Tuscan order

Description. The Tuscan order is originally an Etruscan variant of the Greek Doric order. Borrowed later by the architects of ancient Rome, it took shape as an independent order, which differed from the Doric in heavier proportions, a smooth (without flutes) column trunk, a developed base and a higher capital. (Fig. 11, 12, 13)

Corinthian order

Description. Corymnthos Omder is one of the three Greek architectural orders. Represents a variant of the Ionic order, more saturated with decor. A characteristic feature of this order is a bell-shaped capital covered with stylized acanthus leaves. (Fig. 14, 15, 16) Vitruvius reports that this order was invented by the sculptor Callimachus in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. e.

Composite order

Formed in ancient Roman architecture, which adopted Greek architectural forms. It is a slightly more complicated version of Corinthian. To the usual Corinthian capital, consisting of a bell with rows of acanthus leaves, are added the Ionic echinus and cushion with volutes, characteristic of the Ionic order. (Fig. 17, 18) The height of the composite column is usually equal to ten of its diameters at the base. But if in Ancient Greece While the order played a constructive role, in Rome it was often used for decorative purposes. The columns did not bear the load of multi-story structures, and the supporting functions were performed by the wall. A significant role in the architecture of Ancient Rome was played by the arch, which was supported by massive pillars or columns. Only in the arcades was the constructive role of the column preserved.

Bibliography

· Blavatsky V.D. Architecture of the Ancient World - M.: All-Union Academy of Architecture, 1939.

COMPOSITE ORDER

[it. composite letters mixed]

complex order - an architectural order characterized by ch. arr. a capital in which the design of a Corinthian capital (see Corinthian order) is complicated by the introduction of four Ionic volutes (see Ionic order) supporting its upper part (abacus).

Dictionary of foreign expressions. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what a COMPOSITE ORDER is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• COMPOSITE ORDER
  it. composite letters mixed) complex order - an architectural order characterized by ch. arr. capital, in which the diagram of the Corinthian capital (see ...
• ORDER
  I a, plural warrants, ov, m. A written order, an order to extradite, obtain something O. for a search. O. for an apartment. Cash...
• ORDER
  Architectural ORDER, a certain combination of load-bearing and non-supporting parts of a post-and-beam structure, their structure and art. treatment. O. includes load-bearing parts (column ...
• ORDER in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (German order French ordre order, order) 1) written order, instruction; document for issue, getting something.; 2) architect. one of …
• ORDER in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  architectural, a certain combination of load-bearing and supported parts of a post-and-beam structure, their structure and artistic treatment. The order includes load-bearing parts (column...
• ORDER in the One-Volume Large Legal Dictionary:
  (German order, French ordre, from Latin ordo - row, order) 1) official document containing an order, instruction, instruction (for example, o. ...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Financial Terms:
  accounting document containing an order to perform a specific operation in cash or inventory items; order (instruction) to a broker to buy or sell...
• ORDER
  FREIGHT see FREIGHT ORDER...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CASH EXPENDITURE - see CASH EXPENDITURE ORDER ...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  RECEIVING CASH ORDER - see RECEIVING CASH ORDER...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  LOADING - see LOADING ORDER...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  FOR ISSUE OF GOODS - a document of title that is issued by a party that has the right to give orders for the delivery of the goods specified in it to the named ...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CASH ORDER - see CASH ORDER...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  SHOULDER - see SHOULDER ORDER...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  DELIVERY - see DELIVERY...
• ORDER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  (German Order, from Latin ordo - row, order) - 1) an official document containing an order, prescription, order to perform certain actions ...
• ORDER in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (German Order French ordre, from Latin ordo - row, order),..1) an official document containing an order, instruction, instruction (for example, for moving into ...
• ORDER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  cm. …
• ORDER in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• ORDER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (German Order, French ordze, from Latin ordo - row, order), 1) an official document containing an order, instruction, instruction (for example, for moving in ...
• COMPOSITE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  aya, oe In combination: composite order (architect.) - an architectural order characterized by a capital in which the scheme of the Corinthian capital is complicated by the introduction of four ...
• ORDER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, pl. -a, -ov, m. A written order, order or document for issuance, receipt, doing something. O. for an apartment (ie...
• ORDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ORDER, regulated by the commander (commander) in directions, intervals and distances, the relative position of ships (vessels) and aircraft (helicopters) operating with them at ...
• ORDER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ORDER (German Order, French ordre, from Latin ordo - row, order), official. document containing an order, instruction, order (for example, for moving in...
• ORDER in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? cm. …
• ORDER
  o"order, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, o"orders, ...
• ORDER in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  about "order, orders", about "order, order" in, about "order, orders" m, about "order, orders", about "orderom, orders" mi, about "order, ...
• COMPOSITE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, composite, …
• ORDER
  Permission to …
• ORDER in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
  Move-in paper...
• ORDER in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  Syn: see...
• ORDER in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  `order 1, -a, plural. -`a, -`ov...
• COMPOSITE in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• COMPOSITE in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• ORDER in the Spelling Dictionary:
  `order 2, -a, plural. -s, -ov and -`a, -`ov...
• ORDER in the Spelling Dictionary:
  `order 1, -a, plural. -`a, -`ov...
• COMPOSITE in the Spelling Dictionary.
• ORDER in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  warrants, plural warrants, m. (from the French ordre - order). 1. Written order, order (official). Arrest warrant. Warrant for...

one of the derivative orders of classical architecture. (Architecture: an illustrated reference book, 2005) * * * (Roman order) An architectural order derived from the Corinthian and Ionic, characterized by particular splendor; its characteristic element is a capital with four large volutes (as in the Ionic order), but with a vertical cylindrical core (as in the Corinthian order), which is surrounded by acanthus leaves in two levels. (Terms of Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995) * * * (Latin compositio - composition, connection), or COMPLEX, formed in the late period of Roman architecture. It is the result of a combination of elements of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. The basic proportions are the same as those of the Corinthian order, and the construction of the entablature is also similar. The capital formed by combining Corinthian and Ionic capitals represents excessive complexity and a clutter of forms. The composite order is emphatically decorative in nature. In the architecture of Russian classicism, variants of this order are reflected in the Narva Triumphal Gate (architect V.P. Stasov, 1833) and the Church of St. Catherine (architects J.-B. Vallin-Delamot and A. Rinaldi, 1783). (Dictionary of architectural terms. Yusupov E.S., 1994)

View value Composite order in other dictionaries

Order- warrants, plural warrants, m. (from the French ordre - order). 1. Written order, order (official). to make an arrest. to enter new house. ? Payment order (fin., accounting).........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Composite— see Composites.
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary

Lumberjack ticket (warrant)- - V Russian Federation a document certifying the right of the forest user to harvest wood (cutting trees), secondary forest materials, and carry out tapping......
Economic dictionary

Delivery, Delivery order— (English delivery order) -1) written
owner's order to issue
goods issued by the owner of the goods
order for full or partial release of goods from storage;........
Economic dictionary

Delivery order — -1.
document playing the role of equity
bill of lading and containing
order for transfer to a specific person
parts
cargo delivered
by ship by........
Economic dictionary

Magazine order- a journal used in the journal-order form of accounting. Entries are made as documents or monthly results are received from accumulative statements. J.-o. is........
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 1- - accounting
register for recording cash transactions recorded according to
loan
accounts"
Cash desk". Basis for filling
magazine
orders No. 1 serve
........
Economic dictionary

Magazine order No. 10- - accounting
register for synthetic
cost accounting for
production, in
summarized in the journal
production costs. This
the order journal is built according to
........
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 11- - accounting
register for
accounting for shipment and sale of finished products in the context of subaccounts and synthetic indicators.
Magazine-
the order is filled based on........
Economic dictionary

Magazine order No. 12 — -
accounting for transactions reflected in
account "Charter
capital", "
Reserve capital", "
Extra capital",........
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 13- - accounting
register for
accounting for transactions
depreciation of fixed assets (
check "
Depreciation of fixed assets") based on primary documents(acts, settlements......
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 15 — -
register for analytical and synthetic
accounting for
account"
Profit and loss".
Turnover by
debit and
credit account in
magazine-
warrant........
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 2- - accounting
register,
serving to reflect turnover by
loan
accounts"
Current account" at
accounting of transactions on the current account.
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 3- - accounting
register for analytical and synthetic
accounting of settlements under letters of credit and special accounts, which is maintained on the basis of statements
jar.
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 6- - combined
register,
analytical accounting of materials in which it is organized in the context of each payment
document, receipt
warrant or acceptance.........
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 7- - accounting
register used for
accounting for transactions involving the movement of accountable amounts and settlements with accountable persons, a combined register is used, combining........
Economic dictionary

Journal-order No. 8— - accounting register for recording settlements with various debtors and creditors. Journal-order No. 8 also maintains a synthetic record of calculations of shareholder income.
Economic dictionary

Journal - Order Form of Accounting (magazine - Order, Statement of Accounts, General Ledger, Chess B— Unified journal and order
the accounting form is developed on the basis of a single
accounting chart of accounts
accounting and is intended for use in all industries........
Economic dictionary

Back Order- an order giving
the right to purchase not only additional shares, but also additional orders. Executive
the price of back orders is usually higher than the execution price........
Economic dictionary

Cash Order — monetary document, according to which cash transactions for the receipt and issuance of cash by cash desks of enterprises, organizations, institutions are carried out and formalized.........
Economic dictionary

Composite Office— See Composite Company
Economic dictionary

Lumberjack Ticket (warrant)— - a document certifying the right of the forest user to harvest timber, secondary forest resources, and carry out tapping and tar-tapping of forests.
Economic dictionary

Memorial Order- - accounting
document containing
instructions to write down business transaction to the relevant
accounting accounts
accounting. In him........
Economic dictionary

Doric order - Laconic, masculine, monumental - in ancient times it was considered a “masculine” order. (Parthenon, Temple of Hephaestus in Athens) St. Petersburg: Moscow Gate

Ionic order - characterized by greater ease of proportions and decor of all its parts. Distinctive feature The Ionic order is a method of designing a capital, which is made in the form of two opposite volutes. The Ionic order in antiquity was considered a “female” order, due to its sophistication, sophistication and additions with various decorations. (Temple of Artemis) Peter: Summer Palace of Peter 1.

The Corinthian order is a variant of the Ionic order. More saturated with decor. A characteristic feature of this order is a bell-shaped capital covered with stylized acanthus leaves (facade of Hadrian's Library in Athens) St. Petersburg: Holy Trinity Izmailovsky Cathedral, Leuchtenberg Palace.

Composite order is an architectural order that originated in Ancient Rome. It is a combination of elements of the Ionic and Corinthian orders - both volutes and an ornament in the form of acanthus leaves are used in the capitals. (Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum) St. Petersburg: Winter Palace, Checherin's house (House of Arts).

40. An architectural monument of the Gothic style (p\v). In any medieval city, its center was a church or cathedral around which the city was built. In Paris, such a cathedral is Notre Dame Cathedral, or, in French, Notre Dame de Paris. Construction of Notre Dame began in 1163, on the site of the first Christian Parisian church, located on the Ile de la Cité. Construction lasted 170 years and this was reflected in the appearance of the temple - it combines both Romanesque and Gothic styles. Notre Dame Cathedral is quite large. Its height is 35 meters, length is 130 meters, and width is 50 meters. The height of the bell towers is almost 70 meters. The largest bell, Emmanuel, weighs 13 tons. Notre Dame Cathedral has its own attractions. The most famous are the gargoyles or chimeras that decorate the towers of Notre Dame. They embody human sins. Also kept within the walls of the cathedral is the nail with which Jesus was nailed to the cross. No one knows whether this is really the same nail - there are about 30 such nails in the world. And another significant attraction of Notre Dame Cathedral is the largest organ in France, which consists of 109 registers and 7800 pipes. The main creators of Notre Dame are considered two architects - Jean de Chelles (1250-65) and Pierre de Montreuil (1250-67). The powerful and majestic facade is divided vertically into three parts by pilasters, and horizontally into three tiers by galleries, while the lower tier, in turn, has three deep portals: the portal of the Last Judgment (in the middle), the portal of the Virgin Mary (left) and the portal of St. . Anna (right). Above them is an arcade (Gallery of the Kings) with twenty-eight statues representing the kings of ancient Judea. The main façade of the cathedral has three doors. The roof of the cathedral is made of 5 mm thick lead tiles, laid overlapping, and the weight of the entire roof is 210 tons. Oak, covered with lead The cathedral spire is 96 meters high. The base of the spire is surrounded by four groups of bronze statues of the apostles (Geoffroy Dechaumes). A significant part of the stained glass windows was made in the middle of the 19th century. The main stained glass window - the rose above the entrance to the cathedral - is partly original, preserved from the Middle Ages (9.6 m in diameter). In its center is the Mother of God, around are seasonal agricultural work, zodiac signs, virtues and sins. Two side roses on the northern and southern facades of the cathedral in both transepts are 13 meters in diameter (the largest in Europe). The big bell rings very rarely. Inside the cathedral, transepts (transverse naves), intersecting with the main longitudinal one, form a cross in plan, but in Notre Dame the transepts are somewhat wider than the nave itself.

41. Creativity of Phidias. Ancient Greek sculptor and architect, one of the greatest artists of the high classical period. Most of the works have not survived; we can only judge them from descriptions of ancient authors and copies. Nevertheless, his fame was colossal. Zeus statue in Olympia- one of the seven wonders of the Ancient World. Phidias worked on the statue of Zeus together with his student Kolot and his brother Panen. "Athena Promachos"- a colossal image of the goddess Athena brandishing a spear on the Athenian Acropolis. Erected approx. 460 BC in memory of victories over the Persians. Its height of 60 feet towered over all the surrounding buildings, shining over the city from afar. Bronze casting. Not preserved. "Athena Parthenos" 438 BC e. It was installed in the Athens Parthenon, inside the sanctuary and represented the goddess in full armor. The most complete copy is considered to be the so-called. "Athena Varvakion" (Athens), marble. Sculpture of the Parthenon was carried out under his leadership. "Athena Lemnia"- OK. 450 BC Bronze statue. Depicts a goddess leaning on a spear, her thoughtful gaze turned to the helmet in her hand. The name comes from the island of Lemnos, for whose inhabitants it was made. Known from copies. "Athena Areia" in Plataea OK. 470-450 BC e. Made of gilded wood (clothes) and Pentelic marble (face, arms and legs). Not preserved. Athena for the city of Pellene in Achaia. Aphrodite Urania (in Eliza). “Medusa Rondanini” is a Roman copy of the head of the Gorgon Medusa, which was on the shield of Athena Parthenos. The most famous works of Phidias - Zeus and Athena Parthenos were made in the chrysoelephantine technique - gold and ivory. Phidias is one of the best representatives of the classical style, and about his significance it is enough to say that he is considered the founder of European art. Phidias and the Attic school of sculpture led by him (2nd half of the 5th century BC) occupied a leading place in art high classics. This direction most fully and consistently expressed the advanced artistic ideas of the era. They note the enormous skill of Phidias in the interpretation of clothing, in which he surpasses both Myron and Polycletus. The clothing of his statues does not hide the body: it is not slavishly subordinate to it and does not serve to expose it. Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column - on the ground it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed.

42. Monument of architecture of the Renaissance in Italy of the 15th century (n/c). Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore is a cathedral in Florence, the most famous of architectural structures Florentine Quattrocento. Notable are the dome (Filippo Brunelleschi) and the wall cladding with polychrome marble panels of various shades: green (from Prato) and pink (from Maremma) with a white border (from Carrara). The Duomo, aka, was designed so that it could accommodate the entire population of the city (90,000 people), huge covered area. The red dome of the cathedral, which has become a symbol of Florence, seems to float over the entire city. Dimensions of the cathedral: length - 153 m, width in the transept - 90 m. The unusually elegant and at the same time grandiose cathedral became a kind of boundary that separated the architectural traditions of the Middle Ages from the principles of construction of the Renaissance. Arnolfodi Cambio developed the project and began construction of the walls. He designed three wide naves ending under an octagonal dome. After the death of Arnolfodi Cambio in 1302, construction of the cathedral was suspended for thirty years. In 1330, the relics of St. Zenobius of Florence were found in Santa Reparata, which gave new impetus to the work. In 1331, Giotto was appointed chief architect, who, instead of continuing the construction of the cathedral, began in 1334 the construction of the campanile (bell tower). When Giotto died in 1337, only its first tier had been erected. In 1348, work was stopped due to the plague. From 1349, work resumed under the direction of a number of architects, starting with Francesco Talenti, who completed the campanile and expanded the building area, apse and transept. In 1359, the post of Talenti was taken by Giovanni diLapo Ghini (until 1369), who divided the main nave with arches into four square sections. Other architects involved in the construction: Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d'Ambrogio, Neridi Fioravante and Orcagna. Brunelleschi's dome was then built. The current facade (Emilio de Fabris) appeared in 1887. The cathedral has the shape of a Latin cross, three naves, two side transepts and a semicircular apse. Brunelleschi and Giotto are buried in the cathedral grounds. The baptistery (baptistery) is dedicated to John the Baptist. The Baptistery is the oldest building in Piazza Duomo (5th century). Modern marble cladding was made in the 11th-12th centuries. The semicircular apse was replaced by a rectangular one in the 13th century. The dome vault is decorated with Byzantine mosaics of the 13th-14th centuries. The mosaic depicts a picture of the Last Judgment with the figure of Christ in the center. The baptistery also houses the tomb of Antipope John XXIII. The most ancient is the southern gate, created by Andrea Pisano. The gate contains 28 panels with bas-reliefs depicting the life of John the Baptist and the Cardinal Virtues. The other two gates were designed by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The North Gate (1401-24) also contains 28 framed panels in the Gothic style. These bas-reliefs depict scenes from the New Testament. The eastern gate is the most famous (1425-52). The gate is divided into 10 frameless gilded panels and represents biblical stories. This creation of Ghiberti was highly appreciated by Michelangelo and was called by him “The Gates of Paradise”. A copy of this gate at the beginning of the 19th century was installed at the northern entrance to the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

43.The work of Sandro Botticelli. See 18 and 20 tickets.

44. Roman portrait from the collection of the State Archive (p\v).“Madonna Litta” (1490-91) is a painting by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Canvas (translated from wood), Tempera. 42x33 cm. The painting depicts a woman holding a baby in her arms, whom she is breastfeeding. The background of the painting is a wall with two arched windows, the light from which falls on the viewer and makes the wall darker. The windows offer a view of the landscape in blue tones. The very figure of the Madonna is illuminated by light coming from somewhere in front. The woman looks at the child tenderly and thoughtfully. Madonna's face is depicted in profile, there is no smile on her lips, only a certain image of her lurks in the corners. The baby looks absentmindedly at the viewer, holding his mother's chest with his right hand. In his left hand the child holds a goldfinch. Vivid imagery, the work is revealed in small details that tell us a lot about the mother and child. We see the baby and mother in the dramatic moment of weaning. The woman is wearing a red shirt with a narrow neck. It has special slits through which it is convenient to breastfeed the baby without removing the dress. The work was written for the rulers of Milan, then passed to the Litta family, and was in their private collection for several centuries. The original title of the painting was “Madonna and Child.” The modern name of the painting comes from the name of its owner - Count Litta, owner of the family art gallery in Milan. In 1864, he approached the Hermitage with an offer to sell it along with several other paintings. In 1865, together with three other paintings, the “Madonna Litta” was acquired by the Hermitage for 100 thousand francs. Some art historians draw attention to elements of the painting that are unusual for Leonardo’s style, in particular, to the unnatural pose of the baby. It is assumed that at least the figure of the baby belongs to the brush of one of Leonardo’s students, most likely Boltraffio. Leonardo's sketch of the Madonna's head while preparing the painting is now kept in the Louvre.