NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRY (newly industrializing country ) is a developing country that has abandoned specialization in primary economic activities (mining, crop and livestock production) and has placed emphasis on creating a production base for processing industries as an element of a long-term industrialization program. Examples of newly industrialized countries include Brazil, Mexico, and Hong Kong.

Cm. , economic development, The World Bank . World Development Report 2016

NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER (new international economic order) - economic and political concepts advocating the need for fundamental changes in international trade and economic development in order to eliminate economic imbalances between developed countries and developing countries, the United Nations, in response to the call of developing countries, put forward the Declaration and Program of Action for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (adopted in 1974) and identified measures designed to improve the situation of developing countries. The following areas of activity were recognized as the main ones:

A ) international trade agreements to support the export of raw materials from developing countries;

b ) negotiations on special concessions in international trade to facilitate the export of finished goods from developing countries to the markets of developed countries;

V ) support for an economic assistance program consisting of free provision of financial and real resources to developing countries;

G ) strengthening economic cooperation between developing countries.

These innovations were carried out primarily through, but were not very successful.

UNITED NATIONS (UN) (United Nations (UN) is an association of states that have pledged to adhere firmly to the principles set forth in the UN Charter. The purposes set out in the Charter are to maintain international peace and security, guarantee fundamental human rights in all countries and ensure social harmonization and progress throughout the world. The UN Charter was created by representatives of 50 countries and signed on October 24, 1945. The main structural divisions of the UN are the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Board of Trustees and the Secretariat. In addition, there are subsidiary departments and branches operating in accordance with the Charter, such as the International Monetary Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the World Bank, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the International Labor Organization.

Cm. United Nations

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) (Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD)) is an international organization that includes mainly economically developed countries. The OECD organizes regular meetings of finance and trade ministers to discuss economic issues affecting their interests, in particular the promotion of economic growth and international trade, and also coordinates the provision of economic assistance to developing countries. The OECD is the main source of factual information on the international economy and regularly compiles and publishes standardized statistics on individual countries.

Cm. OECD STATISTICS FOR RUSSIA

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

INDUSTRIALIZATION ) - widespread development of organized economic activity for production needs. Industrialization is characterized by the transformation of a predominantly agricultural economy into a more specialized and capital-intensive economy. This transformation, which took place in Western Europe and North America during the 18th-19th centuries, was called the industrial revolution. Wed .

Cm. ,

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION ) - a grouping of similar types of economic activities in industries or markets. Such a classification begins with a defined broad range of related activities (for example, the “manufacturing sector”). Each group is then subdivided into progressively narrower groups so that the classification can be used at varying degrees of granularity for different purposes. In the UK, the Standard Industrial Classification classifies and measures groups of economic activities at different levels of aggregation and disaggregation. The standard industrial classification contains 10 major divisions (for example, Metal Products/Mechanical Engineering); 60 classes (for example, Metallurgy); 222 groups (for example, Non-ferrous metals); 334 activities (eg Copper).

Activities (or "industries", see industry) are distinguished on the basis of their supply characteristics, particularly the use of common materials, intermediate products and production processes. This classification provides a useful source of information on the structure of industries and statistics regarding the level of employment, production and investment in the industrial sector. However, for market analysis purposes, Standard Industrial Classification data typically must be interpreted differently to provide a classification of markets that is based on groups of products perceived by buyers as close substitutes. For example, glass and metal cans are classified in different industries under the Standard Industrial Classification (Division 2 - Glass Containers and Division 3 - Metal Packaging Articles) but would be considered fungible goods by a consumer of packaging materials, such as a coffee manufacturer. .

Industry classification is used for macroeconomic planning and competition policy purposes, as well as to obtain statistical information on levels of production and employment.

See industry structure, cross elasticity of demand

INDUSTRY (industry ) - a group of related economic activities, classified according to the range of goods and services that it produces. For example, the brewing industry can be defined as the collection of firms producing bitter and velvety beer, light beer, dark beer and cider. However, beer production can also be considered as part of a larger industry - the "production of alcoholic beverages", which includes the production of spirits and wines, as well as beer. Thus, there is a specificity problem in how broadly or narrowly a particular industry is defined. Moreover, industrial classification typically groups products based on their offering characteristics, such as the use of common materials, intermediate products, and manufacturing processes. This may or may not be the same as how products are grouped to determine their markets, but this classification requires taking into account how these products are viewed by buyers (i.e., the characteristics of demand for these products must be taken into account). Thus, although men's and women's shoes are produced using the same materials and production processes and often by the same firms, they are not perceived by buyers as substitutes, and therefore, from the buyer's point of view, they should be defined as transactable items in different markets. ) is a branch of economics concerned with explaining the processes by which a developing country increases its production capacity (in both the agricultural and industrial sectors) in order to achieve sustainable .

The main focus of economic development theory is on how to achieve such growth. For example, the question arises of whether agriculture should be developed on an equal basis with industry, or whether the leading sectors can be allowed to go ahead, leading all other sectors of the national economy. Another controversial issue is whether underdeveloped countries are adopting the most appropriate technology for themselves. Many economists believe that intermediate technology is most suitable, rather than the most advanced technology, in which Western technologists and managers are needed to manage ultra-modern factories. When trying to break into the field of sustainable economic growth, sociocultural factors are also significant.

DUAL ECONOMY (dual economy ) is an economy in which capital-intensive and technologically advanced sectors coexist with labor-intensive and technologically undeveloped sectors. This situation is studied within the framework of the theory of economic development. The challenge here is how to achieve economic growth: whether by relying on technologically leading sectors or by trying to distribute the economy's resources more evenly across all sectors to achieve balanced growth. This concept concerns mainly developing countries.

Cm.scientific works on the websites of the School of Economics:

An analysis of the development trends of the industrial sector of the economy of the Chechen Republic was carried out. Of the three types of economic activities related to industry, distinguished according to the classification by type of economic activity, the dominant one in the Chechen Republic is “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” Among other industries, the construction materials industry is the most important. Due to well-known events, the structural features of the industrial complex of the republic have been preserved to the present time, aggravating the situation in such industries as electric power, mechanical engineering, light and food industries. However, the sectoral structure of industrial production is extremely disproportionate. Relatively low-labor-intensive industries and industries have received preferential development in the industrial complex, which is in direct contradiction with the high level of labor redundancy in the Chechen Republic. Of decisive importance in the structural transformations of the existing deformed industry of the republic are the development and justification of alternative options for the development of the fuel and energy complex (including electric power) and diversification of the production of products and services. The further development of the Chechen Republic is associated with its significant capabilities. Using its advantages in further development will enable the Chechen Republic to move to a new qualitative level of development.

economy of the Chechen Republic

industrial sector

development trends

1. Investment passport of the Chechen Republic [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.ivr.ru/invest-chr/?site=invest_chr&p=1961&l=ru.

2.Lipina S.A. Chechen Republic: Economic potential and strategic development. – M.: Publishing house: LKI, 2007. – 320 p.

3. Magomadov M.M. Socio-economic revival of Chechnya and prospects for its development // Chechnya at the turn of the century: state and prospects: materials of a scientific and practical conference. – Grozny, 2004. – T. 1. – P. 175–179.

4. The Chechen Republic in numbers. 2011: brief statistical collection. – Grozny, 2011. – 161 p.

5. Chechen Republic - industry and industrial enterprises of Chechnya. Reference information[Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.metaprom.ru/regions/chechenskaya_resp.html.

Until 1991, the Chechen Republic was the most industrialized region of the North Caucasus. The main industry was oil production and oil refining. Chechnya was home to one of the first educational, scientific and production conglomerates in the world for the extraction, processing, consumption and use of oil and gas, which was of great importance for world science and practice.

The economy of the Chechen Republic has suffered significant losses over the past decade. The development of new trends in the political, social and economic spheres in the early 90s in almost all regions of the former USSR gave rise to an economic crisis: the crisis of the previous management system and the formation of a new economic mechanism. The worsening crisis in politics and economics was accompanied by a worsening of Russian-Chechen relations in the 90s of the last century.

During the anti-terrorist operation, another, more tangible blow was dealt to industry and the economy of the republic as a whole.

If the economic crisis before well-known events manifested itself through a drop in social production with all the ensuing consequences (a decrease in the volume of production goods and living standards of the population, an increase in unemployment and crime), then during the period of hostilities, production and social infrastructures basically ceased to function and were subject to destruction and robbery .

At the beginning of the so-called second stage (from September 1999), all stocks (consumer goods, household property, property of canneries, meat processing plants, department stores) were depleted, so the robbery of other material assets began (factory equipment, non-ferrous metals, copper and aluminum wires ). Illustrative examples are oil refineries, a chemical plant, and the Red Hammer plant, which were thoroughly looted.

The political and economic restructuring begun in the former USSR and the consequences of aggravated Russian-Chechen relations in the last decade of the 20th century thoroughly destroyed the economy of Chechnya. What remains of it is 7-10% of the 1990 level.

The key sectors of the republic's economic complex are currently industry, agriculture, construction and the service sector (table).

For all socio-economic indicators of the development of the Chechen Republic, their growth is observed in dynamics, and for some it is quite significant. The decrease in the number of unemployed registered with the employment service is also characterized as positive, although their number still remains the highest among the regions of the region.

Main socio-economic indicators of the development of the Chechen Republic

Source: Chechen Republic in figures. 2011: Brief statistical collection. Grozny, 2011. - 161 p.

Of the three types of economic activities related to industry, distinguished according to the classification by type of economic activity, the dominant one in the Chechen Republic is “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” In the total turnover of enterprises, this type of economic activity accounts for 61.05%. Mining extraction has been steadily declining since 2008, and in 2010 this type of economic activity in the structure of industrial production amounted to 32.30%.

Average annual amount of oil produced in the Chechen Republic for 2000-2010.
amounted to 1595.4 thousand tons. The largest amount of oil, including gas condensate (2178.7 thousand tons) during the analyzed period, was produced in 2005. However, the main income from the sale of oil (mainly for export) is still received by Rosneft OJSC. Moreover, the republican budget remains the most highly subsidized
in Russia .

Since its inception (the first gush of oil in 1893), hydrocarbon (HC) production has traditionally played an important role in the economy of the Chechen Republic and the entire North Caucasus. The share of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in the gross volume of industrial production of the republic was equal in the 80s. approximately 50%. The main oil fields are located in the area of ​​Grozny and its environs. At the end of the 80s. Grozneft PA had 50 exploration and 25 production drilling teams.

All restoration work at fuel and energy complex facilities was planned within the framework of the annually developed “Set of measures to restore the economy and social sphere of the Chechen Republic.”

To organize work on the restoration of the fuel and energy complex of the Chechen Republic, in 2000, Rosneft established a subsidiary, OJSC Grozneftegaz, which began operating only 12 wells and produced 76.7 thousand tons of oil in a year. Almost all industrial facilities of the former large production facility "Grozneft" were in a destroyed or dismantled state, there were a large number of burning open fountains, oil and gas collection and transportation systems did not function, and auxiliary production enterprises were completely destroyed.

But, at the same time, oil production has become practically the only type of production activity for a decade since the beginning of hostilities, and currently oil production accounts for a significant share in the volume of industrial production in Chechnya.

Among other industries, the construction materials industry is the most important.

In 2010, 24.7 million conventional construction bricks were produced in the Chechen Republic. bricks, which is 2 times more than in the previous year 2009. The Republic has the necessary natural resources and capabilities to develop the production of all main types of building materials, especially cement and brick, as well as natural facing stone. In Chechnya, silicate wall material, red brick, prefabricated reinforced concrete, inert materials, crushed stone, wooden moldings, etc. were produced. The most problematic and fundamental enterprise in terms of restoring the construction industry is the FSUE Chiri-Yurt Cement Plant.

The FSUE Chiri-Yurt Cement Plant came into operation in 1972. Until 1993, the Chiri-Yurt cement plant was the largest in the North Caucasus and the only one producing PC 600 grade cement.

In 2001, reconstruction and restoration work began at the cement plant, and in 2007 the first of two workshops was launched. The design capacity of the first line is 600 thousand tons of cement per year. After the completion of the restoration of the Chiri-Yurt cement plant, the production of high-quality cement will increase to 1.2-1.3 million tons per year.

The cement industry is one of the backbone industries for all types of construction, along with the rolling of ferrous metals. Reliable provision of cement for residential and industrial construction in Chechnya will make it possible to uninterruptedly supply budgetary construction projects and at the same time saturate the local market with one of the goods in demand in the private economy.

The natural resources of Chechnya make it possible to begin the production of clay tiles, and after the launch of the first stage of the cement plant, it will be possible to provide domestic production of precast reinforced concrete with local raw materials. Deposits of marble and granite are known on the territory of Chechnya. This may make it possible in the medium term to launch the production of facing and flooring slabs and tiles, as well as other locally produced products. The market capacity for the building materials industry in the republic is large and has its own raw material base and opportunities for developing production for the local market.

Of utmost importance when analyzing the sectoral structure of the economy is the assessment of the structure of production, the number of employees and investments in fixed capital.

Due to well-known events, the structural features of the industrial complex of the republic are preserved to this day, aggravating the situation in such industries as electric power, mechanical engineering, light and food industries. However, the sectoral structure of industrial production is extremely disproportionate. Structural deficiencies are manifested not only in the deformation associated with the hypertrophied development of oil production, but also in the narrowness of the range of industries that represent the industries in the republic. Relatively low-labor-intensive industries and industries have received preferential development in the industrial complex, which is in direct contradiction with the high level of labor redundancy in the Chechen Republic. The development and justification of alternative options for the development of the fuel and energy complex (including electric power) and the diversification of the production of products and services are of decisive importance in the structural transformations of the existing deformed industry of the republic.

According to TOFSGS data for the Chechen Republic, industry, agriculture and construction together account for slightly more than 26% of the number of employees and less than 20% of the total investment in fixed capital.

According to these indicators, the service sector plays a key role in the republic. Moreover, in terms of the number of personnel, the education sector had the largest share in 2010 (about 29%), and in terms of the share of investments - housing and communal services (almost 52%).

The most important indicator of the overall level of economic development of any region is the volume of production of gross regional product (GRP).

It should be noted that until 2005, GRP for the Chechen Republic was not calculated either by republican bodies or by the Federal State Statistics Service. According to the TOFSGS data for the Chechen Republic, the gross regional product in 2009 in the Chechen Republic amounted to 64,089.7 million rubles, or 96.7% of the 2008 level. The volume of GRP in 2008 amounted to 66,273.8 million rubles, its real volume compared to the level of 2007 increased by 37.9% or by 18,217.7 million rubles. (see table).

The main contribution to the formation of the gross regional product and ensuring its growth is made by such types of economic activities as mining, manufacturing, construction, trade, transport and communications. For comparison: until 1991, industry was the leading sector of the national economy of the Chechen Republic. Its share accounted for two-thirds of the gross output produced in the republic. The share of heavy industry in the total output of the entire industry was 75.3%.

The main internal factors for the growth of the gross regional product can be noted, first of all: the dynamics of the development of basic and new types of economic activity, the intensification of investment activity, the growth of real cash incomes of the population of the region, etc.

The determining indicator of economic development is the growth of gross regional product per capita, which also shows an upward trend.

The further development of the Chechen Republic is associated with its significant opportunities, which include:

Increased interest in the region from foreign investors;

High growth rates of domestic demand;

Implementation of priority national projects, interregional projects and regional strategies of large businesses that contribute to the growth of capitalization of the region; integration of the transport and energy systems of the Republic, both into the all-Russian network and into the global one;

Accelerated development of Grozny and surrounding cities, with an emphasis on innovation clusters, education and technologically sophisticated industries;

Increasing the degree of processing of natural resources and developing relevant clusters (including increasing access of small and medium-sized companies to raw materials and primary processed products);

Development of a specialized educational cluster, using the existing potential of educational and scientific institutions (Grozny);

Development of clusters and sectors related to the production of products and services for the resource extraction and processing sectors (including suppliers of equipment components and related services);

Development of new sectors and clusters related to environmental protection technologies and energy saving;

Development of clusters and sectors related to consumer goods and services (for example, food industry, building materials, etc.);

Development of tourism in the South of Russia.

Along with the positive aspects of development, the Chechen Republic, in our opinion, also has weaknesses. This:

Significant deterioration of surviving buildings, communications, engineering and social infrastructure;

Shortage of qualified personnel, high unemployment;

Low added value of products, significant production costs (including those caused by high electricity tariffs and the high share of transport costs in the cost of production);

High level of depreciation of fixed assets of the industrial complex, low quality of production infrastructure (primarily transport);

Insufficient development of financial infrastructure, low level of innovation activity, imbalances in territorial development.

The Chechen Republic's use of its advantages in further development will provide an opportunity to move to a new qualitative level of development.

The research work was carried out within the framework of the “Program of Basic Research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2012” (Program code P 32).

Reviewers:

Makhosheva S.A., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. department “Regional Management” of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Institute of Informatics and Problems of Regional Management of the KBSC RAS”, Nalchik;

Isaev R.A., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economics and Production Management, Chechen State University, Grozny.

The work was received by the editor on 10/09/2012.

Bibliographic link

Scientific direction: Development of the industrial sector of the economy.

The area of ​​research meets the requirements of the specialty passport 08.00.05 - Economics and management of the national economy (economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes - industry). Research on the problem is carried out jointly with the Department of I&EP.

The object of the study is enterprises of the industrial sector, integration and cooperation processes in industry, innovative development of industrial enterprises, processes occurring in knowledge-intensive industries, the current state and prospects for modernization of priority industries; institutional and organizational-economic mechanisms of state regulation of the economy of the industrial sector.

The purpose of the study of this problem area is to study the features of technological development of industries, develop theoretical and methodological foundations for assessing and managing the innovative development of priority industries, study the mechanisms of integration processes in industry, identify current trends in scientific and technological modernization of industries, develop models, methods and mechanisms for including the organizational and economic potential of state corporations in the development of industry, formation in the conditions of innovative economic development.

The existing groundwork on the issues under study.

Economic Sciences/9. Industrial Economics

Razvadovskaya Yu.V.

Taganrog Technological Institute of the Southern Federal University, Russia

Increasing the economic potential of industries in the system of managing structural transformations of the industrial sector economy

The entry of the Russian economy into the post-industrial phase of development increases the requirements for the efficient use of available resources. This predetermines the need to form an economic potential that can not only ensure the production of the maximum amount of products, but also allow achieving progressive structural changes in the industrial sector for a long period of time. This is precisely the essence of sustainable development of the industrial sector of the economy in the phase of formation of a new technological structure, characterized by the intensive development of equipment and technology.

Achieving economic growth in industries, as well as the formation of positive structural changes in the technological component of the industrial sector, is possible with the development and implementation of industrial policy aimed at achieving economic independence of the industrial sector, based on the effective use of economic potential. The general direction of industrial policy should be the maximum technological renewal of the material and technical base, as well as the effective use of existing production capacities.

Research by domestic economists in the field of determining the essence and significance of economic potential has made a significant contribution to the understanding of its content. However, despite the large number of works devoted to the definition of methodological approaches to the structure of potential and the formation of economic and mathematical models for its determination, to date many methodological and theoretical problems in this area of ​​research have remained unresolved. The potential of the industrial sector is a multidimensional category and includes at least three components. Basic potential is an unchanged part, in contrast to economic potential, targeted influence on which from industrial policy can ensure an increase in its qualitative and quantitative characteristics and achievement of the currently required parameters. At the same time, the impact on economic potential occurs through the process of transforming the regulatory, scientific, methodological, as well as investment and innovation framework.

Table 1. Scheme of potentials of the industrial sector of the economy

The main goal of forming and improving economic potential is to constantly maintain product quality at the level of competitiveness.

Recently, the determining influence on the structure of economic potential has been exerted by the processes of integration and globalization, as well as innovative processes in the world economy, which primarily determine qualitative structural changes in the industrial sector of the economy

From this position, it is necessary to form such a structure of economic potential that promotes the rapid growth of new technologies, the growth of scientific achievements and new forms of production management in the conditions of the formation of a new technological structure. Thus, industrial policy faces the complex and multifaceted task of forming an improved structure of the economic potential of the industrial sector, which, from our point of view, should be based on the priorities of industrial development, with the help of high technologies and new knowledge. Only on this basis will industry be able to ensure the necessary economic growth rates, economic security, improvement of the environmental and social situation, that is, the solution to those problems that have recently arisen most acutelyby the Russian state.

It follows from this that the management of structural transformations should be aimed at creating economic relationships that ensure innovative neo-industrial development of the material and technical base. It is noted that “for the development of productive forces in line with neo-industrialization, based on effective technotronic technologies, effective incentives are needed, and they can only be internal, since they are provided and supported exclusively by internal reproduction, driven in the system of its own macroeconomic coordinates: target, labor , technological, cost, price, investment, competitive, etc.”

This approach determines the need for a transition to the formation of a modern material and technical base, which will contribute to a more efficient use of production resources per unit of time. This poses the task of involving the accumulated scientific and technical potential in the production process, which is a reserve for economic development and is capable of ensuring the necessary growth rates

It becomes important to choose the form of intensification of industrial production, of which there are two in modern economic literature. First of all, this is a capital-intensive form of intensification, which is based on updating the active part of fixed assets. The capital-economic form involves the development of industrial production by improving the quality of use of existing production potential.

From the standpoint of the current economic difficulties, a capital-saving form of intensification is preferable, which does not require significant government investments.

However, the use of this form is limited to the current state of industrial fixed assets. Long years of market transformations, accompanied by financial difficulties, significantly worsened the condition of fixed capital in the industrial sector of the economy. A statistical analysis of indicators of the quality of fixed capital in industrial sectors indicates that the level of depreciation of fixed assets in the mining sector in 2010 was 45.9%, and in the manufacturing sector 41.1%. At the same time, the highest degree of wear and tear is in the production of vehicles and equipment - 50.3% and the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment - 45.9%

The reduction in investment in fixed assets has significantly aggravated the situation with the technological component of industrial modernization. Despite the improvement of the situation in recent years, the level of moral and physical depreciation of fixed assets remains quite high.

The current situation in the industrial sector of the economy is a common feature of transition processes, as well as the result of the financial crisis of recent years. The crisis phenomena that arose in the economic system had a destructive impact on the technological structure of production, which is reflected to this day in the qualitative characteristics of the use of fixed assets in industries. The main negative trend was the high level of depreciation of fixed assets. At the same time, the obsolescence of the latter is not unimportant, especially in the context of the rapid growth of innovative technologies, which predetermine high rates of renewal of fixed capital. This problem is also manifested in the low utilization of production capacities of enterprises in almost all industries.

In the economic aspect, low production capacity utilization causes an increase in enterprise costs and a decrease in the efficiency of using fixed production assets. Secondly, the low volumes of products produced do not satisfy domestic demand and, accordingly, are not present in world markets for similar products. Low self-sufficiency in certain goods affects the development possibilities of the industry itself.

Thus, the existing problems significantly complicate the improvement of the production apparatus, especially in the direction of compliance with the technological conditions of the new way of life and the pace of scientific and technological progress. In this regard, there is an urgent need for changes in the formation and development of the material and technical base of the industrial sector of the economy.

That is, from this point of view, in the current conditions of underdevelopment of the technological component, it will be preferable to choose development directions that meet the requirements of capital-intensive intensification of industrial production, on the basis of which it is possible to form new production forces that embody the current state of global technological development. Development on this basis will create favorable conditions for increasing the competitiveness of industrial products, which in turn will provide opportunities for further improvement of fixed assets.

It is necessary to take into account that a one-time increase in economic potential in all industries is impossible due to limited investment resources. Thus, it is necessary to select priority areas of investment, that is, certain industries that can provide a multiplier effect in the industrial sector. This predetermines the selective nature of industrial policy in relation to the directions of development of economic potential.

Increasing investment and innovation activity in the industrial sector of the economy are the main directions of industrial policy, within the framework of which the problem of increasing the efficiency of economic potential is being solved. Active government participation in the process of forming economic potential that meets new economic requirements will ensure stable long-term growth of the industrial sector and the economy as a whole.

Literature:

1. Sh Evchenko I.K., Babikova A.V. The influence of integration transformations on the process of modernization of the sectoral structure of the economy: regional aspectRegional economics: theory and practice . 2011. № 30 . pp. 2-6.

2. Gubanov S. Systemic contradictions and the prospect of their solution. – “The Economist”, No. 1, 2002, p. 78.

3. Borovskaya M.A. Mechanism for socio-economic partnership between enterprises and universities “Innovative technologies in economics and management.” Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2006. No. 1(1)

The real sector is the basis of the Russian economy, which determines its level and specialization. It is dominated by the industries of raw materials and fuel extraction and energy and materials production. The fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, a significant part of the chemistry, timber industry complex, defense industry and the industries serving them (pipeline and sea transport) are oriented to the external market; other industries are oriented to the domestic market.

The bulk of agricultural land has been privatized and passed into the hands of agricultural organizations, farmers, and individual citizens. Nevertheless, in general for the 1990s. Agricultural output declined radically and began to recover only in the next decade for most types of agricultural products.

It is the “backbone” of not only the real sector, but also the entire Russian economy. Our country produces 10-11.5% of the world's primary energy, supplying approximately half for export and half for the domestic market. The fuel and energy complex is represented by both a fully developed fuel industry and a powerful electric power industry, including nuclear.

, and make a greater contribution to exports. All of them produce less than in Soviet times due to reduced demand on the domestic market, although they managed to significantly compensate for the decline in domestic demand by increasing export supplies.

Over the past two decades, it has found itself in the most difficult situation of all sectors of the real sector, although there are exceptions. In the 2000s. domestic demand for engineering products began to grow, but it is largely satisfied through imports, which is caused primarily by the low technical level of Russian engineering products.

The output of military products in Russia is about a third of the pre-reform level, and the number of people employed in the defense industry over these years has decreased by more than four times. The basis of the complex began to consist of holdings and concerns, uniting companies wholly or partially owned by the state. They produce both defense and civilian products.

The deindustrialization of Russia led to a strong curtailment of capital construction, i.e. construction, installation and other work on the construction, expansion, repair, reconstruction and modernization of non-residential buildings and engineering structures. Growing demand for housing in the 2000s. helped restore housing construction. But in general, construction volumes remain much lower than before the collapse of the USSR, and the number of people employed in construction has decreased.

In the 1990s. Freight and passenger turnover of public transport decreased sharply, which began to recover only in the next decade, but remains much lower than Soviet indicators. Freight turnover is dominated by pipeline transport (50%) and railway transport (43%). The weakest point of the Russian transport system is the insufficient development of the transport network and its low technical level.

Communications and telecommunications are developing contradictorily: mail and space communications are lagging behind, telephony and Internet use are growing dynamically.

Specifics of the real sector in Russia

As in other countries of the world, in Russia the real sector is the basis of the national economy, determining its level and specialization. It employs the population and produces approximately the same share of GDP.

The real sector is represented by a wide range of industries. However, it is dominated by the mining of raw materials and fuels and the production of energy and materials. On the one hand, this is a consequence of natural resources, especially mineral ones, which allows Russia to actively use its natural competitive advantage. On the other hand, this is the result of the deindustrialization of Russia: the preservation or slight reduction of raw materials industries in the last two decades was accompanied, unlike Soviet times, not by the growth of other (non-resource) industries, but by their strong decline. The resource industries managed to weather the disaster of the 1990s better. and take more active advantage of the boom of the early 2000s. due to the high global market demand for their products. The products of other sectors of the Russian real sector are generally not competitive enough (although there are exceptions, especially the defense industry). Before the crisis of 2008-2010. production volumes in many sectors of the real sector were radically lower than pre-reform levels, especially in mechanical engineering (production of machinery and equipment reached only half of the pre-reform level).

As a result, the real sector remains split into two parts:

• industries oriented to the foreign market - export-oriented (fuel and energy complex and metallurgy, a significant part of chemistry, timber industry and defense industry) and industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport). This part of the real sector is small in terms of the number of employees (about 5%), but brings in more than half of all profits in the country, providing at this expense the bulk of state budget revenues and a very significant part of effective demand in the domestic market;
• industries oriented to the domestic market (all others). This part of the real sector is unprofitable due to its low competitiveness (except for trade and construction, which actively satisfy the internal demand of workers in the first sector); the incomes of its workers are therefore small, which determines the generally low internal effective demand of the bulk of the population and enterprises in Russia.

This situation is typical of the “Dutch disease” with its redistribution of income and economic resources in favor of export-oriented raw materials and industries serving them, as well as the replacement of local production with imports. This disease does not affect all countries with large reserves of raw materials (there are many of them in the USA, Canada, Australia, Norway), but countries with imperfect economic and political institutions (bad governance), the elite of which is not able to resist the “big money” from the export of raw materials and agrees postpone modernization and an active industrial policy (in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, oil exports even slowed down economic growth, giving rise to the so-called resource curse).

The cure for the “Dutch disease” is active support for the manufacturing industry, especially the knowledge-intensive one, but the Russian government has been little involved in industrial policy and only in recent years has turned to it more as part of the country’s modernization strategy. Thus, the Concept 2020 highlights high-tech industries in which Russia has or claims to have serious competitive advantages - the aviation industry and engine building, the rocket and space industry, shipbuilding, the nuclear energy industrial complex, the radio-electronic industry, information and communication and medical technologies, as well as energy efficiency and energy saving.

The real sector of the Russian economy includes:

• agro-industrial complex;
• machine-building complex;
• fuel and energy complex;
• military-industrial complex;

Metallurgical, chemical and timber industry complexes

After the fuel and energy complex, the greatest contribution to the export-oriented part of the real sector is made by the metallurgical, chemical and timber industry complexes. All of them produce less than in Soviet times due to reduced demand on the domestic market, although they managed to significantly compensate for the decline in domestic demand by increasing export supplies (see the above example with the production of mineral fertilizers).

Metallurgy produces about 5% of Russian GDP and provides about 14% of domestic exports. Ferrous metallurgy produced 94 million tons of steel in 1988, in the 1990s. reduced its production by half, but by the end of the next decade increased it to 72 million tons (2007), second only to China, Japan and the USA, and taking 3rd place in world exports. However, for the production of special steels and alloys, intended mainly for mechanical engineering, production volumes have decreased significantly, the equipment is outdated and worn out, and some technologies have been completely lost.

In non-ferrous metallurgy for the production of aluminum (about 4 million tons), Russia is second only to China, in aluminum exports it ranks 1st, in production (0.3 million tons) and exports of nickel - also 1st place in the world (largely thanks to its large geological reserves). In gold production (about 160 tons per year, i.e. at the pre-reform level), Russia occupies only 5th place, although it has the third largest gold deposits in the world and has a good chance of increasing gold production to 250 tons per year. The process of transition from depleting alluvial deposits to abundant but time-consuming gold ore deposits is hampered by a lack of funds and technology.

Good export income allowed in the 2000s. to re-equip the metallurgy with modern equipment (mostly imported), so the depreciation of fixed assets here is 44% for ferrous metallurgy and 42% for non-ferrous metallurgy, i.e. at the level of developed countries.

The Strategy for the Development of the Metallurgical Industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, prepared in 2009, forecasts an increase in the production of all metals in the country, primarily at the expense of the own funds of metallurgical companies, since many of them have them in excess, actively acquiring metallurgical assets abroad .

Chemical complex covers a wide range of industries (primarily mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber, tires, rubber products, artificial and synthetic fibers and threads, paints and varnishes, synthetic detergents). All these industries together provide about 2% of Russia's GDP and 6-7% of exports. As in Soviet times, the problem remains that in domestic chemistry primary processing of natural resources is established, secondary processing is worse, and higher processing is even weaker. As a result, the country ranks only 20th in the world in the production of chemical products, although it exports large volumes of simple goods, primarily mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, while importing more complex chemical goods for approximately the same amount.

Export supplies helped support the above-mentioned chemical production, and rapidly growing domestic demand stimulated the production of tires, but the production of chemical fibers and threads, varnishes and paints, plant protection chemicals and a number of other industries, in the face of decreased demand and/or increased quality requirements, could not withstand foreign competition and has decreased significantly (in 2008, the capacity for the production of paints and varnishes was 38% loaded, plant protection chemicals - by 26%).

The development strategy of the chemical and petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015 provides for the growth of almost all chemical production on the basis of their modernization and the development of research and development, but without an increase in government funding.

Adjacent to the chemical complex (but not part of it) pharmaceutical industry. It is in severe decline, which began in the Soviet decades due to the growing inability of this industry to meet the country's needs for modern medicines. As a result, the share of domestic drugs in the domestic market is 68% in volume terms and 19% in monetary terms (2008).

The Strategy for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, approved at the end of 2009, suggests increasing this share in monetary terms to 50% through modernization of the industry based on foreign and domestic technologies, with significant government financial support, and even predicts a sharp increase the current small export of Russian medicines.

Timber industry complex(forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries) provides 2.5-4% of Russian exports. The volume of production in the timber industry is gradually growing - in 2007, the export of industrial wood from the forest reached 134 billion dense cubic meters (excluding large illegal logging), although it is unlikely that in the future it will be able to approach the Soviet volume (250-280 billion dense cubic meters ) due to the transition of the economy to other construction materials and more rational use of wood. About 40% of unprocessed wood and lumber is exported.

The restoration of domestic demand, especially in construction, has helped the growth of the woodworking industry, but it is hampered by the low quality of products, which does not allow increasing exports (an example would be domestic furniture).

In the pulp and paper industry, which has long been export-oriented (half of the products are exported), and also with a noticeable presence of foreign capital, these problems are fewer, but nevertheless this industry is not even among the top ten global producers, and largely because that domestic pulp and paper mills (165 pulp and paper mills) still do not produce many high-value products, such as coated paper and high-quality cardboard, in significant volumes. The problems of the timber industry complex are largely a consequence of the lack of roads (they do not provide good access to laminated raw materials), credit, as well as the rapid increase in tariffs for the large quantities of electricity needed by the pulp and paper industry.

Light industry

The Russian light industry is very dependent on the conditions that develop on world markets. On the one hand, this industry is highly susceptible to competition from Asian manufacturers, some of whose products are imported into the country illegally. On the other hand, Russian light industry relies mainly on foreign raw materials, components and equipment.

Domestic clothing production has decreased by several times (suits, jackets) and tens of times (coats, dresses, shirts) and tends to further decline. It was possible to stop the sharp decline in fabric production and partially restore it, although production volumes are incomparable with the Soviet level (2.5-2.8 billion sq. m per year compared to 8.4-8.7 billion sq. m). A turning point has been achieved in the production of leather shoes, and it is growing (almost doubling in the 2000s - to 58 million pairs in 2009), although here production volumes are radically inferior to Soviet ones (385 million pairs in 1990). . The situation in the production of carpets and carpet products is better - it is 2/3 of the Soviet level.

Construction complex

This complex consists of both capital (investment, production) and housing construction, as well as the production of building materials. The deindustrialization of Russia led to a strong curtailment of capital construction, i.e. construction, installation and other work on the construction, expansion, repair, reconstruction and modernization of non-residential buildings and engineering structures. Growing demand for housing in the 2000s. helped restore housing construction (see Chapter 12). But in general, construction volumes remain much smaller than before the collapse of the USSR, and as a result, the number of people employed in construction has decreased from 7 to 5-5.5 million people.

The decrease in construction volumes entailed a decrease in the production of basic building materials, the restoration of production of which began to occur only in the first decade of the 21st century: cement production in 1985 amounted to 84.5 million tons, in 2000 - 32 million tons, in 2007 - 60 million tons, building bricks - 24, 11 and 13.5 billion pieces, respectively. conditional brick.

Transport complex

In the 1990s. Freight and passenger turnover of public transport decreased by more than 40%, which began to recover only in the next decade, but remains much lower than Soviet indicators. Freight turnover is dominated by pipeline transport (50%) and railway transport (43%). The weak point of the Russian transport system is the insufficient development of the transport network and its low technical level, due to which an amount exceeding 3% of GDP is lost annually, and the mobility of the population is sharply reduced.

IN rail transportation The state company Russian Railways dominates, which, together with its subsidiaries (they do not operate at state tariffs), accounts for about half of the cargo transported. The rest is transported mainly by private companies. The Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030, approved by the government in 2007, provides for an increase in freight turnover by 1.6 times based on the construction of 16-21 thousand new railway tracks and an increase in passenger turnover based on the construction of high-speed lines.

Automobile transport It occupies a small share in cargo turnover, but dominates in terms of transportation volume, as it transports cargo mainly over short distances. This is largely due to the fact that in Russia the network of paved roads remains small (about three times less than the needs), technically outdated (only 56% of federal roads meet the necessary strength criteria) and is also slowly increasing ( 1-2.5 thousand km of new and repaired roads are put into operation annually, which is many times less than in Soviet times). The state company Russian Highways (Avtodor), created in 2009 for the construction and reconstruction of highways and expressways, has government-approved plans for construction and reconstruction in 2010-2015. approximately 1.4 thousand km of federal roads. It is planned to spend 1.5 trillion rubles on this, i.e. 1 billion rubles each for every kilometer (several times more expensive than in Germany and the USA), and besides, some of these roads are planned to be made toll. According to the Concept 2020, in 2015-2020. 5-10 thousand km of roads will be introduced annually.

Domestic transportation of goods and passengers by water transport(sea and inland waterways) ceased to play a significant role due to a more than threefold reduction in the volume of these transportations. This happened as a result of rising tariffs and the deterioration of the fleet, port facilities and inland waterways. In addition, Russia lost most of its own ports on the Baltic and Black Seas and sharply reduced “northern deliveries” due to the cessation of development of the North. True, in external transport the role of water transport is much more noticeable, since sea transport provides the bulk of Russian foreign trade (67% of exports and 9% of imports). Although under the control of Russia there is a maritime transport fleet with a deadweight of 18 million tons, however, 67% of the tonnage is operated under foreign flags in order to evade taxes, and as a result, only 5% of the volume of domestic foreign trade cargo is transported by ships under the Russian flag, on which Russian shipping companies annually lose $9-11 billion

Air Transport after reduction in the 1990s. the number of passengers began to quadruple their transportation (in 1990 - 91 million people, 2000 - 23 million people, 2008 - 51 million people). Here there is an acute problem of updating the fleet, which is in many ways obsolete and therefore the number of long-haul aircraft of foreign manufacture is increasing (in 2008 there were 320 of them, and their share in the total passenger turnover reached 50%).

Pipeline transport is developing most dynamically: the network of main oil and gas pipelines continues to grow due to the intensive construction of new export pipelines.

Communications and telecommunications

This type of economic activity in Russia is developing in a contradictory manner. Every year, launching quite a few foreign satellites on commercial terms, Russia for many years has not been able to bring the domestic global navigation system (GLONASS), an analogue of the American GPS, to the required number of satellites. The domestic postal service, dominated by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post, is in poor condition, largely due to the reduction in subscriptions to newspapers and magazines by 18 times, and the sending of parcels by 3 times.

At the same time, during the post-Soviet years, the number of telephones in the public network increased by 2 times (up to 46 million units), the number of connected cellular phones significantly exceeded the population (about 200 million units), and the number of Internet users exceeded 40 million Human.

Trade and consumer services

Trade and repair (vehicles, household products and personal items) employ a lot of workers - almost 18% and produce a very large share of GDP - about 21%.

The large number of people employed here is partly explained by the fact that, given the continuing high unemployment in Russia and neighboring countries, this type of activity is a kind of “buffer” that absorbs excess workers who are willing to accept low wages.

As for the high contribution of trade to GDP, then, of course, the main reason is the market nature of the Russian economy. But in Russia, a constant motive is complaints from manufacturers about the large number of intermediaries in the sale of their goods. It can be suggested that this is a consequence of the power of the bureaucracy, which, with the help of entrepreneurs affiliated with it, organizes chains of intermediary firms, which it is impossible for the supplier to bypass due to the administrative resource the bureaucracy has. Another reason is the frequent (to minimize taxation) separation from manufacturers of sales companies (an example would be trading companies in the oil and gas sector), whose activities are classified as trading in statistics.

Russian trade also shows us an important macroeconomic feature - a high share of imported goods in retail trade turnover (45-47% of total retail trade turnover in the pre-crisis years). For a large economy with a relatively large market and large exports, this is evidence of the low competitiveness of domestic consumer goods and the economy’s orientation toward “eating” export earnings rather than investing them.

Methodology for analyzing the real sector

Although the SNA is based not on industries, but on types of economic activity, when analyzing the real sector, a common approach remains the sectoral one, more precisely, based on the grouping of individual industries (types of economic activity) into industry complexes (for example, the agricultural-industrial complex) or into enlarged industries ( for example, light industry). In Russia, this approach prevails partly because our country in statistical accounting only since 2003 switched from the All-Union Classifier of Sectors of the National Economy (OKONKH) to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED) in accordance with the recommendations of the SNA. But the more important reason is that sectoral analysis allows us to better describe the state of the real sector.

In the practice of studying the national economy, various divisions of the real sector into industry complexes and enlarged industries have developed. Here's one option:

• agricultural-industrial complex (AIC);
• fuel and energy complex (FEC);
• metallurgical complex;
• chemical complex;
• timber industry complex;
• machine-building complex;
• the military-industrial complex (MIC), often called the military-industrial complex (MIC), although the former refers to the defense industry and military R&D, and the latter refers to the alliance of the army, the state apparatus and the military industry;
• light industry;
• building complex;
• transport complex;
• communications and telecommunications;
• trade and catering, hotels and consumer services.

A simpler division of the real sector is also possible: agriculture, industry (mining and manufacturing), construction, transport and communications, trade. It is resorted to when the national economy is small or when national statistics are weak.

Agro-industrial complex(APK). AIC covers:

• Agriculture;
• industries supplying material resources for agriculture (tractor and agricultural engineering, production of fertilizers and chemicals for agriculture);
• industries processing agricultural products (food industry, primary processing of agricultural raw materials for light industry, for example, cotton gins);
• infrastructure activities serving agriculture (procurement, transportation, storage and trade of agricultural products, etc.).

The more developed the country, the smaller the share of agriculture in the entire agro-industrial complex. However, publicly available statistics from the AP K will provide detailed data primarily on agriculture itself. When using these statistics, mistakes are often made, primarily such as focusing on annual rather than average annual indicators of agricultural production. But agriculture is highly dependent on weather conditions, and therefore it is advisable to use average annual data for three years, or even better - for five years.

The same applies to indicators of agricultural efficiency - primarily the yield of leading agricultural crops and milk yield per cow (for temperate countries). In turn, the efficiency of agriculture depends on the level of agricultural technology, the indicators of which include, first of all, the application of fertilizers, chemicals and the use of tractors and agricultural machinery.

In the absence of direct data on the efficiency of agriculture, one can also use a comparison of the share of agriculture in the country’s GDP with the share of people employed in this industry.

Fuel and energy complex (FEC) consists of the electric power and fuel industry, which covers the extraction of coal and peat, oil and gas. The fuel and energy complex in a number of countries constitutes the main part of such activities (according to the SNA) as “Mining” and “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”.

Studying the country's fuel and energy complex involves studying the balance of electricity production by power plants and the balance of energy resources. The first balance gives an idea of ​​how electricity production is distributed among types of power plants (hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants). Let us also pay attention to the fact that electricity production per capita correlates with the level of socio-economic development of the country (but does not coincide, because the country can trade electricity with neighboring countries). Therefore, there is a higher correlation between the indicator of electricity consumption per capita and the level of development of the country, although it is not equal to unity.

Table 1. Post-Soviet countries: electricity consumption per capita in 2004, kWh

The balance of energy resources of the country consists of rows and columns: rows cover production, reserves, exports, imports and consumption of energy resources, and columns contain different types of energy resources - natural fuels (oil and gas condensate, natural gas, coal and peat), fuel processing products, combustible secondary energy resources, electricity, heat. A simpler version of the energy resource balance is a breakdown of energy consumed in the country by type (in Russia in 2005, of all energy consumed in the amount of 647 million tons of oil equivalent, natural gas accounted for 54%, oil and gas condensate - 21%, coal - 16 %, nuclear energy - 6%, hydropower, solar, wind and geothermal - 2%, biomass and waste - 1%)."

Metallurgical complex covers both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy of the country. Chemical complex consists of quite a large number of subtypes of economic activity, as well as a timber industry complex. A particularly large number of subtypes of economic activity are included in machine-building complex.

Defense-industrial complex (DIC) is not represented by separate types and subtypes of economic activity, so it can be difficult to distinguish military products from civilian ones. Due to the fact that the defense industry is developed in few countries, it is often omitted when analyzing the real sector. Let us add that in countries with a developed defense industry, mechanical engineering is sometimes divided into civil and military.

Light industry It is represented primarily by the production of fabrics (textile production), clothing, footwear, leather and leather goods. Sometimes the production of fabrics and clothing is combined under one term - “textile production”.

Construction complex covers construction (new construction and renovation), as well as the building materials industry. Construction itself is often divided into industrial, civil (for example, the construction of office buildings) and residential.

Transport complex (transport) traditionally divided into rail, road, aviation, sea, river, and pipeline transport. When analyzing transport, indicators such as cargo transportation (in tons or cubic meters in the case of natural gas), cargo turnover (in ton-kilometers, i.e. in tons of goods transported multiplied by the distance over which they were transported) and passage and turnover (number of passengers transported).

Communications and telecommunications as an industry complex covers different types of economic activities, existing primarily on the basis of mail, telephony and the Internet.

Science and scientific service included as a subspecies in such type of economic activity as “Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services.” The problem of combining economic resource and industry analysis is especially applicable to science and scientific services. In this case, the following approaches to solving it are also possible: moving the analysis of science and scientific services into the analysis of scientific resources or combining them together when analyzing the real sector.

Trade and catering, hotels and consumer services As an intersectoral complex, it occupies a very prominent place in developed countries, but in a number of post-Soviet countries its importance is even greater. For example, trade weighs more in Russian GDP than in US GDP. This is primarily due to the fact that retail trade (especially individual entrepreneurship) is a reservoir of hidden unemployment. Another reason for the particularly high weight of trade is the active use by a number of countries of their transit position (an example is Kyrgyzstan, which re-exports a huge part of the Chinese consumer goods it purchases to neighboring countries).

Recreation and entertainment, culture and sports as a complex cover a wide range of industries, including tourism.

In conclusion, we note that when studying the real sector, the concept is used "production infrastructure". It covers electricity, gas and water supply, transport complex, communications and telecommunications.