“If you buy an apartment with a mortgage, you will have to pay the bank three or even four times its cost” - this is perhaps the most common misconception in Russia regarding credit products.

Indeed, if you simply add up all the payments on a home loan, the amount turns out to be quite serious. For example, if you bought an apartment for 3 million rubles. using a loan in the amount of 2.4 million (80% of the cost of the property) for a period of 20 years at 12% per annum, then in the end you will pay 6.94 million rubles for housing or 2.3 of its cost. Including 0.6 million is the initial payment (20% of the cost of the property), and 6.34 million are loan payments over 20 years.

However, such calculations are correct only in conditions of complete isolation from real life. From the very one in which there is inflation, rising real estate prices, taxes and much more. To calculate the actual cost of an apartment, you need to take into account all these variables.

Inflation

The loan agreement that you entered into with the bank specifies the size of the monthly payment - a specific amount. In the example discussed above, the payment is 26.43 thousand rubles. per month. It remains unchanged throughout the life of the loan (loans with variable rates occupy a tiny market share, and we do not consider them). But while the loan is being repaid, inflation continues to gallop in the country, therefore, the money paid towards the loan is gradually becoming cheaper.

The Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation has developed a forecast for the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, according to which inflation from 2013 to 2020 will fluctuate around 5% per year. Then in 2021-2025 it will drop to 3.5-3.9% per year. However, after the preparation of this document, representatives of the ministry repeatedly spoke about revising the forecast values ​​upward. For example, in 2013, inflation, according to updated data, will be 6.2%, and in 2014 - 5.3%. In addition, experience over the years has shown that actual price increases are almost always higher than those predicted by the government. This means that for our calculations we can safely take the inflation rate at an average level of 5% per year (for the next 15-20 years).

From all this it follows that, in fact, loan payments will become cheaper annually by 5%. Therefore, if we consider the current cost of the apartment (and money), then you will have to pay 3.87 million today’s rubles* to repay the mortgage loan (see footnote). This means that the total cost of the apartment (in today’s rubles) will be 4.47 million. This amount included mortgage payments and a down payment of 0.6 million rubles.

As a result, it turns out that with a mortgage, your apartment will cost you less than one and a half times more than with a regular purchase.

But that's not all. You rely on interest on a housing loan - the budget will return you 13% of the amount that you paid to the bank to repay the interest rate on the loan (the tax deduction does not apply to repaying the “body” of the loan). You took out a loan in the amount of 2.4 million rubles, which means that interest payments amounted to 1.47 million (in today's rubles). The tax deduction from this amount will be 0.19 million rubles. Consequently, the total cost of the apartment (in today's rubles, taking into account tax deductions) will be 4,28 million. In fact, this means that the mortgage increased the cost of the apartment not by 2.3 times (as we initially thought), but only by 40%.

Moreover, if you take out a loan not for 20 years, but for a shorter period, and initially pay more than 20% of the cost of housing, then the overpayment will be even less.

Price increase

The time has come to calculate the impact of the third factor on the profitability/disadvantage of a mortgage transaction - the dynamics of housing prices. Our earlier studies show that apartments in Yekaterinburg have risen in price by an average of 17.6% per year over the past 12 years (since the beginning of the 21st century). The average inflation rate during this period was 11% per year. It is easy to calculate that the growth rate of housing prices on average outpaced inflation by 6.6% per year. But such rates are a thing of the past. Most likely, the Ekaterinburg real estate market will not grow so rapidly in the coming decades. However, you should not expect that the annual rise in prices for apartments in the capital of the Urals will equal the rate of inflation. Social surveys show that up to 70% of city residents intend to improve their living conditions, plus oil workers in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are interested in buying housing in Yekaterinburg.

Analysts believe that the forecast according to which apartments in the city will rise in price at the rate of “inflation plus two percent per year” looks quite realistic. In our model for the next 20 years, this means an annual price increase of 7%. That is, housing purchased today for 3 million will cost 11.6 million rubles in 20 years.**

However, we cannot use this number to calculate the actual cost of a mortgage transaction. In the previous section, we calculated the costs of buying an apartment on credit in today's “expensive” rubles. And 11.6 million is the price of an apartment, expressed in cheaper (due to inflation) rubles in 2033. To convert it into expensive rubles, we will remove the inflation component (5% per year) from the final price of the object. That is, our apartment will only rise in price by 2% per year. Even by 1.9% (after all, from a two percent increase in prices, inflation also bites off its 5% annually). In this case, the cost of the apartment in 20 years will be 4.37 million (in today's expensive rubles).

Four paragraphs above, we calculated that 4.28 million was spent on the purchase of an apartment in today’s rubles and taking into account tax deductions. The bottom line is the following - if we take into account the time value of money and the dynamics of housing prices, then our borrower paid 4.28 million rubles. and became the owner of an apartment that costs 4.37 million. It turns out that even if he repays the mortgage loan within 20 years, he will not overpay anything and will even remain in a small plus (in the example under consideration - 90 thousand rubles). To some approximation, we can say that this “bonus” will cover the borrower’s costs of mortgage insurance.

Summary

In the example considered, the final price of the mortgaged apartment practically coincided with the amount paid for it by the buyer (taking into account the time - emphasis on the last syllable - cost of money). It happened by chance. The author did not customize the answer, but calculated an arbitrary option for purchasing inexpensive housing. If the cost of the apartment and the loan amount are different, the results of “temporary” calculations will look different. But in any case, if you take into account the time value of money, it turns out that a mortgage is quite a pleasant thing from the buyer’s point of view.

And one moment. The model we built looks very “chocolatey”. However, it is worth considering that if in real life inflation turns out to be lower than in our model, or housing prices rise at a lower rate, then the borrower will not be able to break even. In the absence of inflation and rising real estate prices (if they last 20 years), our hero will actually pay 2.3 times its cost for the apartment.

* For absolute clarity, I will give a formula for calculating the cost of a mortgage loan taking into account the time value of money. Every year the ruble depreciates by 5% due to inflation, therefore, annually the amount of payments must be multiplied by 0.95. An asterisk in a formula denotes the “multiply” sign. And one more thing: 317.16 (thousand rubles) is the amount of annual contributions to repay the loan. So…

317.16*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95+

317.16*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95*0.95=3865.78949212923

** To calculate the cost of housing in 20 years, we used a standard financial (deposit) calculator that calculates annual interest on capitalizations once a year. The financial calculator can be found on the Internet, for example on the website www.bogache.ru

Instructions

The need to calculate GDP per capita is clear. After all, it is one thing when a GDP equal to 2 billion dollars is produced in a state with a population of 200 million, and quite another when the same volume of GDP is generated in a country with a population ten times smaller.

To determine GDP per capita, you need to make a simple calculation: divide the total gross domestic product by the total population. This way you will find out how many goods and services, in value terms, produced by a country are per capita. Russia ranks 34th in the world ranking in terms of GDP per capita.

You can also calculate GDP per capita using purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parity is between two currencies of different countries, which is calculated on the basis of their purchasing power relative to a certain volume of goods and services. For example, the same set of goods and services costs 500 hryvnia in Ukraine, and 100 dollars in the USA. In this case, purchasing power parity is 5 hryvnia per dollar, i.e. for 5 hryvnia in Ukraine you can buy the same set as for 1 dollar in the USA. At the same time, the exchange rates of these countries may deviate significantly from parity. Therefore, you must understand that purchasing power parity is an indicator used by statistical organizations in calculations, and the exchange rate is a real instrument of the world economy. Our country is in 36th place in terms of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity.

But at the same time, you must take into account that GDP per capita is not the only indicator of the efficiency of a country’s economy and the quality of life of the population. It is not considered an ideal indicator of a country's development, although it can be used in analysis.

GDP - gross domestic product - is the market value of all goods and services intended for direct consumption that were produced during the year in all industries in the country for consumption, export or accumulation. This is one of the main indicators of the state's economy. This indicator is calculated both nominal and real – adjusted for inflation. Typically, GDP is calculated quarterly and annually.

You will need

• Statistics data on economic sectors for the required period; it is advisable to use specialized programs to facilitate calculations. Directly for the calculation you should choose one of three methods.

Instructions

For GDP using the value added method, only final goods and services should be counted, without taking into account intermediate goods, which would entail double counting. In this case, added value is the market price of the product, minus raw materials, therefore, in calculating GDP, only the amounts at the market price of all goods produced and services provided are used.

To calculate GDP, all expenses of economic entities for the acquisition of final goods should be summed up. This method sums up consumer spending, private investment in the national economy, government purchases of goods and services, and the country's net exports.

To calculate GDP by income, all incomes of owners of factors of production operating within the geographical boundaries of the country, both residents and non-residents, should be summed up. This method sums wages, social security contributions, gross profit, gross mixed income, taxes on production and imports less subsidies.

Video on the topic

note

Many business entities - individuals and enterprises deliberately distort the amount of their income, hiding them from taxation, therefore the resulting GDP indicator is not a complete reflection of the economic results of work for the period

Helpful advice

In theory, all methods should give the same figure, but in practice this is not the case, in particular due to methodological discrepancies in the time of recording different indicators.

Sources:

• Detailed article on methods for calculating GDP
• calculate gdp by income

Gross domestic product (GDP) can be nominal or real. The second is more suitable for comparison between countries and over different periods of time, since it shows the real level of economic development adjusted for inflation (changes in the price level). Both nominal and real GDP are calculated in monetary units (rubles, dollars).

You will need

• Rosstat
• http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/
• http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
• CIA Fact Book
• https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html

Instructions

Roughly speaking, to calculate real GDP, you need to “cleanse” nominal GDP of inflation. When calculating real GDP for the base year, you can take any year, even if it is located chronologically earlier than the current one. For example, for historical comparison, you can calculate real GDP in 2000 in 2010 prices, in which case the base year will be 2010.

The calculation requires the nominal GDP of the base year. To do this, you can use Rosstat research (if you require data only for the Russian Federation), as well as information from the IMF, the World Fact Book or the CIA World Fact Book. To get the real GDP figure, you need to divide nominal GDP by the general price level (calculated as a price index).

Most often, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used as a price indices to calculate real GDP, which is calculated based on the cost of goods included in the market consumer basket (the average number of goods consumed by the average family per year). In developed countries, the consumer basket consists of 300-400 items of goods and services. CPI data can also be found on the Rosstat website and on the websites of the statistical services of the countries that interest you.

Also, in some cases, when calculating real GDP, the Producer Price Index (PPI) can be used, which is calculated based on data on the cost of intermediate products (basket of capital goods) - raw materials and materials. Its main difference from the CPI is that this index covers only goods (without services) and only at the wholesale level of sales.

So, to calculate real GDP, nominal GDP must be divided by the price index, among which the most commonly used are PPI and CPI.

Sources:

• Based on materials from the book by Matveeva T.Yu. "Introduction to Macroeconomics"

Gross domestic product is one of the most important indicators of the system of national accounts. It characterizes the results of the activities of economic entities that are residents of the country and measures the value of goods and services produced by them.

Instructions

GDP is the final product produced. The cost of intermediate goods and services that were involved in its creation (raw materials, materials, fuel, transport, financial services, etc.) are not included in the calculation of GDP. Otherwise, double counting would be unavoidable. Gross domestic product is an indicator reflecting the level of production within the country, i.e. produced by its residents, namely those economic entities who are engaged in production or live in it for more than a year.

GDP can be calculated by three methods: the production method (as the sum), the final use method (as the sum of the final use components) and the distribution method (as the totality of primary income).

When calculating GDP using the production method, the cost indicator is taken into account, i.e. the difference between the sale of company products and the cost of purchasing raw materials, supplies, fuel, energy, and services. In other words, this is the price of the enterprise’s product minus the costs of its creation. As a result of summing the added values ​​of all economic entities in the country, the size of GDP will be obtained.

Under the end-use method, GDP is defined as the monetary value of all goods and services purchased during the year, i.e. all expenses of economic entities for the purchase of finished products are summed up. Expenses in this case include consumer spending, gross private investment in the national economy, government purchases, as well as net exports (the difference between a country's exports and imports).

The distribution method of calculating GDP involves summing up factor incomes, i.e. remuneration to owners of factors of production (wages, interest, rent, profit, etc.). In this case, the income of only those economic entities that are geographically located in the territory of a given country is taken into account.

Video on the topic

A country's gross domestic product is an economic concept, one of the most important elements of the System of National Accounts, which represents the total value of all goods and services produced in the country over an annual period.

Instructions

There are nominal, real, actual and potential GDP. Nominal GDP is expressed in prices of the current year, real GDP is calculated adjusted for inflation at prices of the previous year.

There are three methods for calculating GDP: distribution method, production method and final use method. GDP according to the distribution method is the sum of factor incomes (wages and rent, interest, corporate profits). This method is a calculation based on the income of all entities living in the country, who are both residents and non-residents.

The production method is used to calculate GDP by value added. Thus, GDP is the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year. Only added value is taken into account, i.e.

Olga doubts: which deposit is more profitable - with a slightly higher rate, where interest is accrued at the end of the term, or one where the rate is lower, but interest is accrued and capitalized at the end of each month. How to calculate the real return on investment?

Head of Retail Business Department of OJSC URALPROMBANK Elena Chebarushko: “When choosing a deposit to place free funds, you need to consider the set of conditions that the bank offers. And, of course, proceed from your needs and desires. Think about whether you plan to withdraw interest, or whether it will accumulate on the deposit, whether there may be a need to withdraw money from the deposit ahead of schedule, will you replenish it? Only by answering these questions can you choose a successful investment. Bank specialists can help not only in selecting a profitable deposit, taking into account all the nuances, but also advise on how to avoid loss of interest in unforeseen situations.

The profitability of the deposit largely depends on the interest rate at which the bank accepts funds from citizens and the term for replenishing the deposit. The profitability of a deposit with interest accrued and capitalized monthly or quarterly is certainly higher than for deposits with interest paid at the end of the term, despite the slight difference in the rate. This is explained by the fact that the client, without replenishing the deposit with “real” money, increases the size of the deposit by the amount of accrued interest. Accordingly, next month interest is accrued on a larger amount. In the case when interest is paid on the Demand Deposit and the depositor does not want to use it, a long-term payment order is issued, according to which the bank applies the interest to the deposit.

Let's compare two deposits of Uralprombank - “Optimal" with quarterly capitalization (term 777 days, rate 6%, replenishment - the first 60 days, the possibility of withdrawal is not limited within the minimum balance) and the deposit "Growing PLUS" (rate 7% in rubles, term 777 days, replenishment - the first 60 days, partial withdrawal is not provided, interest payment at the end of the term). It is worth noting that interest is accrued for each day the very next morning after replenishment or capitalization; the accrual is for the increased amount. Using the deposit calculator on the website Uralprombank.ru, you can easily calculate your possible profit on any selected type of deposit. For example: the profitability of a deposit of 100 thousand rubles on the “Optimal” deposit for more than two years will be 13,531.28 rubles, and on the “Growing PLUS” deposit, 14,912.06 rubles are due for payment at the end of the term. percent. You can increase your profitability by replenishing your deposit within the time limits established by the terms of the deposit.

Deposits with the highest rates in Uralprombank are those on which interest is accrued and paid at the end of the placement period. For those who plan to open a deposit in several currencies, this is “Growing PLUS”. Deposits “Safe” and “Millionaire Stable” - for wealthy clients with large sums.

Another advantageous offer is a new deposit launched in the anniversary year of Uralprombank, “Twenty Plus”. The “Twenty Plus” deposit is a deposit with the highest rate in the line of Uralprombank deposits (9.2%, interest payment at the end of the agreement, partial withdrawal is not provided, the possibility of replenishment during the first 140 days). Also for this deposit there are interesting early termination rates, which depend on the term maintained by the depositor - from 0.2% per annum to 7.5% per annum. Accordingly, if for some reason it is not possible to save the deposit, by withdrawing it early, you can save the interest almost completely.”

Operations Office ManagerOJSC "Pervobank"in Chelyabinsk Marina Ogorodova: « To select a favorable deposit offer, the depositor needs to compare the effective deposit rate with monthly capitalization with the deposit rate on which interest is accrued at the end of the term. Of course, with an equal nominal rate, the effective return on a deposit with monthly capitalization will be higher.

Let me emphasize that at low rates and short terms the difference is insignificant - for example, at a rate of 5% per annum on a deposit for a period of one year, the difference between the nominal and effective yield with monthly capitalization will be 0.1% per annum. Short-term deposits, as a rule, do not require capitalization. And, on the contrary, the longer the term and the higher the rate, the more noticeable the difference. Let’s take, for example, the Pervobank “Cocktail” deposit, the nominal rate of which is up to 9.25% per annum. With monthly capitalization, the difference between the nominal and effective rate on a deposit with a period of one year will be 0.38%, and on a deposit with a period of two years – 0.82%. It is worth noting that shorter-term deposits with interest paid at the end of the term can also be compared with annual deposits, and the number of capitalizations will be equal to the number of extensions made per year. For example, for a six-month “Optimal” deposit with a rate of 10%, the effective rate for the year, taking into account one prolongation (capitalization), will be 10.25%. At the same time, a shorter period gives the client mobility, since deposit rates may increase in the future. For more efficient financial management, we recommend that investors open deposits for different periods.

Not all banks announce the effective return on deposits with capitalization, and calculating the difference on your own is not easy - it is determined using a special formula. Therefore, before making a choice, I advise you to contact the bank manager and get detailed advice. In addition, the profitability of deposit offers may depend on the amount and timing of placement of funds, the possibility of replenishment or spending, as well as on other options. To select the optimal contribution, it is necessary to take into account all these factors.”

Director of the BCS Premier branch in Chelyabinsk Ilya Roshchupkin: « Let us analyze the described situation using specific examples. Let's assume that the investor has an amount of 500 thousand rubles. The interest rate on a deposit with accrual at the end of the term is 10% per annum, and on a deposit with monthly capitalization – 9.5% per annum. Let's consider different investment periods - six months, a year and two years. Duration: six months. In the first case (10% at the end of the term), the amount including interest will be 525,000 rubles, in the second - 524,200. The first option is more profitable. The term is one year. In the first case, the amount will be 550,000 rubles, in the second – 549,700 rubles. The first option is still more profitable, but the results are almost equal. Finally, on the two-year horizon we will receive 600,000 and 604,200 rubles, respectively. Here the second option is more profitable: the longer the term, the greater the impact of interest capitalization on the final result.

To calculate the real return on a deposit and not make mistakes in your own calculations, it is recommended to use a deposit calculator, which, as a rule, can be found on the bank’s website or in open sources. Now average deposit rates in Russia are at a high level, and investing money in a bank allows you to protect money from inflation. However, it is important to understand that this is a temporary phenomenon associated with the unstable situation in the economy and politics. Banks are forced to raise rates, including in order to increase their attractiveness against the backdrop of a negative information background: license revocations, sanctions. Nevertheless, even in the current situation, you can find financial instruments with which you can quickly increase your capital and achieve your goals than in the case of using only bank deposits - due to higher expected returns. Their role can be played, for example, by securities market instruments. Among them you can find both investment options with minimal risks and returns exceeding the return on deposits (including in foreign currency), as well as riskier, highly profitable instruments.”

Today we will consistently discuss the difference that is invisibly present between nominal and real.

To do this we need to remember what is inflation, and get acquainted with a new concept - consumer price index.

Along the way, let’s replenish our arsenal with several elementary formulas that will allow us to evaluate our real life in no time.

So the starting point is inflation.

The destination is a clear understanding of the difference between nominal interest rates and the inextricably linked real ones, between nominal money and real, between nominal and real...

Loose definition inflation is this: it is the depreciation of the power of money over time.

It may happen that inflation rises above 8%, and then, despite the nominal capital, you will end up poorer...

The $702 we discussed above is NOMINAL the value of your savings. Accordingly, 8% is nominal interest rate.

To get to real interest rates, we will have to resort to some simple calculations presented below.

R = N / (1 + i)n, Where

It is better to try to figure this out on your own.

Happy investment!

What you should pay special attention to when putting together the perfect wardrobe is how to make it wearable and harmonious. And today I propose to dwell in more detail on the topic of successful investments.

I use the word “investment” for a reason. But today I won’t talk about Hermes bags and Burberry trench coats, although, of course, these things are also an excellent investment. The whole point is that the sacred meaning of such “investments” does not directly depend on their cost. Here you need to take into account a combination of factors: the cut of the item (basic/non-basic), its quality and, last but not least, the price.

For many years now I have only bought clothes that will remain in my wardrobe forever and will be useful for many years. My wardrobe is growing, and I use it completely, inside and out. I don’t know what “nothing to wear” and “nothing to wear” mean. Moreover, the shares of mass market and luxury are almost equal for me.

Let’s face it, women regularly SPEND money on clothes and accessories. And, often, regardless of the size of the wardrobe, there is nothing to wear!

Standard situation: we wear 20% of our wardrobe, the remaining 80% hangs on hangers and sits sadly on the shelves.

And whatever explanations and justifications exist for this, this situation indicates that you are spending and not investing. Your expenses are ineffective and not justified. Unless, of course, you are into collecting :-)

This is not only expensive, but also inconvenient.

And today I want to dwell in more detail on how to correctly calculate the cost of the item that you decide to keep in your wardrobe. Because the same number indicated on the price tag of each specific item for each specific woman will ultimately be different!

So, the formula for smart shopping! Women's Algebra and Geometry

Conditions of the problem:

You see a beautiful cashmere (or cotton) jumper in the store. You can go to work in it. You go to the office 5 days a week.

Nearby there is a beautiful dress hanging on a hanger that you could use for going to a cafe or restaurant. You go to restaurants and cafes at most once a week, or even twice.

The jumper is very simple, but of excellent quality, fits perfectly, the color matches. The price, for example, is 5,000 rubles.

The dress is also made of good material, for example, lace or, as in my photo, an interesting knitwear, moderately elegant, with a complex cut. Price - 5000 rubles.

The problem asks: “Which item costs more: a jumper or a dress”?

Shall we solve the problem?

The answer “They cost the same” is incorrect.

The dress costs more!

Why?

In the vast majority of cases, the logic of women's purchases is as follows: this jumper is so simple, what's special about it? What can you pay 5,000 rubles for? But for such an unusual dress I am ready to pay this price!

Shall we count?

An excellent quality jumper that fits you perfectly and, due to the simplicity of the cut and the lack of a pattern, a priori can be combined with anything in your wardrobe; you would wear it once every 1-2 weeks for sure. Or maybe 2 times a week, because each time with a different skirt, trousers, jacket, cardigan, or even just jeans and sneakers, he would look different. In a year you could need it 45 times. Divide 5,000 rubles by 45 times of use, and we get the real price of this jumper.

111 (!) rubles!

And now the dress. It is very interesting, this, undoubtedly, is its advantage, but also its big drawback. You wear it a few times and it quickly becomes familiar. Acquaintances and friends will quickly remember him. And for the next party or meeting in a restaurant, you will need a new outfit, because everyone has already seen you in this.

Finding a new use for such a dress is not so easy... Diversifying and “replaying” is almost impossible. The more complex the design of a thing, the less universal it becomes. You can’t put a cardigan or jacket on top - all the “beauty” will be hidden... So, at best, you “walk” it 5 times.

The price of the dress for a year of use will be 1000 rubles.

The dress turned out to be 10 times more expensive than the jumper!

Now the same thing, only using the example of a whole wardrobe

We open the closet and count ALL the things that are lying around. Do you have these?

• I don't know what to wear them with
• not sure where to wear it
• I don't understand why I even bought it
• things that don't work
• or not happy

Now let's calculate the cost. An approximate one, of course. Let’s take 100,000 rubles for clarity, although for many it is much more. One stupid fur coat is worth it :(

We multiply the resulting amount by the number of years during which you will continue this “enchanting” shopping, multiplying strange things in your wardrobe, not keeping up with fashion or, conversely, constantly becoming its victim, buying unsuitable clothes and once again being upset by expenses and reflection in the mirror. ⠀

100,000*40 years=4,000,000 rubles of wasted money!

Conclusion:

Everything needs balance! Invest in what you wear most often. Something that has somewhere to wear. Then you will always have something to wear! As for the cost, things should be simply affordable - it’s stupid to starve for Chanel :-)

*We remember that “expensive” is a different concept for everyone and focus on ourselves! There is no need to pay exorbitant thousands for something that everyone will have in a month and will go out of fashion.

It’s better to learn once and for all to choose universal, stylish, compatible things and live happily ever after, without bothering your head with the above-written calculations. You plan to live happily ever after, right? This means you will be shopping for the rest of your life :-)