The article deals with the analysis of the structure of the population Russian Federation by gender and age using statistical graphs.

• Analysis of the financial position of an enterprise to predict the probability of its bankruptcy
• Improving financial forecasting in the Russian Federation
• The need to plan the organization's cash flows
• Verification of economic indicators. Key points

The age-sex pyramid is a graphical distribution of the representation of the population by sex and age, which is used to characterize the sex and age composition of the population. The age-sex composition of the population represents the ratio of age-sex groups, that is, populations of people of the same age. Grouping by age is built both for the entire population, and for men and women, for the urban population, rural and others. In this pyramid (graph), a scale of age groups is built vertically (in ascending order from bottom to top), on both sides of which strips are laid, the length of which corresponds to the number of persons of each interval age (men to the left, women to the right), subject to equal intervals. In the case of unequal age intervals, the length of the strips is taken based on an age interval of 1 year, i.e. as a distribution density.

The grouping, or distribution, of the population by sex makes it possible to determine the number (and proportion) of men and women in the total population. For example, in 1995 Of the 148.3 million people in Russia, 69.8 million were men and 78.5 million were women, or 47% and 53%, respectively. By the way, this ratio in the country as a whole is quite stable; it persisted for Russia throughout the 80s and 90s. Therefore, this grouping is more interesting for individual regions, districts. Data on the sex composition, given by territories, give an idea of ​​the even or uneven ratio of men and women in certain regions of the country. In turn, this ratio often depends on the production direction of the region's economy. Grouping by gender must be given in combination with other grouping characteristics (age, social status, education, etc.)

Grouping by age is also one of the main tasks in statistics. To solve many practical problems, it is necessary to define different age contingents: nursery, preschool, school; population of working age; younger and older than working age; the number of people of voting age, etc. All age groupings of the population are divided into one-year age groups, on the basis of which any interval groups can be built. The distribution of people into one-year age groups opens up the best possibilities for analyzing the state and changes in the age structure. However, data on the age structure in the one-year grouping are subject to the deforming influence of such a phenomenon as age accumulation. Many people do not attach much importance to the accuracy of their age, and in the past, many did not know their exact age, so they indicated it in the census approximately.

The composition of the age-sex structure of the population is primarily the result of the evolution of population reproduction. The type of population reproduction, formed by the processes of fertility and mortality in the present and past periods, determines the ratio of the population of different age groups.

The formation of the age structure of the population is influenced, firstly, by the decline in the population of military age, and secondly, by a sharp decline in the birth rate. At the regional, and sometimes at state level large changes in the age structure can occur as a result of migrations, usually increasing the number of men in working age. As a result of these causes, the edges of the age pyramid become uneven, reflecting historical changes in the nature of population growth and decline. Such violations leave traces in the age structure of the population for a long time.

The gender structure is affected by a decrease in the birth rate on the number of individual age groups of the population in the form of so-called gaps in the age structure, wars, the state of the population in marriage, etc.

1. The age-sex pyramid is growing:
   • – High birth rate;
   • Most of the young;
   • Low proportion of elderly;
   • Short lifespan;
   • Population growth.
2. The age-sex pyramid is reduced:
   • – Low birth rate;
   • Low percentage of young;
   • A large proportion of adults and the elderly;
   • High life expectancy;
   • Population aging.
3. Age-sex pyramid rejuvenating:
   • – Distribution of a group of classes of the main pyramid;
   • Characteristic of typically developed countries that experience higher birth rates as a result of population policies.

Table 1 Dynamics of the number and specific gravity population by sex

	Total population, million people			in the total population, %

And based on the indicators in the table, we can say that the number of women prevails over the number of men. That, since 1926, the population has increased every year.

Table 2 Average variant of population forecast by sex

	men, thousand people	women, thousand people	there are women per 1000 men

The average version of the forecast is characterized by a reduction in the ratio of men and women by 20 people.

Compared to 1990, the population under working age is significantly lower in 2015, while the population over working age is larger.

Figure 2 characterizes the change in the size and composition of the Russian population in the future.

The sex and age pyramid is similar to real pyramids, since with increasing age the number of people in age groups decreases and the stripes become shorter. The age pyramid of an ideal population, in which fertility and mortality would remain unchanged for a long time, would look like an almost isosceles triangle with straight sides (but still with some skew to the right, i.e. towards the female "half"). However, this does not happen, because both the number of births and the number of deaths fluctuate over time, sometimes very sharply. A sharp drop in the birth rate forms a corresponding depression in the age structure, which will be the deeper, the more significant the reduction in the number of births. And this depression will never even out until all those born in the years in which this depression fell have died. On the contrary, a sharp increase in the birth rate forms a ledge on the pyramid, which is the greater, the greater the increase in the birth rate (the number of births). The alternation of rises and falls in the birth rate as a result of any social cataclysms causes the so-called "demographic waves" on the age structure (pyramid).

Bibliography

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To analyze the age, or rather sex and age, structure of the population, one of the graphical methods, called the sex and age pyramid, is widely used. The sex and age pyramid is a two-sided bar graph built in the usual coordinate system. On the y-axis, the scale of age groups is displayed on an arbitrary scale, on the abscissa - the population of a certain age. The male population is plotted to the left of the y-axis, the female population is plotted to the right. Each age group is displayed as a horizontal bar, the area of ​​which is proportional to the population of the corresponding age.

Age pyramids are built either in one-year age groupings or in five-year age groupings. Of course, one-year pyramids are preferable, they are much more expressive and informative than five-year-old ones (but taking into account age accumulation).

Age pyramids are built either according to absolute or relative data on the number of age groups. Absolute data is simply the arithmetic number of people in each age group. Age pyramids built on absolute data have the serious drawback that they are incomparable if the populations reflected by these pyramids differ significantly from each other. Therefore, it is preferable to build age pyramids based on relative data. In this case, any population size is taken as one constant value, say 100, 1000, or 10,000 (the latter is most preferred), and the size of each sex and age group is divided by the total population and multiplied by the above multiplier in the form of one with several zeros. Then we get pyramids that are comparable for any population, regardless of their size.

The diagram obtained in this way was at one time called a pyramid for the simple reason that, due to the influence of mortality, the number of persons in older ages is usually less than in younger ones. At present, in countries with low fertility, the shape of the population distribution diagram by sex and age does not resemble a pyramid, but rather, some kind of inverted urn.

A sharp drop in the birth rate forms a corresponding depression in the age structure, which will be the deeper, the more significant the reduction in the number of births. And this depression will never even out, it will gape for a hundred years, until all those born in the years in which this depression fell die. On the contrary, a sharp increase in the birth rate forms a ledge on the pyramid, which is the greater, the greater the increase in the birth rate (the number of births). The alternation of rises and falls in the birth rate as a result of any social cataclysms causes the so-called "demographic waves" on the age structure (pyramid), repeating with a lag of 20-30 years (when those born during the period of one wave - recession or rise - become parents and their children create new waves that gradually fade over almost 100 years).

The age-sex pyramid also makes it possible to judge the impact on the reproduction of the population of various historical events: wars, epidemics, revolutions, certain legislative acts and other actions that can somehow affect the processes of fertility and mortality.

Even at the end of the XIX century. Swedish demographer A.-G. Sundberg (A.-G. Sundberg) introduced into scientific circulation the concept of progressive, stationary and regressive types of age structure. They were named so because with a progressive age structure, the population increases, and, moreover, quite quickly, with a stationary one, it does not change its numbers, and with a regressive one, it decreases.

They differ from each other in the shares of children aged 0-15 years and "old people" aged 50 years and older. In the progressive age structure, the proportion of children, according to Sundberg, is 40%, and the "old people" - 10%, in the stationary, respectively - 27 and 23, and in the regressive - 20 and 30%.

These types of age structure correspond to the types of age pyramids proposed in the 1930s. German statistician F. Burgdorfer. The progressive age structure (young population) corresponds to a regular pyramid. A diagram depicting a stationary age structure resembles a bell. The regressive age structure corresponds to a figure called an urn.

The above can be illustrated by the example of the age-sex pyramids of the Russian population.

1. Type of population reproduction, characterized by high birth and death rates. The age pyramid of such a population has a wide base (which is formed by a high proportion of children in the population) and a narrow spire-like top (a small proportion of those who live to old age). The sides of such a pyramid look like concave parabolas. This type of population reproduction can be called "primitive" (in many respects, and not only demographic, this name is quite suitable for it). In our country, the primitive type of reproduction persisted until the Second World War.

2. The industrial and social development of society also has among its results a reduction in mortality and birth rates (the reasons for such changes are discussed in the relevant chapters). Population growth slows down and eventually stops. The age structure takes the form of a bell. This type can be called motionless, or stationary. Scientists argue about whether this type of reproduction can exist for a long time, or this state is possible only for a short time, followed by the inevitable transition to the third type of reproduction.

3. Further development, under certain conditions, leads to a state where the decline in mortality slows down or stops (mortality, alas, cannot decrease indefinitely), while the decline in fertility continues. Depopulation begins, the extinction of the population. The age structure takes the form of a funerary urn. The population is aging; in its composition, the proportion of older people is increasing and the proportion of young people is declining. This type of population reproduction can be called regressive, or depopulation, or degradation.

Pyramids for 1939 (population census 1939), for 2000 (data from the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation) and for 2050 (UN forecast 1998, low version). The first of these pyramids is that of a typical young growing population with a high birth rate and a relatively high but declining death rate. The length of the stripes decreases relatively evenly, however, deformations caused by acute events in Russian history at the beginning of the 20th century are already noticeable on this pyramid. First of all, attention is drawn to the “pit”, located in the region of ages from 15 to 25 years. This "pit" is the result of a decline in the birth rate during the First World War, the 1917 revolution and the Civil War that followed it. These events also left their mark on the population, which in 1939 crossed the age limit of 35 years (especially in the age group of 35-39 years). A rather sharp narrowing of the pyramid in these segments is a consequence of population losses from military operations, epidemics and other adverse events of that time. The diagram also reflected the compensatory increase in the birth rate in the 1920s. (protrusion at the age level of 10-15 years), some of its growth in connection with the prohibition of abortion in 1936, as well as its sharp drop in the early 1930s. on the whole, the age-sex pyramid of 1939 is a portrait of a young population with a high birth rate and a high, but declining, death rate.

A completely different picture emerges when looking at the age-sex pyramid of 2000. Traces of a decline in the birth rate in the early 1930s. and during the Great Patriotic War moved to the upper segments of the pyramid and smoothed out to some extent. But on the other hand, the pyramid clearly reflects the evolution of the birth rate in Russia in the post-war period. This is the time of the modern demographic history of Russia, when the country lived in relatively "calm" conditions, without wars, mass repressions of epidemics and other catastrophic phenomena. Demographic changes during these years were of an evolutionary nature and were determined solely by the restructuring of demographic behavior.

It was during this period that the action of global factors unfolded "without interference", which together led to the inevitable offensive already in the 1990s. the demographic collapse experienced by our country. Four stages of the demographic evolution of Russia in the postwar years are clearly visible. The first of them is the time before the early 1960s, when the birth rate was practically stable, and fluctuations in the number of births were determined mainly by the influence of changes in the age structure of women of reproductive age. The need for children and the reproductive attitudes of the majority of the population were still relatively high in these years. Then, a “pit” is clearly visible on the pyramid, falling on the period of a sharp drop in the number of births and birth rates in the 1960s. The reason for this decline was a radical decrease in the need for children for most families, which occurred against the backdrop of a relative improvement in the standard of living of the population. The third stage is the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s. The number of births during this period grew mainly under the influence of shifts in the age structure of the population and, in part, better satisfaction of the need for two children (in the first half of the 1980s), which was reflected in the lengthening of the chart bars corresponding to these years.

And, finally, the lower part of the pyramid shows a sharp, landslide drop in the number of births and fertility, which began in 1987 and took in the 1990s. catastrophic forms. The base of the pyramid is continuously narrowing. Its shape is becoming more and more similar to the type of pyramid corresponding to the regressive type of population reproduction. The age-sex pyramid of 2000 clearly testifies to the entry of our country into a period of deep and long-term depopulation, the way out of which is becoming more and more problematic.

We see in front of us an old and dying population, the shape of the age-sex pyramid of which really resembles a funeral urn. At the same time, the authors of the forecast are actually very optimistic in their predictions. They come from overestimated future fertility trends in Russia. According to the lower version of the forecast, the birth rate, starting from 2000-2005. will be fixed at the level of 1.25 children per 1 woman of reproductive age and will remain so until the end of the forecast period, i.e. until 2050

Graphically, the age structure of the population is depicted as gender and age pyramid. It is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and sex, or their proportion in the population, is shown as a horizontal bar of the same scale. The bars are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age values, usually from 0 to 100 years. Since, due to mortality, the number of people in older ages is usually less than in younger ones, the image has the shape of a pyramid.
The pyramid is usually built according to censuses or population surveys for annual or 5-year age groups so that the area of ​​the steps of the pyramid corresponds to the number of people of a given age or sex or their share in the total population.
In the early 1930s the German demographer F. Burgdörfer proposed a typology of age pyramids: in the young population (primitive type of reproduction) it has the shape of a regular pyramid, in the aged (stationary type) it has the shape of a bell, in the very old (regressive type) it has the shape of an urn and determines, all other things being equal rapid growth, slow growth or population decline.
If the mode of population reproduction, i.e., the levels of fertility and mortality, did not experience any external influences, then the pyramid has relatively even edges. If a high birth rate and relatively high mortality persist for a long time - a wide base and a narrow top, and with low birth and death rates - a narrow base and a wide top.
Under the influence of disturbances in the size and age structure of the population, in the intensity of its reproduction, caused, for example, by war (leading to a drop in the birth rate and a decrease in men in military age) or constant immigration (usually increasing the number of men in working age), the verge of the sex and age pyramid become uneven. Such violations leave a mark (failures) on the pyramid for a long time. For example, in our country, the generations of 1915-1923 suffered great losses as a result of the First World War and the Civil War. birth. These and the generations adjoining them suffered the greatest damage during the Second World War, and the preponderance of the female population over the male population is especially noticeable in them. The decline in the birth rate and the high death rate of children during the years of collectivization and famine led to a decrease in the generations born in our country not only in 1931-1933, but also in 1934-1936. The low birth rate and high mortality of the population were during the Second World War. As a "demographic echo" of the small generation of 1942-1948. a decrease in the birth rate was manifested in the 60s (see Fig. 1). The age and sex structure of the population of Russia according to the 1897 census, as of January 1, 2006, and the estimated structure of the population in 2025 are shown in fig. 2.
The preponderance of the number of men at younger ages is explained by the predominance of male children among newborns. At older ages, the reverse is observed.
In this way, age and sex pyramid analysis makes it possible to visually characterize the sources of deformations in the age structure of the population. When the sex and age pyramid is superimposed on each other, according to two population censuses, shifts in the sex and age structure are visible. Thus, the pyramid facilitates demographic forecasting. For analysis, pyramids are built for individual groups of the population: urban and rural populations, migrants, people with employment, certain ethnic groups, and the population of certain regions.



The age-sex pyramid is a convenient and visual way to demonstrate the relationship between different social groups of the population, which is widely used in demography. So, usually the age-sex pyramid is based on two main parameters: gender and age of a group of people. At the same time, it is possible to build such a figure for communities of various sizes: from a small settlement to an entire country or even the world.

The standard pyramid is an area divided vertically into two parts, one of which corresponds to the display structure of the male population, the other - the female one. To ensure greater visibility of the figure, these parts are usually given different colors, for example, blue or light blue for men, red or pink for women.

The horizontal division of the figure is made on the basis of the age structure of the population. For convenience of display, the entire population is usually combined into age groups with an interval of 5 years. Thus, the left part of the pyramid, displaying the male and female population, consists of horizontal plates, which are located one above the other. In this case, the lower part of the pyramid usually displays the youngest population, and as you move up the chart, the age of the groups increases.

Pyramid Analysis

As a result, the age-sex pyramid makes it possible to visually determine in which age groups there is a predominance of the male population in relation to the female population, at what ages this predominance is opposite, and in which the ratio of men and women is approximately the same.

As shown by numerous demographic studies, in most developed countries, similar trends are observed in this regard. So, usually more boys are born than girls, so in the younger age groups, that is, in the lower part of the pyramid, you can see a wider part of the “male” half of the diagram compared to the “female”. Around the age of 30, this ratio usually levels off, and at the age of 40 years and older, the number of women most often outnumbers men. Demographers tend to explain this structure of the pyramid as a way of life for men, which implies higher mortality due to injuries, accidents, hard work, a tendency to bad habits, and other reasons.

At the same time, a comparison of several age-sex pyramids built for the same community can provide a useful opportunity to study its demographic structure in dynamics. This, in turn, makes it possible to determine the dominant trend in the change in the socio-demographic characteristics of the community - for example, it can be the aging of the population or, on the contrary, its rejuvenation.

In demography, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the population is usually depicted in the form of a pyramid, the base of which is newborns, children; then there is a gradual narrowing of the pyramid, taking into account mortality in each age period; its peak is made up of persons aged 90 years and older.

Two concepts - the age structure and the age pyramid - in fact reflect two sides of one phenomenon, namely, the distribution of the population of a given country by age. The difference between them lies in the fact that the age pyramid is presented in graphical form and is provided with verbal comments, while the age structure is presented in tabular form and is accompanied by more detailed analytical comments.

The pyramid of ages (other names: age-sex pyramid, age-sex pyramid) gives a visual graphical representation of the distribution of people by age and gender.

Gender and age pyramid- graphical representation (histogram) of data on the age and sex composition of the population (Fig. 4). It is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and sex, or their proportion in the population, is shown as a horizontal bar of a certain scale. The bars are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, on the left - for

men, on the right - for women 2 . Since the number of people tends to be smaller due to mortality at older ages, the image for the full set of ages is pyramid-shaped.

Rice. 4. Age and sex composition of the population of the Russian Federation, 1989

To build the age-sex pyramid of the population in the center, draw a vertical axis (y-axis), along which age gradations are plotted. Horizontal axes (abscissa axes) are drawn from the base of the axis to the right and left, along which population gradations are plotted, respectively, on the left of men and on the right of women. The population of each sex and age group on the pyramid is depicted as a rectangle, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich corresponds to the population. Its lower and upper horizontal lines are drawn at the level, respectively, of the beginning of a given age interval and the beginning of the next age interval. Right vertical na? the line for men and the left one for women coincide with the vertical axis on the segment of the given age interval. Left vertical line for men and right? in women are carried out at the level of the number of men and women of this age group, respectively. Are they deposited on the age-sex pyramid? numbers only for those age groups for which the top is determined-Official website of the State Statistics Committee: www.gks.ru.

The lower and lower limits of the age interval and are not set aside for the so-called open age intervals (for example, "80 years and older").

A variety of manipulations can be carried out on the age pyramid, for example, age groups can be changed to age categories of the population, for example, the group of 0-6 years old can be replaced by the category of preschoolers. The resulting graph is very useful in applied research (Fig. 5) 3 .

Rice. 5. Changed age structure of the population

In addition, the age structure, corrected by categories of the population, can, again for practical purposes, be combined with the social structure of the population and obtain an even more visual graph of the structure of a given society (Fig. b) 4 .

Rice. 6. Social and age structure of the population

3 Source: Population ( www.ccas.ru).

The sex and age pyramid is usually built according to censuses or population surveys for one-year or five-year age groups so that the area of ​​the steps of the pyramid corresponds to the number of people (thousands) of each age and sex, or, in comparison, to their share in the population (%). The step length corresponds to the density of the given age group, i.e. the number of people per unit of age (Fig. 7). In international statistics, when constructing an age structure, it is customary to take into account information about the distribution by sex and age (0-14 years, 15-64, over 65).

Rice. 7 Age and sex pyramid of the population of the USSR according to the data of the 1926 and 1970 censuses.

In the early 1930s the concept of three types of age structure of the population was introduced, which correspond to the shape of the age pyramid: in the young population it has the shape of a regular pyramid, in the aged population it has the shape of a bell, in the very old population it has the shape of an urn (Fig. 8), and determines, all other things being equal, a fast population growth, slow growth or decline.

In most charts reflecting the age structure of various countries of the world, two asymmetries can be observed - by age and sex. Since there are fewer old people than children in the population structure of most countries of the world, the diagram takes the form of a pyramid, i.e. it is not symmetrical about a horizontal axis drawn along the average life expectancy of the population of a given country. At the same time, the number of men and women in different age groups is not the same, so the diagram cannot be symmetrical about the vertical axis. The disproportion of the sexes is still not fully understood.

It is also easy to see that in childhood, both in the world as a whole and in certain regions, men predominate. This is explained by

Boys worldwide are born on average 4 million more every year than girls. At working age, such a predominance for the whole world remains, but in half of the regions it is replaced by a predominance of women. As for the elderly, in this group the preponderance of women is ubiquitous. The sharp, approximately 16.5 million, predominance of women in the CIS is explained primarily by the impact of the First World War, the Civil War and, to a greater extent, the Second World War, but also by the very long life expectancy of women in the CIS countries.

Rice. 8. Types of age structures (according to F. Burgdörfer):

BUT- young (growing) population; B- aged (stationary) population;

IN- very old (decreasing) population

Approximately the same reasons affected the sex composition of the population of foreign Europe, where, with the exception of Ireland and Iceland, women predominate in all countries. Their preponderance is especially great in Austria and the FRG. In foreign Asia, on the other hand, men predominate almost everywhere. The only exceptions are Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Yemen, Israel and Cyprus.

The gender and age pyramid shows the future development of specific regions of the world or a particular country. Newborn children first reach kindergarten age and it is already possible to say almost exactly how many there will be. Then school age (how many schools, classes, teachers will be needed; is it possible and approximately how much to reduce the number of children in the class, is it better to do just that, and not close schools and fire teachers due to the decreasing number of school-age children that awaits us in coming years), etc. Considering the age pyramid, a specialist is able to determine, for example, when the greatest competition in higher educational institutions is expected in a given area, or how the number and composition of labor resources: in what years which contingents of the population will be included in their number, and which, on the contrary, will go out. An analysis of age dynamics can show the current and expected ratio of working or marriageable ages, the difference in the age of grooms and brides: grooms are on average two years older. If we follow the current demographic proportions, then in the future we can expect for the boys of the 1990s. birth shortage of brides of suitable age, although in

In general, the number of women will exceed the number of men. According to the data of the 2002 census (Fig. 9) 5, a significant excess of the number of women over the number of men, characteristic of Russians, remained, which amounted to 10 million people against 9.6 million in 1989. The worsening of the sex ratio was due to high premature supermortality men. Thus, in 2002 there were 1,147 women per thousand men, and in 1989, 1,140 women.

Rice. 9. Age and sex composition of the population of the Russian Federation, 2002

Quantitatively, the predominance of men is highest in South and East Asia (in India by 24 million, in Pakistan by 4.5 million, in China by 31 million). The predominance of men is also characteristic of the Arab-Muslim countries of Southwest Asia. This is the result of centuries of the downgraded position of women in families and society. Women's greater susceptibility to disease and higher mortality was due to early marriage, frequent childbirth, malnutrition, constant hard work at work and at home. For African countries, sharp fluctuations in the sex composition are not typical, and in the vast majority of them the number of men and women is approximately equal. Yet in the northern, Arab-Muslim, part of the mainland on-

Official website of the State Statistics Committee: www.gks.ru.

there is some predominance of men, while, in East Africa, for example, the predominance of women.

In North America, as a region of relatively new colonization and a massive influx of immigrants - mostly men - for a long time the male population prevailed. But gradually, first in the USA, and in the 1970s. and in Canada there has been a preponderance of women. This is especially true for older ages. In Latin America, as in Africa, the number of men and women is approximately equal. In Australia, as a country with a continuing massive influx of immigrants, men, as in Canada, predominated until the early 1970s. Then there was a slight preponderance of women. In developed countries, the male population predominates in rural areas, the female population predominates in cities, and in developing countries, on the contrary, the female population predominates in rural areas, and the male population predominates in cities.

At the end of the XX century. The age structure of the population of most countries of the world, including Russia (Fig. 10), resembled not so much a pyramid as a column, characterized by a relatively small number of children, young people and adults, and a relatively high number of people of older age groups. For the first time in many countries, a situation has developed in which the number of all age groups, including the most advanced age, is approximately the same.

Rice. 10. Sex and age pyramid of the population of Russia in 2000

The age structure of the population of Russia is characterized by a continuing increase in the number of able-bodied population. The population of working age (men 16-59 years old, women 16-54 years old) amounted to 89 million people (or 61%), younger than working age - 26.3 million people (or 18%) and older than working age -

29.8 million people (or 21%). The average annual working-age population increased by 1.4 million from 2002 to 2004. Projected rates economic growth in 2002-2004 did not lead to an adequate increase in the number of people employed in the economy. Thus, during this period, the excess of the supply of labor over the demand for it was preserved.

As with most European countries, Russia is characterized by an aging population. Compared with the 1989 census, the average age of the country's inhabitants increased by three years and amounted to 37.7 years, men - 35.2 years, women - 40.0 years (according to the 1989 census, the average age of the population was 34, 7 years, men - 31.9 years, women - 37.2 years). At the same time, the number of children and adolescents during the intercensal period decreased by 9.7 million people.

Since in the short term - until 2050 - the indicators of the sex and age structure of the population will not change for the better for us (a general decrease in the population, its aging), the age pyramid will take, in comparison with 2000, a completely different form (Fig. eleven).

Rice. 11. Changes in the sex and age pyramid of the population of Russia for the next 50 years