level.	Long-term connections between cluster participants based on mutually beneficial relationships.	Rigid hierarchical structure determined by technological and administrative connections.
7.	Stability of the regional system.	The ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions due to higher diversification of activities.	Higher specialization leading to a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the regional socio-economic system.

Table 1

The main distinctive features of the cluster approach to management compared to the sectoral one

Cluster policy can borrow from sectoral policy by focusing on individual sectors of the economy and measures specific to these sectors, i.e. technological orientation. Technology is a set of organizational measures, operations and techniques aimed at achieving optimal results with minimal means. By cluster technologies we mean an algorithm for the formation of a regional cluster, taking into account the size and degree of realization of the potential of the region's market infrastructure in the system of public administration of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The essence of infrastructure is to effectively meet the region's needs for goods and services based on their promotion outside the region and acquisition in other regions. The potential of a region's infrastructure represents the ability of a multidimensional system of economic relations to maximize the saturation of regional markets with goods, the speed of resource turnover and the quality of services provided based on available resources.

As is known, the introduction of technologies consists of a sequence of project stages, starting with initiation, development of a strategy and action plan for the development of a cluster and ending with the formation of a specialized association of cluster participants, implementation of a development program and evaluation of its effectiveness.

Thus, the use of cluster technologies represents a new, project-oriented approach to stimulate the development of clusters and is a specific instrument of cluster policy not only at the federal but also at the regional level.

Today, cluster policy is an important stage in the development of regional policy in advanced countries. Results of the study by M.N. Mironova showed that in foreign practice, cluster policy is historically divided into two periods: the first and second generations. The first generation cluster policy is a set of measures carried out by the state to identify a cluster, determine the field of activity of firms forming a cluster, create state bodies for its support and implement a general policy of stimulating all clusters in the country. In this period, the leading role in research is played by economic geographers and regional economists, who, using spatial modeling tools, must identify clusters and determine their composition. The first stage of cluster policy is typical mainly for countries with a high degree of development of traditional industries - Spain, Portugal, Greece, the Netherlands and Italy.

The second generation cluster policy, which is based on a good knowledge of the existing clusters in the country, implies an individual approach to the problems of development of each cluster separately, since the state can act as a manager, customer, initiator of the production process, broker, bringing together producers and consumers within the cluster, and a source of financing for firms operating in the cluster. The second generation cluster policy prevails in countries with a high standard of living (Switzerland, Sweden, Great Britain, Finland, Austria, the USA), where all sectors of the economy are “clustered” - traditional industry, the sphere of new technologies and the service sector.

Depending on the goals set and the culture of entrepreneurship, the state can perform various functions when implementing cluster policy. In this regard, two models of cluster policy in developed countries are distinguished - “continental” and “Anglo-Saxon”.

The “continental” cluster development policy is being implemented in a number of European countries - Sweden, France, Norway, etc., where an active state (federal) cluster development policy plays a special role. It includes a set of measures - from the selection of priority clusters and financing of projects for the development of strategies and programs for their development to the targeted creation of key success factors for their activities (for example, the creation of infrastructure, centers of excellence in R&D).

The basic principle of the second - “Anglo-Saxon” - model, used in the USA and Great Britain, is that the cluster is considered as a market organism, and the role of the federal authorities is to remove barriers to its natural development. The peculiarities of cluster policy in these countries include the fact that the main players are regional authorities and regional organizations, which, together with key participants in clusters, develop and implement programs for their development. Federal authorities have in some cases financed and supported pilot projects.

M. Enright, a student and follower of M. Porter, proposed considering four mechanisms for implementing cluster policy:

1) catalytic cluster policy - the government brings together stakeholders (for example, private companies and research firms) and provides them with limited financial support;

2) supportive - the catalytic policy of the state is complemented by significant investments in regional infrastructure (in education, vocational training, marketing, etc.), creating a favorable environment for the development of clusters;

3) the directive - supporting function of the state is complemented by special programs aimed at transforming the specialization of the region through the development of clusters;

4) interventionist - the government, along with fulfilling its policy-making function, takes over from the private sector the responsibility for making decisions on the further development of clusters and, through transfers, subsidies, administrative restrictions or incentives, as well as active control over firms in the cluster, forms its specialization.

In connection with the implementation of cluster policy and cluster initiatives, another element of the cluster system becomes relevant - cluster consulting, which means the provision of services for projects for identifying a certain type of cluster in the region, as well as teaching the theoretical foundations of managing cluster initiatives - cluster management.

Our country is going through a stage of adapting the concept of “cluster policy” to the Russian specific conditions of functioning of government, economics, science and education, business and society. Cluster policy is a new direction in the development of Russian state regional policy.

The topic of clusters and cluster policy in Russia was first officially outlined in documents of the Government of the Russian Federation at the end of 2005 - beginning of 2006. In 2005, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation published a report stating that “the only way to increase our economic potential is to increase productivity labor, economic diversification".

Subsequently, issues of cluster policy were reflected in other documents of the Government of the Russian Federation. The draft Concept of the strategy for the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation defines the concept of “territorial cluster” - a cluster that unites dynamic and internally competitive networks of closely localized enterprises producing the same or related products, and which together provide “good market positions for the country, industry and the enterprises themselves."

At the beginning of 2008, the topic of clusters was outlined in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020. The Concept considered three scenarios for the country's development: inertial, energy-based and innovative. It is noted that the transition to an innovative scenario is possible with the active stimulation of entrepreneurial initiative and increasing innovative activity in the economy, which, in turn, will require improving the institutional environment and the formation of institutional structures that distinguish the post-industrial economy. Among them is “support for cluster initiatives aimed at achieving effective cooperation of organizations - suppliers of equipment, components, specialized production and service services, research and educational organizations within the framework of territorial production clusters.”

The draft Concept for Improving Regional Policy in the Russian Federation touches on the topic of creating territorial production clusters for the manufacture of products with high added value, and provides recommendations for the formation and development of clusters, taking into account the priority industries for a particular subject.

An obvious drawback of the above Concepts is the lack of a unified methodology for economic clustering: it is not systemic in nature. The current methodological problems of economic clustering are presented in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Methodological problems of economic clustering

As can be seen from Fig. 1, the process of economic clustering is a set of interrelated strategic and tactical components aimed at building a cluster. The modern concept of public administration presents only the main components of the cluster system; their basic functions and effects expected from their creation are not taken into account. There is also no substantiation of the mechanism by which the subject of management (government bodies and management of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) with the help of cluster policy is able to have a productive impact on the processes of formation and development of clusters. In this case, the hierarchical nature of clusters and their ability to activate interactions with the external environment through feedback are not taken into account.

The results of the conducted methodological analysis suggest that increasing the efficiency of the process of economic clustering in the regions of Russia is associated with the implementation of a number of aspects of the systemic approach:

Inclusion of the processes of formation and development of cluster initiatives and cluster technologies into the key objects of strategic management of cluster development;

Focus on achieving many expected effects that are significant for the state and participants in the economic clustering process when planning, organizing support and monitoring results;

Taking into account the multifunctional role of the state, realized by it in the processes of creation, operation and development of economic clusters through cluster consulting;

Achieving a high level of variety of forms and tools, i.e. cluster technologies, through which government authorities and management provide management influence on the process of economic clustering;

Ensuring a wide scope of use of the public-private partnership mechanism for the development of clustering processes of the socio-economic space of the region;

Ensuring the unity of different stages of the economic clustering process in the development and implementation of clusters.

Thus, based on the fact that clusters are structures that are independently formed due to the spatial manifestation of market forces, then, accordingly, government authorities should create conditions for their accelerated and successful development, and not try to directively develop clusters from scratch. To do this, it is first necessary to create an effective methodology for economic clustering.

Literature

1. Denisov G.A. Advantages of using the cluster approach for the development of the regional economy // Bulletin of the Maikop State University. un-ta. - 2010. - No. 2. - P. 106–109.

2. Dombrovsky M.A. Managing the potential of the region's market infrastructure: dis. ...cand. econ. Sci. - Perm, 2010.

3. Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation “Strategy 2020” // URL: http://www.minregion.ru/press_office/terms/955.html.

4. Korchagina N.A. Assessment of the implementation of cluster initiatives in tourism // Bulletin of the Astrakhan State University. technical un-ta. Ser. Economy. - 2010. - No. 1. - P.131–138.

5. Mirolyubova T.V. International cooperation between regions as an element of state management of economic development at the regional level // Bulletin of RUDN University. Ser Economics. - 2008. - No. 3. - P.73–78.

6. Mironova M.N. World experience of the cluster approach in state economic policy: features and possibilities of application in Russia // News of the Ural State Economic University. - 2010. - No. 2(28). - P. 32–38.

7. Odegov Yu. Economics and sociology of labor. - M., 2002.

8. Andersson T. etc. The Cluster Policies Whitebook IKED 2004 // www.competitivenessorg/article/view/241

9. Porter M. Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press, 1990.

10. Raines Ph. The Challenge of Evaluating Cluster Behavior in Economic Development Policy // European Policies Research Center University of Strathclyde, 2002.

Regional cluster policy (RCP) is a factor in increasing the competitiveness of the region. The cluster approach for the Russian economy is a new tool for regional management. Here, methodological approaches to identifying clusters and practical mechanisms for supporting them are not yet sufficiently developed. RCP implies active government activity in creating and stimulating regional clusters. The cluster approach to regional development is enshrined in regulatory documents at the federal and regional levels.

It should be borne in mind that industrial policy at the current stage of the country’s development is not sectoral, but regional in nature, i.e. in the modern economy, the high competitiveness of the territory rests on the strong positions of individual clusters, which represent a community of geographically concentrated industrial organizations and enterprises , closely related industries that mutually contribute to the growth of each other's competitiveness. Therefore, stimulating the emergence of innovation clusters should be among the priorities of state policy for regional development.

The main directions of the regional cluster policy of the federal and regional authorities include:

• - identifying and monitoring the situation of development of economic clusters at the territorial level, including identifying the structure of the cluster, the territorial localization of its individual links, co-financing analytical studies of the prospects for the development of the cluster in the foreign market, assessing the impact of the cluster on the territory and the social sphere;
• - formation of communication platforms for potential participants in territorial clusters, including through their integration into the process of developing and discussing regional development strategies, facilitating the exchange of experience between regions on the formation of RCPs;
• - consolidation of cluster participants, implementation of programs to facilitate the entry of cluster enterprises into foreign markets, conducting joint marketing research and advertising events, implementation of educational policies agreed upon with the main representatives of the cluster, ensuring the possibility of communication and cooperation between enterprises and educational institutions;
• - development of information and communication infrastructure in the regions;
• - formation of an institutional environment for the development of regional clusters.

Today in Russia a regulatory framework in the field of cluster development is gradually being formed, which creates the basis for the effective implementation of the cluster approach in the regions. In the process of clustering, it is important to determine the role of authorities as one of the subjects of cluster policy. It is important that the government focuses on strengthening and developing, as well as improving all clusters, and not just a select few (for example, in Skolkovo). The governments of Moscow and the Moscow region should promote the growth of existing and emerging clusters in nearby territories.

New clusters best emerge from existing ones. Efforts to develop clusters should go through achieving competitive advantages and specialization, and not through repeating the experience of other regions, which requires building clusters based on local differences and sources of advantages, turning them into strengths of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Based on the systematization of theoretical principles and practical experience, the following can be formulated: regional cluster policy- this is the activity of government bodies aimed at solving the problems of increasing the competitiveness of the region and the country as a whole through the implementation of a system of measures to promote the development of clusters.

Cluster policy is multi-level and includes two levels of implementation: federal and regional (Fig. 4.2).

Rice. 4.2.

Federal authorities act as initiators of cluster projects, creating institutional conditions for the use of the cluster approach, and ensure the creation of the infrastructure necessary for the functioning of federal clusters and the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Based on advanced foreign experience, authorities in various regions are trying to repeat the success of well-known “best practices” of clustering (for example, Silicon Valley), which leads to the formation of regional policies with similar goals and tools. Therefore, among the most pressing problems facing cluster policy developers is the dilemma of the so-called best practices (benchmarking). Cluster development measures used in one case may be useless or even undesirable in another. This implies the need to assess the feasibility of using cluster policy instruments in relation to a specific territory.

The complexity of the implementation of regional cluster policy lies in the fact that it is designed to unite and interconnect the interests of various parties involved in the clustering process, to stimulate their development, taking into account the diverse priorities of the participants of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

A feature of cluster policy in developed countries is the implementation of cluster projects based on government support for scientific research and development. Another important point is that the clusters were formed due to the close interaction between science and production.

The domestic experience of forming clusters in the Volga Federal District is interesting (Table 4.1).

Clusters in the Volga Federal District

Table 4.1

Region	Priority clusters	Centers clustering
Republic of Bashkortostan	Mechanical engineering, petrochemical	Ufa, Sterlitamak, Neftekamsk, Salavat
Republic Mordovia	Car manufacturing, lighting industry, agro-food industry
Republic Tatarstan	Automotive, aircraft, petrochemical, electric power, forestry	Kazan, Yelabuga, Nizhnekamsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Zelenodolsk
Udmurt Republic	Automotive, forestry, agri-food	Izhevsk, Sarapul
Chuvash Republic	Mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering	Cheboksary, Novocheboksarsk, Kanash, Shumerlya
Permian	Chemical, oil and gas industry, metallurgical, mechanical engineering, timber processing	Perm, Solikamsk, Berezniki, Krosnokamsk
Kirovskaya
Nizhny Novgorod Region	Chemical, automotive and auto components, information technology	Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk

Region	Priority clusters	Centers clustering
Orenburgskaya	Gas chemical, metallurgical, cluster for the production of household appliances	Orenburg, Gai, Orsk
Penza	Machine-building, instrument-making, timber processing, agricultural, construction materials
Samara	Automotive, aerospace, petrochemical, innovation and implementation	Samara, Tolyatti, Syzran
Saratovskaya	Agro-industrial, construction industry, metallurgical	Saratov, Engels, Volsk, Balakovo
Ulyanovskaya	Transport and logistics, glass, building materials, aircraft manufacturing	Ulyanovsk, Sengiley

Considering the directions of clustering in individual regions, it can be noted that the formation of clusters is carried out on the basis of industries of specialization.

In the Republic of Bashkortostan, for example, an engineering cluster is being created on the basis of enterprises for organizing the production of tractors and engines for agricultural machinery. The core of the petrochemical cluster is enterprises producing synthetic rubber, soda and other chemicals.

In the Republic of Mordovia, a cluster of lighting industry enterprises, a carriage building cluster and a food industry cluster have been developed. For the development of the lighting cluster, there are qualified personnel, a scientific base (A. N. Lodygin Research Institute) and an industrial site (Electrovypryamitel plant in Saransk).

The formation of clusters in the Republic of Udmurtia is carried out on the basis of large industrial enterprises, as well as through the creation of integrated structures that include enterprises of various technological cycles. The prerequisites for the development of the automotive cluster are the presence of a large manufacturer (JSC IzhAvto), the presence of higher educational institutions engaged in training personnel for the automotive industry (IzhSTU), the creation and operation of a group of enterprises producing components for automobiles.

The condition for the development of clusters in the Perm region is the presence of significant innovative potential. It ranks fourth in the Volga Federal District in terms of research and development expenditures per capita and first in the number of organizations carrying out technological innovations.

In the Nizhny Novgorod region, investment policy is focused on the formation of investment territories for the implementation of large-scale projects - technology parks, industrial clusters, industrial and logistics parks.

In the Penza region, the strategic priorities of clustering are mechanical engineering, instrument making, timber processing industry, agriculture, and the building materials industry. The mechanical engineering cluster is represented by enterprises engaged in the production of equipment for the oil and gas sector, railway transport and energy in the Russian Federation and the CIS.

One of the first regions in the country to begin creating clusters was the Samara region. The most competitive sectors of the region, representing the core of the emerging cluster system, are the automotive industry, the aerospace complex and petrochemicals. The creation of an innovation and implementation cluster is also recognized as a priority area.

The automobile cluster of the Samara region formed back in the 70s. XX century on the territory of the Samara-Tolyatti agglomeration, concentrating more than 40 % industrial potential of the region, 65 % industrial fixed assets, 40 % busy. In addition to manufacturers of cars and auto components, the cluster includes organizations providing research and development services in this area, as well as specialized educational institutions.

In the Saratov region, the priority area of ​​development is the agro-industrial complex based on the formation of intersectoral interaction between agriculture and processing industry enterprises. As the most important tool for increasing the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex, it is planned to include regional enterprises in clusters at the regional and all-Russian levels.

An example of an innovation cluster is the automobile cluster of the Republic of Tatarstan in the special economic zone of industrial production type “Alabuga”.

A feature of the cluster development of the regions of the Volga Federal District is the active policy of regional governments in the field of creating clusters, but the role of business in this process is still low.

Thus, the formation of clusters in the regions largely depends on the effective interaction of government and business structures, the ability of regional bodies to manage this process, taking into account the existing production and economic conditions and the corresponding potential.

In our country, one of the main factors of a region’s competitiveness is its investment attractiveness. In creating a competitive advantage for the region, scientific knowledge and education are also of great importance - both as factors in the development of production and as factors in the formation of the innovative potential of the region. Therefore, in modern conditions there is an objective need for the innovative component of attracted investments.

When studying the competitiveness of regions, their rating assessment can be determined using the “distance method” developed by A. D. Sheremet. For each region, indicators are calculated that characterize the conditions for the formation and development of business (production potential, potential of labor resources, level of development of small enterprises), conditions for attracting investments (investment and innovation potential), and the standard of living of the population:

• 1. Indicators reflecting production potential:
  • - volume of shipped goods of own production, work and services performed in-house by type of activity;
  • - volume of work performed by type of activity per capita;
  • - cost of fixed assets per enterprise;
  • - the share of unprofitable organizations.
• 2. Indicators reflecting investment processes in the economy:
  • - volume of investments in fixed capital per capita;
  • - volume of foreign investment per capita.
• 3. Indicators characterizing the innovative activities of enterprises:
  • - domestic expenditures on research and development per capita;
  • - the share of organizations carrying out innovative activities.
• 4. An indicator reflecting the supply of labor resources is the share of the economically active population.
• 5. Indicators of the standard of living of the population:
  • - average per capita cash income of the population per month;
  • - volume of GRP per capita.
• 6. Indicators characterizing the development of small business:
  • - number of small enterprises per 1000 people;
  • - the proportion of the population employed in small enterprises.

For each indicator, a “reference region” is determined, which has the optimal value of the indicator under study. An example of a study according to this methodology in the Volga Federal District is given in the literature.

Cluster policy includes two directions: creating conditions for the development of clusters and implementing cluster initiatives (Fig. 4.3).

Rice.

Regional cluster policy, aimed at creating conditions for the development of a cluster, interacts with such types of policies as industrial, foreign economic, innovation, educational, and small business development policies.

The choice of direction for cluster policy depends on the degree of development of clusters. At the initial stage, priority is given to cluster policy aimed at creating conditions for the effective functioning of cluster enterprises; as they form, the implementation of cluster initiatives becomes possible.

Government support for clusters is especially important at the initial stages of cluster operation; As it develops, the role of government assistance should gradually decrease and cease completely when the cluster begins to operate stably. Forms and methods of state support applicable in the implementation of cluster policy are reflected in Table. 4.2.

Table 4.2

Forms and methods of state support for the development of regional clusters

Forms of state support	Methods of state support
Legal support	Adoption of legal documents regulating the activities of clusters
Financial support	Providing subsidies, budget investments, government guarantees, preferential taxation to cluster participants
Property support	Transfer on preferential terms to the possession or use of state property
Personnel security	Providing training and retraining of specialists in the field of cluster development. Providing training in new specialties, taking into account the specifics of the clusters being created
Information support	Dissemination of information on ongoing cluster projects
Organizational support	Organization and holding of scientific seminars, conferences, round tables on cluster development issues. Organization of exhibitions and fairs. Creation of a body responsible for coordinating the activities of cluster participants and performing control functions
Support for science and innovation	Financing the costs of developing new technologies that meet the requirements of international standards. Ensuring sustainable demand for high-tech products through the use of government orders. Creation of infrastructure to support innovative businesses (business incubators, technology parks, etc.). Development of mechanisms for venture financing of high-risk innovative projects. Development of cooperation between higher education institutions and manufacturing enterprises in order to facilitate the development and implementation of new technologies in production
Support for foreign economic activity	Facilitating the attraction of foreign investment in the cluster. Promoting the export of cluster products

The implementation of regional cluster policy requires an integrated approach and significant changes in all spheres of life in the region. Cluster development programs are developed based on a strategic analysis of the regional economic sectors and taking into account the interests of all participants in cluster projects. Strong clusters with an effective structure, high competition and active interaction between participants are the basis of a regional strategy for socio-economic development. In the absence of such clusters, key growth points are identified that can become centers for the formation of new cluster structures.

The main task of the state at the present stage is to create the prerequisites for the successful implementation of cluster initiatives; the solution to this task depends on the formation of an economic mechanism for the implementation of cluster policy, based on a combination of market and state regulation. It is necessary to take into account that each region has internal development factors, therefore regional cluster policy requires a specific differentiated approach.

The process of creating competitive regional clusters is quite long (according to experts, it takes from 5 to 10 years). At the initial stage of cluster formation, existing production facilities are examined and priority areas for clustering are identified. The complexity of this stage lies in the lack of a specific methodology for diagnosing potential clusters in the region.

It is important to determine the prospects for cooperative cooperation between enterprises in the region, highlighting value chains where the interests of participants in the production process coincide, as well as production and business chains located at the intersection of different types of activities, the development of which will contribute to the emergence of new types of production.

When creating a RC, it is necessary to take into account the interests of two groups of participants. Firstly, state authorities and local governments that have sufficient tools to influence the activities of the cluster. Secondly, the business community, which is represented by various structures that do not always have similar goals.

Goals must be agreed upon, taking into account the interests of various groups, and a common goal and ways to achieve it must be developed. At this stage, the role of regional authorities, acting as initiators of the creation of a cluster, is important.

At the next stage, meetings are held with the participation of representatives of business, public organizations, financial institutions, and government bodies, at which issues of combining efforts to create a cluster are resolved. In the process of such meetings, the structure of the cluster is formed, the goals of its activities are determined, functions are distributed between the cluster participants, problems are identified, ways to solve them are developed, interaction mechanisms are developed, and opportunities are analyzed. An important issue at this stage is the formation of cluster boundaries.

The result of this work should be the creation of a coordination council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is the cluster management body and includes representatives of various groups included in the cluster, the determination of the organizational structure of the cluster, the creation of a legal framework for the cluster’s activities, which establishes the main functions, operating principles, rights and responsibilities of cluster participants.

At the final stage of this stage, all participants sign an agreement to create a cluster. It is necessary to take into account that a cluster is a collection of independent organizations carrying out coordinated activities.

At each stage of the implementation of cluster initiatives, government authorities monitor and analyze the results in order to adjust and use appropriate cluster policy instruments. An objective assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of individual areas of cluster policy can be obtained based on the performance results and self-assessment of the clusters themselves.

The most famous innovation center in the country is Skolkovo. Good examples can be given in the development of its nuclear cluster, more than 40 % whose residents are already selling their new technologies and products. Of its 110 participants, a third represent startups from Moscow, at least 10% from the Moscow region, and the rest were created in the regions: Yekaterinburg, Tomsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, etc.

Companies that get on board with this cluster then set up production in their region, arriving there with a wealth of knowledge, entrepreneurial experience and investments that they were able to receive thanks to Skolkovo and its foundation.

This cluster has been operating for more than three years, and the average period of commercialization on this topic is 5-7 years. Participants in the Skolkovo project are small teams starting almost from scratch, developing and promoting innovations from idea to final result (up to presentation to the market). Some startups in Skolkovo are supported from the very beginning (from the idea, R&D), others - at subsequent stages, generally dealing with applied solutions in different industries and using the momentum of the developing nuclear industry.

This and similar examples from the field of innovative clustering of production clearly show that our country has not yet developed a system for transmitting orders from business to the innovative environment.

Of course, business structures and industrial organizations should contact not only Skolkovo or other well-known IPK, but also the wider innovation community. They need to learn to formulate their requests, technical, organizational and economic requirements, convey them to the professional innovation environment with subsequent practical implementation.

In the above case with the Skolkovo project, with serious government support, an ambitious innovation cluster is practically being created, aimed at obtaining maximum efficiency and commercial returns from the implementation of innovative projects. At the same time, of course, a noteworthy attempt has been made to establish broad connections between fundamental and applied science, as well as with business; create a complex of a significant number of generated regional clusters around Skolkovo.

It is obvious that in Russia today innovation clusters (including industrial ones) are most often formed in the environment of already established large scientific and research-and-production centers, science cities, innovation platforms, etc. Here, for example, science cities can be called promising: Biysk, Dubna , Protvino, Obninsk, Zhukovsky, Korolev and many other well-known domestic scientific centers of the country.

The considered examples confirm the conclusion about the need to organize effective support for the development of regional clusters at all levels of government in order to ensure their innovation and investment attractiveness and favorable conditions for the development of innovative industrial clusters, pilot Republic of Kazakhstan.

• Sheremet A.D. Comprehensive analysis of economic activity. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008.

1

The article analyzes the trends in cluster development in Russia and foreign countries, presents the features of the cluster approach in the formation of an innovative economy, substantiates the factors that stimulate the formation of cluster structures, and presents the dynamics of the formation of clusters in the economies of foreign countries. Based on the analysis of the factors of the emergence and development of clusters, models of clustering of the economy were identified. The clustering of the economies of foreign countries is considered, and the features of the development of cluster policy in the countries of Europe and Asia are given. The role of the state in the formation of clusters is considered, and the types of state policies that support the development of cluster formations are analyzed. The features of the state policy of cluster formation in Russia are considered. The main legal acts supporting the development of clusters and aimed at the innovative development of the country as a whole are analyzed. The instruments of state support for cluster initiatives are presented. The most important role of the state in the development of clusters in Russia is substantiated.

cluster formations

clustering policy

state participation

cluster initiatives

innovative development

factor analysis

clustering models

features of public policy

government support instruments

1. Abashkin V.L., Boyarov A.D., Kutsenko E.S. Cluster policy in Russia: from theory to practice // Foresight. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 16.

2. Kutsenko E.S. Regional cluster strategy: maneuvering between the rules of the market and the state // Foresight. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 8.

3. Lenchuk E.B., Vlaskin G.A. Cluster approach in the strategy of innovative development of foreign countries. – Access mode: // www.km.ru

4. Merkusheva I.S., Nesmachnykh O.V., Litovchenko V.V. Formation and implementation of the organization's strategy based on the scenario approach // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 122–124.

5. Nesmachnykh O.V., Litovchenko V.V. The nature of the emergence of a synergetic effect in an industrial cluster and assessment of its impact // Scientific Review. Series 1: Economics and law. – 2014.– No. 1.– P.27–35.

6. Gabor Bekes Clusters, Science Parks and Regional Development (Strategies and Policies in Hungary). Presentation at UNECT TOS–ICP Geneva February 14, 2008.

7. Powerful dusters: Main Drivers of Europe’s Competitiveness (translated by the author). Brussels, 17 October 2008 –URL: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/innovation/index_en.htm

Modern conditions for the functioning of companies in the information economy suggest using intangible assets, intellectual capital and innovative factors as the basis for competitive advantages as a basic source of economic growth. As an integral solution to this problem, it is necessary to use a system of interaction between the state, business, science and education, the most important tool of which is the cluster approach.

Cluster policy acts as a catalyst for strengthening interaction between participants in the production and economic process and focuses on solving pressing problems of the economy:

• development and maintenance of competition is the main task when implementing cluster policy;
• special attention is paid to the development of cooperative ties between small and medium-sized enterprises in the region to increase overall labor productivity;
• organizing interaction between industrial enterprises, research centers and educational institutions creates favorable conditions for increasing the innovativeness of production and ensuring a continuous innovation process at enterprises in the industry;
• cluster policy considers the development of the industrial and innovative potential of small and medium-sized enterprises as the basis for the formation of competitive regional clusters.

World practice shows that in the last two decades the process of cluster formation has been quite active. In general, according to experts, clustering has currently covered about 50% of the economies of the leading countries of the world (Fig. 1):

Rice. 1. Clustering of foreign economies

In the United States, more than half of enterprises operate within clusters, and the share of GDP produced in them exceeded 60%. There are over 2 thousand clusters in the EU, which employ 38% of its workforce.

Cluster formations are quite developed in industry in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Finnish industrial enterprises have been among the most competitive in the world since the beginning of the 21st century and occupy leading positions in world rankings thanks to the industrial clustering policy. Clusters provide high productivity, so Finland covers 10% of world exports of wood products and 25% of pulp and paper products. The very first and most successful cluster formations were associations in the telephone and mobile communications market. Finland's mobile export market share is 30% and mobile phone exports account for 40% worldwide.

Cluster formations in Italy provide 43% of the population with work and cover 30% of national exports. In other European countries, clusters are appearing everywhere: chemical and engineering clusters are successfully operating in Germany, and clustering of food and cosmetics production has occurred in France.

Just like Europe, Asia is pursuing a cluster policy with the aim of increasing the industrial and innovative potential of the national economy. For example, a petrochemical cluster is being formed in Singapore, the largest automobile manufacturing cluster has been formed in Japan, and more than 60 special zones have been formed in China intended for the formation of cluster formations in various areas of industry, providing an average level of sales of about $200 billion per year. year .

When implementing cluster initiatives, the participation of the state is of great importance in terms of organizing, initiating and financing projects for the creation and development of clusters. At the same time, financing is implemented on the basis of a strict competitive selection of the best projects from all submitted to the competition. In addition to the state, various international organizations, universities, and businesses can participate in the financing and organization of cluster creation projects. For example, in France there is the National Planning Agency DATAR, in the USA there is the National Competitiveness Council, in the UK there is the LINK cooperation program.

Rice. 2. Initiation and financing of cluster flows in developed countries

Analyzing examples of the implementation of cluster policy abroad, several cluster models can be identified:

1. the European model involves the concentration of competing companies within one geographic area, which produce a differentiated product and form a special production and sales strategy within the cluster and beyond;
2. the North American clustering model unites a number of industry companies based on the principle of territorial specialization;
3. the introduction of clustering and the high role of the state are characteristic of the Asian model, which assumes vertical integration and specialization of enterprises within one geographic area;
4. The Japanese clustering model is characterized by the concentration of small and medium-sized enterprises around a large monopolist company. Industrial connections involve vertical and horizontal integration in conditions of competition between small companies for the right to supply.

In Russia, the formation of clusters proceeds largely according to the third model, taking into account the initiation of cluster initiatives by the state, the implementation of clustering policies and the financing of cluster projects.

There are four types of cluster policies, which are classified depending on the degree of government participation in the clustering process:

1. The catalytic type of policy assumes the intermediary role of the state in the organization of cluster formations and limited financial support, which, as a rule, is implemented in the form of joint financing of projects or indirect budget financing.
2. The supportive type of policy characterizes government participation over a long period or most of the cluster's life cycle. The state participates in the financing of projects, the development of the region’s infrastructure, and monitors the effectiveness of cluster formations and their impact on the regional economy.
3. The directive type of policy characterizes even deeper participation of the state in the clustering of the region, which involves structural changes in the economy of the industry or region, stimulating the development of individual sectors of the economy, and achieving balance in the economic development of the region.
4. The interventionist type of policy characterizes the participation of the state in the formation and operation of the cluster through PPP, joint projects with small and medium-sized businesses, grant support, subsidies, etc. in order to form a specialization of the region.

A feature of the development of cluster policy in Russia is its directive nature, guiding and regulating the formation of clusters in certain industries at all levels of government. The Russian economy is characterized by territorial production complexes financed by federal and regional authorities, spatial clusters, and cluster initiatives.

The fundamental document prescribing the framework of cluster policy is the “Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020”. One of the key conditions for modernizing the economy and realizing the competitive potential of the regions is the creation of a network of territorial production clusters. The formation of two types of clusters is envisaged - innovative high-tech (in urbanized regions) and territorial-production clusters, focused on industrial restructuring using high technologies.

The “Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the Period until 2020” also focuses on the need to support cluster initiatives. It is assumed that the formation of territories for innovative development and innovation clusters will contribute to the intensification of innovative activities. At the first stage (2011-2013), pilot projects are being carried out to develop mechanisms for supporting cluster initiatives. The development of clusters will be stimulated by co-financing from the federal budget of regional programs to promote small businesses and additional support for regions actively investing in the creation of their innovation system.

Support for institutional development involves stimulating the innovation process, supporting innovation and commercializing innovations, providing consulting services, government participation in forecasting the main market indicators of the region, as well as participation in training the personnel necessary for enterprises.

High competitiveness is ensured through direct and indirect budget financing of cluster projects, grant support for innovative research, the creation of special economic zones, as well as the implementation of joint public-private cluster development projects.

In addition, it is necessary to indicate a number of reasons why state participation in the formation and development of clusters in Russia becomes a necessary condition for successful cluster policy:

• Large territory and the need to coordinate the actions of various clusters in the interregional space. The activities of clusters require cooperation with local, regional and federal authorities, coordination of the cluster development strategy with regional policy, etc.
• Cooperation of small and medium-sized businesses with larger industrial corporations and research centers is so far based only on economic ties within the production process chain. All members of the cluster are aware of the need for innovative activity, however, due to the high risks of investing money in innovation, large corporations and other members of the cluster are reluctant to sponsor innovative projects. To intensify investment activity, state support is required not only in the field of financing, but also in the field of propaganda, popularization of innovative production, which is ensured through various competitions for the best invention, the best young scientist, etc., providing grant support for innovative research, popularization new inventions in the media.
• Cluster initiatives are based largely on supporting small and medium-sized businesses within the cluster structure. In order to provide favorable conditions for successful start-ups, it is necessary to organize an entire infrastructure consisting of business incubators, technology parks, free economic zones, tax holidays, etc., which can only be created by federal and regional authorities. Without the development of such infrastructure, small and medium-sized businesses will not develop in our country, therefore the role of the state in this area of ​​cluster policy is invaluable.
• The most important feature hindering the development of clusters is business distrust of other cluster participants and government bodies, which is due to the low degree of information openness of the market. The state needs to popularize information openness and fair competition. Creating a certain culture of doing business in Russia is also possible by tightening penalties for economic crimes and industrial espionage, eliminating numerous weak points in the legislation that enable unscrupulous businessmen to interpret the law in their favor.

Thus, the active participation of the state in the formation and development of clusters in our country plays a very important role in cluster policy and the economy of the state as a whole.

Reviewers:

Osipov S.L., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Finance and Credit, Far Eastern Institute-branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk;

Simonenko N.N., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Economics and Finance, KnAGTU, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The work was received by the editor on June 4, 2014.

Bibliographic link

Nesmachnykh O.V., Litovchenko V.V. CLUSTER POLICY IN THE STRATEGY OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES // Fundamental Research. – 2014. – No. 9-1. – pp. 162-165;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=34662 (access date: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

The cluster approach is the most effective and progressive tool for the development of a post-industrial globalized economy. Today, cluster initiatives can form the basis for the development of the industrial core of Russia and most fully realize the competitive advantages of industrial regions. Cluster policy is a system of interrelated actions of federal, regional and municipal authorities aimed at stimulating and supporting initiatives of regional and municipal authorities and business structures to create and develop clusters. The formation and development of clusters makes it possible to realize the comparative (competitive) advantages of territories, since geographically interconnected companies in a certain industry, as well as the enterprises that support their activities, directly influence the development of regions. When developing strategies and programs for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it is important to provide for the prospects for the formation of clusters. At the regional level, the main tasks are to identify key clusters in the regional economy, analyze barriers and opportunities for their development and implement initiatives aimed at stimulating the development of clusters. For the region, cluster policy consists of financing and coordinating projects for the development of key clusters. For municipalities, the objectives of cluster policy are to integrate the local economy into key regional clusters and coordinate projects aimed at developing local clusters existing within the boundaries of the municipality.

A cluster is a collection of geographically localized and interconnected companies in a certain industry, as well as suppliers of equipment, components, specialized services, enterprises and organizations in infrastructure industries, scientific and educational institutions that support their activities and are located in a given territory.

An important distinguishing feature of the cluster is its innovation orientation. The most successful clusters are formed where a “breakthrough” is being made or expected in the field of technology and production technology with subsequent entry into new “market niches.”

Cluster policy is a system of interrelated actions of federal, regional and municipal authorities aimed at stimulating and supporting initiatives of regional and municipal authorities and business structures to create and develop clusters.

Cluster policy is implemented in practice in the development of a cluster strategy. The cluster strategy represents decisions (priorities) in the field of organizing clusters and network cooperation, defining specific activities to achieve the goals of cluster policy. The composition of activities, deadlines, responsible persons and funds form a cluster program.

The subjects of cluster policy are authorities at the supranational, national and local levels.

The objects of cluster policy are the level of competitiveness of enterprises, regions and the national economy

The main goal of regional/national cluster policy is to create conditions for sustainable development and increase the competitiveness of regional/national competitiveness based on stimulating clusters.

The formation and development of clusters makes it possible to realize the comparative (competitive) advantages of territories, since geographically interconnected companies in a certain industry, as well as the enterprises that support their activities, directly influence the development of regions. When developing strategies and programs for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it is important to provide for the prospects for the formation of clusters.

At the federal level, a general strategy and policy for the development of clusters is being developed, including the use of cluster policy instruments, the participation of federal departments, financing issues, coordination of key activities and the involvement of regional and municipal authorities.

At the regional level, the main tasks are to identify key clusters in the regional economy, analyze barriers and opportunities for their development and implement initiatives aimed at stimulating the development of clusters. For the region, cluster policy consists of financing and coordinating projects for the development of key clusters.

For municipalities, the objectives of cluster policy are to integrate the local economy into key regional clusters and coordinate projects aimed at developing local clusters existing within the boundaries of the municipality.

As part of social policy, it is advisable to provide for measures to improve the quality of education in the cluster profile, and corresponding advanced training programs.

In the business environment, it is possible to create business incubators based on the cluster profile, venture funds, promote access to credit resources, certain tax preferences, simplify company registration procedures, and reduce administrative barriers.

It is necessary to provide for the development of the cluster infrastructure when developing and financing projects for the development of transport and engineering infrastructure, communications and telecommunications.

Cluster typology:

1. By the nature of the structure-forming organization of the cluster:

a) Large-scale enterprise;

b) Association around a chamber of commerce and industry, or an organization that determines economic development (associations, regional agencies)

2. By cluster core:

a) Based on a complex technological basis, often new to the territory;

b) Based on traditional activities for a given territory;

c) Bound by contractual relations.

d) Lateral (inter-industry) clusters - covering several industries at once, for example, a multimedia cluster.

e) Mega-clusters - formed by a network of clusters, i.e. a large number of firms belonging to various sectors of the economy and characterized by a high degree of aggregation (chemical, automotive clusters).

3. There are two main categories of clusters, formed along spatial and functional axes:

a) Industrial cluster - focuses on competition within the sector. It consists of all kinds of actors, resources and activities that come together to develop, produce and sell various types of goods and services. An industrial cluster, as a rule, is not spatially tied to any urban area. It tends to have broader boundaries, perhaps covering an entire region or country.

b) A regional cluster is a spatial agglomeration of similar and related economic activities, forming the basis of the local environment, facilitating the spillover of knowledge and stimulating various forms of learning and adaptation. Such clusters typically consist of small and medium-sized enterprises, and a central element of their success lies in the strengths of social capital and geographic proximity. Another feature is that firms are less interconnected than in industrial clusters.

Types of cluster policy (M. Enright):

Current information contains:

On the website of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation there is a special page “Implementation of cluster policy”

In the same place about innovations, including innovative territorial clusters

http://www.economy.gov.ru/minec/activity/sections/innovations/

Russian Cluster Observatory - http://cluster.hse.ru/ = interesting.

Monitoring of regional cluster policies / Association of Innovative Regions of Russia. 2014 - http://www.i-regions.org/upload/monitoringponyatieobzor.pdf

AIRR publishes the magazine “Clusters: World – Russia – Regions”.
http://www.i-regions.org/media/

You can look at the interpretation of clusters/use of the term in the non-production sphere. For example, “On the Concept of designing socio-cultural clusters in municipalities of the Belgorod region for 2012-2017”.

You can watch the materials of the online discussion “Territories of Innovation – Regional Clusters”:

http://www.strf.ru/material.aspx?CatalogId=223&d_no=49784

Additional literature:

Website of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation:

http://www.economy.gov.ru/minec/activity/sections/innovations/politic/

Klimova T.B., Bondareva Ya.Yu. Methodological approaches to the formation of innovation clusters in the context of ensuring balanced regional development // Corporate Finance. 2011. No. 3 (19). pp. 88-92.

Nikulina O.V., Yakunina Yu.K. Model of innovative development based on optimization of the methodology for clustering the regional economy // Regional economics: theory and practice. 2011. No. 42.

Pulatova I.R. Regional industrial policy: issues of territorial organization of production // Regional economics: theory and practice. 2011. No. 40.

Development of the concept of a cluster model of socio-economic development of the Saratov region. Research report (final). 2009.

Teterin N.I. Analysis of existing and identification of potential (emerging) clusters in the regional economy (using the example of the Saratov region) // Regional Economics: Theory, Practice. 2009. No. 23.

Center for Cluster Development of the Republic of Bashkortostan - http://www.anrb.ru/blog/alias/ckr

The Center for Industrial Subcontracting solves complex problems in the field of cooperation between industrial enterprises in Russia and other countries, develops cooperation between large enterprises and small manufacturers.

http://www.subcontractcentre.ru

Center for Innovative Development and Cluster Initiatives of the Samara Region - http://cik63.ru/

Center for Cluster Development of the Penza Region - http://clustercenter.ru/

Cluster policy is an integral part of the state’s economic policy. Its goals are to support the development of clusters in certain territories by creating additional conditions for increasing the competitiveness and effective interaction of cluster participants. The peculiarity of cluster policy compared to industrial policy is its focus exclusively on competitive activities of a region or country.

Cluster policy tools are broader than the traditional set of industrial policy tools and include support not only for production activities, but also for the service sector, the scientific and educational complex, unique competencies and traditions of the local community. While industrial policy mainly uses the tools of customs policy, technical regulation, and state investment policy, cluster policy is associated with the use of indirect support tools, mainly aimed at developing cooperation and the innovative potential of cluster participants.

In Russia, there is an active development of cluster policy at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, however, the coordination of this process at both the federal and regional levels is insufficient. Currently undefined:

unified approaches to understanding the territorial cluster, typology of clusters, a unified conceptual apparatus of cluster policy;

a unified set of cluster policy tools;

necessary mechanisms for coordinating the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, associations of entrepreneurs for the implementation of cluster policy.

A territorial cluster should be understood as an actual association of economic entities that carry out economic activities within the boundaries of one or more administrative-territorial entities and are connected in the production and sale of goods and services by functional or contractual relations, due to which the average rate of profit of the cluster is positive and increased compared to with the average rate of return for the corresponding administrative-territorial entities.

This definition reflects a number of criteria. A cluster should be an informal association of economic entities concentrated in a certain territory. Cluster participants must be connected by functional or contractual relationships. And these relationships should determine the competitiveness of their activities, a positive economic effect, and a high rate of profit.

Not all clusters are innovative. Innovation is a characteristic of clusters. Based on the level of innovation potential, clusters can be divided into clusters with medium and high innovation potential. A cluster with high innovative potential is innovative. Average innovation potential is typical for traditional or industrial clusters.

However, based on the system-forming importance of innovation and innovation activity in the modern economic policy of the state, the branch of legislation on innovation activity that has been emerging in recent years can be simultaneously considered as the basis for the development of the regulatory legal framework for cluster policy. It is this branch of legislation that determines the features of state support for organizational forms of innovative activity, such as science cities, technology parks, special economic zones, which essentially correspond to or act as analogues of territorial clusters.

It is in the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on innovation activity that definitions and instruments of cluster policy are consistently beginning to penetrate. It should be noted that neither federal nor regional legislation contains a definition of the term “cluster”. The term itself in its economic sense is increasingly found in federal and regional concepts and programs of socio-economic development, conceptual and administrative acts. For example, at the regional level it is used in acts on the creation and composition of working groups for the creation of individual clusters (Altai Territory, Ivanovo Region), acts initiating the creation of specific clusters (Republic of Tatarstan) and even aimed at the general organization of activities for the formation of such formations (Tver Region ).

In itself, enshrining the terms and definitions of cluster policy in legislation should not become an end in itself. Legal definitions do not form regulatory norms. The primary task is to determine the subject of legal regulation and legal support for measures of state support for clusters. Here, both at the federal and regional levels, there is no common understanding of ways to solve the problem.

Currently, the activity of regional authorities is often aimed at the formation and creation of clusters on their territory. However, this process is individual, which, although it can be supported by a program-target method, administrative acts of government bodies and methods of direct economic support, still remains stochastic and largely dependent on weakly controllable factors, primarily on the economic entities themselves. In world practice, clusters are usually created and self-determined independently. State support should be aimed primarily at the development of existing clusters, and not at the formation of new ones. The latter is due to a greater extent to the use of industrial policy instruments of import substitution, rather than cluster policy.

At the same time, it should be recognized that the possibilities for creating special legal regulation in the field of implementing cluster policy are generally limited, especially at the federal level.

Of course, improving civil legislation, tax and customs legislation, and budget legislation can have a positive impact on the development of clusters. Depending on the characteristics of the cluster, its development can also be determined by land and agricultural legislation, legislation in the field of application of information technology. However, these areas of legislation do not reflect the essence and instruments of cluster policy.

For different clusters, effective cluster policy instruments that could be reflected in legislation differ. They differ for mono- and multi-industry clusters, that is, clusters in which there are, respectively, one or several leading industries - cluster-forming industries; clusters that are formed by small and medium-sized businesses and clusters where a network of suppliers is built around large leading enterprises.

Issues of using certain measures of state support and legal regulation should be resolved locally, causally in essence for each cluster separately.

promoting the formation of cluster innovation networks;

organizing information support for cluster development;

promoting technology transfer among cluster participants.

Thus, when promoting technology transfer, the main objectives are:

organization of examination of innovative projects;

activation of patenting processes in the cluster.

conducting an audit and inventory of intellectual property.

formation of an intellectual property database.

These and other instruments of cluster policy are mainly related to the implementation of state orders by regional executive authorities. That is, legal regulation in this case is minimal and is limited to the development and adoption of strategies and plans for the development of clusters, regional targeted programs for the development of clusters, and regulations on coordination councils. If regional registers of the results of scientific and technical activities, innovative organizations and projects are created in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, cluster development organizations and other specialized non-profit organizations are created, additional legal regulation is possible related to the maintenance of registers and the provision of services by relevant organizations to cluster participants, the procedure for subsidizing their activities.

Nevertheless, even to use such limited legal opportunities, which are used mainly by the highest executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a systematic approach is required. This approach can only be ensured by laws. That is, in order to create conditions for the effective use of instruments of state support for clusters, the system of such instruments should be enshrined in legislative acts. At the same time, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on innovation activities have significant potential to become the basic source of legal regulation in the implementation of cluster policy.

At the federal level, it is advisable to consider the possibility of subsidizing the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the development of territorial clusters, as well as to propose cluster policy instruments, that is, to form an appropriate methodological base.