Population size. The total world population is 7.5 billion as of 2015. Modern political and socio-economic problems depend on the growth in the number and distribution of the population on Earth. Much attention is paid to the study of the world's population. This issue is being addressed by government agencies and scientific institutions around the world. Accelerated population growth in the last decade has become one of the world's problems, which is related to providing the population with food, work, housing, conservation and use of the environment. If such accelerated rates of population growth continue, then, according to experts, in 2030 the world's population will increase to 10 billion people. Nowadays, the population increases annually by approximately 80-90 million people. But in different regions of the world this process occurs differently, which is explained by different levels of population reproduction.

Types of population reproduction. The natural movement (reproduction) of a population is the process of preserving a specific historical measure of a given population in time and space. The relationship between fertility and mortality in different regions of the world and countries is not the same. Natural population growth is influenced by many factors: socio-economic, material, cultural, position in society, characteristics of the gender and age structure of the population, traditions, customs, population policy in the state, and the like. There are two types of population reproduction.

The first type of reproduction applies to countries with developed economies - countries of Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. This type is characterized by low and low birth and death rates and slow rates of natural population growth, which is due to demographic and socio-economic reasons. The mortality rate is very low, and the natural increase is 5-10 people per 1000 inhabitants. The proportion of elderly people is increasing, and the number of babies born is decreasing. There are countries in which expanded reproduction of the population is not ensured. They have “zero” or low natural growth (eg Italy, UK, Poland). There are countries with negative natural increase, where mortality exceeds birth rate (for example, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria). As a result, the total population decreases, and the number of elderly people increases, and the process of “aging” of the nation occurs. Demographers call the phenomenon of deep disruption of population reproduction, threatening its very existence, depopulation, or demographic crisis.

The second type of population reproduction is typical for most countries in Africa, Asia, and South America, developing with low rates of economic and social development. There the birth rate is very high (40-50 people per 1000 inhabitants) and the death rate is relatively low. The high birth rate in these countries is due to socio-economic reasons: early marriages, insufficient level of cultural development, lack of education of the majority of the population, religious and other reasons. The greatest natural population growth is typical for Mali, Chad, Sudan, Congo, Syria, Oman, and Pakistan. The birth rate in these countries is more than 30 people per 1000 inhabitants.

Demographic policy. Recently, most states have been focusing their attention on managing population growth, that is, pursuing government-defined demographic policies. Naturally, the direction of demographic policy in different countries depends on the nature of the problems in the state as a whole. In countries with very high population growth rates, it aims to reduce it. Thus, the goal of the Chinese authorities is a sharp reduction in population growth. For this purpose, administrative, economic and promotional activities on family planning are used. As a result, annual population growth decreased from 28% (1968) to 8-10% (1999), that is, it became below the world average. Most Asian countries - India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and others have gone to China. But the efforts of government agencies in these countries to forcefully reduce the birth rate and family planning have not yet yielded significant results. The demographic policies of most European and North American countries are aimed at encouraging those who wish to have children. For this purpose, a system of state support for large families and recreation with children is being created. Developing Asian countries influence the number and reproduction of the world's population and determine the demographic policy of the planet. To stabilize the population, it is necessary to purposefully pursue demographic policy. This will help improve living and cultural standards, develop scientific and technological progress, and stabilize socio-economic relations between countries.

Sex composition. Despite the fact that approximately 104-107 boys are born for every 100 girls, the sex composition of the population varies across the world. Thus, in the countries of Europe, the CIS, and North America, women predominate. In countries in Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately the same. And in Asian countries, especially in China and India, men predominate quite noticeably, which is associated with the problematic position of women in society and the family (early marriages, large families in conditions of poverty and disease).

Age composition. Each type of population reproduction has its own type of age composition. The age structure of a country's population is determined by the distribution of the population by age group. Age is the main criterion for determining the economically active population of a country and is a component of the labor force. The degree of participation in social production is indicated by the indicator of the economically active population. The total economically active population of the world is more than 2 billion people (in Ukraine - almost 30 million people). Some countries and regions differ greatly on this indicator. This depends on the level of socio-economic development of the country, the degree of women involved in production, and the age composition of the population. Population distribution. The population of the world's countries is distributed quite unevenly: 7% of the Earth's land is inhabited by 70% of the population, and 15% of the land is not inhabited at all. The average population density in the regions of the world is different: in Europe - about 100 people per 1 km2, in Asia - 15, in North and South America - 21, and in Australia and Oceania - 3 people per 1 km2. The majority of the world's population lives on the plains, in places where there are favorable conditions for the development of agriculture, in large industrial cities. Interestingly, half of humanity inhabits a 200-kilometer zone along the coasts of the seas and oceans. At the present stage of development of society, population distribution is increasingly determined by the geography of cities.

One of the most important socio-economic processes occurring in the countries of the world in the age structure of the population is urbanization. The main features of modern urbanization: 1) a significant growth rate of the urban population, especially in developing countries; 2) the concentration of the economy and population mainly in large cities, among which millionaire cities stand out; 3) territorial expansion, a bridge leading to the formation of urban agglomerations. The very link of urbanization has become megalopolises (megalopolises) - a huge cluster of agglomerations and cities that merge with each other. The largest metropolis is Tokaido (Japan). It stretches from Tokyo to Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto and has 60 million people. Many developing countries are characterized by the so-called false urbanization (pseudo-urbanization), when the expansion of cities occurs at the expense of peasants who increase the population in large cities, forming wilds on their outskirts. Developed countries are characterized by the process of suburbanization - the movement of part of the wealthy population to the suburban area, to more environmentally protected regions. For example, in the USA, 60% of the population lives in the suburban area. About half the world's population lives in rural areas. Rural settlements are divided into group settlements, villages, hamlets, etc. They are typical for developing countries, European countries, Japan; and scattered farms, forestries, etc. They are typical for the countries of Northern Europe, America, Australia, and New Zealand.

Mechanical movement of the population. External (international) migrations have a significant impact on the number, distribution and composition of the country’s population. They can be: permanent or temporary, voluntary or forced, organized or spontaneous. Migrations are also distinguished by the factors that cause them: economic, political, ethnic, religious, natural, everyday, etc. The most common is economic migration. This is due to the search for new living conditions and new places of work. Recently, emigrants from Southern Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia have been “joined” by emigrants from Eastern Europe, the CIS, including Ukraine. In the United States, legal immigration alone amounts to 1 million people per year. And in the Gulf countries there are emigrants from Egypt, India, Pakistan, etc. far exceed the local population in number. In the second half of the 20th century. external migration of the nation's intellectual elite has become quite popular. So, at the end of the 20th century. Ukraine has lost significant scientific potential, which has had a negative impact on the economic development of the state. Refugees have a special status - forced migrants, whose resettlement was caused by the threat of loss of life or health, oppression and restriction of human rights. There are the following types of forced migrations: environmental (due to man-made and natural disasters), military (in case of military conflicts), religious (due to conflicts on religious grounds), national-ethnic (due to interethnic conflicts).

There are also internal migrations - movements of the population from one locality to another within the same state. Internal migrations are divided into migration flows of several types: village -> city, city -> city, village -> village, city -> village. They can be organized or spontaneous. their main reasons are socio-economic, political, military, environmental problems.

Permanent link to the file - http://site/load/0-0-0-807-20

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In the previous section, we raised the issue that the increase in life expectancy and income level occurs not only among the population of those countries that contribute significantly more than others to improving life on Earth. It seems that the picture of a general improvement in the lives of peoples in the long term, which emerges from the statistical data for 200 years presented in the lecture of Prof. H. Rosling, cannot be fully explained either by international assistance to underdeveloped countries or by the results of diffusion processes caused by population migration. Increased prosperity does not seem to be a mechanical response to gaining independence, since the population of many countries that have long since gained independence live in conditions that are difficult to envy. The world is witnessing a clearly consolidated, if uneven, process of improving the lives of the entire population, and this process is to some extent showing signs of spontaneity.

There is a phenomenon of system organization called self-organizing systems (CoS). Every year the number of reference literature devoted to this phenomenon is growing, while nothing concrete from practical and theoretical approaches that allow us to study this widespread phenomenon in nature and society is observed. As always, professional lecturers in such cases aim to convey that scientists have known about these problems for a long time. Nothing new, they say! Plato, as always and in everything, was well aware of this, as well as other ancient Greek philosophers; thinkers in the Middle and not so Middle Ages thought intensively about this topic: synergetics, nonlinear systems, chaos, etc.

But this desire of popularizers of scientific knowledge to simplify the practically insoluble problem facing science is broken by the practical impossibility of predicting the behavior of real self-organizing systems. Such as the weather on Earth, the human brain, the Universe, the economy, subatomic systems, social behavior and much more. As a matter of fact, the apparent inexhaustibility of classical science is primarily associated with this circumstance (unpredictability).

Over the past few years, many definitions have been formulated of what should be considered self-organizing systems. It seems to me that the most adequate definition is the one given by the brilliant creator of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener. Hedivided all systems into those that have a control center and systems that do not have a control center and exhibit structural and functional activity due to the spontaneous interaction of the elements that make up the system.

The latter - self-organizing systems - N. Wiener compared with a “black box”, the behavior of which can be studied only by observing the reaction of this “black box” to the influence of the external environment. Any intervention in the functioning mechanism of the “black box” eliminates the latter as such; it is no longer the original system that is subject to research, but a system distorted by the introduction of an observer-researcher, which can be very different from the original native one. Mephistopheles spoke very precisely on this topic when addressing the Student in Goethe’s Faust:

"Who wants to study something living,

He always kills him first,

Then he takes it apart,

Although life connections - alas, cannot be discovered there."

Classical modern science is not designed to study CoS, since such systems can only be studied in their indissoluble integrity, and existing methods of quantitative research are based on reductionism. The approaches used represent various specific methods of approaching the systems under study, which, however, do not provide any guarantees that the data obtained with their help will actually reflect the processes occurring in the CoS under study. In general (and at best) the behavior of the latter can only be imitated, and, as far as I know, there are no other methods for simulating the behavior of self-organizing systems other than the computer program “MeaningFinder” that we have developed.

The basis of the "MeaningFinder" program three patents are granted and two decades of research work in the field of evolutionary transformation of similarity matrices. I will give a description of this computer program with a detailed explanation of the reasons why it allows you to actually simulate the behavior of a CoS below in the following parts of this publication.

If I begin this publication with a description of methods and a discussion of theoretical positions, then the overwhelming number of potential readers who might be very interested in the results obtained in this work, without having any idea about them, will simply stop reading the text, which is full of technical details. For this reason, I will first introduce the readers to the results obtained using this program in order to ultimately focus on detailed maintenance of those of whom these results will be interested. It is for these readers that I will dwell in detail on the description of the features program "MeaningFinder", specifically abstracting from the problems of demography, although in essence this publication is dedicated only to it. This organization of the presentation of material is also due to the fact that readers may have specific questions about research methods, which I will be able to answer in detail in the future.

In this work, the population age-gender pyramids of 220 countries for the year 2000 were studied (i.e., the so-called longitudinal analysis that I mentioned in the first part of the publication was used). Two methods were used. The first method involved comparing the population pyramids of individual countries with an artificial population pyramid, calculated in such a way that the content of subsequent age cohorts was 30% less than the previous ones, despite the fact that the total proportion of age cohorts separately for men and separately for women was equal to one. That is, for example, boys up to 4 years of age inclusive in this artificial pyramid it was 30% more boys aged 5 to 9 years (shares 0.3007 and 0.2105, respectively), etc.

As a result of the comparison using the method pattern recognition all 220 population pyramids were arranged in a row depending on the degree of their dissimilarity with this model pyramid, which I will further designate as “EX30”. The method I used allowed me to measure precisely the degree of dissimilarities, in this case, based on a set of 34 demographic parameters. It turned out that Monaco (91.9%) showed the greatest dissimilarity with the EX30, and Uganda showed the least (29.0%).

The second method I used (determining the CoC cooperativeness index), the details of which I will describe later in the following parts of this publication, was somewhat more complicated. It made it possible to establish a certain coefficient reflecting the degree of attachment of each country (in this case through their population pyramids) to the entire system, which represents the total population of planet Earth. The dependence of this coefficient, which I called “power of connectedness” (P220), on the degree of dissimilarity of population pyramids with the artificial pyramid “EX30”, was represented by two successive curves, similar to normal distribution curves, which included, respectively, 132 countries (Uganda group ) and 88 countries (Monaco group).

Figure 1. Distribution of 220 countries by groups

In a nutshell, the method for determining the cooperativity index is based on the idea that the structural and functional basis of self-organizing systems is the spontaneous interaction of their constituent elements. In this particular case, such interacting elements are the population pyramids of various countries, each of which includes 34 parameters. The determination of the cooperativity index is based on the assumption that functioning CoCs cannot consist of identical elements interacting in an identical way.

Based on this assumption, when introducing into the system a certain number of copies of an element, this element, along with its copies, will have to fall out of the system in the form of a separate cluster. inert mass. Such a situation is possible only in one single case, if the analyzed system behaves as self-organizing. The effect of cluster separation with an increase in the number of copies can be achieved only with the help of the computer program "MeaningFinder", which allows you to simulate the behavior of self-organizing systems. In subsequent parts of this publication, I will talk about the algorithm that allows this kind of simulation.

Thus, “power of connectedness” (P) of country X. in a self-organizing system of the Earth’s population is defined as the number of added copies of the population pyramid of country X. to the total number of all population pyramids, starting from which (from the number of copies) the analyzed system is divided into two clusters: X and other. From the above, it is clear that the P220 coefficient of each country is the result of an assessment of the behavior of this country in the entire holistic population system of the Earth.

A more detailed study, using some newly developed techniques that I have developed, which will be described in the following parts of the publication, showed that between the Uganda group and the Monaco group there is a clearly differentiated intermediate group of states, marked in the above graph in yellow. Thus, it was possible to identify three groups (the Uganda group - red dots, Intermediate group (yellow) and group Monaco (green circles)), which includes 94, 62 and 64 countries, respectively. In Figure 1 above, the intermediate group connects the countries of the Uganda group and the countries of the Monaco group.

The presence of an independent intermediate group can be demonstrated using several methodological techniques. One of them, which I will demonstrate here, was the definition of the so-called. coefficient "Keh". For this purpose, in addition to the coefficients of cooperativity of population pyramids of 220 countries (P220), the coefficients of cooperativity of individual countries were determined in a system in which an artificial population pyramid EX30 (P221ex) was added to the population pyramids of 220 countries. The Kex coefficient was equal to the ratio of the P221ex values ​​to the P220 values. Figure 2 shows data that clearly demonstrates the existence of an intermediate group, independent of the Monaco group and the Uganda group.

Figure 2. Demonstration of the presence of an intermediate group.

As has already been said, All methodological details, including tables with the values ​​of the obtained coefficients, will be given below in subsequent parts and commented in detail. But I will begin the discussion of the data obtained with a world map, which indicates that the 220 countries studied belong to the three groups we have identified.

Figure 3. Map of grouping countries according to their influence on civilization ( Click three times for full enlargement )

In the above map, which could be called the "civilizational thrust map", the states of the Uganda group are indicated in red, the states belonging to the intermediate group are indicated in yellow and the states belonging to the Monaco group are indicated in green. First of all, attention is drawn to the fact that the group affiliation of countries has a pronounced regional character. Thus, the “yellows” occupy the vast majority of Central and South America, as well as Southeast Asia. These include Turkey, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, all countries with a predominantly Chinese population with the exception of Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

The “Reds” occupy almost all of Africa with the exception of South Africa, Tunisia and Gabon - one of the most established states on the African continent, as well as the Middle East with the exception of Israel and Lebanon and a significant part of Central Asia. “Green” countries include all of Europe, all of Russia, North America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and some other countries. Of the Asian, African and South American countries, only Japan and Uruguay belong to the “green” group.

Noteworthy is the fact that with a large number of possible combinations, “green” countries directly border on “red” ones only in one case: Russia-Mongolia. True, Spain and Morocco also border through Gibraltar, but in this case the border is negligible. In all other cases, the “yellow” countries are located between the “green” and “red” countries.

Before starting to discuss the obtained patterns, it would be useful to once again draw attention to the fact that the grouping demonstrated on the map is based on a very simple principle that excludes the slightest hint of subjectivity in the assessment of the initial data. This grouping is based on the dissimilarity of the officially published population pyramids for the year 2000 with the artificially calculated EX30 population pyramid of the type that is usually characteristic of underdeveloped countries.

When calculating the degree of dissimilarity of population pyramids with the EX30 model pyramid, as will be shown in detail in subsequent parts of this publication when explaining the work of the so-called. "information thyristor", there is not the slightest possibility of influencing the value of the dissimilarity coefficients, and the factor of subjectivity is completely excluded here.The P220 parameter used as a probabilistic factor serves only the purpose of visualizing groups, but in no way affects the relative position of countries on the dissimilarity scale. In the absence of the P220 parameter, we would have a continuous series of dissimilarity values ​​for the countries studied and would not be able to distinguish between groups.

After the above clarifications and comments, we will try to understand the meaning of the resulting grouping of countries according to their population pyramids. It is well known that the latter are a very conservative parameter, are formed over decades and reflect the characteristics of the social structure of national communities. More than 100 years ago, the Swedish statistician and demographer A. Sundberg proposed to distinguish three types of age structures of the population: progressive, stationary and regressive.With minor assumptions, the grouping obtained in this work is close to the grouping proposed by A. Sundberg. I simply applied a precise quantitative approach to the comparative assessment of population pyramids.

According to A. Sundberg, the progressive type of pyramid is characterized by a high proportion of children and a low proportion of the older generation (accordingly, a high level of similarity to the artificial pyramid of the "EX30" type). It is based on an expanded type of reproduction. The age pyramid has the shape of a triangle, at the base of which is the share of newborns, and at the top is the share of the oldest part of the country's population. The stationary type of pyramids according to A. Sundberg reflects a simple type of reproduction. The pyramids are bell-shaped with an almost balanced proportion of child and senile cohorts. Finally, the third - regressive type - of population pyramids has the shape of an urn and reflects a high proportion of elderly and old people and a low proportion of children.

In the future, I will try to argue in favor of the fact that the pyramids of individual countries reflect some current characteristics of the entire population of the planet and that, under certain historical prerequisites, these three types of population pyramids can transform into each other. This fact is indicated by the results shown in Figure 4, which show that the detected grouping appears only when the total population of the Earth is analyzed. If we calculate the cooperativity index only for the 94 countries of the Uganda group, the result is a chaotic set of points and a complete absence of even a hint of the normal distribution that is observed when using all 220 countries. The same picture is observed when calculating the cooperativeness index P separately for the Monaco group and separately for the intermediate group.

The equilibrium nature of the grouping is also indicated by the following circumstance. The population pyramids of 220 countries for the year 2000, in addition to the artificially calculated EX30 pyramid, were compared with another, alternative type of artificially calculated pyramid, designated UN. In this case, using 17 male and 17 female five-year cohorts, the share of each five-year cohort was calculated as 1/17, i.e. equaled 5.882%. Thus, the UN-type pyramid was not even shaped like an urn, but a rectangle. In the graph below you can see that there is a clear linear inversely proportional relationship between the dissimilarity coefficients of native pyramids to the artificial pyramids UN and EX30, in other words, the above-described grouping of states into population pyramids does not depend on which of the two model pyramids is used for comparison with the population pyramids of 220 states.

This circumstance is one of the manifestations of a more general pattern - that in the conditions of modern globalization, the entire population of planet Earth, including distant and sparsely populated islands, represents a single self-organizing system, i.e. interacts with each other in some way. To confirm what has been said, in one of the subsequent parts of this publication I will demonstrate the clustering of 220 states according to their population pyramids. Such clustering is an imitation of a self-organizing system, when all elements (states) spontaneously interact with all elements, and is fundamentally different from the grouping principle described above. And yet, the resulting tree corresponds to the division of states into the same three groups described here, and the states assigned to the “green” group are nowhere in contact with states assigned to the “red” group. It is interesting that a separate subcluster in the group of “green” states is formed by 17 states - former republics of the USSR and European states that belonged to the so-called. socialist camp.

Figure 5. Dependence of the degree of dissimilarity between the population pyramids of 220 countries and the model population pyramids UN and EX30.

In one of the next parts of this publication, I will provide a complete table for all the countries studied for in-depth study by those who are interested in the details of the methodological approaches. But, it seems to me, the results shown in the above map are quite enough to try to draw conclusions.

No one can have the slightest doubt that the countries colored green on the map (Monaco group) include all those that were and are sources of “civilizational pressure” on humanity. Precisely that pressure, the result of which is an increase in the life expectancy of the Earth's population and an increase in its income, even in the absence of much desire among the population of some countries - the “victims” of this civilizational pressure on the part of the “greens”.

It was the population of “green” countries that stood at the origins of all, without exception, technological innovations that are currently used by all of humanity. We are talking not only about high science, electronics, computers and communications. We are talking about everything with what and how humanity feeds itself, what it dresses and puts on, what it does for entertainment, how it communicates, how it is treated, what it uses to move around, how it packages and transports goods, how it extracts minerals and produces energy, how it builds its dwellings, what he fights with...

In his Time magazine article, "Are America's Best Days Behind?" (www.time.com/time/printout/0.8816,205661 0.00.html) Fareed Zakaria writes: “Harvard historian Neil Ferguson, who has just written Civilization: The West and the Rest, puts it in historical context : Over the past 500 years, the West has created six super-inventions, thanks to which it has taken a special place in the world. Japan was the first to adopt them, and over the last century, Asian countries have introduced them one after another. These six inventions of the West are modern competition. science, the rule of law and the right to private property, modern medicine, consumer society and the work ethic."

Nothing like this can be found in the list of achievements of the population of the countries of the Uganda group, marked in red. If many of these countries produce huge quantities of oil, gas, and minerals, it is mainly by using technologies originally developed by the “green” countries and engaging specialists from the Monaco group countries as consultants and managers. For the most part, the population of the countries marked in red, for the most part, lives as their ancestors lived a hundred years ago, and is slowly becoming familiar with modern technologies through migrants, international assistance, individual enthusiasts, and with the help of information obtained from the available media.

The map was made by my co-author of the "MeaningFinder" program Oleg Rogachev equisystem

Detailed solution to Topic 3 in Geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017

• Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Analyze Fig. 7. Calculate how many times the world's population has increased from the beginning of our era to 2010. By how many millions of people did it increase in the 19th and 20th centuries? Make other calculations and comparisons to prove the provisions of the textbook.

By 2010, the Earth's population had increased 30 times compared to the population at the beginning of our era. Thus, over the 20th century, the population increased by 4.41 billion people (from 1.66 billion in 1900 to 6.07 billion in 2000), and in the first decade of the 21st century (2000-2010) it grew by another 0. 83 billion people.

Task 2. Using data from the textbook, plot six countries on a contour map of the world, which account for 50% of the world's population.

Task 3. Use fig. 10 to specify the provisions of the textbook. Using it, characterize the distribution of the first and second types of population reproduction. Analyze the average digital indicators (“formulas”) of reproduction of individual regions, compare them and explain the differences. Please also use Tables 12 and 13 in the Appendices.

The first type of reproduction is typical for the countries of Europe, North America, the CIS, China, Australia and Oceania, countries of Foreign Asia (China, Japan, Thailand), and some countries of Latin America (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay). However, this group is heterogeneous in terms of growth, since the countries of Europe and the CIS have practically zero or close to zero population growth, while for the countries of North America (USA and Canada) the growth is from 3 to 6 people. per 1000 inhabitants, or 3-6%o. Such countries (for example, the USA, Australia, Canada) are experiencing quite significant population growth.

The second type of reproduction is typical for African countries, most countries in Latin America, and Asia.

Task 4. Using the data from table. 2, compare the population dynamics of individual large regions of the globe; calculate how their share in the total population of the Earth changes; explain these changes.

Based on the data in the table, we can conclude that the population of the Earth as a whole during the specified period (from 1950 to 2010) increased by 2.7 times. However, population growth rates differ in different regions of the world. The fastest pace is characteristic of Africa (the population increased by 4.6 times by 2010), followed by Latin America (3.5 times) and Foreign Asia (2.9 times). North America and Australia with Oceania differ in average growth rates (2 times). The lowest rates are typical for the CIS countries and Europe (1.5 times and 1.3 times, respectively).

Task 5. Use the text of the textbook and other sources of information to specify the diagram of the demographic transition. Give examples of regions and countries of the world that at the beginning of the 21st century. are at different stages of this transition.

The demographic transition includes 4 stages:

Stage 1 is characterized by very high birth and death rates and, accordingly, very low natural growth (nowadays it almost never occurs);

The 2nd stage is characterized by a sharp reduction in mortality (thanks primarily to advances in medicine) while maintaining the traditionally high birth rate (typical of Bhutan);

During the 3rd stage, low mortality rates are observed (and sometimes even a slight increase in them, associated with the “aging” of the population), the decline in fertility also decreases, but usually it still slightly exceeds mortality, ensuring moderate expanded reproduction and population growth (Turkey) ;

At the 4th stage, fertility and mortality rates coincide (European countries).

Task 6. Analyze the map of the sex composition of the population in the atlas. Use it to specify and illustrate the provisions contained in the text of the textbook.

In approximately 2/3 of the world's countries, women are in the majority. This advantage is most significant in a number of CIS countries, in foreign Europe, and in North America, which is explained by the fact that the average life expectancy of women is usually several years longer. This is also influenced by a number of other factors: standard of living, the presence of wars in the history of the country/region, etc. In Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately the same. In overseas Asia, men significantly predominate. Regarding the gender structure of the population on a global scale, it is approximately the same (100 women to 101 men).

Task 7. Compare Figures 10 and 11. Use them to prove the textbook’s position on the influence of types of population reproduction on its age composition. How do you explain this interaction?

Countries with a predominance of the first type of population reproduction are characterized by either the same number of children (0-14 years old) and elderly (over 60 years old) population, or a slight predominance of children (for Europe 16% of children and 17% of older people). While in countries with the second type of population reproduction, the number of children in the total population structure is several times higher than the elderly population (for Asia 28% of children and 6% of elderly people, Africa 42% and 3%, respectively).

Task 8. Analyze Fig. 9. Explain the differences between the age-sex pyramids of countries of the first and second types of population reproduction.

Countries with the first type of population reproduction are characterized by approximately the same ratio of men and women in the age-sex structure, which is explained by the high standard of living and medicine. In countries with the second type of reproduction, there is a predominance of men in the age groups from birth to 30 years, which is explained by the social position of women in society (humiliation, early marriage, preference for having male children due to religion, etc.). Then the number of women and men in the age structure equalizes, which can be explained by the increased mortality of men due to heavy physical labor and a not very high level of medical care.

Task 9. Using Internet search engines, find information about the results of the population census in Russia conducted in October 2010. Based on these data, build an age-sex pyramid of Russia on this date.

According to the results of the 2010 population census, the total population is 142,856,536 people. Data taken from http://www.gks.ru

Task 10. Using the map of the national composition of the population in the atlas, study the main language families and areas of their distribution around the globe. Determine which language families' peoples predominate in foreign Europe, foreign Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia and Oceania. Write your conclusions in your notebook.

The most widespread language family is Indo-European. The languages ​​of this family are spoken by 150 peoples with a total population of more than 3 billion people, belonging to 11 language groups and living in all parts of the world. In foreign Europe and America, the languages ​​of this family are spoken by 95% of the total population. Approximately 1.8 billion people. speak languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 300 million speak languages ​​of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic. The number of most other families is much smaller.

Task 11. Explain:

11.1. Why do not only the British speak English, but also residents of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa? Why is English widely spoken in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and many other countries?

India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh were colonies of Great Britain for a long time, and therefore English is widely spoken there. And since Great Britain had extensive colonial possessions and traded around the world, English became one of the main languages ​​for international communication. The USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are countries that were founded by settlers from the Old World, including from Great Britain.

11.2. Why was the Spanish language until the 16th century? dominated only in Spain, and is now the official and native language of most peoples of Latin America?

Since from the 16th century, Spain began to pursue an active policy of conquering new lands in the New World (Latin America), which then became the colonial possessions of Spain for several centuries.

11.3. Why is the Arabic language, which until the 7th century. used only by the population of the Arabian Peninsula, then spread throughout North Africa?

The spread of the Arabic language in North Africa is associated with the conquest of these territories and their inclusion in the Arab state of the Caliphate (founded in the early 7th century on the territory of Saudi Arabia) and the spread of Islam as the main religion of this state.

Task 12. Based on the map of religions in the atlas, characterize the areas of distribution of world religions. Determine which religions predominate in certain large regions of the Earth.

The most common religions are Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism and Orthodoxy), Islam and Buddhism. In the Old and New Worlds, Catholicism and Protestantism predominate), and these branches of Christianity are also common in Australia and Africa, which is associated with the colonial past of these regions. Orthodoxy is widespread in the CIS countries. Islam is widespread in North and Central Africa, as well as South-West and Central Asia. Adherents of Judaism mainly live in India and its neighboring countries. Also among the most widespread religions is Buddhism (China, eastern Russia).

Task 13. Analyze the population density map in the atlas. Highlight regions with high density on it and try to explain the reasons for their occurrence. Using the method of overlaying a physical map of the world and a population density map in the atlas, determine what types of extreme conditions are not conducive to the settlement of people. Give examples of countries with particularly sharp differences in the population of the territory, explain their reasons.

The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 2/3 of all people live on 8% of the land area. The highest population density is characteristic of Europe, South Asia (India, Bangladesh), and Southeast Asia. Population density is influenced by natural and historical factors. People settled and developed first of all the most favorable territories for life: lowlands and plains located at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, regions with a warm, favorable climate. Also, throughout the history of human civilization, the settlement of people has been strongly affected by the attraction to transport and trade routes.

Task 14. Using the Internet, find information about the population density of countries around the world. Based on them, create a classification table with examples of three to five countries that have population density indicators (people/km2): 1) less than 10; 2) from 10 to 100; 3) from 101 to 200; 4) from 201 to 500; 5) over 500.

Task 15. Using the data from the work performed, prove with specific examples that the level of socio-economic development of a particular country cannot be judged by population density.

The population density in a country is in no way related to the level of its socio-economic development; among the countries with the maximum density (>500) there are both developed countries (Singapore, Monaco) and developing countries (Bangladesh).

Task 16. Using the main text of the textbook, plot the main areas of labor immigration on a contour map of the world. Show with arrows where the labor force comes from in these areas.

Task 17. Using Fig. 14 and table. 16 in "Appendices", explore the placement of the world's largest cities. Distribute them among major regions and countries and characterize the general trend of changes.

The largest number of large cities (more than 5 million people) are located in North and Latin America, Europe, and Southeast Asia (India, China), which are the most densely populated regions of the world. One can identify a trend towards the formation of such agglomerations (more than 5 million) in Africa (Lagos).

Task 18. Using the website googl-maps, look at satellite images of the world's largest urban agglomerations and compare their geographic microlocations.

Having analyzed satellite images of the largest agglomerations in the world, we can conclude that capitals and the most important industrial and port centers often become the cores of the largest urban agglomerations.

Task 19. Use fig. 15 and a map of world urbanization in the atlas to concretize and illustrate the provisions contained in the text of the textbook. Determine which indicators of the level of urbanization can be considered very high, high, average, low, very low for a particular country. Show this with examples. Consider the distribution of highly, medium and low urbanized countries and try to explain it.

The most urbanized countries are typical for North and Latin America, Europe, the CIS, Australia and South-West Asia. Medium and weakly urbanized countries are typical for Africa and Asia. Modern urbanization as a worldwide process has three common features that are characteristic of most countries: 1 - rapid growth of the urban population (especially in less developed countries), 2 - concentration of population and economy mainly in large cities, 3 - urban sprawl, expansion their territories.

Task 20. Using the data from table. 4, construct a map of the urban population of large regions of the world in 1950 and 2010 on a contour map of the world. Analyze it and draw conclusions.

Conclusion: During the second half of the 20th century, the world's population increased from 750 million people to 3.7 billion people. The populations of Asia, Africa and Latin America have grown particularly rapidly.

Task 21. Analyze the data in the table. 4. Calculate how many times the urban population increased in certain regions of the world in 1950-2010. Calculate the share of individual regions in the total urban population of the world. Make a table in your workbook. What provisions of the textbook support her data? Also use the table. 16 in "Applications".

Task 22. Work in a notebook.

22.1. Based on the acquired knowledge, make a table of the leading features of the concept of “urbanization”.

22.2. Based on the acquired knowledge, name the reasons for the following phenomena:

a) The death rate in developing countries has decreased in recent decades, but the birth rate has remained high?

Answer: The decrease in mortality is observed due to an increase in the level of medicine in developing countries and a gradual improvement in living standards.

b) China and India are the most active in pursuing government demographic policies?

Answer: China and India are the world leaders in terms of population. In this regard, they have problems providing the population with food, jobs, education, etc. Carrying out a planned state policy, China and India are trying to regulate the birth rate and, as a result, the population in order to increase the standard of living in the country.

c) Is the world population unevenly distributed?

Answer: The world population is unevenly distributed. So 2/3 of all people live on 8% of the land area.

d) Is the urban population concentrated primarily in large cities?

Answer: Large cities have better infrastructure, which attracts people from rural areas to cities. However, it is worth noting that there is no single concept of “city” for all countries. So for some countries a large city will have a population of more than 100 thousand people, and for another country with a population of 5000 thousand or less.

22.3. Compile a glossary of new terms that you came across while studying the topic.

Demographic policy is a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires.

Demographic transition is a historically rapid decline in fertility and mortality, as a result of which population reproduction is reduced to simple replacement of generations.

Economic activity of the population is the degree of involvement of the population in economic production.

22.4. Study text maps and atlas maps describing the world's population. Determine by what cartographic methods they are compiled. In your opinion, what information can be obtained as a result of their analysis?

When creating maps characterizing the world's population, a huge number of cartographic methods are used, among which the most common are:

Method of qualitative background (to indicate population size and density, mortality, birth rate, etc.);

Point method (used to designate populated areas);

Movement signs (applicable to such social phenomena as population migration);

Maps and cartograms (serve to translate into a visual image such statistical data as the birth rate, religious and ethnic composition, etc.).

22.5. Prepare a short oral report on the topic “The population explosion and its consequences” or “Urbanization in the modern world.”

The population explosion is a figurative designation for the rapid quantitative growth of the world population that began in the 1950s. The main reason that led to this explosion is a decrease in the mortality rate while maintaining high birth rates. The reduction in the mortality rate was influenced by: the development of healthcare, the spread of hygiene measures, and the improvement of material living conditions. Population growth rates differ in developed and developing countries. Population growth is particularly rapid in developing countries, while the rate is slower in developed countries.

Consequences of the population explosion: extremely rapid growth of the Earth's population, increasing unevenness in the distribution of the world's population (9/10 of the Earth's population lives in developing countries).

Self-control and mutual control block

How would you explain:

1. What are the main features and indicators of the first and second types of population reproduction?

The first type of population reproduction is characterized by low rates of birth rate, death rate and, accordingly, natural increase. The second type of population reproduction is characterized by high and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates.

2. What reasons influence the distribution and density of the world's population?

The distribution of the population is influenced by natural factors, so first of all the population populates territories with favorable conditions. The historical factor plays a significant role. Today, the distribution of the population is influenced by the level of economic development of a region of the world, a country.

3. What changes have occurred since the Second World War in the nature and geography of external migrations of the world's population?

After World War II, the size of international migrations began to increase again, leading to a new “migration explosion.” The main reason for these migrations is economic, since the countries destroyed after the war had a bad economic situation.

4. What are the main common features of the global urbanization process?

The main features of the urbanization process: rapid growth of the urban population, concentration of the population in large cities with developed infrastructure, expansion of cities due to the inclusion of new territories with a rural population within the city limits.

How do you think:

1. What did the famous Russian geographer A.I. mean? Voeikov, when he wrote: “The decisive factor in the distribution of the population is not so much the environment surrounding a person, but the person himself”?

Since a person can change his habitat to suit himself, a person’s choice of place of residence may not depend on natural conditions and be based only on his preferences.

2. Why does the average population density of the Earth tend to constantly increase?

As the world's population is constantly growing, the average population density is also increasing.

3. Why was one of the UN reports called “Our Demographically Divided World”?

The level of socio-economic development of a country affects the birth rate. Thus, in developed countries, the birth rate is low (slightly more than, equal to, or less than the death rate). In developing countries the situation is the opposite. So high birth rate and relatively low death rate. Thus, the world is divided into regions that differ greatly in the level of natural population growth.

4. Are those demographers right who believe that the 21st century will be the century of the aging of the Earth's population?

This opinion has a right to be, since in developed countries there is zero or negative natural growth, which leads to an increase in older people in the age structure. As more and more countries reach a high level of socio-economic development, it can be assumed that the proportion of older people in these countries will also increase.

Did you know:

1. Which of the following “formulas” for population reproduction applies to countries of the second type of reproduction: 14-8=6 or 22-8=14?

The second formula characterizes countries with the second type of reproduction.

2. What do the following countries have in common: a) Kenya, Kuwait, Indonesia, Vietnam, Algeria, Nicaragua; b) France, Canada, Bulgaria, Australia, Cuba, Japan?

The countries listed in point A are countries with the second type of population reproduction. Point B lists countries with the first type of population reproduction.

3. Which of the following peoples belong to the Indo-European family of languages: Chinese, Hindustani, Russians, Japanese, Brazilians, American Americans, British?

Answer: Hindustani, Russian, English.

4. In which of the following countries does the majority of the population profess Catholicism: 1) Ukraine; 2) The Netherlands; 3) Italy; 4) Greece; 5) Philippines; 6) Indonesia; 7) Sudan; 8) Argentina?

Answer: Italy, Philippines, Argentina.

Can you:

2. Define the concepts of “population reproduction”, “urbanization”?

Urbanization is the growth of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population in a country, region, and world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities.

Population reproduction is understood as the totality of the processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.

3. Give examples of countries in the second, third and fourth stages of the demographic transition?

1st stage: Sudan.

Stage 2: Butane.

Stage 3: Türkiye.

4th stage: Germany.

4. Indicate which of the following countries belong to the first and which to the second type of population reproduction: Austria, India, Jordan, Italy, Mozambique, Sudan, Tajikistan, Uganda, Philippines, Australia?

The first type of reproduction includes: Austria, Italy, Australia, Philippines.

To the second type of reproduction: India, Mozambique, Sudan, Uganda, Jordan, Tajikistan.

5. Characterize the geographical features of the first and second types of population reproduction and the grouping of countries within them?

The first type of population reproduction is typical for the countries of Europe, the CIS, North America, Australia and some Latin American countries (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile).

Second type of reproduction: countries of Africa, Asia, most countries of Latin America.

6. Tell us about the meaning of the average life expectancy indicator and give its quantitative characteristics?

Life expectancy is an important general criterion for the health status of a nation. At the beginning of the 21st century. Life expectancy for the entire world is 69 years (67 years for men and 72 years for women). For economically developed countries they are 75 and 81, for developing countries - 66 and 69, including for the least developed countries - 55 and 58 years.

7. Describe the ethnolinguistic classification of the peoples of the world?

The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship. This relationship is usually associated with the origin of several languages ​​from one parent language. The most common of them is the Indo-European family. The languages ​​of this family are spoken by 150 peoples with a total population of more than 3 billion people. In foreign Europe and America, the languages ​​of this family are spoken by 95% of the total population. Approximately 1.8 billion people. speak languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 300 million speak languages ​​of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic.

8. Choose the correct answer: Islam is practiced by the majority of the inhabitants of: Spain, India, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, Algeria, Brazil?

Answer: Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, Algeria.

9. Indicate which of the following regions and countries are the main centers for attracting labor migration: Western Europe, the Gulf countries, Southeast Asia, North Africa, North America, Russia, Australia, Germany?

Answer: Western Europe, Gulf countries, North America, Germany, Australia.

10. Mark the ten largest cities in the world on a contour map of the world from memory.

(Data taken for 2015)

11. Distribute the countries listed below according to their level of urbanization (in descending order): Australia, China, USA, Great Britain, Ethiopia, Argentina, Germany?

Answer: Ethiopia - 15% of the country's population, China - 47% of the country's population, Germany - 75%, USA - 80%, Argentina - 87%, Australia - 88%, UK - 89%.

The world population is more than 7 billion people. According toThe US Census Bureau's global population exceeded 7 billion on March 12, 2012. According to the UN, the world's population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011. In June 2013, the UN estimated the world population at approximately 7.2 billion. World population - the total number of people living on Earth.Selective translation (Wikipedia article, internal ss arrows are lowered). The world's population has been growing continuously since the end of the Great Famine of 1315-1317 and the Black Death (plague epidemics) in the 1350s, when the population was about 370 million. The highest rates of population growth (above 1.8% per year) were seen briefly in the 1950s, and for a longer period during the 1960s and 1970s. The growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, then fell to below 1.1% by 2012. Total annual births peaked at the end of 1980 at about 138,000,000, and now remain largely constant at 134,000,000 as of 2011, while deaths stood at 56,000,000 per year and are expected to will increase to 80 million per year by 2040.

Current UN forecasts show a further increase in population in the near future (with a steady decline in population growth rates), with the global population ranging from 8.3 to 10.9 billion by 2050. Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of continued world population growth, noting growing pressure on the environment and global food and energy supplies.

Earth's population by region

Six of Earth's seven continentsconstantly populated in large numbers. Asia is the most populous continent, with 4.2 billion inhabitants - more than 60% of the world's population. The population of the two most populated countries in the world is China and India together they make up about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populous continent, with a population of about 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population. Europe with a population of 733,000,000 people accounts for 11% of the world's population, while Latin American and Caribbean The region is home to about 600,000,000 (9%). INNorth America, mainly inUnited States and Canada lives about 352,000,000 (5%), and Oceania - the least populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%).

Continent	Density (persons/km2)	Population 2011	Most populated country	Most populated city
Asia	86,7	4 140 336 501	China (1341,403,687)	Tokyo (35,676,000)
Africa	32,7	994 527 534	Nigeria (152,217,341)	Cairo (19,439,541)
Europe	70	738 523 843	Russia (143,300,000) (about 110 million in Europe)	Moscow (14 837 510)
North America	22,9	528 720 588	USA (313,485,438)	Mexico City/Metropolis (8 851 080/21 163 226)
South America	21,4	385 742 554	Brazil (190,732,694)	Sao Paulo (19,672,582)
Oceania	4,25	36 102 071	Australia (22612355)	Sydney (4,575,532)
Antarctica	0.0003 (varies)	4 490 (changes)	n/a	n/a

Population in countries around the world today

During the European agricultural and industrial revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. From 1700 to 1900, Europe's population increased from 100 million to 400 million. Overall, in 1900, Europe accounted for 36% of the world's population.
Population growth in Western countries accelerated after the introduction of mandatory vaccinations and improvements in medicine and sanitation Following dramatic changes in living conditions and improvements in healthcare during the 19th century, Britain's population began to double every fifty years. by 1801, population of Englandgrew to 8.3 million, and by 1901 it reached 30.5 million, the population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.In the US, the population will increase from 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, and will exceed 307 million in 2010.
First half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a series of wars, famines and other disasters, each of which was accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that by the end of World War II in 1945, Russia's population was 90 million less than it otherwise would have been. Russia's population has declined significantly in recent decades, from 148 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012, but as of 2013 this decline appears to have stopped.
Many countries in the developing world have experienced rapid population growth over the past century. China's population has grown from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 and currently stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, reached 389,000,000 in 1941. Today, India and surrounding countries are home to about 1.6 billion people. Java's population has increased from five million in 1815 to more than 130 million at the beginning of the 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to 112 million in 2010. During the 1920s-2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million.

Cities ("urban areas") that had at least one million inhabitants in 2006. Only 3% of the world's population lived in cities in 1800, a proportion that rose to 47% by 2000 and was 50.5% in 2010. By 2050, the share could reach 70%.Image Source,

Planet Earth is home to many living beings, the main one of which is man.

How many people inhabit the planet

The world population today is almost seven and a half billion people. The peak value of its growth was noted in 1963. Currently, the governments of some countries are pursuing a restrictive demographic policy, while others are trying to stimulate population growth within their borders. However, the overall population of the Earth is aging. Young people do not strive to reproduce. The population of planet Earth today has an unnatural bias towards the elderly. This feature will complicate the financial support of pensioners.

According to scientists, by the end of the twenty-first century the world's population will reach the eleventh billion.

Where do the most people live?

In 2009, an alarm bell rang. The world's population living in cities has become equal in size to the number of people living in villages and rural areas. The reasons for this movement of labor are simple. The world's population strives for convenience and wealth. Salaries in cities are higher, and life is simpler. This will all change as the world's urban populations become more food insecure. Many will be forced to move again to the provinces, closer to the land.

The world population table is as follows: Fifteen countries are home to nearly five billion people. In total, there are more than two hundred states on our planet.

Most populous countries

The world population can be presented in the form of a table. The most populous countries will be indicated.

		Population
	Indonesia
	Brazil
	Pakistan
	Bangladesh
	Russian Federation
	Philippines

Most populous cities

The world population map today already has three cities whose population exceeded twenty million people. Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China, which stands on the Yangtze River. Karachi is a port city in Pakistan. The Chinese capital, Beijing, closes the top three.

In terms of population density, the palm is held by the main city of the Philippines - Manila. The world population map reports that in some areas this figure reaches seventy thousand people per square kilometer! The infrastructure does not cope well with such an influx of residents. For example: in Moscow this figure does not exceed five thousand people per square kilometer.

Also on the list of cities with a very high population density are Indian Mumbai (this locality was previously called Bombay), the capital of France - Paris, the Chinese autonomy of Macau, the dwarf state of Monaco, the heart of Catalonia - Barcelona, ​​as well as Dhaka (Bangladesh), the city-state of Singapore , Tokyo (Japan), and the previously mentioned Shanghai.

Population growth statistics by period

Despite the fact that humanity appeared more than three hundred years ago, for a long time its development was extremely slow. The short life expectancy and extremely difficult conditions took their toll.

Humanity exchanged its first billion only at the beginning of the nineteenth century, in 1820. A little more than a hundred years passed, and in 1927, newspapermen trumpeted the joyful news of the second billion earthlings. Just 33 years later, in 1960, they spoke about the third.

From this period, scientists began to seriously worry about a boom in the world's population growth. But this did not stop the four billionth inhabitant of the planet from joyfully announcing its appearance in 1974. In 1987, the account reached five billion. The six billionth earthling was born closer to the millennium, at the end of 1999. Less than twelve years have passed since there are a billion more of us. At the current birth rate, no later than the end of the first quarter of this century, the name of the eight billionth person will appear in newspapers.

Such impressive successes have been achieved primarily due to a significant reduction in bloody wars that claim millions of lives. Many dangerous diseases were defeated, medicine learned to significantly prolong people's lives.

Consequences

Until the nineteenth century, people had little interest in the population of the world. The term “demography” was introduced into use only in 1855.

At the moment, the problem is becoming more and more threatening.

In the seventeenth century, it was believed that four billion people could live comfortably on our planet. As real life shows, this figure is significantly underestimated. The current seven and a half billion feel relatively comfortable with a reasonable distribution of resources.

Potential settlement opportunities are possible in Australia, Canada, and desert areas. This will require some efforts for improvement, but theoretically it is possible.

If we take into account exclusively territorial possibilities, then up to one and a half quadrillion people can be settled on the planet! This is a huge number, containing fifteen zeros!

But the use of resources and the rapid heating of the atmosphere will very quickly change the climate so much that the planet will become lifeless.

The maximum number of inhabitants on Earth (with moderate demands) should not exceed twelve billion. This figure is taken from food supply calculations. As the population grows, it is necessary to obtain more resources. To do this, it is necessary to use more areas for sowing, increase the number of livestock, and save water resources.

But if food problems can be solved relatively quickly, thanks to genetic technologies, then organizing the consumption of clean drinking water is a much more complex and costly undertaking.

In addition, humanity must move to the use of renewable energy sources - wind, sun, earth and water energy.

Forecasts

Chinese authorities have been trying to solve the problem of overpopulation for decades. For a long time, there was a program that allowed no more than one child per family. In addition, a powerful information campaign was carried out among the population.

Today we can say that the Chinese have succeeded. Population growth has stabilized and is projected to decline. The growth factor in the well-being of Chinese residents played an important role here.

Regarding the poor in India, Indonesia, and Nigeria, the prospects are far from rosy. In just thirty years, China may lose the “palm” in the demographic issue. India's population may exceed one and a half billion people by 2050!

Population growth will only worsen the economic problems of poor countries.

Current programs

For a long time, people were forced to have a large number of children. Running a household required enormous strength, and it was impossible to cope alone.

A guaranteed pension could help solve the problem of overpopulation.

Also possible ways to solve the demographic issue are thoughtful social policy and reasonable family planning, as well as increasing the economic and social status of the fair half of humanity, and increasing the level of education in general.

Conclusion

It is very important to love yourself and your loved ones. But we should not forget that the planet on which we live is our common home, which must be treated with respect.

Today it is worth moderating your needs and thinking about planning so that our descendants can live as comfortably on the planet as we do ourselves.