A group of characteristics that reflect the characteristics of the processes taking place in the state; they show the state of the economy in different time periods - past, present and future.

Economic indicators of the country

Various economic indicators help to recognize the approach of negative changes in the country’s financial sector. Depending on the type, they are calculated weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually. Among the many economic characteristics, it is worth considering the most common:

• National income. This value, which is a macroeconomic parameter, reflects the income of the country’s citizens over a certain period of time.
• GNP. Gross national product is the value of the volume of products produced and services provided related to the national economy (both within the state and abroad).
• Competitiveness Index. It serves to determine the prospects of the national economy.
• GDP (gross domestic product). It shows the total cost of all services and goods produced in a country over a certain period of time.
• Level of economic growth. The calculation of this figure, which is published monthly, is based on GDP. It reflects the growth or slowdown of the economy.
• Unemployment rate. This indicator is not always reliable. After all, part of the country’s population is employed unofficially.
• Housing construction, real estate sales. The higher this value, the better for the country. In Russia, the pace of construction of new facilities has been increasing in recent years. This situation has a beneficial effect on the national economy.
• National wealth. This value over a certain period of time reflects all the benefits of society and the country as a whole. When calculating the indicator, human and natural resources, social and production capital are taken into account.

Types of economic indicators

Experts divide economic indicators into several broad groups. Depending on the scale of the assessment, the values ​​are: local, that is, they relate to an individual economic entity, and sectoral (reflect the state of a certain field of activity). This group also includes world economic indicators and state-level characteristics (GDP, GNP, national income, etc.).

The second category is relative and absolute indicators, which allow you to analyze changes in the economy and make forecasts using different values. Depending on the type, economic indicators are divided into aggregate and simple.

Economic indicators for the organization

Analysis of the economic indicators of commercial enterprises is very important, it allows you to determine the profitability and efficiency of organizations. For calculations, different indicators are used, among the most common are the coefficients: urgent and current liquidity, business activity, solvency and profitability.

Conclusion

The positive dynamics of economic indicators indicate that the country is experiencing economic growth. Experts estimate that growth rates of around 4% per year are most favorable. With such indicators, the state does not face a crisis; it is possible to build up its potential and take measures to improve the lives of a significant part of the population.

>>What is the country's economy

Part IV

Economy of Russia

§ 45. What is the country's economy?

The country's economy is a set of natural and man-made resources that are used by people to ensure life and improve the conditions of its existence.

Level of economic development of any country can be determined using different indicators. One of the main ones is gross domestic product (GDP) 1 .

USSR in the 70-80s. In terms of GDP, it ranked 2nd after the United States. Currently, the total GDP in Russia is more than 40 times less than in the United States. Russia currently ranks 10th in the world in terms of GDP. However, if we calculate the value of GDP per capita, Russia ranks sixth in the top ten countries in the world, producing more than $8,000 of GDP per capita. Our GDP is not only several times lower than in developed countries (Japan - 27 thousand, USA - 36 thousand), but also lower than in many developing countries (Costa Rica, Chile, Mexico, Malaysia, etc.) .

Another important indicator of the level of economic development is labor productivity 2 .

In Russia, it is less than $1,000 per year for each worker. In developed countries it is tens of times higher (in Switzerland - $70,000, in Japan - 54,000, in the USA - $51,000)

Is it possible to return Russia to the status of a great power? This requires high rates of economic development. Throughout the 90s. XX century they were negative. Currently the growth rate is about 7% per year.

1 Gross domestic product is the total value of goods and services produced in the territory of a given country.
2 Labor productivity is an indicator of labor efficiency. It is measured by the amount of time spent on producing a unit of product.

Give examples of the types of activities that enterprises can carry out.

This is a high figure. The main task is to maintain it for a long time. With a decrease to 3%, in 10-15 years Spain and Turkey will be ahead of us. With a growth of 2%, Russia will become an outsider in the world economy.

Household structure countries can be viewed from different perspectives. Would you know that the basis of any living organism is cell. Likewise, in an economy there is a primary foundation from which everything else is built. This foundation is enterprise.

Company- an independent economic unit performing various types of economic activities. Enterprises depending on the type of their occupation may be different; plants, factories, shops, hairdressing salons, firms, etc.

There are about 3 million enterprises in Russia. Enterprises that produce similar products or provide similar services are combined into industry sectors. Large sectors - industry, agriculture, transport, etc. (Fig. 72) make up the sectoral structure of the economy. Sectoral structure of the economy - composition, correlation and connections between sectors of the economy. In turn, each of the large industries is divided into smaller ones. For example, industry includes mechanical engineering, chemical industry, electric power industry, etc.

The sectoral structure of countries' economies is constantly changing, since at different historical stages the role of individual sectors of the economy is not the same. Thus, the entire socio-economic history of mankind can be divided into three stages. At the pre-industrial (agrarian) stage, the leading role belonged to agriculture. Industrial epoxy was dominated by industry. Now the developed countries of the world have entered the post-industrial (information) stage, in which the dominant role belongs to industries producing a variety of services.

In accordance with the history of the emergence of various types of economic activities and their characteristics, 3 sectors are distinguished in the economy. Sector I unites all industries whose activities are related to the exploitation of nature: mining, agriculture and forestry, fishing.

Sector II consists of industries that process raw materials obtained from sector I (metallurgy, chemical, light industry, etc.).

III sector - service sector: transport, communications, science, education etc.

In addition, all sectors of the economy can be combined with each other depending on the main role (function) they perform in the economy. On this basis, inter-industry complexes are distinguished in the economy (Fig. 73). All intersectoral complexes form the functional structure of the economy.

Questions and tasks

1. What are the most important indicators for assessing the level of economic development?
2. What is the sectoral structure of the economy?
3. List the intersectoral complexes of the economy.
4. What sectors is the economy divided into, what is their composition?

Geography of Russia: Nature. Population. Farming. 8th grade : textbook for 8th grade. general education institutions / V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze; edited by V. P. Dronova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 271 p. : ill., map.

Lesson content lesson notes supporting frame lesson presentation acceleration methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-test workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures, graphics, tables, diagrams, humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics, parables, sayings, crosswords, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles tricks for the curious cribs textbooks basic and additional dictionary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in a textbook, elements of innovation in the lesson, replacing outdated knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year; methodological recommendations; discussion programs Integrated Lessons 1) explain in your own words the meaning of the following concepts: economy, industry sector, economy structure, zoning, Unified Energy System,

specialization and cooperation, information infrastructure, service sector, territorial (geographic) division of labor.
2) you know that the country’s economy is divided into primary, secondary, tertiary sectors of the economy. Think about what other factors, besides the degree of dependence on nature, underlie this division.
3) why in the modern period, priority development in the economy is given to the service sector, science, finance, management??
4) the Russian economy has gone through several stages in its development. What are the features of the stages of economic development in your region?
5) which production facilities or individual enterprises in your city or region are one of a kind (unique)???
What is the history of their origin, economic relationships???

Southern continents......................... 1. Which continents and on what grounds are combined into the group of southern continents? 2. Highlight the common features

geographical location of Africa, Australia and South America. Name the differences.

3.List the common features in the climates of Africa, Australia and South America and explain the reasons for their similarities. Which continent has the most diverse climates?

4. Which of the southern continents is richest in inland waters?

5. On which continents is wide zonation clearly expressed? What are the altitudinal zones?

6. Which countries of the southern continents have a high level of economic development?

7. Why is the nature of Antarctica not similar to the nature of other southern continents?

1. What enterprises are located in your area or city? When did they arise? What types of products and for what purposes do they produce? (Zapadnoe district

Degunino, Moscow) 2. Try to classify enterprises in your city or district: by industry, by sector. Which of these classifications do you think is more suitable: for studying, for identifying problems, for predicting economic development?

1. During what periods did a change in technological structures of the economy take place in Russia? How did it manifest itself? Do you think there was a change?

technological structures at the pre-industrial stage of economic development? Why?

1) As a result of the collision of which lithospheric plates did the Caucasus Mountains arise? 2) What is the name of the science that studies the history of the development of the Earth? 3) When

Give an example of the Russian mountains included in the Pamir-Chukchi belt?

4) Name the oldest era?

5) What era periods are: Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous?

6) In what period and in what era did the first reptiles appear?

7) In what period of the Cenozoic era did apes appear?

8) As a result of the activity of what exogenous force the following relief forms are formed: car, carling, trough, circus, moraine, ram's foreheads, eskers, kamas?

9) What is the name of a cluster of deposits of one type of mineral?

10) What is the name of the long-term weather pattern?

11)What is the name of the heat and light emitted by the sun?

12) What is the name of the process of climate change when moving away from the seas and oceans, while the amount of precipitation decreases and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations increases?

13) What is the name of the border strip separating air masses of different properties?

14) When advancing, which front produces heavy rainfall accompanied by strong winds?

15) What is the main pattern of temperature changes in summer in Russia?

16) What is the name of the amount of moisture that can evaporate from a surface under given atmospheric conditions?

17) Determine the type of climate in Russia from the description: typical for the Kaliningrad region; Is there a fairly large amount of precipitation throughout the year, and not cold, wet winters followed by hot, wet summers?

18) What direction of wind prevails in Russia?

19) What is the name of a water stream flowing in a depression-channel?

20) What is the name of the depression in the relief through which the river flows?

21) What is the name of the amount of water passing through a river bed in a certain period of time?

22) What is the temporary rise of water in a river called?

23)What is the difference in height between the source and the mouth of a river called?

24) Give an example of Russian rivers with spring floods?

25) Give an example of Russian rivers with a predominance of glacial feeding?

26) Name the rivers belonging to the Pacific Ocean?

27) Give examples of drainage and drainless lakes in Russia?

28) Name the reservoir on the Volga River?

29) What is the name of a waterlogged area of ​​the earth's surface?

30)Where are ice sheets located in Russia?

31)Where is the valley of geysers in Russia?

32)What is the name of the loose surface layer of the Earth that has fertility?

33) What type of soil is typical for the taiga zone?

34) What is the name in agriculture for a set of organizational, economic, and technical measures aimed at improving soils?

35) What are the types of vegetation in the tundra?

36) What types of animals of the steppe zone do you know?

37) Give examples of anthropogenic, industrial landscapes?

Few people like to live in an underdeveloped country, because this results in a low standard of living. I myself wanted to go far away many times. The main thing is to make life sweeter and easier. But then the question arises: what will happen to the country if everyone leaves? Who will manage the economy, the level of development of which is directly related to the development of the state?

Level of development of the economy - what kind of beast

There is nothing complicated in this question, because we know very well what farming is. This is the totality of all the country’s wealth (no matter whether extracted from the bowels of the earth or created by human hands), which the population can and does use for the benefit of the state, trying to improve their life in their homeland. But how can one understand when the level of development is good and when it has fallen below the plinth? Yes, the answer “to feel everything in your own skin” is correct to some extent, but it’s not worth bringing the situation to this point, because there are certain indicators by which you can calculate the development of the economy in a separate area of ​​the territory.

What indicators influence the development of the economy

The main indicator for a country is GDP, also known as gross domestic product. This is exactly the value that can be written in bold everywhere. It is most often calculated per unit of population, and the higher the figure, the more developed the country is considered.
In addition, there are several more important indicators:

• labor productivity (determined by how much product is created in a certain unit of time, and the higher the value, the better);
• labor intensity (in simple terms, this is the opposite of productivity - the time spent on producing one unit of product; ideally, this indicator should be as low as possible);
• the value of the gross national product;
• the general standard of living of the country's population (in countries with a well-developed economy it will be significantly higher).

Its economy directly depends on how developed the economy is in a country, and on the latter, in turn, the standard of living of people. From the standard of living - the number of people capable of developing the economy. It turns out to be a vicious circle.

To assess the level of economic development of a country and determine the country's place in the international community, a comparative method is used, based on a comparison of relevant systems of indicators. Many countries use the US level of development when making comparisons.
When comparing the level of economic development of countries, the following system of indicators is used: GDP, GNP and ND - their total volume and calculations per capita, the structure of the national economy, production of main types of products per capita, the level and quality of life of the population, indicators of economic efficiency. However, this system may change as national economies develop.
The most important groups of indicators are the following.
Total volume and calculations per capita of GDP, GNP and ND. When comparing them, the following conditions must be observed: firstly, the compared indicators must be reduced to the same year or to the same period; secondly, they need to be brought to a single currency, taking into account the purchasing power of national currencies, i.e. according to their purchasing power parities (PPP) and taking into account the commodity structure of GDP, i.e. taking into account consumer expenditures of families, capital investments (market, paid goods and services), government social services and other current government expenditures (military and civil, i.e. non-market goods and services). If these conditions are not met during comparison, then the real picture of the country’s development is not reflected.
Sectoral structure of the national economy. Its analysis is carried out using GDP calculated by industry. When comparing the level of development by sectoral structure, the relationships between material and intangible production, industries and large economic complexes are studied. The share of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry is important here, i.e. industries that ensure scientific and technological progress, as well as the share of fuel and energy, agro-industrial, construction, defense and other complexes.
Production of main types of products per capita. These indicators make it possible to judge the country’s ability to satisfy the need for the main types of products that are most significant for the development of the national economy (for example, electricity production, steel smelting and rolled products, metal-cutting machines, cars, mineral fertilizers, etc.)gt; as well as meeting the needs of the population for food, durable goods (washing machines, televisions, refrigerators, etc.).
Standards of living. It is assessed by such indicators as GDP per capita, the structure of GDP use, especially the structure of final consumption expenditures (personal consumer expenditures). To analyze the standard of living, the following indicators are used: consumer basket, cost of living, average life expectancy, level of education of the population, per capita consumption of basic food products in calories and protein content, level of qualifications of labor resources, number of students per 10 thousand population, share of expenses on education in GDP; as well as indicators characterizing the development of the service sector (number of doctors per 10 thousand population, number of hospital beds per 1 thousand population, housing provision, etc.). In recent years, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been used to determine the quality of life, used as an alternative to GDP to measure the socio-economic development of a country. It allows you to assess the character and priorities in the development of the country, and give a clear comparison of its achievements. The HDI is an integral indicator of human development, consisting of three components: longevity, education and standard of living. Longevity is measured by life expectancy, education by a combination of adult literacy and average years of schooling, and standard of living by real GDP per capita adjusted for local cost of living (PPL). The HDI value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 is min, and 1 is check. If the HDI is 0.5 or less, it is assessed as low; from 0.5 to 0.8 - medium and from 0.8 to 1 - high.
Indicators of economic efficiency to the greatest extent characterize the level of economic development of the country, directly or indirectly reflecting the quality, condition and level of use of fixed and working capital, labor resources. These include: labor productivity, capital intensity per unit of GDP and a specific type of product, capital productivity per unit of fixed assets, material intensity per unit of GDP or unit of production, etc. Increasing production efficiency is the main requirement for state regulation of the economy and the most important qualitative characteristic of production, reflecting the level of development of the productive forces and the degree to which the needs of society are met.
As an economic category, the efficiency of the economy reflects the relationship between achieving the desired result and the costs incurred. It is efficiency that most characterizes the level of economic development of a country, directly or indirectly reflecting the quality, condition and level of use of all types of resources involved in the production process.
Efficiency can be calculated at various levels: at the level of the national economy, individual regions, industries, enterprises, organizations, firms, households, as well as at the level of individual business projects. When assessing the effectiveness of the national economy as a whole as a macroeconomic system, one should proceed from two important components: economic efficiency and social acceptability. This suggests that the choice of an effective strategy for sustainable economic development should be based on the real resource base of the Republic of Belarus and bring economic benefits to the entire society. Ultimately, assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of the Belarusian economy should be associated with the dynamics of the well-being of the people, based on the consistent rise of the productive forces of the republic.
At the same time, the productive forces of the republic should be considered in their broadest sense - not only as labor, means of labor and objects of labor, but as the entire production potential of the country, including scientific and creative potential, technological innovation, entrepreneurial resource, organizational and structural factors, etc. d.
Reflecting the qualitative characteristics of social production, efficiency is expressed in quantitative indicators, for example, as the ratio of the achieved result to the corresponding costs or resources. Indicators can be presented in absolute and relative terms. The assessment of production efficiency must be carried out not according to any one indicator, but according to their complex, since production efficiency is influenced by a number of factors, and only the use of a system of complementary indicators allows one to draw correct conclusions about the level of efficiency.
A set of numerous indicators of the efficiency of social production can be presented through the corresponding groups of indicators.
Firstly, they can be resource-intensive or costly. For example, labor productivity, capital productivity, profitability of production assets are resource indicators: their denominator reflects resources (number of employees, fixed production assets, fixed and circulating production assets). And such indicators as costs per ruble of commercial products, material intensity of commercial products are costly indicators. Both groups of indicators are legitimate, but not equivalent and cannot be reduced to one another. Secondly, the indicators used can reflect total costs, for example, production costs per ruble of GDP, ND, or the use of a specific resource (energy intensity, metal intensity). Thirdly, they may differ from each other in the construction method: level, tempo, incremental. Fourthly, they can be absolute and relative. And, fifthly, natural and cost-based.
All these indicators are applied to the object under consideration - the national economy as a whole, industry, ministry, firm, enterprise. The choice of one or another indicator depends on the goals set and the tasks to be solved, as well as on the specific object whose effectiveness is being calculated.
Increasing the efficiency of social production is aimed at obtaining a better final result at the level of the entire national economy. In the most general form, the final result of social production in quantitative and qualitative terms is characterized by the growth rate of GDP per capita.
The following indicators are of greatest importance when assessing the efficiency of social production:

• labor productivity (for the national economy as a whole, for individual industries, for types of production);
• capital productivity;
• material intensity of GDP, goods and services produced.

An aggregated indicator characterizing the efficiency of functioning of the national economy as a whole has not yet been developed due to certain difficulties in bringing together numerous and equal indicators characterizing one or another aspect of social production. Attempts to create it come down to comparing the total labor results for the year (GDP, GNP, income) with the total costs of all factors of production produced in the corresponding year.
The productivity of social labor (Pt) is the most important indicator of the efficiency of social production and reflects both the efficiency of living labor and
economy of social labor embodied in the means of production. It is calculated as the ratio of the produced gross domestic product (GDP) to the number of workers employed in sectors of the national economy (N):
I
™ ts
The growth of social labor productivity is the main factor in the growth of social production, national income, the growth of people's well-being, and the solution of social problems in the development of society. The productivity growth (decrease) index is calculated as the ratio of GDP per worker in the production of goods and services in the corresponding period compared to the previous one.
The share of the increase in gross domestic product (GDP) as a result of increased labor productivity is determined by the formula:
x 100
where АЧ is the growth rate of the number of employees; Hell is the pace
growth of gross domestic product.
At the industry (enterprise) level, labor productivity can be calculated as the ratio of gross value added to the average number of employees.
The dynamics of labor productivity are determined by changes in two of its constituent elements - the volume of production and the number of industrial production personnel. In turn, each of these elements is determined by the influence of a whole group of factors that, as a rule, act in different directions. The following groups of factors have the greatest impact on productivity:

• technical level of production (technique, technology);
• organization of production and labor, quality of labor;
• Production Management;
• structural changes in production;
• redistribution of capital resources in the country;
• change in demand, etc.

The problem of increasing labor productivity is the main problem of today for the Republic of Belarus. In accordance with the Program of Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for 2001-2005, the entire increase in gross domestic product during this period is expected to be achieved through increased labor productivity. The entire increase in labor productivity over the five-year period should be 45-50%. More than 60% of the total increase is planned to be achieved through the development of progressive resource-saving technologies in the industrial and construction complexes, the creation of new effective jobs, the introduction of modern technological processes for processing and storing agricultural products, and low-operation technologies in light and local industry. The share of manual labor is expected to be reduced by almost half.
Capital productivity characterizes the efficiency of using fixed production assets in the national economy as a whole and in its individual sectors, enterprises and is calculated using the formula:
where Фo is capital productivity, V is gross domestic product (value added); F - average annual cost of fixed production assets.
Capital productivity is the weakest link in economic efficiency and the most significant part of the underutilized potential of social production of the Republic of Belarus. Over the years, it has had a clear downward trend. Of course, increasing capital productivity is not always necessary or possible. Capital productivity is influenced by a number of factors that are multidirectional. For example, an increase in the cost of buildings, structures, and equipment in order to create better working conditions and safety, and the use of new progressive technological processes will always be a brake on the growth of capital productivity. However, the challenge here will be to achieve its solution through other factors.
The republic has formed a relatively powerful production potential, represented by fixed production assets, but a significant part of it is physically and morally outdated. In this regard, the most important problem of the current stage of development of the national economy is to ensure expanded reproduction of fixed assets on a new technical basis.
Material intensity, calculated at the national economic level, characterizes the level of material costs (raw materials, supplies, fuel, energy), respectively, per unit of GDP, and at the level of individual industries or enterprises - the efficiency of using objects of labor.
Calculation of material intensity at the level of the national economy is carried out according to the formula:
where Me is material consumption; M is the cost of used raw materials and materials, fuel, energy, materials and semi-finished products, etc.
To assess the level of use of fuel and energy resources and metal costs, indicators of energy intensity and metal intensity of GDP are used.
Energy intensity is an indicator characterizing the level of consumption of fuel and energy resources within the country per unit of GDP, respectively.
Metal intensity is an indicator characterizing the level of metal costs per unit of GDP, respectively.
Worldwide saving of material resources is one of the most important signs of intensive economic development. For the Republic of Belarus this problem is very relevant. This is due to the fact that most industries in the republic operate mainly on imported raw materials, materials, and fuel. Through imports, the industry meets 90% of its needs for oil, 100% for natural gas and coal, 100% for cotton, about 75% for rolled ferrous metals, up to 90% for steel pipes, 79% for cellulose. , about 60% - in cement, 89% - in vegetable oil, 69% - in sugar.
In these conditions, the provision of material resources to sectors of the national economy should develop in the following directions:

1. formation of cost-effective ties both from the CIS and other countries of Europe and Asia;
2. global resource conservation;
3. consistent structural restructuring of the economy.

The last two areas are of particular importance for ensuring the relative independence of the republic in raw materials.
To solve the problem of resource conservation, a set of measures has been developed at the state level aimed at ensuring and rational use of material resources. Republican-wide programs (“Energy Saving”, “Resource Saving”) combine measures to reduce the material intensity of products, rational use of waste, etc., and also provide for their organizational and economic support. They cover special methods for managing and stimulating material-saving activities. Thus, in accordance with the “Resource Saving” program, the development and development of resource-saving technologies, the production of new products and materials based on the use of secondary resources and production waste are envisaged. As part of the Energy Saving program, it is planned to create new energy-saving technologies and equipment, produce heat pump units for the utilization of secondary energy resources and gas distribution equipment for drying with simultaneous utilization of waste gases.
Resource-saving activities should also be ensured by state regulation of the consumption of essential resources by limiting their unit costs, rational use of substitutes for scarce resources, as well as stimulating resource conservation through preferential lending and taxation, through financing, a differentiated system of depreciation charges, a pricing system, etc.
According to experts, the consumption of material and fuel and energy resources in the republic can be reduced by 20-25%, but this level can only be achieved gradually over 10-15 years. In accordance with the Program of Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for 2001-2005, it is planned to reduce the material intensity of goods and services over the five-year period by 6-7%, and the energy intensity of GDP by 20-25%. The basis for the reduction should be the development and implementation of material- and energy-saving technologies focused on the optimal use of raw materials and materials.