On the topic of: Rail and road transport of the world

Completed by: Yu E.Ch. group 52 Y

Checked by: Morozov I.V.

Oil industry of the world…………………………………………………….……..…..3

Gas industry of the world………………………………………………………….….…..4

Coal industry of the world…………………………………………………………….…5

Heat and hydropower of the world…………………………………………………………………………………6

World nuclear energy, uranium industry and non-traditional energy sources…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...7

Iron ore industry and ferrous metallurgy………………………………………………………8

World non-ferrous metallurgy (including aluminum industry)………………………..9

Engineering industries of the world…………………………………………….…………………11

Chemical industry of the world………………………………………………………..12

Forest industry of the world………………………………………………………………...13

Light industry of the world (including textile industry)………………………...14

Grain farming of the world…………………………………………………………………………………15

Industrial food crops of the world………………………………………………………16

Non-food crops of the world……………………………...18

World livestock production………………………………………………………………………………...19

World fisheries, aquaculture and whaling…………………………….20

Railway and road transport of the world……………………………………………………22

World pipeline and air transport……………………………………………………29

World maritime and inland waterway transport……………………………………………………30

1. Oil industry of the world

The oil industry is the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry. It greatly influences the entire world economy and world politics. The oil industry is very capital intensive; suffice it to say that the total number of production oil wells currently operating in the world is approaching a million.

This industry is one of the most important and fastest growing. The main part of its products is used for energy purposes, therefore it is classified as a group of energy industries. Approximately a tenth of oil and petroleum products goes into petrochemical processing (production of plastics, chemical fibers, etc.).

Enterprises in this industry are distributed across the globe much more evenly than resources and oil production, since each more or less large state strives to have its own refineries (oil refineries) operating for domestic consumption, and in most cases, for export.

World oil production in 2005 reached 3.9 billion tons. The largest oil producers were (in million tons): Saudi Arabia - 526, Russia - 470, including gas condensate, USA - 310, Iran - 200, Mexico - 187, China - 181, Venezuela - 154, Norway - 138, Kuwait - 130, Iraq - 89.5, Great Britain - 84.7. For the countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which unites 11 countries of Asia, Africa and America (Algeria, Venezuela , Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia), accounting for 42% of the oil produced.

From the point of view of the availability of oil reserves, all developed countries can be divided into two groups:

countries with their own deposits and production (USA, Canada, UK, Norway);

countries that do not have their own oil fields, whose economy is based entirely on imported oil (Japan, most Western European countries).

About half of all oil produced in the world is exported. In addition to OPEC member countries - the main group of oil exporters, whose share in world exports is 65%, the largest suppliers of oil to the world market are also Russia, Great Britain, Mexico, Iraq (for which, by the way, the embargo, i.e. he was deprived of the right to supply oil to the world market). The largest importers of oil are the USA (up to 0.5 billion tons), China, Japan and European countries (mainly Germany and France).

The significant territorial gap between the areas of oil production and areas of oil consumption has become the reason for the enormous scale of long-distance oil transportation. Transportation is carried out in oil tankers, by rail and oil pipelines (including pipelines, pumping stations and storage facilities). The main directions of cargo flows: ports of the Persian Gulf - Western Europe - Japan.

The largest tankers go to Europe by a long route, skirting Africa, while smaller ones go through the Suez Canal. Another main flow: Latin American countries (Mexico, Venezuela) - USA - Western Europe. It is characteristic that oil pipelines are laid not only across the territories of individual countries (Iraq, Saudi Arabia), but also along the bottom of the seas - the North and Mediterranean. The main direction of oil pipelines is from production sites to ports. In Russia, oil pipelines are laid from Siberian fields to the western border of the country. In 2005, Russia decided to build a pipeline under the Baltic Sea to increase hydrocarbon exports to Europe.

In contrast to oil production, the majority of oil refining capacity is concentrated in leading developed countries, as well as in the CIS countries - 70%, of which in 2005 20% were in the USA, 21.6% in European countries, 16.6 % - to the CIS (Russia - 6.3%), 5.3% - to Japan.

Oil refineries are mainly concentrated in coastal areas and coastal cities - the Gulf Coast, New York City area, Rotterdam (Netherlands), Southern Italy, the Tokyo Bay coast of Japan, the Persian Gulf coast, and the Venezuelan coast. There are two opposing trends in the location of oil refineries: “market” (separation of oil refining from the places of its production and the construction of oil refineries in consumer countries) and “raw materials” - bringing oil refining closer to the places of oil production. Until recently, the first trend prevailed. This allowed importing countries to import cheaper crude oil and sell petroleum products at prices many times higher. Recently, a second trend has intensified: oil refineries are being built in developing oil-producing countries and in transport hubs.

The Russian oil industry (photos below) is the largest source of financial revenue to the country's budget. This is not surprising, since “black gold” is considered one of the most expensive domestic natural resources. In terms of the volume of its production, our state occupies a leading position on the planet. Here its share, according to analytical data, is about 13%.

Discovery of the first deposits

Most researchers argue that the history of the Russian oil industry dates back to the fifteenth century. It was then that reserves of “black gold” were first discovered in Ukhta. The first production for its extraction was founded by a resident of Arkhangelsk F. S. Pryadunov in 1745. For a whole century, oil production was a very unprofitable activity, which was explained by the narrow scope of its application. Only after the invention of the kerosene lamp in 1853 did the demand for this mineral increase many times over.

Start of production

The Russian oil industry began to actively develop with the advent of the first exploratory oil well, which was drilled on the Apsher Peninsula in 1847, and seventeen years later industrial production began on the Kudako River (Kuban). In 1879, the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership began to function in the city of Baku, which specialized not only in the extraction of raw materials, but also in their processing. The company created its own network for the transportation and sale of “black gold”, which included oil pipelines, wagons, oil depots with railway access and tankers. The rapid development of the Russian oil industry led to the fact that already at the end of the nineteenth century the first foreign investors appeared in it, who became the Rothschilds and Rockefeller.

Revolutionary period

The revolutionary events that took place in the country at the beginning of the last century led to a crisis in all sectors of the economy. Hydrocarbon production was no exception. The coup d'état led to an outflow of foreign investment and a reduction in oil production by several times. The problems of the Russian oil industry at this time are also related to the fact that most of the industry’s workers were diverted to participate in revolutionary processes. Only after the stabilization of the state political system in the twenties did the development of mining and processing of “black gold” begin to gradually return to its previous course. During Soviet times it constantly developed.

General state of the industry today

As noted above, as of today, the most profitable sector of the economy is the Russian oil industry. A map showing the largest deposits of this mineral is presented below.

Western Siberia has become the main center of the industry. Due to the introduction of modern technologies, the volume of raw material production here has recently increased significantly and now amounts to about 117 million tons per year (61% of the entire country). At the same time, due to the constant development of other fields, its share in production is gradually decreasing. The most significant regions in the European part of the country, which accounts for a third of the industry, are the Volga region, the Urals and the North Caucasus.

Largest mining enterprises

As of today, approximately 320 companies are engaged in oil production in the state. It should be noted that about 180 of them are independent enterprises. At the same time, the remaining part of the operators is part of the vertically integrated structure of oil and gas companies. The Russian oil and gas industry is heavily dependent on companies such as Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Group, TNK-BP, Lukoil, Tatneft, Russ Neft and Bashneft. The fact is that these eight companies account for about 90% of hydrocarbon production. The largest oil producer not only in our country, but throughout the world is the Rosneft company, which controls more than 37% of the domestic market and annually produces approximately 195 million tons of “black gold”.

Oil refining

In terms of volume of primary oil refining, the Russian Federation is second only to the United States and China. Our country's total capacity in this industry averages 280 million tons per year. It is impossible not to focus on the fact that there is currently a tendency towards a slight reduction in this area of ​​activity. This can be explained by the fact that the entire Russian oil industry is now experiencing a period of active modernization of existing installations. Its result should be to bring fuel production to a level not lower than Euro-3. The need for improvement is caused by the constant growth in demand for aviation kerosene and motor gasoline, as well as increasing requirements for them in terms of quality. Be that as it may, in 2012 the maximum volume of primary processing of “black gold” was achieved in the entire history of the industry. At the same time, the installations involved in it operated at 95% capacity.

Structure of petroleum products output

Speaking about the structure of petroleum products production, it should be noted that the production of medium and heavy fractions now dominates among them. Heating oil accounts for approximately 37% of the market, petroleum fuels and oils - 35%, motor gasoline - 19%, other - 9%. An interesting feature is that the share of high-octane gasoline grades (A-92 and A-95) in the production of this type of fuel is almost 93%.

Export

As noted above, the development of the Russian oil industry is the key to the rapid economic growth of the state, since it accounts for a significant share of financial revenues to the treasury. This is due to the large total volumes of exports of raw materials and finished products, which, according to statistics, amount to about 240 million tons per year. At the same time, about 12% of products are transported to neighboring countries, and 88% to non-CIS countries. An interesting feature in the structure of oil and petroleum products exports is that almost 80% of them go to the states of the Atlantic region, while the Pacific region receives only 20%. It is much more profitable to process diesel fuel and fuel oil in recipient countries than to constantly increase the rates of deep oil refining in our country. Since domestically produced gasoline is inferior in quality to European products, the bulk of it is supplied to its own market. At the same time, more than 78% of fuel oil and diesel fuel are sold abroad.

The main problems of the oil industry

According to various sources, the total reserve of “black gold” in the domestic subsoil ranges from 20 to 35 billion tons. In general, in recent years, the Russian oil industry has been characterized by a gradual deterioration of the raw material base. This is due not only to a reduction in reserves, but also to a deterioration in the quality of extracted raw materials. The fact is that the percentage of difficult-to-recover oil is growing all the time. And the volume of financial investments in the industry is not sufficient to cope with current and future challenges. If a similar trend continues, then in the next few decades the country may be left without ready-made sites for mining. This is the main problem of the Russian oil industry. Their presence is indicated by a number of signs. Among them, we can note a decrease in the volume of proven reserves (in absolute terms), a slowdown in the pace of commissioning of new wells, a reduction in the number of drilling operations, an increase in the stock of inactive wells, as well as severe wear and tear of fixed assets.

Development prospects

So, what are the prospects for the development of the Russian oil industry? First of all, it is necessary to focus on the fact that the extraction of raw materials in the next ten years, according to scientists’ calculations, will decrease by almost 20%. Even development on the shelf and in Eastern Siberia will not be able to significantly affect this situation. At the same time, the decrease in production occurs against the backdrop of a huge supply of resources to domestic processing companies. For example, the balance of reserves at TNK-BP will last for 50 years, and at Lukoil for 40 years. Some analysts are very optimistic about the prospects for the development of the Russian oil industry. According to the forecasts of the domestic Ministry of Energy, it is quite possible to reach the “black gold” production rate of 530 million tons by 2030. It should be achieved through new fields, which are currently being developed in Eastern Siberia, Yakutia and Yamal. Great hopes are also placed on projects that should be implemented on the shelf of the Pechora, Kara, Black, Okhotsk and Barents Seas.

Role in the economy

According to statistics, as of 2001, oil workers provided one tenth of the total production capacity of our country. Due to the high competitiveness of products, even during the global economic crisis, the decline in production volumes of domestic companies operating in the industry was much smaller compared to other areas of the economy. The Russian oil industry still remains the main supplier of funds to the budget, where its share has reached 13%. According to the Ministry of Finance, as of last year, oil and petroleum products were sold for a total amount exceeding 194 billion US dollars.

Conclusion

Based on scientists’ forecasts, reserves of “black gold” will dry up in the bowels of the Earth in about forty years. Not all experts agree with this. Many argue that a huge number of deposits with unknown reserves of this mineral still remain undiscovered. Be that as it may, the Russian government has no plans to reduce oil exports in the near future. Moreover, the oil industry faces the goal of increasing production volumes. Thus, we can only hope that the actual reserves of raw materials will be sufficient at least until such time as other sources of energy and fuel come to the fore not only in Russia, but throughout the world.

The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil.

In terms of proven oil reserves, Russia ranks second in the world after Saudi Arabia. Russia's reserves are 20.2 billion tons.
There are three large oil bases on the territory of the Russian Federation: West Siberian, Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora.

The main one is West Siberian. This is the largest oil and gas basin in the world, located within the West Siberian Plain in the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk, partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai territories, with an area of ​​about 3.5 million km. Most of the oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 m. Now 70% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia.
There are several dozen large deposits in Western Siberia. Among them are such well-known ones as Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy. Most of them are located in the Tyumen region - a kind of core of the region.

Tyumen's oil industry is characterized by a decline in production volumes. Having reached a maximum of 415.1 million tons in 1988, by 1990 oil production decreased to 358.4 million tons, that is, by 13.7%, and the downward trend in production continues.
Tyumen associated petroleum gas is processed at the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Belozerny, Lokosovsky and Yuzhno-Balyksky gas processing plants.

The second most important oil base is the Volga-Ural. It is located in the eastern part of the European territory of the Russian Federation, within the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, as well as Perm, Orenburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions. Oil deposits are located at a depth of 1600 to 3000 m, that is, closer to the surface compared to Western Siberia, which somewhat reduces drilling costs. The Volga-Ural region accounts for 24% of the country's oil production.

The vast majority of oil and associated gas (more than 4/5) of the region is produced by Tataria and Bashkiria. A significant part of the oil produced in the fields of the Volga-Ural oil and gas region goes to local oil refineries located mainly in Bashkiria, as well as in other regions (Perm, Saratov, Volgograd, Orenburg).
The oil of Eastern Siberia is distinguished by a wide variety of properties and compositions due to the multilayer structure of the fields. But in general, it is worse than Western Siberian oil, as it is characterized by a high content of paraffin and sulfur, which leads to increased depreciation of equipment.

The third oil base is Timan-Pechora. It is located within the Komi Republic, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Arkhangelsk Region and partly in adjacent territories, bordering the northern part of the Volga-Ural oil and gas region. Together with the rest, the Timan-Pechora oil region produces only 6% of the oil in the Russian Federation (Western Siberia and the Ural-Volga region - 94%). Oil production is carried out at the Usinskoye, Yarega, Nizhnyaya Omra, Vozeiskoye and other fields. The Timan-Pechora region, like the Volgograd and Saratov regions, is considered quite promising. Oil production in Western Siberia is declining, and hydrocarbon reserves comparable to those in Western Siberia have already been explored in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. According to American experts, the subsoil of the Arctic tundra stores 2.5 billion tons of oil. Today, various companies have already invested $80 billion in its oil industry with the goal of extracting 730 million tons of oil, which is twice the annual production of the Russian Federation.

As for the future growth of oil fields, given the low degree of confirmation of predicted reserves and the even greater share of fields with high development costs (of all oil reserves, only 55% have high productivity), the general prospects for the Russian oil industry for the growth of explored fields cannot be called cloudless . Even in Western Siberia, where the main increase in reserves is expected, about 40% of this increase will come from low-productivity fields with a flow rate of new wells of less than 10 tons per day, which is currently the limit of profitability for this region.

It should be taken into account that in the Russian Federation, after the seventies, not a single large, highly productive field was discovered, and the newly added reserves are sharply deteriorating in their conditions.
The shelf zones of the island are also promising. Sakhalin and the Caspian Sea. Potential oil resources have been identified in Eastern Siberia, Yakutia (Vilyui Basin), as well as on the shelf of the Okhotsk, Bering and Chukchi Seas.

Today, the main problem of geological explorers is insufficient funding, which is why exploration of new deposits has now been partially suspended. Potentially, according to expert forecasts, geological exploration can give the Russian Federation an increase in reserves from 700 million to 1 billion tons per year, which covers their consumption due to production (342 million tons were produced in 1993).

However, in reality the situation is different. We have already recovered 41% contained in the developed deposits. In Western Siberia, 26.6% was recovered. Moreover, oil is extracted from the best deposits that require minimal production costs. The average production rate of wells is continuously decreasing. The rate of production of oil reserves in Russia is 3-5 times higher than the corresponding figure for Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Venezuela, and Kuwait. Such production rates led to a sharp reduction in proven reserves.

Oil is Russia's wealth. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy, and therefore is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, so almost all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil industry.

Russia's production accounts for 10% of the world's production, so we can say with confidence that the country occupies a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the countries that are members of this organization will not be able to fill the oil shortage if the world market leaves the Russian Federation.
In the structure of production and consumption in the Russian Federation, heavy residual petroleum products occupy a significantly larger share. While throughout the world the mineral resource base is developing according to the scheme of expanding reproduction (this is done to maintain a balanced production structure so that the industry does not experience a shortage of raw materials), in Russia the situation with reproduction is completely opposite. The yield of light products is close to their potential content in oil (48-49%), which indicates the low use of secondary processes of deep oil refining in the structure of domestic oil refining. The average depth of oil refining (the share of light oil products in the total volume of oil processed) is about 62-63%. For comparison, the depth of refining at refineries in industrialized countries is 75-80%, and in the USA it is about 90%.

Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines and their share in transportation continues to grow. Oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and oil storage tanks.

The first oil pipeline in Russia was laid in 1878 in Baku from the fields to the oil refinery. The development of oil pipeline transport in the Union was associated with the development of oil fields in Bashkiria and Tataria. By 1941 4,100 km of main pipelines were in operation.
The network of main oil pipelines developed in three main directions: the Ural-Siberian (Almetyevsk - Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk) with a length of 8527 km; northwestern (Almetyevsk - Gorky - Yaroslavl - Kirishi with branches to Ryazan and Moscow) with a length of more than 17,700 km; southwestern from Almetyevsk to Kuibyshev and further by the Druzhba oil pipeline with a branch to Polotsk and Ventspils) with a length of more than 3,500 km. Thus, oil pipelines in the Ural-Siberian direction had the greatest length, since they connected the main producer (Siberia) with the main consumer (the western regions of the Russian Federation). The importance of this direction continues to this day.

Oil is also exported abroad using pipelines (for example, Druzhba). Oil exports today amount to 105-110 million tons, petroleum products - 35 million tons. A third of crude oil exports go to the CIS countries (Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan).
The rest of the oil is sent to non-CIS countries, that is, to Western Europe, where Germany, Italy, Great Britain and Ireland together consume 60% of this volume.
The service life of oil pipelines is quite significant - 45% of oil pipelines are up to 20 years old, 29% - from 20 to 30 years. 25.3% of oil pipelines have been in operation for over 30 years. Their further operation in conditions of increased wear requires significant efforts to maintain them in working condition.

Several oil companies are engaged in oil production, the largest of which, based on the results of 2007, are OJSC Rosneft, OJSC Lukoil and OJSC TNK-BP.

Oil company	Net profit, billion dollars
	2006	2007	4 sq. 2007 − 3 sq. 2008
Rosneft	3,5	12,9	13,3
Lukoil	7,5	9,5	13,0
TNK-BP	6,4	5,7	8,3
Surgutneftegaz	2,8	3,5	6,3
Gazprom Neft	3,7	4,1	5,9
Tatneft	1,1	1,7	1,9
Slavneft	1,2	0,7	0,5
Bashneft	0,3	0,4	0,5
Total for TOP-8	26,5	38,5	49,7

Refinery in the Yaroslavl region

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan

GAPOU "Leninogorsk Oil College"

Abstract on the topic:

"The main oil and gas provinces of Russia"

Completed by: student of group B-1-14

Lebedev Dmitry

Checked by: Geology teacher

Badrtdinova. E.R

Plan

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1

1. The oil industry and its importance in the country’s economy…………..3

2. The main oil and gas provinces of Russia. Features of the development and location of the oil refining industry………………….4

3. Russian oil pipeline system……………………………………………5

4. Modern problems and main directions for further development and location of the Russian oil industry……………………………6

5. Environmental problems associated with oil production, transportation and refining……………………………………………………………8

List of references………………………………………………………...12

Introduction

The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electric and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

Oil industry- a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil.

Purpose of oil exploration- identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for production of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out using geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The geological exploration process is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploratory drilling and search for deposits. The second is completed by preparing the field for development.

Oil has been known for a long time. Archaeologists have established that it was mined and used already 5-6 thousand years BC. The most ancient crafts are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is believed that the modern term “oil” comes from the word “nafata”, which in the language of the peoples of Asia Minor means to seep. Mention of oil is found in many ancient manuscripts and books. In particular, the Bible already speaks of resin springs in the vicinity of the Dead Sea.

Perhaps no problem worries humanity today as much as fuel. Fuel - basis of energy, industry, agriculture, transport. Without fuel, human life is unthinkable.

As humanity develops, it begins to use more and more new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy today fuel resources play a role. This is clearly reflected by the “receipt part” of the fuel and energy balance.

The oil industry and its importance in the country's economy

The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the value of industrial products in Russia. It uses 10% of the products of the mechanical engineering complex, 12% of metallurgy products, consumes 2/3 of the country's pipes, provides more than half of the Russian Federation's exports and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo by rail, half of sea transport and all transportation by pipeline.

The fuel and energy complex has a large regional formation function. The well-being of all Russian citizens and problems such as unemployment and inflation are directly related to it.

Greatest importance in the country's fuel industry have three industries: oil, gas and coal. The fuel and energy sector provides at least 60% of foreign exchange earnings to Russia, allowing us to have a positive foreign trade balance and maintain the ruble exchange rate. Revenues to the country's budget from excise taxes on oil and petroleum products are high. Velika the role of oil in politics. Regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in dialogue with new states.

Thus, oil is the wealth of Russia. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy and is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, so almost all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil industry.

For the economy of any country, oil is one of the most important products; it serves not only as a raw material for liquid motor fuel, but also as a source of a large number of valuable chemical products. Russia has significant oil resources - approximately 13% of all world oil reserves. Their estimated cost is more than 4.5 trillion. US dollars.

Russia ranks second in the world in terms of oil exports. It is working with other major oil suppliers to grapple with how to combat production cuts.

Just like Venezuela and Mexico, Russia is extremely dependent on oil - it provides the government with more than two-thirds of its income and accounts for 30% of gross domestic product, writes Christian Science Monitor(full test on the website Inopressa.ru).

In the conditions of the emergence of the market, large enterprises, which for the most part have retained the status of state associations, produce almost 95% of Russian oil. They are transformed into joint stock companies or are included as subsidiaries of joint stock companies with the state retaining a controlling stake. Currently, oil joint-stock companies such as LUKoil, YUKOS, Surgutneftegaz, etc. are engaged in oil production.

The oil industry is the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry. It greatly influences the entire world economy, and even world politics. In addition, oil is used not only as a source of energy, but also as an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Oil has been known to man since ancient times. And its use for lighting, heating, and making medicines in ancient times was mentioned by Herodotus and Plutarch. However, industrial oil production actually began only in the middle of the 19th century, simultaneously in the USA, Russia and Romania. But its products were again used only for lighting and less often for heating. And only at the beginning of the 20th century. a demand arose for gasoline, and then for diesel fuel, which was first used by the navy and then by the merchant fleet. That is why world oil production began to increase quite quickly, exceeding by the middle of the 20th century. 500 million tons. At the same time, the struggle of the great powers for the possession of oil resources intensified, most openly manifested during the years of the two world wars.
Moving on to the analysis of world oil production, we will limit ourselves to the period of the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. (Fig. 31).
The first conclusion that follows from the analysis of this figure is a significant increase in global oil production, the volume of which has increased by more than 7.6 times over 56 years. This growth is quite understandable. It is associated with the constant increase in the need for this type of PER, with the discovery of many new large and largest oil basins in virtually all parts of the world. Of course, we must also take into account the development of oil and gas areas of the continental shelf, which in 1950 provided less than 1/10 of all oil produced in the world, and now it is almost 1/3. For the United States, this figure is 30%, and it is expected that of the oil resources that can still be discovered in the country, more than half will be on the shelf. You can read more about “sea oil” in the “Geographical Picture of the World”.
The second conclusion from Fig. 31 also suggests itself - this growth was by no means uniform. At first he was indeed progressive, but then it became fabulous

The impact of the energy (oil) crisis of the mid-70s, which led to a strong rise in oil prices on the world market, is taking place. When the consequences of the crisis were overcome, relative stabilization began, and only in the 90s did production begin to increase again, reaching a record high level in 2005. But, by the way, in 2006 it remained at the same level, and in 2007 it rose to 4.15 billion tons.
When studying the dynamics of world oil production, you must clearly understand how much influence the oil price policy implemented by OPEC member countries, as well as the largest oil TNCs, has on it. If you follow the media - print, radio, television, then you could not help but notice that they all constantly report on how the price of oil, which is usually determined in dollars per barrel, is changing on world markets (159 k) and every competent economic geographer should know it.
Let me remind you that before the start of the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1973, a barrel of standard Arab oil cost only about $2. After the announcement

to the Western countries of the “oil war” its price immediately jumped to 10-11 dollars, and by 1980 - to 35 dollars. Then, under the influence of retaliatory measures taken by oil importing countries, which were aimed primarily at reducing energy (oil) GDP, the price for 1 barrel dropped again to 13-14 dollars. In the 90s, it remained relatively stable at the level of 15-20 dollars, but at the beginning of the 21st century. began to increase again, amounting to $28 per barrel in 2000, $38 in 2004, $53 in 2005, $68 in 2006, and almost $80 in 2007 , per barrel. At the end of the same year, it reached $100 per barrel. You understand that such a price jump is very beneficial for OPEC countries, Mexico, and Russia, since it increases the influx of petrodollars into these countries.
We have already said that no other industry is as closely connected with politics and international relations as the oil industry. And using the example of the dynamics of global oil production, which we are now considering, this thesis can also be proven. Use fig for this. 32, which shows which armed conflicts and aggravations of international relations were associated with oil price hikes. Let us add that the record for the summer of 2006 was $80 per barrel - this was a reaction to another armed conflict between Israel and Lebanon. However, from Fig. 32 it also follows that in some cases the root cause of an increase in oil prices may be a change in economic conditions or climatic conditions (a particularly warm winter of 2006-2007). Let us add that by the end of 2007 the price of a barrel of oil rose to $90, and then to $100. One of the consequences of this was the rise in price of gasoline at our gas stations. In the summer of 2008, it rose to $145, but by the end of the year, under the influence of the crisis, it dropped to $40.
Now let us turn to the question of the main features of the geography of world oil production. Perhaps its main feature is the very high proportion of countries in the South. In turn, this share is usually judged by OPEC member countries, which determine oil production quotas for themselves and try to regulate its supplies to the world market. In 2005, the total oil production of OPEC countries exceeded 1.6 billion tons per year, or approximately 42% of the world. But if we take into account that other countries of the South that are not members of OPEC (Mexico, Brazil, China, Angola, Egypt, etc.) also have large oil production, then the total share of the countries of the South will increase to 66% (compared to 19% in the countries North and 15% in countries with economies in transition).

But this was not always the case. If we analyze the table. 15, showing oil production in large regions of the world, certain conclusions can be drawn.
Table 15
Distribution of oil production between major regions of the world in 1950-2005.

Regions	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2005
USSR/CIS	40	150	350	/>605	570	395	575
Foreign Europe	18	30	35	150	230	330	265
Foreign Asia	95	295	770	1165	1150	1455	1570
Africa	2	15	290	270	330	375	467
North America	270	375	545	500	510	480	455
Latin America	110	195	270	290	360	520	538
Australia and Oceania	-	-	10	20	30	35	30 ‘

At the beginning of the period under review, the leader of the world oil industry was North America, which in 1950 accounted for more than 50% of all production of this type of fuel. But already in 1970, its share decreased by half, and then decreased even more, which is associated with the depletion (and reservation) of proven reserves in the conditions of rapid growth in oil consumption. To complete the description of the Western Hemisphere, we add that Latin America, which at first lagged slightly behind North America, continued to increase production, and at the beginning of the 21st century. managed to overtake her. In the Eastern Hemisphere, the former USSR is attracting attention, where the main increase in production occurred in the 70-80s. In connection with the discovery and development of oil basins in Western Siberia. But during the crisis years of the 90s, oil production in the CIS countries decreased sharply, and only at the beginning of the 21st century. its new, and rather rapid, growth has emerged. In foreign Europe, a jump in oil production occurred in the 70-90s, which is explained primarily by the discovery and development of the oil and gas basin of the North Sea; but at the beginning of the 21st century. production began to decline. In Africa, a turning point came back in the 60s, when they began to develop the oil resources of Libya and Nigeria and production increased in Algeria, Egypt and some other countries. But - as in many other cases - (/i7i tions 39 50)
teas - the oil industry of foreign Asia developed at the fastest pace, which took first place in terms of production back in the early 60s. She retains this place to this day (Fig. 33).
Along with the regional approach, a subregional approach is often used in this case, especially highlighting the oil-rich countries of the Middle East or (without North Africa) South-West Asia, and even more often the countries of the Persian Gulf.
When people talk about the Gulf countries, they mean eight countries (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain and Oman), which together occupy 4.6 million square meters. km with a population of 125 million people.
You already have some idea about this group of countries. In topic 4, we talked about the petroleum-bearing basin of the Persian Gulf, which is tectonically connected to the Arabian Plateau and the Mesopotamian foredeep, where sedimentary petroleum-bearing deposits are up to 8 km thick and are particularly distinguished by the presence of giant and unique deposits. This basin stands out both for the quality of oil (light and low-sulfur), and for the flow rate of flowing oil wells, which is measured in thousands of tons per day, and for extremely low production costs ($4-7 per 1 ton, whereas in the USA - 60- 80 dollars), and the largest supply of oil resources. In Topic 5, we already touched on the issue of 10 million immigrant workers in the Persian Gulf countries, who, in fact, produce oil here. And in topic 7 we already drew attention to the fact that the top ten countries with the highest share of industry in the structure of GDP include five Persian countries.

Rice. 33. Share of individual regions in world oil production, 2005.

Sky Bay. They also noted the political instability of the countries in this group, which the United States included in the “zone of its vital interests.”
To complete this characterization, it remains to add that in 2006, the total oil production in eight countries of the Persian Gulf was at the level of almost 1200 million tons, amounting to more than 30% of the world. Consequently, this basin remains the largest in the world, largely determining the state and course of development of the entire oil industry, as well as oil geopolitics.
After considering the geography of world oil production by major regions, we will move on to the characteristics of the oil-producing countries of the world. First of all, we note that if at the beginning of the 20th century. There were only 20 such countries, and in 1940 there were 40, then in 1970 there were already 60, in 1990 - 80, and today there are approximately 100. Of course, we will highlight only the most important of them. But this time we will not limit ourselves to the top five, but will name all the countries that produce more than 100 million tons of oil per year (Table 16).
Table 16
The main oil-producing countries in the world in 2007

It is easy to notice that out of the 12 countries included in the table. 16, 6 are members of OPEC, 3 represent economically developed Western countries, 2 are key developing countries and 1 (Russia) are post-socialist countries.
I would especially like to note the rapid growth of oil production in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century, as a result of which it managed to overtake Saudi Arabia and take first place in the world. Let us also note in passing that in Mexico - almost all of it, and in Venezuela and the UAE - the bulk of production is provided by “sea oil”. In the future, its share may increase even more due to the transition to development

deeper deposits of the continental shelf - primarily in the USA (Gulf of Mexico), Russia (Barents Sea).
Along the way, we note another new pattern in global oil production - as the number of producing countries increased, the share of leading countries began to decrease. Thus, in 2007, the share of the top three oil-producing countries accounted for 32.5% of total production (in 1950 - 74%), the share of the top five countries - 41.5% (in 1950 - 85%), and the top ten - 60% (in 1950 -94%).
So far we have looked at the size and geography of world oil production. Let us now remember that there are very large differences between the geography of production and the geography of consumption of this type of fuel. It was already discussed above that the decisive role in world oil production belongs to developing countries (66%). However, their share in world consumption is much lower and amounts to 32% (and without China - 24%). The share of countries with economies in transition also turns out to be almost twice as low as in world production - only 8%. But the share of economically developed Western countries, which is only 19% in world production, increases more than 3 times - up to 60%. This group also includes individual countries that stand out in terms of annual oil consumption: the USA (950 million tons, or 1/4 of the world), Japan (250), Germany (125), and the Republic of Korea (105 million tons). Of the developing countries, only China (325 million tons - second place after the USA) and India (120 million tons) can be classified as leaders. And among countries with economies in transition - only Russia (150 million tons). It is characteristic that OPEC member countries, which, as we have already noted, produce 42% of all oil, play the role of outsiders in its consumption (7%, which is comparable to the share of Japan alone).
A comparison of all these figures indicates the presence of a huge territorial gap between the main regions and countries of oil production and consumption, which, as you understand, is overcome with the help of foreign trade and international transport.
Only in 1986-2006. the share of produced oil entering foreign trade channels increased from 45 to 56%, the total volume having already exceeded 2.2 billion tons. This number includes another 650 million tons of petroleum products.

These petroleum products are produced at oil refineries, the total number of which in the world exceeds 600, and the capacity is 4 billion tons. During most of the 20th century. It was believed that it would be more profitable to locate refineries in areas consuming petroleum fuel. Therefore, back in 1950, 3/4 of the world's oil refining capacity was located in North America, and the rest was distributed between foreign Europe, the USSR and the Middle East. However, in the 80-90s, the opposite trend began to be more clearly visible - to process crude oil in the areas of its production, and transport petroleum products, which is explained both by the interests of industrialization of developing countries and by the desire of oil TNCs to reduce the impact of one of the “dirty” industries on the environment of their mother countries. Thus began the constant drift of oil refining from North to South and from West to East. Nowadays, more than 40% of all refinery capacities are concentrated in developing countries, which have become major suppliers of not only crude oil, but also petroleum products. Of the individual regions of the world in terms of refinery capacity, North America (25%), foreign Europe (20%), and, to an even greater extent, foreign Asia (34%) stand out.
After all these clarifications, we can move on to a specific consideration of international trade in oil and petroleum products. To do this, we will first try to identify the main exporting and importing countries (Table 17).
Table 17
Main countries - exporters and importers of oil and petroleum products
in 2006*

*In which exports and imports amount to 100 million tons or more.
If we keep in mind that the total annual export of oil and petroleum products exceeds 2.2 billion tons, then it is not difficult to calculate that the seven main exporting countries provide 55% of it.

Topic 8. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
As one would expect, developing countries - members of OPEC - predominate among them. Western countries in this list are represented only by Norway, and countries with transition economies are represented by Russia. It can be added that Mexico, Kuwait, Canada, Angola, Libya and Kazakhstan also export from 50 to 100 million tons of oil annually. As for the share of oil exported in relation to total production, the Gulf countries are again, as they say, “ahead of the rest”: in Iraq this share is 100%, in Iran and the UAE - 80%, in Saudi Arabia Arabia - 75%, in Kuwait - 55%. This is why Gulf countries earn more than $150 billion annually from oil sales.
Judging by the table. 17, the list of main importing countries of oil and petroleum products includes only economically developed countries with the addition of China and India. In addition, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Great Britain and Singapore also import from 50 to 100 million tons annually. In most of them, the absolute volumes of oil imports have recently remained relatively stable, but there are two exceptions - the United States and China. If in the United States in 1950 imported oil accounted for only 9% of domestic consumption of this type of fuel, then in 1980 it was already 32%, and today it is 58%. China also lacks its own oil and is increasing its imports. />After this, we can begin to consider an issue that is even more geographical in nature - about the main cargo flows of oil cargo. Within certain large regions of the world, these goods are transported mainly using main oil pipelines connecting, for example, Russia with foreign Europe, Canada with the USA. And to bridge the territorial gap between regions, they use sea transport, which is characterized by low cost.
However, the directions of such transportation have changed over time. Before World War II, the main maritime oil flows were directed from North (USA) and Latin (Venezuela) America to Western Europe. Since the 50s of the XX century. Freight flows from the Persian Gulf to Western Europe, Japan, and then to the USA constantly increased. There were also large cargo flows from the Northern

Africa to Western Europe, from West Africa to the USA and Western Europe, from Indonesia to Japan. In general, we can say that, to one degree or another, they all exist today (Fig. 34).
From this figure, you can easily identify the main sea “oil bridges” with the help of which the global oil industry bridges the territorial gap between continents: the Persian Gulf - Japan, China and the Republic of Korea; Persian Gulf - overseas Europe; Persian Gulf - USA; Southeast Asia - Japan, China and the Republic of Korea; Caribbean - USA; North Africa - foreign Europe; West Africa - overseas Europe; West Africa - USA, Latin America.
To this list it remains to add the main land “bridge” connecting Russia with the countries of foreign Europe and the CIS countries. Nowadays, Russia acts as not only the largest producer, but also the largest exporter of oil to the world market, and the rate of export exceeds the growth of production. In 2007, the country exported (mainly to non-CIS countries) almost 350 million tons of oil and petroleum products, receiving $160 billion for them, which provided its main foreign exchange earnings. But this raises many questions. And about: will Russia be able to maintain the same rate of growth in production and exports in the coming years? And about: is it necessary to do this in conditions of exhaustible oil resources and the cold climate of Russia? The press expressed the opinion that it would generally be enough for Russia to export, say, 150 million tons of oil per year. On the other hand, it was the flow of petrodollars that made it possible to create the Stabilization Fund, the Investment Fund, sharply increase the country’s gold reserves, pay off external debts, and raise the salaries of public sector employees, scholarships for students and graduate students. In short, this issue relates not only to foreign policy and macroeconomics, but concerns all Russians, including each of us.

Control questions
1*. Tell us about the dynamics of world oil production over the last century. Explain why developing countries play a decisive role in world oil production, while economically developed countries play a decisive role in its consumption. Highlight the main oil-producing countries in the world, including the Persian Gulf countries. Describe the main features of the geography of foreign trade in oil and petroleum products and the main “oil bridges”.