The entire territory of Russia, with the exception of some areas, is practically populated, but populated extremely unevenly. The average population density is 8.6 people per 1 sq. km. km (in the European part - 29 people per 1 sq. km, and in the Asian - about 2 people per 1 sq. km). The highest population density (which decreases gradually to the north, south and east) is observed in. The highest population density (320 people per 1 sq. km) is in the Moscow region, and the lowest is in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug (0.03 people per 1 sq. km).

Settlement forms and types of settlements

Lives in settlements, which are divided into:

• cities;
• urban-type settlements;
• workers' camps;
• resort villages;
• countryside (villages, villages, auls, villages).

A city in Russia is considered a settlement in which at least 12 thousand people live, provided that 95% of them are workers and employees, as well as members of their families.

An urban-type settlement is considered to be a settlement with a population of at least 3 thousand people and the proportion of unemployed in agriculture is 85%.

Residents of cities and urban-type settlements are considered urban population.

There are over a thousand cities and about 2,200 urban-type settlements in Russia.

Cities are distinguished by functions: industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort cities, etc., as well as by population: small (up to 20 thousand), medium (up to 100 thousand), large (up to 250 thousand), large (up to 500 thousand), the largest (up to 1 million) and millionaire cities.

Millionaire cities : Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm.

Millionaire cities, as well as a number of largest cities, together with adjacent smaller cities, form urban agglomerations . The largest agglomeration of Russia is Moscow (14 million people). Other large agglomerations: Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg.

The next stage of urban development is megalopolises not presented in Russia yet. The Moscow-Vladimir-Nizhniy Novgorod megalopolis is in the formation stage, it is possible to form a megalopolis on the Moscow-St. Petersburg axis.

Rural settlement differs from the urban one in smaller size and specifics, i.e. the nature of the settlement of the rural population differs in natural zones depending on the conditions for economic activity, the customs and traditions of the peoples living in those regions.

In the tundra zone dominated by large permanent settlements along the banks of the rivers, where the inhabitants are engaged in hunting and fishing, which are combined with temporary points where reindeer herders stop when driving herds.

In the northern settlements, medium in size, are also located along the banks of rivers and lakes, since timber is most often rafted along them. The inhabitants of these villages are engaged in logging and on floodplains.

In the southern taiga a network of small settlements is usually confined to the uplands, where small agricultural lands are interspersed with forests and swamps.

In the southern part of the forest zone farming is no longer focal, but selective (up to 40% of the area has been plowed). The network of settlements here is very dense, but the number of inhabitants in them is small (on average 100 inhabitants). This is due to the low fertility of podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils.

In and steppe zones, where the most fertile soils are located - there is continuous agriculture. The network of settlements here is less dense than in, but the settlements themselves are numerous.

in dry and agriculture again acquires the features of a focal type, therefore rural settlements are large and are located in river valleys and near pastures.

In mountainous areas settlement is subject to altitudinal zonality: in the river valleys there are large settlements, whose inhabitants are engaged, and above are small settlements of livestock breeders.

Urbanization in Russia

In Russia, as in most developed countries, paused: ratio of urban to rural residents remained at the level of the 1989 census - 73% (or 106.4 million people) and 27% (or 38.8 million people), respectively.

Most of the urban population of Russia lives in large, largest cities and cities - millionaires. Moreover, almost a fifth of the country's population lives in 13 cities - "millionaires": The number of the two largest cities in Russia was: Moscow - 10.4 million people, - 4.7 million people. The capital of the Russian Federation is one of the 20 largest cities in the world. Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest rates of urbanization (not counting the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg) are: Murmansk region (92%), Magadan region (92%) and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (91%). The lowest rates are Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District (0%), Koryak Autonomous District (26%), Evenki Autonomous District (33%), Chechen Republic (34%).

Among the regions, the highest rates are (78%), the Central District (77%), and (76% each). Least urbanized (50%).

Zones of settlement of the population of Russia

According to the density and features of the settlement of people, the prevailing types of settlements and the degree of economic development in Russia, several zones are distinguished.

Main area of ​​settlement

It includes almost the entire European part of Russia, the south of Siberia and the Far East and occupies 34% of the country's territory. Here is a zone of continuous settlement of the country and 93% of its population lives. Within this zone, there is a high population density (50 people per 1 sq. km), a large number of large cities, almost the entire manufacturing industry and agriculture (excluding reindeer husbandry) of the country are concentrated.

Far North zone

It is located to the north of the main settlement zone and includes 64% of the country's territory. Settlement within this zone is focal; individual settlements and their groups are scattered as islands in the vast expanses of tundra and taiga, near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes. The population density here is very low - 0.9 people per sq km and only 11.5 million people live. Currently, there is an outflow of the population from this zone.

arid zone

This zone is located in areas where large cities are formed near deposits, and rural settlements where water comes.

Target- to investigate the distribution of the population and analyze the forms of settlement on the territory of Russia.

Tasks:

• - to study the patterns of population resettlement and its density;
• - to analyze natural and geographical factors of population distribution;
• - to investigate the share of urban and rural population by federal districts;
• - to characterize the types of rural settlement;
• - to identify regional characteristics of the rural population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

When studying the topic “Urban and rural resettlement of the population of the Russian Federation”, it is necessary to pay attention to the types of population resettlement, as well as to the uneven settlement of the territory by the population. Considering the issue of urban and rural settlement of the population, note, firstly, the features of modern urbanization, and, secondly, that the nature of the settlement of the rural population of Russia differs in natural and climatic conditions and natural zones.

Patterns of population resettlement

The change of historical types of settlement is based on the change of socio-historical formations. Moreover, each formation corresponds to its own historical type of settlement.

Scientists call the first type "dispersed tribal settlement", characteristic of the primitive communal system, when sedentarization became widespread and the number of permanent settlements grew. For this settling, small settlements were typical, as a rule, remote from each other over long distances.

The second type is the "ancient polis" (city) - it is characterized by city-states, including large ones (up to 1 million inhabitants), located along the coasts; mobility of the population, but migration is limited mainly to military campaigns.

The third type - "feudal village" - the predominance of small rural settlements, small towns. The low mobility of the population, which is mainly due to economic factors, military, religious factors played a lesser role.

The fourth type - "urbanized settlement" - highly urbanized settlement, which implies the presence of large cities, agglomerations, megacities and high mobility of the population.

The fifth type of settlement (it is called "new") in the future will contribute to the formation of the same conditions for the level and quality of life in various settlements. A characteristic feature of such settlement is the high mobility of the population, which leads to a more even distribution of people over the territory.

The main indicator of population distribution is population density. However, the average population density does not reflect the whole picture of population distribution across the territory. For example, in Russia in 2014 the average population density is 8.4 persons/sq. km, and the world - 52 people / sq. km. In Russia, there are regions with higher and lower population densities, for example, the population density in the Moscow region (excluding residents of Moscow) is 160 people/sq. km, and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - 0.07 people / sq. km. km.

In the world in 2014, the highest population density belongs to the city of Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) - 44,000 people / sq. km. km, and the lowest population density in Nunavut (the largest and newest territory in Canada) is 0.02 people / sq. km. km.

The modern map of the world and Russia of population distribution reflects the uneven settlement of the territory by the population. Most of the population lives in the Eastern (about 85%) and Northern (about 85%) hemispheres. The main part of the population is concentrated in the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level.

Every 80 out of 100 inhabitants of the Earth live in lowlands and plains, which occupy about 30% of the land. Mountainous areas are less populated, for example, the population of Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet) lives in the mountains in an area exceeding 5000 m above sea level.

Since ancient times, their employment in agriculture has had a great impact on the resettlement of the population. Growing a labor-intensive crop like rice requires irrigated land, which has led to high population densities in East and South Asia.

The nature of the distribution of the population over the territory, including the density of the population, is due to a number of factors. Among them are natural and climatic conditions that have long attracted or repelled people. However, with the development of socio-economic conditions, the importance of the natural and climatic factor is weakening.

Throughout the history of civilization, the development of transport routes has influenced the settlement of the population. For example, with the invention of the compass at the end of the 15th century. greatly expanded the possibilities for the development of maritime transport.

At present, the role of socio-economic conditions and the demographic factor (high or low natural and migration population growth) in the resettlement of the population is increasing.

Russia is characterized by the presence of two types of settlement of the territory: a zone of focal settlement and a zone of continuous settlement.

The population of the territory of Russia decreases from west to east and from south to north. Less than 10 million people live in the north of Russia, which occupies 2/3 of its territory. They live in settlements that are scattered across the vast expanses of the tundra and taiga as separate islands. The uninhabitedness of this territory is associated primarily with unfavorable natural and climatic conditions.

At the same time, a large European part of Russia, the south of Western and Eastern Siberia, the southern part of the territory of the Far East are a zone of continuous settlement. The main zone of settlement occupies 1/3 of the territory of Russia and concentrates more than 90% of the population. All large cities of Russia are located in the zone of continuous settlement and, accordingly, manufacturing industry and agriculture are developed on this territory.

In the Soviet period, with the growth of socio-economic development, the northern and eastern territories of Russia were settled. For example, in 1938, the Murmansk region was formed in the north of the European part of Russia. This was facilitated by the growth of industry and population. The population of the Urals and the Far East during the Soviet period increased by 2.5 and 5 times, respectively. After the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of socio-economic reforms, the trends in the distribution of the population changed, for example, the share of the Asian part of the population of Russia began to decrease. Thus, the population of the territory is influenced by natural conditions, economic development opportunities and the history of the settlement of the territory.

Population density is an indicator of the development of the territory, the intensity of economic activity of people, the territorial structure of the economy. Population density is formed in the process of historical development under the influence of the economic laws of social formations, the level of socio-economic development of the society of the natural and geographical environment. The population of the territory is formed in the process of economic development and acts not only as one of the factors contributing to the location of production in a given region, but is also a consequence of the economic development of the country.

The population of territories depends on their natural and economic features. Based on these differences, geographers divide the territory of the neighboring countries and Russia into five zones.

The zone of continuous settlement, or the main strip of settlement, is characterized by a developed network of settlements, a variety and maturity of settlement forms, and concentrates the vast majority of large cities and large urban agglomerations, industrial centers. Hence the high population density of the main strip, covering the European part of Russia without the North and the sparsely populated regions of the Caspian lowland, passing through the south of Siberia and the Far East. Here we also include the European republics of the near abroad.

From the north and south, the main strip of settlement is bordered by zones that differ sharply in natural conditions.

The zone of the Far North is characterized by focality of settlement. There is a low population density, which is explained by the severity of the climate, the scattered settlements, a rare network of railways, and a small number of large industrial enterprises.

The arid zone of focal forms of settlement includes vast desert and semi-desert territories to the south of the main zone of settlement, also sparsely populated and also with extreme, although different in nature, conditions. It covers the Northern Caspian, Western Kazakhstan and most of Central Kazakhstan, Northern Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan. These territories are characterized by a production type of agriculture (transhumant-livestock breeding), a developed fuel industry.

The zone of oases and industrial areas was formed at the junction of the mountainous and plain parts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It includes areas with the highest density of rural population in the republics of the near abroad, all large Central Asian cities. The national economic basis is characterized by a combination of developed agriculture on irrigated lands and the leading branches of the processing industry, supplemented by the extractive industry. It represents, therefore, the main strip of settlement of the southeastern macroregion (discontinuous in places).

The mountain zone in the extreme south of the near abroad is distinguished by very peculiar forms of settlement: here the outflow of the agricultural population is combined with a certain influx of the population in connection with the following main types of development: industrial, hydropower, recreational.

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Goals:To study the population density of Russia. To acquaint with the main types of rural settlements, the way of life of a villager, with the features of the village national culture. Find out the impact of urbanization on the village, the consequences and possible solutions to the problem.

Equipment:Population density maps, political-administrative, physical; additional literature.

During the classes

I.Organizing time

II.Checking homework

1)Repetition of terms:

Urbanization, agglomeration, megalopolis, infrastructure, birth rate, mortality, age and sex structure of the population, migration, depopulation, natural increase, immigration, emigration.

2)Frontal work on the principle "I know that ...". Students choose to or take turns giving definitions. For example,I know that urbanization - the process of growth of cities and urban population; spread of urban lifestyle.

3)Geographic dictation:

a) The difference between births and deaths...(natural increase).

b) Reducing the population in the country ...(depopulation).

c) A cluster of cities around a major city...(agglomeration).

d) The mechanical movement of the population ...(migration).

e) Departure of people from the country ...(emigration).

f) Entry of people into the country...(immigration).

g) The number of births per 1000 inhabitants per year ...(fertility).

h) The process of growth of cities and urban population, the spread of the urban way of life ...(urbanization).

i) The number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants per year ...(mortality).

j) The totality of structures, buildings, services necessary for the normal life of the population ...(infrastructure).

4)Checking the results of the socio-cultural workshop.

a) excursion "Coat of Arms of Russia" (optional);

b) a story about your favorite city (optional);

c) verification of the results of the study on the assessment of the population of their place of residence.

5)Checking the task of group No. 3 (p. 79, account A.):

a) Nizhny Novgorod - Gorky;

b) Vyatka - Kirov;

c) Yekaterinburg - Sverdlovsk;

d) Samara - Kuibyshev;

e) Tver - Kalinin;

f) Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar;

g) Izhevsk - Ustinov;

h) St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad;

i) Rybinsk - Andropov;

j) Tsaritsyn - Stalingrad - Volgograd;

k) Ulyanovsk - Simbirsk;

l) Perm - Molotov;

m) Naberezhnye Chelny - Brezhnev;

o) Vladikavkaz - Dzaudzhikau - Ordzhonikidze.

III. Learning new material

Lesson Plan:

1.Placement of the population of Russia;

2.Rural population;

3.Rural settlements, their diversity;

4.Village problems.

-78% of Russia's population are city dwellers, but 27% of the population, almost 1/3 of Russians, live in rural areas. How is the population located on the territory of Russia, what is the main zone of settlement (or the main zone of settlement), the zone of the North, the arid zone? How does the rural population of Russia live? How is the way of life of the villagers different? What problems do the rural population have to solve? Is the village of Russia dying? We will look at these questions in today's lesson.

1. Distribution of the population of Russia

-The population of Russia is distributed unevenly. The average population density is 8.6 people per 1 km2. But in the European part of Russia, the density is 29 people per 1 km 2, and in Siberia 2.5 people per 1 km 2.

During the 20th century, the population "spread" from the center (the Volga-Oka interfluve) to the north and east, where the population increased several times. The population of the Far East increased by 5 times, of Eastern Siberia by 3 times, and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug - by 33 times.

On the territory of Russia, two types of settlement of the territory are distinguished (plot A. fig. 12, p. 50, plot D. fig. 18, p. 51):

1.Zone of focal settlement: settlements are scattered across the taiga and tundra (zone of the North). The average distance between them often exceeds 100 km.

2.The zone of continuous settlement ("main zone" according to the account. D.), or the main strip of settlement. Its area is 1/3 of the territory of Russia, and the share of the population living here is more than 93% of the population of Russia.

Writing in a notebook

Ekvidemic cards- these are maps on which the dimensions of the territory (region) correspond not to its area, but to the population (Fig. 11, p. 48, plot A.).

The task(work with the map):

Compare the geographical map of Fig. PA, uch. A., with ekvidemicheskie maps fig. 11B and 11C. Answer the questions:

-Which regions had the largest population growth during the 20th century, i.e. since 1926

(Map B) to 1989 (Map C)?(Students mark the territories of the Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern regions.)

-What areas on the ecvidemic map have a larger area than on a geographical map, i.e., a large population, and therefore a large area?(Central, Northwestern, North Caucasian, Moscow and Moscow region.)

2. Rural population

Rural Russia

The line between the village and the city is blurred. Buildings on the outskirts of a big city with wooden houses and cottages are very similar to the countryside. But even in the villages you can often see the streets of multi-storey buildings.

What can be called a countryside? How is a village different from a city?

Modern scientists believe that cities arise on trade and exchange, on production, on the management of regions and countries, that is, on external relations. The village can live on its own, using fields, forests, meadows. The countryside preserves the traditions, while the city spreads the new.

In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with a population of more than 12 million people. But there are smaller towns and bigger villages. The largest rural settlements are located in the Krasnodar Territory - villages with a population of 20-30 thousand people.BUTthe village of Shpakovskoye near Stavropol is the largest village with a population of about 50 thousand. But what matters is what people do. Most of the villagers are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry.

Between the city and the village there is a transitional form of settlement - this is an urban settlementtype (formerly called settlements, settlements),whereresidents work in industrynews, in transport. The village is usually large, has a church, school, shops. The village is usually without a church and is a smaller village. The farm has one or two houses far from villages and villages.

Lives in the countrysideWahpopulation, and at the beginning of the 20th century, 85% of the population was rural.

3. Rural settlements, their diversity

Questions for the class:

- Which settlements are considered rural settlements?(Settlements with a population of less than 12 thousand people.)

- What types of rural settlements can be distinguished?(In Russia, the following types of rural settlements can be distinguished: villages, villages, farms, villages, auls. Villages and villages predominate. Rural residents traditionally lived in a community.)

- What is characteristic of the rural way of life?(Students can contribute to the discussion on this issue based on their experiences of living in the countryside, as many of them have grandparents living in the countryside.)

- What is the main occupation of the villagers?(Agriculture - crop production, animal husbandry.)

- Why shouldn't villages be very large?(The larger the settlement, the further to get to the fields.)

- What determines the density of rural settlements?(The more fertile the soil, the more people it can support, the higher the population density.)

Consequently, rural settlements are located in zones and have features of settlement in each natural zone (Fig. 22, plot A.; Fig. 19, plot D.).

The task:

Using the text of the textbook (account A., p. 87), fill in the table.

4. Village problems

The main problem of the village is the problem of the extinction of villages. Thousands of villages disappeared during the period of urbanization in Russia. In the villages that are living out their last years, there are elderly people, mostly women.

The village has always been strong in conscientiousness, diligence, and love for the family. Traditions of agriculture, moral principles were kept in the village. But now the fields are falling into disrepair, overgrown with forest.

No nation can exist without traditions and national culture.

One of the ways to solve the problem of rural depopulation can be the settlement of disappearing villages by migrants from the North, refugees and internally displaced persons.

IV.Fixation

- What is the difference between rural and urban settlements?(By population: a rural locality has a population of less than 12 thousand people; by occupation of the population: residents of a rural locality are engaged in agriculture.)

- Why can't the villages and villages of the forest zone be large?(Infertile podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils do not produce high yields and cannot feed a large population. Soils require fertilization, and should be located near the farm.)

-Name the two main areas of population resettlement in Russia.(The main zone of settlement and the zone of the North.)

- Where is the main strip of settlement (main zone) located?(Most of European Russia, narrowing to the south of Siberia and the Far East (along the Siberian Railway).)

- Prove that village settlements arise from resources.(The villagers use land, forest, hunting and water resources. Using the resources, the villagers provided for themselves almost everything.)

Homework

According to account A.: §11 and §19; According to account D: §8.

continuous settlement by the species of vast territories. Such a distribution pattern is characteristic, for example, of small ground squirrels in dry steppes and semi-deserts. In these landscapes, their population density is everywhere high. Separate areas unsuitable for life are easily overcome during the resettlement of young animals, and in favorable years temporary settlements appear on them. Here, it is possible to isolate the boundaries between populations only conditionally, between areas with different population densities.
Another example of a continuous distribution of the species is the seven-spotted ladybug. These beetles are found in a wide variety of biotopes and different natural areas. The species is also characterized by pre-winter migrations. The boundaries between populations in such cases are almost not expressed. However, since cohabiting individuals contact each other more often than with representatives of other parts of the range, the population of places remote from each other can be considered different populations.
Within the same species, there can be populations with both well-defined and blurred boundaries (Fig. 95). A well-known pest of grain crops in the south of our country, the turtle bug (Eurygaster integriceps), 2.5–3 months after hatching from eggs and active feeding in the fields, begins flying to the forests of the foothills, tens, and sometimes hundreds of kilometers, where bugs lie until next spring under a layer of tree litter. The range of flights depends on the degree of fatness of individuals, and as a result, bugs from different places mix on the same wintering grounds. The direction of spring dispersal is highly dependent on wind direction, and the bugs do not necessarily return to their breeding grounds. In addition, some of the turtles do not fly far, but winter in the nearest forest belts. Thus, in vast areas there is a constant movement and mixing of individuals, which does not allow one to strictly distinguish between individual populations. Meanwhile, in certain parts of the range, both mountainous and flat, the turtle leads a relatively sedentary lifestyle, making only short flights to the nearest wintering grounds. In such areas, isolated populations appear, which are separate local breeding centers of the pest. Thus, within a species, populations can be represented by groups of different sizes.