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Text content of presentation slides: Japan after World War II. Plan: First Occupation Period (1945 - 1947) Second Occupation Period (1948 - 1951) Japanese "Economic Miracle" Russian-Japanese Relations First Occupation Period On September 2, 1945, Japan capitulated. Unlike Germany, Japan was not occupied in the course of hostilities, but only two weeks after the acceptance of the terms of surrender. During this time, the ruling circles managed to keep the main officer cadres of the army and navy, turning them into "civilian" persons and dispersing them in separate areas, private firms and enterprises. As a result of the occupation, the state apparatus was not destroyed, as in Germany. The first period of occupation, Japan was occupied only by American troops. During the first period of the occupation, American monopoly capital sought to use the military victory to weaken Japan. Economic situation countries after the surrender was difficult. Volume industrial production in 1946 it was only about 30% of the 1936 level. The first period of occupation During this period, under the control of the American occupation authorities, political and land reforms were carried out, and a labor law was adopted. As a result, landownership was liquidated for redemption and the land was redistributed in favor of the prosperous peasantry. A land maximum of 3 hectares was set, payment in kind was replaced by cash. The land became the property of the peasants. There was a strengthening of the layer of wealthy peasants and middle peasants. The first period of occupation On May 3, 1947, a constitution was adopted that limited the power of the emperor. He was declared "a symbol of the unity of the nation", but the deification of his person was canceled. Akihito. Years of government: 1989-present Akihito (jap.; December 23, 1933, Tokyo) the ruling emperor of Japan, the 125th in the dynasty. His posthumous name will be Heisei. At present, Akihito is the world's only reigning emperor. The first period of occupationPrivy Council, enhanced the role of the cabinet as executive body, expanded the rights of the bicameral parliament. The legislature is a bicameral parliament; consists of the House of Councilors and the House of Representatives The first period of occupation Universal suffrage was introduced not only for men, but also for women, democratic rights and freedoms of citizens were proclaimed, religion was separated from politics. The first period of occupation In 1947, anti-monopoly legislation was adopted, which in 1948 was actually abolished. Japan's military monopolies and associations fell under the American demonopolization, which were often disbanded because they were competitors of American companies. The “liquidation” of the pre-war monopolistic associations (zaibatsu) led to the replacement of family groups by industrial and financial concerns headed by banks, which began to control the Japanese economy. The second period of occupation In 1948, the American occupation course was reoriented towards Japan. This was due to the events that took place in China, in particular in Northern China. Since the main goal of the United States on Far East Japan becomes the main base of its policy, relying on which they could strengthen their positions in the region, the Americans are betting on the development of heavy industry in Japan, the reconstruction of the army and navy. The second period of occupation On September 8, 1951, a peace treaty was signed by a number of countries that fought in World War II with Japan (San Francisco Peace Treaty), which entered into force on April 28, 1952. about. Taiwan, Peskadorskie, Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin Island The second period of occupation Under the treaty, Japan agreed with the establishment of US guardianship (administration) over the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) and a number of other islands. Japan assumed the obligation to renounce the threat of the use of force in its relations with other states. In 1952, the American-Japanese “security pact” was signed, which allowed the United States to deploy its ground, air and sea forces in Japan, in 1960 this pact was extended. The second period of occupation In 1956, the state of war between the USSR and Japan was eliminated, but there is still no peace treaty between these countries. (pictured: the signing of the declaration by the USSR and Japan to end the war in 1956) The capital of Japan is Tokyo. The administrative division of the state is 9 districts, 47 prefecturesHokkaidoTohoku KantoChyubuKinkiChugokuShikokuOkinawaKyushuUrbanization in 2000 79.0% 21.0% Urban population Rural Population Japan's “Economic Miracle” Japan does not have an official coat of arms, but the coat of arms of the imperial house of Japan is often used instead - a stylized image of a chrysanthemum with sixteen petals. The same image is also on the foreign passports of the Japanese (they do not have internal ones). before the beginning of the Heisei period (1989), Japan was recovering from the crisis, restoring its economy and industry, which during the Heisei period led to a qualitative leap in the development of the country's economy and to the "Japanese economic miracle" Japanese "economic miracle" Economic miracle "-rapid economic growth, which in the shortest possible time allowed Japan not only to fully recover from the defeat in the war, but also to take second place in terms of economic power, consistently surpassing France, Italy, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, the USSR and second only to the United States. Japan has been listed as the second economy in the world since 1968, losing to China in 2010 the Japanese “ economic miracle restoration of Japan's economic position in the world in the 50s - 60s, and the exit of this country to the second place in the world in terms of economic potential in the beginning. 90s - one of the most important events in world post-war history, of interest not only from a political, but also from a scientific point of view. Japan's “economic miracle” In the early post-war years, the rate of recovery of the Japanese economy was lower than in Western Europe. The turning point came in 1948-49, with the beginning of “shock therapy”, the characteristic features of which were:
style.rotation Japanese "economic miracle" Insignificant costs for armaments. Purchase of patents, licenses, their rapid introduction into production. Use high technologies.State regulation economy.High qualification of workers.Features of the Japanese mentality - diligence and enthusiasm.Export orientation of the economy.Unique management system. Japan's “Economic Miracle” Based on the need to maintain peace in society, the Government strongly encouraged the system of lifetime employment in industrial enterprises. Japan is characterized by non-competition of the unemployed for jobs, often requiring them to be costly retrained for new professions or maintained at the expense of social funds, but the competition of workers within firms, which contributes to an increase in the productivity of their labor. In addition, such a system softens the difference in wages for employees of firms in which labor and capital relations are built on a paternalistic basis (if in the USA the difference in the income of the President of an average company and an unskilled worker reaches 20:1, then in Japan it is only 8: one). Japanese “Economic Miracle“ The End of the Miracle ” Dr. Econ. Sciences Belousov Andrey Removich relates the termination of the "miracle" to 1985, when Japan signed the famous Plaza agreements (named after the hotel in which they were signed), as a result of which the yen revalued (increased) 1.5 times, and the rate economic growth in Japan fell from 8% to 2% in the 1990s. became a “lost decade” for Japan, as the bursting “bubble” of the Japanese economy caused serious damage to all industries, as well as banking and financial areas. The country managed to get out only in 2000 Russian-Japanese relations after World War II The absence of a Soviet representative signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan left an unfavorable imprint on the further development of relations between Moscow and Tokyo. Nevertheless, the economic needs of Japan and its desire to increase its independence in the international arena and weaken the excessive one-sided orientation towards Washington led to the establishment of Soviet-Japanese relations with the Ser. 50 years Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World WarIn 1956, as a result of the visit of Prime Minister Hatoyama to Moscow, the Soviet-Japanese Declaration was signed. It provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries, the settlement of the issue of fishing conditions, which is so important for Japan, Moscow's consent to Japan's admission to the UN, the "transfer" of Japan, after the signing of the Peace Treaty between Moscow and Tokyo, of the islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge of Habomai and Shikotan. Russian-Japanese Relations after the Second World WarThe 1956 declaration increased Japan's independence in world politics and turned it into an equal member of the world community, which displeased Washington. Under his pressure, the next Kishi Government sabotaged the preparation and signing of the Soviet-Japanese Peace Treaty, and at the same time forced the modernization of the Japanese-American Security Pact in the new version of 1960, which provided for the maintenance of the American military presence on Japanese territory for at least another 10 years. Russian-Japanese relations after World War II preliminary execution Tokyo two conditions: the signing of the Peace Treaty and the withdrawal of foreign (i.e., American) troops from its territory. Since then, political relations between Moscow and Tokyo have been poisoned not only by the absence of a peace treaty and the US military presence in Japan, but also by the problem of the "northern territories", which the Japanese side insists on "returning". Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World WarThe unsettled political relations between the two countries did not always affect economic ties between them (largely due to the parallel “unofficial” policy of Japanese business circles, which ignored Washington's displeasure on this issue). Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World WarWith the collapse of the USSR Russian Government pinned certain hopes on Japan's economic support for the course of reforms. Sympathizing in principle with market reforms in Russia, Tokyo, in turn, expected territorial and political concessions from Moscow (the return of the “northern territories”) and a favorable investment climate for business. Since none of these wishes of the Japanese side has been fulfilled, political relations between the two countries remain restrained Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World War08/10/13 Russian President Vladimir Putin considers it possible to conclude a peace treaty with Japan - on a practical level, this work has already been resumed.« All this (economic cooperation) creates the conditions for us not only to dream, but also in practical terms to work towards the conclusion of a peace treaty. In order for us to approach this, we need to create not the image of an enemy, but the image of a friend. It seems to me that this is quite possible with Japan,” Putin told reporters. The leaders of the Russian Federation and Japan, Vladimir Putin and Shinzo Abe, discussed the subject of a peace treaty
Post-war economic development. At the end of the war in 1945, a quarter of the national
the wealth of the country was destroyed, production fell to the level
1935. The occupying forces, which were under
by the American command, along with the demilitarization
forced Japan to carry out land reform, dissolution
financial and industrial oligarchic groups "zaibatsu",
liberalization of the labor movement and other democratic
transformations. Thus, in Japanese society
reforms were carried out based on the principles of democracy
"American style". Compulsory education was also
increased from 6 to 9 years. All this then had a great impact.
to the development of the country. It was a kind of revolution and
served as the basis on which rapid growth became possible
Japanese economy after the war. With extensive help
United States, their transfer of technology to Japan, as well as opening up for
Japanese of their colossal market, in the 50s and 60s, Japan was able to
achieve accelerated economic growth. Besides,
the escalation of the Cold War made it almost inevitable
the rebirth of Japan as a stronghold of a free economy.
Presentation on Japan in the post-war period. Presentation - credit for a student of grade 12, evening school.
History of Japan from 1945-2010
Work completed
12th grade student from the village of Topolevo
Chetvina Tatiana
Head: Ruzankina I.S.
Work Plan
State structure
Economic miracle
Economic miracle (1950-1970)
Factors of the "economic miracle"
Post-war reforms
Political development
Japan's political system after World War II is based on a multi-party parliamentary democracy with the emperor retained as head of state. In January 1989, the 55-year-old Akihito, the eldest son of the deceased Emperor Showa, became the 125th Emperor of Japan. According to the traditional Japanese chronology, a new era began, officially called Heisei.
Japan's domestic policy at the end of XX-beginning. Xx| century.
Foreign policy (stages)
Stages
Characteristic
Stage 1 (1950-1960s)
Full subordination to the US foreign policy circle
Stage 2 (1970-1980s)
Priority development of relations with countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines.
Stage 3 (199-2000s)
Transition to "global cooperation" with the United States and other countries to protect the interests of Japan.
Japanese foreign policy in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
Made by a student of the group E-121 Titova Elizaveta 2012
and paid reparations
Loss of 44%: of their former possessions Stopped imports of raw materials, fuel and food The level of industrial production fell to 28.5% The last place in the world in terms of the rate of recovery of industrial production Military losses (2 million 800 thousand) Inflation 5000%
1. Increasing production with the maximum use of internal resources. 2. Improving the distribution of controlled goods. 3. Improving the distribution of food and the growth of its volumes. 4. Firm compliance state prices, punishment of violators. 5. Flexible policy of maintaining salary stability. 6. Implementation of the growth plan tax revenue, criminal prosecution for dodging. 7. Income increase, improvement tax system, introduction of new tax levers. 8. Organized reduction of the state budget deficit. 9. Improving the management of foreign trade.
the real wages of workers were 13% of the pre-war level of the unemployed 10 million people
1946 - 1947 new labor legislation was introduced: the 8-hour working day was increased wage paid holidays and social insurance were introduced for overtime work workers had the right to strike provided for the protection of women and adolescents
The goal of the reforms is to build a model of democratic capitalism in Japan and disarm the former aggressor. The peculiarity of the Japanese reforms was that the occupation authorities ensured political stability in society.
land reform 80% of all land was taken from former landowners who were not engaged in the productive use of their agricultural resources and sold to peasants at low prices. RESULT: the food crisis was overcome. The new owners of the land managed to solve the problem of hunger.
10
By 1950, 80% of the leased land was owned by peasants
11
Program: budget reform new credit policy price reform currency reform
12
In 1946-1947, general elections were held for the parliament. On May 3, 1947, a new Japanese constitution was adopted.
13
14
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Japan after World War II. Plan: First Occupation Period (1945 - 1947) Second Occupation Period (1948 - 1951) Japanese “Economic Miracle” Russo-Japanese Relations
2 slide
Description of the slide:
The first period of occupation On September 2, 1945, Japan capitulated. Unlike Germany, Japan was not occupied in the course of hostilities, but only two weeks after the acceptance of the terms of surrender. During this time, the ruling circles managed to keep the main officer cadres of the army and navy, turning them into "civilian" persons and dispersing them in separate areas, private firms and enterprises. As a result of the occupation, the state apparatus was not destroyed, as in Germany
3 slide
Description of the slide:
During the first period of occupation, Japan was occupied only by American troops. During the first period of the occupation, American monopoly capital sought to use the military victory to weaken Japan. The economic situation of the country after the surrender was difficult. The volume of industrial production in 1946 was only about 30% of the 1936 level.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
The first period of occupation During this period, under the control of the American occupation authorities, political and land reforms were carried out, and a labor law was adopted. As a result, landownership was liquidated for redemption and the land was redistributed in favor of the prosperous peasantry. A land maximum of 3 hectares was set, payment in kind was replaced by cash. The land became the property of the peasants. There was a strengthening of the layer of wealthy peasants and middle peasants
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The first period of occupation On May 3, 1947, a constitution was adopted that limited the power of the emperor. He was declared "a symbol of the unity of the nation", but the deification of his person was canceled. Akihito. Years of government: 1989-present Akihito (jap.; December 23, 1933, Tokyo) the ruling emperor of Japan, the 125th in the dynasty. His posthumous name will be Heisei. Akihito is currently the world's only reigning emperor.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
The first period of occupation of the Privy Council, increased the role of the Cabinet of Ministers as an executive body, expanded the rights of the bicameral parliament. The legislature is a bicameral parliament; consists of the House of Councilors and the House of Representatives
7 slide
Description of the slide:
The first period of occupation Universal suffrage was introduced not only for men, but also for women, democratic rights and freedoms of citizens were proclaimed, religion was separated from politics.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
The first period of occupation In 1947 anti-monopoly legislation was adopted, which in 1948 was actually repealed. Japan's military monopolies and associations fell under the American demonopolization, which were often disbanded because they were competitors of American companies. The “liquidation” of pre-war monopolistic associations (zaibatsu) led to the replacement of family groups by industrial and financial concerns headed by banks, which began to control the Japanese economy
9 slide
Description of the slide:
The Second Period of Occupation In 1948, there was a reorientation of the American occupation course towards Japan. This was due to the events that took place in China, in particular in Northern China. Since the main goal of the United States in the Far East is to turn Japan into the main base of its policy, relying on which they could strengthen their positions in the region, the Americans are betting on the development of heavy industry in Japan, the reconstruction of the army and navy.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
The second period of occupation On September 8, 1951, a peace treaty was signed by a number of countries that fought in World War II with Japan (San Francisco Peace Treaty), which entered into force on April 28, 1952. about. Taiwan, Peskadorsky, Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin Island
11 slide
Description of the slide:
The Second Period of Occupation Under the treaty, Japan agreed to the establishment of US custody (administration) over the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) and a number of other islands. Japan assumed the obligation to renounce the threat of the use of force in its relations with other states. In 1952, the American-Japanese “security pact” was signed, which allowed the United States to deploy its ground, air and sea forces in Japan, in 1960 this pact was extended.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
The second period of occupation In 1956, the state of war between the USSR and Japan was eliminated, but there is still no peace treaty between these countries. (pictured: the signing of the declaration by the USSR and Japan to end the war in 1956)
13 slide
Description of the slide:
The capital of Japan is Tokyo. Administrative division of the state - 9 districts, 47 prefectures Hokkaido Tohoku Kanto Chyubu Kinki Chugoku Shikoku Okinawa Kyushu Urbanization in 2000
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Japan's “economic miracle” Japan does not have an official coat of arms, but the coat of arms of the imperial house of Japan is often used instead - a stylized image of a chrysanthemum with sixteen petals. The same image is also on the foreign passports of the Japanese (they do not have internal ones). Before the beginning of the Heisei period (1989), Japan was emerging from the crisis, restoring its economy and industry, which during the Heisei period led to a qualitative leap in the development of the country's economy and to the "Japanese economic miracle
15 slide
Description of the slide:
Japanese "economic miracle" Economic miracle - the rapid growth of the economy, which in the shortest possible time allowed Japan not only to fully recover from the defeat in the war, but also to take second place in terms of economic power, consistently surpassing France, Italy, Canada, Great Britain, Germany , the USSR and second only to the USA. Japan has been the world's second largest economy since 1968, surpassed by China in 2010.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Japanese "economic miracle" Restoration of Japan's economic position in the world in 50 - 60 years, and the exit of this country to the second place in the world in terms of economic potential in the beginning. 90s - one of the most important events in world post-war history, of interest not only from a political, but also from a scientific point of view.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Japan's “Economic Miracle” In the early post-war years, the rate of recovery of the Japanese economy was lower than in Western Europe. The turning point came in 1948-49, with the beginning of “shock therapy”, the characteristic features of which were:
18 slide
Description of the slide:
Japan's “economic miracle” Insignificant military spending. Purchase of patents, licenses, their rapid introduction into production. Use of high technologies. State regulation of the economy. High qualification of workers. Features of the Japanese mentality - diligence and enthusiasm. Export orientation of the economy. Unique control system.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
Japan's “Economic Miracle” Out of the need to maintain social peace, the Government strongly encouraged the system of lifetime employment in industrial enterprises. What characterizes Japan is not the competition of the unemployed for jobs, which often requires them to be costly retrained for new professions or maintained at the expense of social funds, but the competition of workers within firms, which helps to increase their productivity. In addition, such a system softens the difference in wages for employees of firms in which labor and capital relations are built on a paternalistic basis (if in the USA the difference in the income of the President of an average company and an unskilled worker reaches 20:1, then in Japan it is only 8: one).
20 slide
Description of the slide:
Japanese “Economic Miracle “The End of the Miracle” Dr. Econ. Sciences Belousov Andrey Removich relates the end of the "miracle" to 1985, when Japan signed the famous Plaza Agreements (named after the hotel in which they were signed), as a result of which the yen revalued (increased) 1.5 times, and the economic growth rate Japan fell from 8% to 2% in the 1990s. became a "lost decade" for Japan, as the bursting "bubble" of the Japanese economy caused serious damage to all industries, as well as banking and financial sectors. The country managed to get out only in 2000
21 slide
Description of the slide:
Russian-Japanese Relations after World War II The absence of a Soviet representative's signature on the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan left an unfavorable imprint on the further development of relations between Moscow and Tokyo. Nevertheless, the economic needs of Japan and its desire to increase its independence in the international arena and weaken the excessive one-sided orientation towards Washington led to the establishment of Soviet-Japanese relations with the Ser. 50 years
22 slide
Description of the slide:
Russian-Japanese Relations after the Second World War The 1956 Declaration increased Japan's independence in world politics and turned it into an equal member of the world community, which displeased Washington. Under his pressure, the next Kishi Government sabotaged the preparation and signing of the Soviet-Japanese Peace Treaty, and at the same time forced the modernization of the Japanese-American Security Pact in the new version of 1960, which provided for the maintenance of the American military presence on Japanese territory for at least another 10 years.
24 slide
Description of the slide:
Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World War In this regard, in the Statement of the Soviet Government made in 1960, the transfer of the Habomai and Shikotan Islands to Japan was conditioned by the preliminary fulfillment by Tokyo of two conditions: the signing of the Peace Treaty and the withdrawal of foreign (i.e., American) troops from its territory. Since then, political relations between Moscow and Tokyo have been poisoned not only by the absence of a peace treaty and the US military presence in Japan, but also by the problem of the "northern territories", which the Japanese side insists on "returning".
25 slide
Description of the slide:
Russian-Japanese Relations after World War II Unsettled political relations between the two countries did not always affect economic ties between them (largely due to the parallel “unofficial” policy of Japanese business circles, which ignored Washington's dissatisfaction on this issue).
26 slide
Description of the slide:
Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World War With the collapse of the USSR, the Russian government placed certain hopes on Japan's economic support for the course of reforms. Sympathizing in principle with market reforms in Russia, Tokyo, in turn, expected territorial and political concessions from Moscow (the return of the “northern territories”) and a favorable investment climate for business. Since none of these wishes of the Japanese side is fulfilled, the political relations of the two countries remain restrained.
27 slide
Description of the slide:
Russian-Japanese relations after the Second World War 08/10/13 Russian President Vladimir Putin considers it possible to conclude a peace treaty with Japan - on a practical level, this work has already been resumed. “All this (economic cooperation) creates the conditions for us not only to dream, but also in practical terms to work on the conclusion of a peace treaty. In order for us to approach this, we need to create not the image of an enemy, but the image of a friend. It seems to me that with Japan it is quite possible,” Putin told reporters. Leaders of Russia and Japan Vladimir Putin and Shinzo Abe discussed the subject of a peace treaty