Multi-apartment energy efficient houses. How will apartment buildings be assigned an energy efficiency class and why is it needed? Home energy efficiency class - what is it

28.03.2022

Ph.D. IN AND. Livchak, Member of the Expert Council of the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on Energy

Measuring the actual heat consumption of houses with improved thermal insulation did not show the expected energy savings. Unfortunately, this did not surprise me: this should have happened due to the revision of the requirements of the SNiP for heating in 1995 in the direction of increasing the heat load on heating, neglecting the influence of domestic heat emissions in apartments when calculating heat losses in rooms, ignoring these circumstances when developing modes of operation of heating systems and the inefficiency of devices for individual automatic control of heat transfer of heating devices. Below is evidence of how to achieve the expected energy savings with the available means.

Recently, the number of buildings equipped with heat meters, which measure the amount of heat energy consumed for heating, has increased. Houses built after 2000, with insulation made in accordance with federal regulations, would have had to reduce heat energy consumption by almost 50% compared to buildings built before 1995, the year when the requirements for increasing the thermal protection of buildings began to be adopted. . However, according to the measurement results, it turned out that heat consumption decreased by only 15-20%.

Table 1 presents data on the actual heat consumption of multi-apartment buildings of standard series built before and after 2000. 1 For ease of comparison, the measured heat consumption for heating is given in terms of the specific annual consumption of heat energy for heating, referred to m 2 of the area of apartments in each house and recalculated per degree-day of the standard heating period (for Moscow, GSOP = 4943 °C day).

The table shows that the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating in houses built before 2000, depending on the series, is 190-150 kWh / m 2, decreasing in houses built after 2000 to 164-142 kW ·h/m 2 , series P44T (from the report) up to 181 kWh/m 2 , while the standard value is 95 kWh/m 2 , and the examination confirmed that the project complies with the standard.

In connection with this discrepancy, some experts are of the opinion that heat consumption is overestimated due to the fact that:

the basic indicators of specific annual heat consumption for heating multi-apartment buildings were incorrectly determined due to the adoption of overestimated values of household heat emissions in apartments;
the actual resistance to heat transfer of the outer walls is reduced by 50% compared to the values laid down in the project. This fact was allegedly revealed during a thermal imaging survey;
residents have no motivation to save energy due to the lack of individual heat energy meters for heating, which are required to be installed under Russian law before July 1, 2012.

With regard to the first unsubstantiated doubt about the amount of domestic heat emissions recommended by domestic regulatory documents, I refer to, where the specific indicators laid down in SNiP II-33-75 “Heating ...” and confirmed by 40 years of practice in the operation of residential buildings, as well as adjusted for modern conditions and given in SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings", and their coincidence with European standards ISO 13790:2008 to.

Table 1. Comparison of the design and required values of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating for residential buildings of standard series for the heating period with the actual heat consumption of 149 houses out of and 42 out of - (from the report).

Home series and years construction	survey. buildings	To zap. = = q from. R / q from.tr. R	q from. year, kWh/m 2	q from.tr. year, kWh/m 2	q from.fact. year, kWh/m 2	q from.fact. year / q from.tr. year
KOPE/18-22, 1988-98
KOPE/18-22, 1984-98 (from report)
KOPE 2000, 2002-09(from report)		61 / 53 = 1,15
P-3/10-17, 1990-95

P-3M/12-17, 2001-02		54 / 43 = 1,25
P-3/16, 1976-82 (from report)
P-3M/14-17, 2005-09(from report)		54 / 43 = 1,25
II-49/9, 1970-produced by DSK-1 up to series P44
P-44/16, 1980-81
P-44/16*, 1986-90
P-44/10-17, 1991-96
P-44T/10-17, 2001-02		77 / 51 = 1,51
P-44/16, 1982-86 (from report)
P-44/16*, 1987-90 (from report)
P-44/17, 1993-95 (from report)
P-44T/10-17, 2001-02(from report)		77 / 51 = 1,51
P-46/9-14, 1988-99
P-46M/7 and 12, 2001-02		65 / 47 = 1,37

Notes.

* - so according to the Moscow building catalog (means 17 floors);

Buildings made with insulation of the outer shell according to SNiP 23-02-2003 are highlighted in bold.

The second statement, made by GBU TsEIIS, about a real decrease in the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the walls of houses built after 2000, in particular, residential houses of the P44 type series by 50-60% compared to those laid down in the project, cannot be taken into account, because:

firstly, a thermal imaging survey only reveals a qualitative picture of local areas of increased heat transfer of external fences, but cannot assess with sufficient accuracy the quantitative indicator of the reduced resistance to heat transfer of a wall fragment, and the technique used by the State Budgetary Institution CEIIS is not certified by Rosstandart;
secondly, the design organization SUE "MNIITEP" took the values of the heat transfer resistance of the walls of the houses of the P44 series on the instructions of JSC "DSK-1" on the basis of laboratory tests of wall fragments repeatedly carried out by the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy" in more sterile conditions than obtained in full-scale tests.

Methodology for analyzing the results of field measurements

At I affirm that the overestimated heat consumption of buildings is mainly associated with artificial overheating of buildings, and the authors of the report, who conducted the latest surveys, could themselves come to this conclusion if, when assessing heat consumption, they strictly followed the instructions of GOST 31168-2003 “Residential buildings. Method for determining the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating.

This GOST establishes a method for determining in natural conditions for all built and operated residential buildings the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating, including heating of the air infiltrated as a result of natural ventilation, and its comparison with the normalized indicator. To do this, in accordance with clause 9.7, the measurement results for several days or for a period of a month (to reduce the effect of changes associated with the dynamic nature of the ongoing heat transfer processes) are plotted on a graph in a rectangular coordinate system, along the abscissa axis of which the difference between the averages for a given period is displayed air temperatures inside and outside the building, and along the y-axis - measured for the same period, the consumption of thermal energy for heating, referred to one hour (divided by the number of hours of the period), and compared with the calculated dependence of the same parameters that satisfies the normalized (design) indicators energy efficiency.

The calculated dependence is built on the basis of the estimated heat consumption for heating, determined at the calculated outdoor temperature for heating design, without taking into account the reserve in the heating surface of heating devices, and taking into account the increasing share of domestic heat inputs in the heat balance of the house with an increase in outdoor air temperature in accordance with the "Guidelines for Calculation heat loss of premises and heat load on the heating system of residential and public buildings” R NP “ABOK” 2.3-2012. Recognizing the priority of the author and his 40 years of experience in implementing this solution, as well as for brevity, the editors of the ABOK magazine called this dependence the “Livchak graph” (No. 1-2014).

When constructing this dependence for apartment buildings designed according to the requirements of MGSN 2.01-99 and the ABOK Guidelines, zero heat consumption for heating will be at an outdoor air temperature of +12°C. The average air temperature inside the house in accordance with clause 9.2 of the above GOST and taking into account clause 5.1 of SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" during the cold season should be taken in the serviced area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises as the minimum of the optimal temperatures in accordance with GOST 30494 - text= 20°C 2 .

To demonstrate what has been said, we will use the results of tests carried out in the heating season 2009-2010. on the initiative of Moskomexpertiza and the Moscow Mayor's Office with the support of the Department of Capital Repairs of the Housing Stock of Moscow and the Prefecture of the South-Western Administrative District on 8 residential buildings of the II-18-01 / 12 series at ul. Obruchev, in which a comprehensive overhaul was carried out, including wall insulation up to R st. pr \u003d 3.06 m 2 ° С / W, replacing windows with more airtight ones with R approx. pr \u003d 0.55 m 2 · ° С / W, replacement of the heating system with heaters equipped with thermostats, and the device of an automated control unit (ACU) for supplying heat to the heating system of the building.

The heating systems were replaced in the summer of 2008-2009; At house 57 on the street. Obruchev, on November 18, 2009, heat was supplied to heating according to the calculated dependence described above (in it is shown how the controller had to be reconfigured), and in houses 47, 49 and 61 of the same series, the ACU controllers were turned on to maintain the design temperature schedule , in houses 51 and 63, the ACU has not yet been installed, the regulation of the heat supply was carried out in the central heating station, to which all the listed buildings were connected. The results of measurements of heat consumption of the heating system of the desired houses on the street. Obruchev from October 1 to April 30, 2010, with a change in the average daily outdoor temperature from +12.8°С to -23.1°С, were obtained by processing measurements of house heat meters, a printout of which was provided by MIPC. The results of processing the average monthly indicators are given in summary table 2 (houses 53 and 59 are excluded due to failures in the operation of the AMU described in).

Table 2. The results of processing measurements of heat consumption by heating systems for houses of the II-18-01 / 12 series in Moscow at Obrucheva street for the heating period of 2009-2010.

	Obruchev, 57	Obruchev, 47	Obrucheva 49	Obrucheva, 61	Obrucheva, 51	Obrucheva, 63
October, Tn = +5.8 °С
November, Tн = +2.2 °С
December, Tn = -6.5 °С
January, Tn = -14.5 °С
February, Tn \u003d -8.4 ° С
March, Tn \u003d -1.1 ° С
April, Tн = +8.3 °С
Total for 2009-10: At Tn.av = -2.0 °С	348/118***	391/133**	430/146**	415/141**	614/209**	551/188**
Notes: * in the numerator - the measured heat consumption for heating for a month in Gcal, in the denominator - the value of the actual heat consumption for the average hour of the month in kW; in the final line: in the numerator, the actual heat consumption for heating the house during the heating period in Gcal, in the denominator - the specific consumption of heat energy for heating the house in kWh / m 2, reduced to the heating period standard according to SNiP 23-02-2003 ( GSOP = 4943 °C.day); * If we determine the actual heat consumption d. 57 only by the periods of operation of the controller without deviations from the set mode, then the specific heat energy consumption for heating during the standard heating period would be 99.5 kWh/m 2 .

Based on the measurement results, graphs (Fig. 1) of the change in the hourly average for each month of the heating period of the actual heat consumption of the heating systems of the listed buildings, depending on the difference in the average monthly air temperatures inside and outside the building, according to the recommendations of GOST 31168-2003, were plotted. In accordance with MGSN 2.01-99 required design consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the house series II-18-01/12 will be Qfrom.tr.R= 175.7 kW. This value is calculated taking into account:

Rice. 1. The results of measuring the actual heat consumption for heating houses of series II-18-01 / 12 in Moscow on the street. Obruchev in the heating season 2009-10. and calculated dependences of the change in heat consumption for heating Qot, kW on the temperature difference inside and outside the building tb - tn, °С (measurement results with symbols: monthly averages for houses 47, 49, 61, 51, 63 and for several days at house 57; dependence lines for changes in heat consumption for heating: 1 - estimated required consumption; 2 - summarizing the results of measuring the house 57; 3 - calculated according to the project; 4 - summarizing the measurements of houses 51, 63).

Design calculated consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a house of this series, taking into account a 5% surcharge to the calculated heat losses of the building-tower (from the project) for heat losses by pipelines laid in unheated premises (the rest of the additional and additional heat losses are taken into account when selecting the heating area of heating devices) is Qfrom.R\u003d 195.4 * 1.05 \u003d 205.2 kW.

Respectively estimated margin in the heating surface of heating appliances will To zap. = Qfrom.R/ Qfrom.tr.R = 205,2/175,7 = 1,17.

Taking into account this margin, the design parameters of the coolant in the supply and return pipelines of the heating system were recalculated to establish the required temperature schedule, set to maintain the ACU controller 3 .

In Fig.1 line 1 shows the calculated dependence of the change in heat consumption for heating and ventilation according to GOST 31168-2003, satisfying the optimal heat consumption, built on two reference points with the following coordinates:

heat consumption equal to Qfrom.tr.R= 175.7 kW at design outdoor temperature tnR= -26°С (in coordinates tin- tn= 20 - (-26) = 46°C);
zero heat consumption at tn= 12°С ( tin- tn= 20 - 12 = 8°C).

Line 3 - design dependence of the change in heat consumption for heating and ventilation, corresponding to the calculated heat consumption equal to Qfrom.R= 205.2 kW and zero heat consumption at tn = tin= 18°С ( tin- tn= 20 - 18 = 2°C), to maintain which, in accordance with the project, the controller was configured in houses 47, 49, 61. This line coincided with the generalizing dependence of the linear approximation of the actual measurements of the heat consumption of these houses for heating for each month of the heating period (indicated in the figure with orange icons) given in Table 2 for each house (in the denominator) and related to one hour.

The green triangles in Figure 1 showresults of the same measurements over a shorter period in a few days, if possible, with the exception of transient periods of the influence of dynamic processes, house 57, configured for the optimal mode of operation, at the same time ensuring the maintenance of the set internal air temperature of 20 ° C and standard air exchange. It should be noted that in the zone where the required heat consumption was maintained at less than 20% of the calculated one, the automation worked unstably, falling into a 2-position mode of operation (close-half-open), which caused the residents to complain about “cold batteries”, although the temperature inside the premises did not fall below 21°C. The arrow shows how after March 27 at tn= +6°C manually the controller was transferred from the optimal operating mode to the design one.

The actual heat consumption for heating house 57 is approximated by line 2, which is higher than the calculated dependence, laid down to maintain in the controller, by (186-175.7) * 100 / 175.7 = 6%. As it turned out later, this was due to the initiative of the residents to increase the heating area of heating devices beyond the project, which, when using cast-iron radiators as heating devices, does not cause difficulties, since it does not require welding. The motives of the residents are quite understandable: firstly, when fewer radiator sections are installed under your window than before the repair, this rightly causes distrust, and, secondly, 2-3 radiator sections up to 0.2 m wide look very lonely in a niche under the window in the kitchen, which has a width of 1.2-1.5 m, of course, in this case it is necessary to install a device with a lower heat density.

But, since the increase in the heating area of heating devices over the project was carried out by residents of only individual apartments, this stock cannot be eliminated centrally. This overheating will take place until residents who have violated the cohabitation conditions are obliged to restore the common use system of the whole house, which is the heating system with heaters, to the design state.

Line 4 summarizes the actual heat consumption houses 51 and 63, in which the repair work has not yet been completed. Under the calculated conditions, the calculated heat consumption for heating exceeded the design value of houses with major repairs performed by (290-205) * 100/205 = 40%.

Experiment Evaluation

Let's move on to the evaluation of the experiment by the indicator specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, related to 1 m 2 of the area of apartments, symbolizing the energy efficiency of an apartment building. As mentioned above, the normative value in accordance with the requirements of MGSN 2.01-99 is 95 kWh/m 2 , and the examination confirmed that the project complies with the normative requirement. According to the final line of the table. 2 actual specific heat energy consumption for heating house 57, recalculated for the standard heating period according to MGSN 2.01-99 and SNiP 23-02-2003 (GSOP = 4943 ° C. day) is 118 kWh / m 2.

If we determine the actual heat consumption of house 57 only by periods of operation of the controller without deviations from the set mode lasting 4 months, then the specific heat energy consumption for heating during the standard heating period would be 99.5 kWh/m 2 . And if we also take into account the 6% real increase in the heating surface of heating devices compared to the project, recorded by the relevant acts when going around the apartments, then the actual heat consumption of the house would be even lower than the standard. This convincingly proves that the normalized value of energy efficiency on houses of typical series is quite achievable. The average specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating in 3 houses of the same series, but the heat supply in which was carried out according to the design parameters, amounted to 140 kWh / m 2 or (140-95) * 100/95 = 47% more normative value. Almost the same result as shown in Table 1.

It is curious that in the next heating season 2010-11. Moscomexpertiza was suspended from continuing the experiment, despite the fact that it handed over the documentation for expanding it to all 8 houses, developed a method for setting up ACU controllers and heating circulation pumps, and suggested moving the hot water preparation unit as an extension of the experiment in order to achieve energy savings for hot water supply from the CHP to residential buildings. But all in vain - the experiment was abandoned. As a result, the actual specific consumption of thermal energy for heating in 2010-2011. house 57, recalculated for the standard heating period (for correct comparison), amounted to 148 kWh / m 2, houses 47, 49, 61 - 182 kWh / m 2, houses 51, 63 - 202 kWh / m 2 . The return water temperature in the same houses is almost everywhere overestimated by more than 10°C, which is very high, and indicates that the heating circulation pumps were operating at excessive speed. In house 57, it is not at all clear how the regulator worked: regardless of the change in outdoor temperature from 3.8 to -11 ° C, the heat consumption practically did not change.

findings

Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that energy saving is clearly neglected in the operation of the city's housing stock. This cannot be attributed to chance, since it has already been demonstrated in the previous heating season, as correct by setting the ACU controller, it is possible to achieve the estimated savings in heat for heating.

If we really want to save energy, it is necessary to optimize the setting of the controllers and the operating mode of the heating circulation pump in the installed AHUs, install them in all residential buildings built after 2000, and actually start transferring hot water preparation units from the central heating station to the ITP, which will significantly reduce losses heat in the DHW system and electricity for pumping hot water.

This should be done first of all in buildings built after 2000, because the results of comparing the actual heat consumption of residential buildings of the main type series with their design values and the required ones, calculated according to a unified methodology, given in Table 1, turned out to be quite unexpected: the actual heat consumption buildings designed before 2000 are more than 20% lower than the expected design value, but close to the required one, and after 2000, despite the presence of thermostats in the heating system, it exceeds the required one by 40-60%. The calculated design heat output of the heating system significantly exceeds the required one, based on the provision of a comfortable microclimate and normative air exchange in apartments. This indicates the need to revise the existing methodology for calculating heating systems for the one recommended in R NP "ABOK" R NP "ABOK" 2.3-2012.

Fig. 1 serves as a graphic confirmation. 2, where graphs of changes in the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period are presented in time:

1 - design, built on the basis of the design load specified by the project with its change depending on the outside temperature in accordance with Appendix 22 of SNiP 2.04.07-86 "Heat networks", as in graph 3 of Fig. 1, (blue line). The calculated load is taken from the project or from the territorial building catalog plus a seven percent allowance for multi-section buildings for heat loss by distributing pipelines laid in unheated premises from the input node;

2 - required, built on the basis of the achieved resistance to heat transfer of external fences, ensuring standard air exchange in apartments and taking into account heat gains with internal (domestic) heat releases in the amount of 85% of the calculated value, but without taking into account heat gains with solar radiation, as in graph 1 Fig.1, (burgundy line);

3 - actual heat consumption by the heating system from (green line), measured by the heat meter and recalculated to the standard value of degree-days of the heating period.

Figure 2. Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period in buildings of the II-49 and P-44 series, kWh / m 2

From fig. 2 and Table 1 shows that:

1. Prior to the release of SNiP II-33-75, the design and required specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period were close (series II-49 and II-57). This is due to the fact that when calculating the heating system until 1975, household heat inputs were not taken into account, and heat losses with infiltration were taken as only 8% of heat losses through external fences.

2. In the following years after 1975, the design consumption for the heating period exceeded the required one by 25-30%. This was due to taking into account, when determining the latter, the share of household heat inputs increasing in the heat balance of the house with an increase in the outdoor temperature above the calculated value, over the required amount for the P-3M series - 146/86 = 1.7 times, P-46M - 175/97 = 1.8 times, P-44T - 212/105 = 2 times.

The comparison is based on heat consumption for the heating period, and not on calculated values due to the fact that the measurement of the consumed amount of energy can only be carried out for a certain period of time. This is also confirmed by Table 1, which compares the design and required specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period of residential buildings of standard series with the actual heat consumption recalculated to the standard value of degree-days of the heating period from , which also includes the measurement results from the report of the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy » .

With regard to the estimated consumption of thermal energy for heating, determined at the calculated outdoor temperature for heating design, it should be noted that in houses designed after 1975, there is a margin of heating system heating capacity of 7-11%, and in houses after 2000 year, when the requirements for increasing the thermal protection of buildings sharply increased, the reserve increased by 25% in the P-3M series, by 37% in the P-46M series and up to 51% in the P-44T series (3rd column of Table 1). It is this reserve that causes an overexpenditure of thermal energy for heating, if it is not taken into account when setting the controller for the automatic regulator of heat supply for heating and choosing the capacity of the circulation pump, and the accepted values of household heat gains are once again confirmed by the convergence of test results and calculations.

Moreover, as was shown in, neither thermostats on heaters, nor balancing valves in the bases of heating system risers affect the increase in the energy efficiency of buildings - only the forced bringing of the heating system to the optimal operating mode by the ACU or ITP controller. Note that when thermostat manufacturers quote percentages of energy savings from their installation, there is always an ACU in the diagram that actually delivers the savings. Figure B shows that at first the ACU worked in the operating mode, the actual heat consumption for heating corresponded to the required one, but then the ACU automation was turned off, the coolant consumption for heating increased almost 2 times, the heat consumption consumed by the heating system increased by 40- 50% over required - the thermostats were unable to remove this overheating. And only when the automation at the ACU was turned on again, heat consumption was restored to the design level.

Conclusion

If the interests of residents, the management company and the heat supply company coincide, Houses organizations investments made in complex overhaul will pay off in a reasonable time, and in new construction we can be sure that the task of improving the energy efficiency of buildings is low-cost and within the time frame set by the Government of Russia (PPR-No. 18 of January 25, 2011) is quite feasible. The overestimated heat consumption for heating residential buildings of energy-efficient standard series obtained in most field measurements in comparison with the project is not due to design and installation errors, but to the incorrect setting of the controller that controls the supply of heat for heating in the ACU or ITP, and the wrong choice of the number of revolutions of the circulation (circulation -mixing) heating pump. The article gives an example of how, under operating conditions, in the presence of ITP or ACU, without additional material costs, it is possible to reduce the overestimated heat consumption of an apartment building to standard values.

Notes:

1 Measurements in 149 houses were made by NP "AVOK" in 2008, in 42 houses in 2009-2011. taken from the report (marked with the words “from the report” in Table 1).

3 In detail why the project had a hidden reserve, how to calculate the optimal heat supply schedule and how to set up the controller to maintain it, is set out in.

Literature

1. Matrosov Yu.A., Livchak V.I., Shchipanov Yu.B. Energy saving in buildings. New MGSN 2.01-99 require the design of energy efficient buildings. "Energy Saving", No. 2-1999.

2. Livchak V.I. Substantiation of the calculation of specific indicators of heat consumption for heating multi-storey residential buildings. "ABOK", No. 2-2005

3. Livchak V.I. The actual heat consumption of buildings as an indicator of the quality and reliability of design. "ABOK", No. 2-2009

4. Report of State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy" Analysis of energy consumption of commissioned residential buildings. 2013, the results of which were reported on May 22, 2014 at the meeting of the section "Energy-efficient housing construction" of the Joint Scientific and Technical Council on Urban Planning Policy and Construction of Moscow, on the topic Causes of increased energy consumption of operated residential buildings

5. Livchak V.I. Accounting for internal heat gains in residential buildings. "ABOK", No. 6-2013

6. Livchak V.I. Harmonization of the initial data of Russian standards that determine the amount of internal heat inputs with European standards . "ABOK", No. 1-2014

7. Livchak V.I. Thermal imaging inspection cannot replace thermal testing of buildings. "Energy Saving", No. 5-2006.

8. Livchak V.I. A real way to increase energy efficiency by insulating buildings. "ABOK", No. 3-2010

9. Livchak V.I., Zabegin A.D. Bridging the gap between energy conservation policy and real energy savings. "Energy Saving", No. 4-2011

10. Livchak V.I. Doubts about the validity of energy efficiency are some ry principles of automation of water heating systems. "News of heat supply", No. 6-2012.

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Assignment for term paper

MOSCOW STATERSTVENNY REGIONAL UNIVERSITY

Institute of Economics, Management and Law

Department of Social Sciences and Public Administration

Specialty: "state and municipalfinger control - 080504.65

COURSESAND IWORKSBUT

Topic: Energy saving in an apartment building

4th year students,

full-time education

Shavkun Evgeniya

Alexandrovna

Moscow

Initial data for work:

Scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation

1. Theoretical foundations: scientific works of domestic authors (S.P. Koval, A.A. Zhukov, A.A. Oputin, E.G. Rozhkova, S.L. Shestakov), as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation , Federal Law No. 261-FZ of November 23, 2009 “On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, etc.).

2. Methodological foundations: general scientific and special principles and methods of the subject under study.

List of graphic material:

1 diagram, 1 table, 1 figure

Deadline for student submission of completed work:

Date of issue of the task: "_" _20_

Supervisor of the course work, Doctor of Sciences in Economics, Professor G.I. Caves

The task was accepted for execution:

Calendar plan

Name of stages term paper	Deadlines for the stages of work	Note
Setting a task for a term paper	(2-3 months before protection)	Done on time
Selecting a topic and presenting the topic of the course work to the supervisor.	(2-2.5 months before protection)	Chosen at the appointed time
Development of a calendar plan for the course work	(2-2.5 months before protection)	Developed when choosing a topic for a term paper
Development of 1 chapter of the course work		Done on time
Development of 2 chapters of the course work		Done on time
Development of 3 chapters of the course work		Done on time
Coursework defense

abstract

Coursework on the topic: "Energy saving in an apartment building on the example of Moscow" contains pages, incl. 1 diagram, 1 figure, 1 diagram and 1 table. When writing the work, 32 sources were used.

The list of keywords characterizing the content of this work: large city, energy efficiency, energy saving, local self-government, organization of management of an apartment building.

Relevance work is due to:

Ø Increasing attention to solving acute problems in the field of ecology;

Ш The need to form and support the project "Support for homeowners";

Ш The need to find new effective ways to develop the concept of energy efficiency, energy saving for the management of apartment buildings.

object study course work on the system of state and municipal government is an apartment building as an element of the system of a large city.

Subject, due to the specifics of the discipline, are the principles and features of the organization of management of an apartment building.

Scope of the Study are limited to the study of the principles and features of the organization of energy efficiency, energy saving on the scale of the city of Moscow for the period from 2009 to 2014.

The theoretical foundations of the study are:

Scientific works of domestic and foreign authors (Theoretical foundations: scientific works of domestic authors (S.P. Koval, A.A. Zhukov, A.A. Oputin, E.G. Rozhkova, S.L. Shestakov), as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and on improving energy efficiency and on amending certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, etc.).

The methodological basis of the study are:

General scientific and special principles and methods of the subject under study.

To work on this problem, the main source of the study was used - the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy

efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, etc.

The purpose of the course work presented by a study of the theoretical and legal foundations of energy saving and energy efficiency in large cities, the development and systematization of the knowledge and conclusions obtained, as well as proposals for improving the identified problems in this area.

The main objectives of the course work:

In the first chapter The research considers the theoretical basis for solving the issue of ecology: the essence and characteristics, as well as the methodological and legal foundations for organizing the management of program documents in the field of energy saving.

In the second chapter the organization and management features of apartment buildings in Moscow are analyzed in terms of the introduction of energy-saving technologies.

Third chapter course work is devoted to problems in the organization of project management for energy saving and energy efficiency of the city of Moscow, as well as proposals for improving the management system in apartment buildings within the city.

The main results of the work:

Based on the study, it can be concluded that the relationship between local government institutions and the public is considered to be a feature of the management of apartment buildings in Moscow. On the one hand, Moscow is a subject of the Russian Federation, a city of federal significance, on the other hand, an urban settlement.

From this feature, the problems of organizing the management of apartment buildings in the city come from. Moscow.

The main ones are:

1. From a social point of view, the weak regulatory framework of local self-government, which does not allow homeowners to fully meet economic needs when carrying out energy-saving measures.

2. From the economic aspect, there are acute problems in financing and co-financing of measures aimed at obtaining an energy-saving effect in apartment buildings, levying taxes on small businesses participating in energy-saving measures.

3. From the political point of view, it is necessary to clearly delineate the powers of state authorities and local self-government bodies.

To solve these problems, a comprehensive program for the development of energy saving in the city of Moscow is needed, including:

Development of the structure of the proposed energy saving measures;

Acceleration and development of mechanisms for financing, co-financing the activities of local governments in the implementation of energy-saving measures in the city of Moscow, ensuring maximum interest in achieving a comfortable stay for residents of the capital on the territory of their own housing;

Organization of support and active participation of homeowners in the city of Moscow through the development of various forms of self-organization and self-government in the implementation of the envisaged activities.

Efficiency The proposed practical recommendations are due to:

in the political sphere, for Russia, energy security means meeting the growing domestic demand for energy resources through more efficient use of the energy that is already being produced, and not by increasing the extraction of fuel resources and building new generating capacities .;

in the social sphere by improving the standard of living of the population;

in the economic sphere, an increase in the revenue side of the Moscow local budget.

Introduction

Energy saving in the last twenty or thirty years has become an urgent problem for the whole world. The world community is concerned that human activities are destroying the environment, changing the climate and leading to the depletion of non-renewable natural energy resources. The growth of energy consumption, climate change and environmental problems are closely linked, since the production of energy by burning fossil fuels is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect. Atmospheric pollution by harmful substances - products of fuel combustion, is one of the main negative factors affecting the health of the planet's population. In order to slow down global climate change and reduce harm to public health, international agreements are being adopted to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. An example of such an agreement is the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, December 11, 1997), according to which industrialized countries voluntarily assumed obligations to reduce emissions (emissions) of greenhouse gases. The main subject of regulation of the Protocol are measures to reduce CO2 emissions, in connection with which, measures not to increase traditional energy capacities, but to use energy-saving technologies and renewable energy resources, are of particular importance.

Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on November 4, 2004, thus demonstrating its desire to take part in solving the global problem of climate change by the world community. Our country undertook not to exceed in 2008-2012. (first period of the Kyoto Protocol) 1990 emission level. In fact, in 2007 emissions were only 77% of the 1990 level. There are reasons to believe that Russia will fulfill its obligations under the Kyoto Protocol with a guarantee.

On an industrial scale, Russia ranks third in the world in terms of energy efficiency. One of the main tasks facing large cities is the issue of energy saving at the level of homeowners, since more than one third of CO2 emissions are heat stations that ensure the vital activity of Russian cities.

Currently, there are practically no serious studies that really determine the problem of using energy saving in the system of reforming the housing and communal services.

There is an acute need to study these issues, the results of which could create a basis for further practical steps to form adequate energy efficiency mechanisms in cities of federal significance.

To work on this problem, the main source of the study was used - the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation", etc.

The purpose of the course work is presented by the study of the theoretical and legal foundations of energy saving and energy efficiency in large cities, the development and systematization of the knowledge and conclusions gained, as well as proposals for improving the identified problems in this area.

Objectives of the course work:

1. Define theoretical concepts.

2. Designate methodological approaches in the management of an apartment building.

3. Reveal the legal basis for energy conservation.

4. Describe the organization of energy efficiency in an apartment building.

5. To identify the features of the organization of management of apartment buildings in Moscow

6. Determine the problems of management organization in Moscow.

7. Suggest measures to improve the organization of management in Moscow.

A feature of the course work was the aspect that the problem of energy saving in apartment buildings was considered not just in a large city, but in a city of federal significance.

Chapter 1 1.1 The concepts of "energy saving" and the management of the energy efficiency process

The relevance of energy saving on a national scale at the level of individual states is associated both with the need to improve the environment (reducing pollutant emissions) and to ensure energy security and competitiveness of national economies. At the same time, for countries with limited own reserves of fossil fuel resources, energy security means preventing the economy from dependence on fuel imports (for example, currently the countries of the European Union import about 50% of the gas they need, and according to expert estimates, by 2030 they will import 84% ).In order to reduce the dependence of the economy on fuel imports while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, many countries make the transition to renewable energy sources a priority of their policies.

For resource-producing countries, including For Russia, energy security means meeting the growing domestic demand for energy resources by making more efficient use of the energy that is already being produced, and not by increasing the extraction of fuel resources and the construction of new generating capacities. Russia ranks third in the world in absolute terms of total energy consumption (after the United States and China), and at the same time, among the ten largest energy consumers, it has the highest level of energy intensity: it spends more energy per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) than any of the these countries. It is obvious that a high indicator of energy intensity - the amount of energy spent per unit of output or work performed - is due to the fact that a significant part of the territory of Russia is located in cold climatic zones, a number of settlements are located in the coldest regions of the planet, and heavy industry prevails in the country's economy . However, according to experts, even if all these factors are taken into account, energy consumption in Russia is still approximately 20% higher than in other countries with similar income levels, territory, climatic characteristics and industrial structure.

High energy intensity indicates inefficient use of energy resources, has a negative impact on the Russian economy, its energy security, and the environment.

1.2 Energy saving in an apartment building

According to experts, the potential for reducing energy intensity in Russia is so great that its implementation could lead to savings of 45% of total energy consumption (and, accordingly, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 50%) in 2015. At the same time, investments in energy efficiency can ensure a reduction in energy intensity and satisfy the growing demand for energy resources at a cost three times less than the capital investments required for the construction of new generating facilities. The main act of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of energy efficiency is Federal Law No. On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, which established that the object of state regulation in the field of energy saving are relations that arise in the course of activities aimed at:

- efficient use of energy resources in their extraction, production, processing, transportation, storage and consumption;

- implementation of state supervision over the efficient use of energy resources;

-development of extraction and production of alternative fuels capable of replacing energy resources of more expensive and scarce types;

-creation and use of energy-efficient technologies, energy-consuming and diagnostic equipment, structural and insulating materials, devices for metering the consumption of energy resources and for monitoring their use, automated energy consumption management systems;

- ensuring accuracy, reliability and unity of measurement in terms of accounting for supplied and consumed energy resources.

1.3 Legal basis for the management of multi-apartment buildings in the Russian Federation

The management of multi-apartment buildings in Russia is carried out by local governments, which are empowered to resolve issues of local importance and are not part of the system of state authorities. Local self-government in the Russian Federation is an independent activity of the population recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and under its own responsibility to resolve directly or through local self-government bodies issues of local importance, based on the interests of the population, its historical and other local traditions. Issues of local importance are issues of direct support for the life of the population.

The main legal documents that today regulate the process of managing apartment buildings are the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Laws "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation", "Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation", "Housing Code of the Russian Federation"

The democratization of society, creating space for the action of homeowners, also necessitates the development of a policy for the management of apartment buildings. City policy, within which the process of managing multi-apartment buildings by development is carried out today, includes:

Determining the goals and interests of homeowners;

· determination of the specifics of social, historical, economic, demographic, natural, urban planning and other conditions for the development of the city, in the planning and construction of housing complexes;

harmonization of the interests of homeowners with the interests of management companies in the field of housing and communal services;

control over the observance of the interests of homeowners.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation on local self-government. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrined the fundamental principles of local self-government:

independence of the population in resolving issues of local importance through direct expression of will (referendums, elections, and others) or through elected and other bodies of local self-government (Article 130);

implementation of self-government within certain territories (urban, rural settlements, other territories); independence of the population in determining the structure of local governments; taking into account the opinion of the population of the respective territories when changing their boundaries (Article 131);

independence of local governments in solving economic and other issues of local importance (part 1 of article 132);

empowering local self-government bodies with separate state powers with the transfer to them of the material and financial resources necessary for this; control over the implementation of these powers by the state (part 2 of article 132);

state guarantees of local self-government in the Russian Federation, including the rights to judicial protection and compensation for additional expenses incurred as a result of decisions taken by state authorities; a ban on restricting the rights of local self-government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws (Article 132).

Federal Law "Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation". The Code regulates relations in the field of creating a settlement system, urban planning, development, improvement of urban and rural settlements, development of their engineering, transport and social infrastructures, rational environmental management, conservation of historical and cultural heritage sites and environmental protection in order to ensure favorable living conditions for the population . The law proclaims a more complete consideration of the interests of cities and urban communities than previously in master plans, however, at the same time, it is emphasized that the master plan is being developed in accordance with the town-planning documentation approved in the prescribed manner at the federal level and the level of the subject of the Russian Federation.

Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation". The main law that regulates the legal space for managing and planning the development of cities is the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”. In Russia today, in essence, there is a process of revival and formation of the system of local self-government, its organizational forms, the content of which is determined, on the one hand, by the democratic federal structure of the Russian state, its legal system, and, on the other hand, by historical, geographical, demographic and other regional characteristics of the republics and other subjects of the Russian Federation.

The withdrawal of local self-government from the system of state power, proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and confirmed in the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", is a fundamental change in the system of city management. It allows, on a constitutional basis, to ensure the independent decision of Russian citizens on issues of local importance.

Federal Law "Housing Code of the Russian Federation". The Code regulates relations in the field of creating a system of powers of local self-government bodies in the field of housing relations.

Thus, energy efficiency is a serious public problem. Methods for managing apartment buildings should be based not only on the specifics of the city as a whole, but also take into account all the features of the interaction components.

The management process is regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Laws “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, “Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation”, “Housing Code of the Russian Federation”.

Chapter 2. Organization and features of local self-government of the city of Moscow

2.1 Characteristics of the organization of local government in Moscow

The process of formation of local self-government in Moscow can be divided into three stages. At the first stage, which lasted from 1995 to 2001, the Moscow authorities combined the functions of state power and local self-government. At the district level, district councils were created, the status of which until 2000 was not fully determined. The beginning of the second stage was laid by the decisions of the Moscow City Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which established that a number of articles of Moscow laws were contrary to federal legislation, and recognized that district administrations were local self-government bodies. The third stage began in 2002 with the adoption of the Law "On the Organization of Local Self-Government in the City of Moscow" and the creation at the district level, on the one hand, of local governments - district assemblies with a limited list of powers and financial resources, and on the other - district administrations - territorial state authorities of the capital .

In Law No. 131 - Federal Law "On the General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", the managed units exercised by local authorities are the intracity territory of a city of federal significance. Law of the City of Moscow "On the Organization of Local Self-Government in the City of Moscow" (as amended by the Laws of Moscow dated 12.03.2003 N 16, dated 14.05.2003 N 25, dated 31.05.2006 N 22) and the Charter of the city of Moscow, adopted on June 28, 1995, establish the principles and procedure for organizing local self-government in the city of Moscow, its legal, territorial and financial economic foundations, state guarantees for its implementation.

The territorial division of Moscow is a system of territorial units within the boundaries of the city. The territorial units of Moscow are districts and administrative districts that have names and boundaries fixed by legal acts of the city. Moscow is divided into ten administrative districts, of which only one (Zelenogradsky) is located entirely outside the Ring Road:

1. Central administrative district

2. Northern administrative district

3. Northeastern administrative district

4. Eastern administrative district

5. Southeastern administrative district

6. Southern administrative district

7. Southwestern administrative district

8. Western administrative district

9. Northwestern administrative district

10. Zelenograd administrative districtAppendix 2

Each district is a territorial unit of the city and is formed to manage the corresponding part of the city, coordinate the activities of the administrations included in the district, and territorial divisions and sectoral services of the city administration.

Administrative districts are divided into districts. Along with districts, districts may include territorial units with a special status. So, for example, the Law of the city of Moscow dated March 10, 1999 N 13 "On territorial units with a special status in the city of Moscow" determines the special legal and economic status of a territorial unit with a special status "South-West Research and Production Center".

A system has been created in Moscow that includes three levels of state authorities and a network of local governments at the district level. The authorities of the city are:

1. at the city level: the Moscow City Duma and the government of Moscow under the leadership of the Mayor of Moscow;

2. at the level of administrative districts: prefectures - territorial executive authorities of the city of Moscow, subordinate to the government of Moscow and headed by prefects of administrative districts in the rank of ministers of the Moscow government, appointed to and dismissed by decree of the mayor of Moscow;

3. at the level of districts of the city - district councils as territorial bodies of executive power. The city has 125 district councils of Moscow with a total number of employees of 4396 people.

The bodies of local self-government in the municipality of Moscow are:

1. The municipal assembly is a representative body of local self-government,

2. Municipality - an executive and administrative body, other local governments formed in accordance with the charter of the municipality. Appendix 3

The supreme legislative body of Moscow is the Moscow City Duma. The Duma is, on the one hand, a representative body of city self-government, and, on the other hand, it is a representative and legislative body of state power. The Duma includes 35 deputies elected by the population of Moscow for 4 years and working on a professional (permanent) basis.

The executive body of city self-government and the executive body of state power is the Moscow Administration or the City Hall, which is a very complex management mechanism. It includes the Government of Moscow, the Department of Affairs, sectoral and functional bodies of the Mayor's Office, as well as prefects of administrative districts and other officials and bodies. The city administration is headed by the Mayor of Moscow. He directly or through the executive authorities of the city solves the problems of the socio-economic development of the capital, manages the city economy, performs other executive and distribution functions within his powers. Within the limits of its competence, the mayor issues decrees and orders binding on the entire territory of the city and exercises control over their execution.

The Government of Moscow is the highest permanent collective executive body of the city, which has general competence and ensures the coordinated activities of other executive bodies of the city of Moscow. The Government of Moscow is authorized to resolve all issues of state administration that fall under the jurisdiction of the executive power of the city of Moscow, except for those that, in accordance with federal legislation and the legislation of the city of Moscow, fall within the competence of the federal executive authorities and the mayor of Moscow.

In the power structure of Moscow, one can single out a subsystem of state authorities and a subsystem of local governments. The bodies of state power of the city of Moscow (as a subject of the Russian Federation) are represented by three levels: city (mayor and Government of Moscow), district (prefectures of administrative districts) and district (district councils). The structure of the executive authorities of the city of Moscow, subordinate to the Government of Moscow, includes, in addition, sectoral and functional bodies of the executive authorities of the city, which carry out executive and administrative functions in certain sectors and areas of activity of the city. To coordinate the activities of the executive authorities of the city, subordinate to the Government, complexes of city government can be created.

Local self-government bodies exist today in Moscow only at the district level. These are municipal Assemblies (representative bodies of local self-government) and municipalities (executive and administrative bodies of local self-government).

In Moscow, in accordance with the Law of the City of Moscow dated June 5, 1995 N 1347, 10 administrative districts were formed. Each district is a territorial unit of the city and is formed to manage the corresponding part of the city, coordinate the activities of the administrations included in the district, and territorial divisions and sectoral services of the city administration. In addition, the prefect of the district supervises the execution of legal acts of the city. Along with 125 districts, districts may include territorial units with a special status.

In the districts of Moscow, the city administration has its own territorial divisions, called district administrations. They are also the authorities of the districts.

The district government consists of the district assembly and the head of the government, who heads the assembly and administration of the district. The district assembly is elected for a term of two years and consists of councillors. Counselors exercise their powers as a public and honorary assignment without leaving their permanent place of work. The head of the district government is elected by the councilors of the district assembly on the proposal of the Mayor and may be dismissed by him from office independently or at the initiative of the prefect of the administrative district or councilors of the assembly. The head of the council ex officio is a member of the district assembly with the right to vote and presides over its meetings. He also ensures the work of the district assembly and, in fact, directs it.

The general picture of the organization of power and local self-government in Moscow will not be complete, if not to say about territorial public self-government. The main subject of territorial public self-government is a territorial community - a voluntary, self-governing, non-membership non-profit organization created by residents of a microdistrict, quarter, street, courtyard, houses and other residential complex to resolve issues provided for by the charter of the territorial community. The main body of territorial public self-government is the assembly. Even lower there are house committees (house committees), HOAs (homeowners' associations), and housing cooperatives (housing construction cooperatives). In addition, various public organizations and citizen movements operate in Moscow.

Thus, it should be noted that there are four levels of territorial administration in Moscow: city, administrative district, district, territorial community. Each of them should ideally exercise as clearly defined powers as possible in specific areas. There is an array of normative legal acts of the city of Moscow, whose main goal is to optimize the legal relations between these levels, but they require legal revision.

2.2 Features of the implementation of local self-government in the city of Moscow

Since the adoption of the Law of the city of Moscow dated November 6, 2002 No. 56 "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", local self-government in the city has confidently taken its place in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Features of local self-government in Moscow are that the list of issues of local importance, sources of income for local budgets, the composition of municipal property are established by the laws of the city of Moscow, based on the need to maintain a unified urban economy.

The territory of intra-city municipalities where local self-government is exercised coincides with the territories of districts where territorial executive authorities operate, with the exception of two districts in the Zelenograd administrative district.

Such features determine the priority importance of the optimal distribution of powers, interaction and coordination of the activities of executive authorities and local governments in the city of Moscow when organizing an effective system of city government. During 2003-2005, a system of such coordination and interaction took shape, taking into account the appropriate distribution of powers.

At the city level, the active work of the Council of Municipalities of the City of Moscow is organized. Conferences of the Council of Municipalities are held annually, at which tasks are discussed and uniform approaches of local governments to the implementation of federal and city legislation are developed. In September 2004, the Government of Moscow adopted the Program of State Support for Local Self-Government in the City of Moscow for 2005-2007. In accordance with the Program, a unified system of training municipal employees and deputies of municipal Assemblies "Municipal School" began to work.

At the district level, in accordance with Decree of the Government of Moscow dated May 27, 2003 No. 402 "On the results of the formation of territorial executive authorities - district administrations and local governments in the city of Moscow and measures to improve their activities", district Coordinating Councils were created. The District Coordinating Council includes heads of municipalities, heads of municipalities, heads of district administrations, deputies of the prefect.

District Coordinating Councils have been established at the district level.

One of the most important forms of work, both territorial executive authorities and local governments, is the reception of the population. Local governments pay great attention to informing residents about their activities through the media, radio, cable television, and information stands.

Relations between the authorities of Moscow and federal authorities are regulated by the following acts: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the status of the capital of the Russian Federation" and the Treaty on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the federal city of Moscow dated June 16 1998. In addition, the provisions of federal laws of general application apply to Moscow, for example, "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation."

As an urban settlement, Moscow has the right to local self-government. It also has the right to exercise local self-government in intra-city territories with the scope of powers established by the laws of the city.

Within the limits of constitutional norms and taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of local self-government, the Charter of the city of Moscow establishes a dual status of representative and executive bodies of power of the city of Moscow - a legal provision according to which these bodies are local self-government bodies and state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and have all the statutory powers of these organs.

The establishment of the dual status of the authorities of the city of Moscow: both an urban settlement and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, is criticized by lawyers and the prosecutor's office, since Art. 12 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that local self-government bodies are not included in the system of state authorities. This provision of the Basic Law has no analogues in international municipal law and does not fully comply with the European Charter of Local Self-Government of October 15, 1985, the main purpose of which is to ensure and protect the rights of local authorities as closest to citizens and giving them the opportunity to participate in decision-making regarding the conditions their daily life.

The inhabitants of Moscow in their totality form an urban (local) community and exercise self-government on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Self-government in the Russian Federation is carried out by citizens through a referendum, elections, other forms of direct expression of will, through a system of self-government bodies, legislatively fixed as the socio-economic, financial and organizational prerequisites are formed.

The city administration, as the executive body of city self-government, has territorial branches in the districts of the city - district councils, which are the authorities of the districts. Municipal services of the city are subordinate to the authorities of the city. The federal bodies of state power are responsible for the protection of public order and state security, jurisprudence, tax services, the service for civil defense and emergency situations, statistical agencies, etc.

The main difficulties characteristic of relations between local and state authorities lie in the insufficient legal regulation of a number of status provisions of the city of Moscow, the issues of delimitation of state property, in the constant attempts of the federal authorities to cut the budgetary possibilities of the city, in the weakening of local self-government due to the transfer of the federal center to the region and to the places of a significant amount of new delegated powers without adequate funding; lack of sufficient transparency and balance of financial relations between the three levels of government.

A characteristic feature of the current stage of Russia's development is the search for optimal ways to combine the centralization and decentralization of the management system, the jurisdiction and powers of the federal center, regions and municipalities. Currently, there are two main approaches to the reform and further development of the institution of local self-government in the Russian Federation. The first is to separate local self-government from the state. The second approach is to tie it tightly to the state structure and consider it as a continuation of local government. These positions reflect the objective process of the development of local self-government, the ambiguity of its legal regulation, as well as the existing legal gaps in federal and regional legislation. energy saving house local government

Chapter 3. Problems of local self-government and measures to improve the system of local self-government in Moscow

3.1 Problems of management organization in Moscow

According to Art. 79 of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" (as amended on November 8, 2007; hereinafter - Federal Law No. 131-FZ) in federal cities in accordance with the charters of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation local self-government is carried out by local self-government bodies in intra-city territories.

Along with this, in accordance with the same article of the Federal Law No. 131-FZ, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg can regulate a number of issues of organizing and exercising local self-government in federal cities, namely: intracity municipalities, their transformation; in determining the list of issues of local importance, sources of income for local budgets of intra-city municipalities of local significance are carried out by local self-government bodies of intra-city municipalities of cities of federal significance only if the relevant issues are defined as issues of local importance by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance; in determining the composition of the municipal property of intracity municipalities of federal cities in accordance with Part. 1-3 Article. 50 of Federal Law No. 131-FZ and the list of issues of local importance established for these municipalities by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance.

At the same time, sources of income of local budgets that are not classified by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance as sources of income for the budgets of intracity municipalities, are credited to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance.

In fact, these provisions, established by the federal legislator, provoked an arbitrary interpretation by regional legislators of the issues of local self-government in cities of federal significance. One way or another, the appearance in the Federal Law No. 131-FZ Art. 79 led to an independent expansion of the powers of regional authorities in relation to the legal regulation of the implementation of local self-government in cities of federal significance and an arbitrary interpretation of the provisions of Federal Law No. 131-FZ.

Along with the peculiarities of the implementation of local self-government in federal cities established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ, other laws began to be adopted by the laws of Moscow and St. Petersburg, often contradicting the provisions of federal legislation on local self-government.

Local self-government in the subject of the Russian Federation - the city of federal significance Moscow in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1 ch. 1 of the Law of the city of Moscow dated 06.11.2002 No. 56 "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow" (as amended on 26.12.2007 No. 51; hereinafter referred to as Law of the city of Moscow No. 56) - an independent activity recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and under its own responsibility local community (residents of an intracity municipality) to address issues of local importance directly and (or) through local governments.

In Moscow, local self-government is the activity of the local community. In this, the Law of the City of Moscow No. 56 contradicts the Federal Law No. 131-FZ, which in Art. 1 part 2 defines local self-government in the Russian Federation as a form of exercise by the people of their power.

In addition, examining the practical experience of municipal government in cities of federal significance, one can single out other not established art. 79 of Federal Law No. 131-FZ features of the implementation of local self-government in cities of federal significance: in political - an analysis of the laws on local self-government in cities of federal significance shows a steady unwillingness of the city authorities of Moscow to follow the path of decentralization of power.

Hence the underdevelopment of intracity self-government bodies and, as a result, the very weak role of the most important constitutional institution of local self-government; in legal - in favor of the notorious principle of the need to preserve the unity of the urban economy, the legislation of federal cities, in fact, deprived residents of the guaranteed right to local self-government, replacing it with a surrogate with the appearance of democracy. The list of issues of local importance established by the laws of Moscow is significantly narrower than the lists of issues of local importance established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ for other municipalities. The lists of powers of the state authorities of cities of federal significance in the field of local self-government, established by the Law of the City of Moscow No. 56, in terms of the scope of powers, significantly exceed the lists of powers of local governments established by the same laws to resolve issues of local importance (according to the Law of the City of Moscow No. 56, more than three times ).

Among the forms of direct expression of the will of citizens established by the legislation of federal cities, there are no main ones established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ. Yes, ch. 3 of the Law of the City of Moscow No. 56, devoted to the forms of direct implementation by the population of local self-government on the territory of the municipality, such basic ones established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ as voting on the recall of a deputy (elected official), public hearings, polls of citizens, etc. are not established. ; in the economic - the same principle of maintaining the unity of the urban economy deprived the municipalities of property, which at least minimally provided the local budget. The municipalities of federal cities are financially directly dependent on the treasury and financial management of the city. And the degradation of local taxes and fees led to the depression of local self-government. For example, the Law of the city of Moscow No. 56 establishes that: - the formation of the local budget is carried out by applying a single methodology, standards for financial costs for the provision of municipal services established by the relevant state authorities (clause 2, article 26, chapter 4); implementation of the local budget

It is carried out through the treasury bodies in accordance with federal laws and the laws of the city of Moscow (clause 3, article 26, chapter 4);

The list of expenditure obligations of municipalities arising from the powers on issues of local importance, determined by the Law of the city of Moscow No. 56, is established by the state authorities of Moscow (clause 2.1, article 27, chapter 4);

In management - the state power represented by city governments, "without embarrassment", not only controls the exercise of powers to resolve issues of local importance, but also directly manages the municipalities.

In Moscow, a significant part of the powers of intracity municipalities are delegated state (Moscow) powers, which allows the Moscow state authorities to legally control their execution. In addition, the prefectures of Moscow govern the municipalities, the departments of the Moscow government "lower" unofficial documents supposedly binding on the municipalities to the municipal level.

The personnel situation in the Moscow municipalities is not bad, that is, there are professionals, but their initiative is not welcome. The system of dual power is archaic and absolutely ineffective, but the capital does not want to abandon it. Municipal assemblies have practically no functions. Work with the population is often formal. All this indicates the need for a serious reform of local self-government in federal cities.

In this regard, Federal Law No. 131-FZ should establish a guaranteed list of powers of local self-government bodies of intracity municipalities, so that all the foundations for the implementation of local self-government in cities of federal significance (legal, territorial, organizational, and most importantly, financial and economic) are provided by federal legislation. When forming self-government in cities of federal significance, it is necessary to exclude subjectivity and think about the inhabitants and their constitutional rights to exercise local self-government. At the same time, a subject of the Russian Federation - a city of federal significance - should have a fairly wide opportunity for its own legal regulation of the features of self-government in either city. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation"

In addition, in the presence of dual power in the system of urban government, it is extremely necessary to create a "system of checks and balances" for city authorities. All this will give local self-government a chance to develop in cities of federal significance, and will allow local authorities to gain the necessary authority in the eyes of the population.

Thus, the problems of organizing the management of Moscow can be reduced to the following list:

1. Local self-government in Moscow is still insufficiently implemented, its regulatory framework is frankly weak. As a result, LSG bodies do not have sufficient powers and means to meet the social needs of the population of municipalities.

2. At the federal and city levels, there are no laws that would clearly define the jurisdiction of LSG bodies and their sources of funding.

3. The Tax Code does not fix changes that involve the redistribution of income tax, property tax and fees from small businesses in favor of LSG bodies.

4. The practice of treasury execution of the budget of all levels in accordance with the norms of the legislation does not provide for the protection of the interests of LSG.

5. An educational network has not been created for the training and advanced training of employees of the LSG system.

6. Center-right organizations do not encourage the development of local public self-government as their political base.

Thus, the problem of the relationship between the institutions of the state and local self-government requires further elaboration, since state and local governments are elements of a single system of social management, public authority that ensures the vital activity of society as a whole.

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Why is it necessary to improve the energy efficiency of MKD

Increasing the energy efficiency of MKD during the overhaul is not a business project of the managing organization: the measures are prescribed by the Federal Law "On Energy Saving ..." dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ. Parts 6-10 of Article 11 of the Law prohibit the commissioning of an MKD if it does not meet the energy efficiency requirements or is not equipped with energy metering devices.

Measures for energy saving and energy efficiency in MKD, prescribed by the current legislation, are aimed at maintaining or increasing the level of comfort for the owners of apartments and built-in non-residential premises. The end users of utility resources benefit from reduced energy consumption. It is they who are primarily interested in reducing the cost of paying for housing and communal services, which in the foreseeable future will be charged taking into account the energy efficiency class of MKD.

The implementation of energy-saving measures during the overhaul potentially increases the value of residential and commercial premises in the secondary real estate market.

Energy efficiency class MKD

The procedure for assigning and confirming the energy efficiency class of MKD is determined by the Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated August 06, 2016 No. 399/pr. It is calculated on the basis of the deviation of actual or calculated indicators of the specific annual consumption of energy resources from the base value and is marked in Latin letters from A ++ to G. At the same time, the actual indicators are identified on the basis of indicators of collective (common house) energy consumption metering devices.

The energy efficiency class of an MKD put into operation after construction, reconstruction or overhaul is established by the State Construction Supervision Authority on the basis of an MKD energy efficiency passport drawn up based on the results of an energy audit.

The energy efficiency of an MKD put into operation before the entry into force of the requirements of the Federal Law "On Energy Saving ..." is determined by the State Housing Supervision Authority. The basis for the decision is the declaration of energy efficiency of the MKD, which is submitted by the owners of residential and commercial premises, or by the person who carries out the operational management of the house.

Each house will contain data on the actual and standard consumption of energy resources. Guided by this information, residents will be able to change the energy efficiency class of the house and even reduce the cost of maintaining common property. When carrying out a major overhaul, the energy efficiency class deserves special attention. If it is lower than B, energy efficiency measures should be included in the overhaul.

Andrey Chibis, Deputy Minister of Construction and Housing and Public Utilities of Russia

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of an apartment building

The analysis of data on energy audits of MKDs allowed officials of the Ministry of Construction to identify a list of the most effective energy-saving measures and recommend them for implementation during major repairs (Order of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation dated February 15, 2017 No. 98 / pr).

The document will help homeowners choose the right measures and evaluate their effectiveness. We have included in the Order a list of the most productive works. Multi-apartment buildings included in short-term programs will already in 2017 take advantage of the "energy-efficient menu" - the most effective measures with an indication of the forecast in savings.

Elena Solntseva, Director of the Housing and Utilities Department of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation

The list proposed for implementation contains measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency of both common house property and individual premises located in MKD, which are owned by individuals or legal entities on the right of private ownership. Sources of funding for these activities can be:

payment for the maintenance of residential or non-residential built-in premises;
payment under a civil law contract.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of heat consumption in MKD

Thermal energy is the most financially costly energy resource. Therefore, measures to save heat are a priority during major repairs. They are aimed at the rational use of thermal energy, reducing heat leakage, increasing the service life of heat supply systems, hot water supply (DHW), as well as structural elements of MKD. These include:

Priority activities

Sealing, sealing and insulation of door blocks at the entrance to the entrances.
Ensuring automatic closing of entrance doors to common areas.
Installation of doors and shutters in the openings of basements and attics.
Sealing and sealing of window blocks in the entrances.
Installation of linear balancing valves.
Balancing the heating system with shut-off valves and vent valves.
Flushing of pipelines and risers of heating and hot water systems.
Installation of common building meters for heat energy and hot water, included in the state register of measuring instruments.

Additional events

Sealing of interpanel and expansion joints with sealant, heat-insulating gaskets, mastic.
Glazing of balconies and loggias using modern plastic and aluminum structures and double-glazed windows with increased thermal resistance.
Increasing the thermal protection of external walls, floors and walls of the basement, attic, roof, window and balcony blocks to current standards using heat, water and vapor barrier materials.
Installation of low-e glass and heat-reflecting films on windows in common areas.
Installation or modernization of individual heating points with the installation of heat exchangers and heating and hot water control equipment.
Modernization of pipelines and fittings of heating and hot water systems.
Thermal insulation of intra-house engineering networks using modern thermal insulation materials in the form of shells and cylinders.
Equipping heat-consuming installations with thermostatic ball valves.
Providing automated water recirculation in the DHW system.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of electricity consumption in MKD

These measures are aimed at saving electricity while improving the quality of lighting, more accurate regulation of parameters in heating, hot water and cold water systems, improving the accuracy and reliability of accounting for electricity consumed in apartment buildings. These include:

Main activities

Replacement of incandescent lamps in common areas with gas-discharge or LED lamps.
Installation of collective and individual metering devices that allow measuring the volume of electricity consumption by zones of the day and measuring instruments entered in the state register.

Additional events

Modernization of electric motors or replacement with more energy efficient ones - three-speed, with a variable speed of rotation.
Installation of frequency-controlled drives in the elevator industry.
Automation of lighting control in common areas using motion and light sensors.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of water consumption in MKD

This set of energy-saving measures is aimed at rationalizing water consumption, increasing the service life of pipelines, reducing leaks and the number of accidents:

Modernization of pipelines and fittings.
Installation of pressure stabilizers.
Installation of individual and collective metering devices.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of gas consumption in MKD

Rational consumption of natural gas by the owners of premises in MKD is achieved through the implementation of the following measures:

Furnace equipment of block boiler rooms with energy-efficient gas burners and climate control systems to control them.
Automation of gas burners operation control in individual (apartment) heating systems.
The use of energy efficient gas cooking stoves with ceramic infrared emitters and program control.
Installation of individual and collective gas meters.

Implementation of automated accounting

An accurate calculation of the energy efficiency of MKD is impossible without a reliable accounting of the consumed energy resources for each room and the house as a whole. That is why the measures recommended by the Ministry of Construction of Russia to improve the energy efficiency of MKD include the installation of electricity, gas, water and heat meters. But in order to quickly receive and process large amounts of data (actual indicators of the specific annual consumption of energy resources), it is necessary to automate the process with the ability to export data to the GIS housing and communal services.

We intend to prohibit the installation of metering devices without the possibility of data transfer. Corresponding systems and devices have already been developed by a number of enterprises.

Mikhail Men, Minister of Construction and Housing and Public Utilities of Russia

We help to implement automated accounting of housing and communal services resources for UK / HOA / RSO. The wireless dispatching system allows you to solve a number of related tasks:

control the balance of energy consumption in the "real time" mode;
identify pockets of technological losses and theft of energy resources;
in case of violation of energy consumption regimes, promptly limit the supply of resources without incurring costs for the work of the mobile team;
predict the volumes of future consumption of energy resources based on automated analysis of transmitted data;
automate billing for consumed utilities.

Data from devices and units included in the automated system for commercial accounting of energy resources is sent via telemetric channels to the user's personal account or to providers of the relevant services. This allows you to significantly reduce the cost of line personnel who monitor meter readings, as well as easily export the received data to the GIS housing and communal services, avoiding errors that occur when entering information manually.

We help to overcome theft with the help of automated resource accounting for sales and management companies. The system is based on wireless LPWAN technology without hubs and repeaters.

Automated accounting of resources for UK / HOA / RSO in MKD

In continuation of the article.

5 2016-08-17 07:59:00 +0300

On August 21, new rules for determining the energy efficiency class of residential buildings come into force. The initiator of the innovations was the Ministry of Construction of Russia, which, by its order of June 6, 2016 No. 399 / pr. canceled the earlier Rules approved by the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation of April 8, 2011 No. 161, the OKNA MEDIA portal reports.

What is the difference?

There are more energy efficiency classes. If before there were seven, now there are nine. Moreover, classes A ++ and A + are considered the highest, classes G are considered the lowest. According to the new Rules, houses in which common house meters for utility resources are not installed cannot be assigned an energy efficiency class at all, and only houses equipped with an individual heating point with an automatic temperature control system depending on the weather and LED lighting in common areas.

Every new home must be assigned an energy efficiency class. If after the settlement it turns out that the actual consumption of heat and electricity does not correspond to it, the tenants can go to court and force the developer to eliminate the defect.

Why is an energy efficiency class needed?

To save utility resources and reduce utility bills. The higher the energy efficiency class, the less tenants will pay for heat and electricity, and the more comfortable they will live in their apartment.

But there is also a minus: if we are talking about new buildings, then the developer will have to invest in energy saving measures, which will ultimately increase the cost per square meter of housing. From January 1, 2016, all new houses that are put into operation must have an energy efficiency class of at least B.

In general, the Government of the Russian Federation has set a course for energy saving and economy of communal resources. It is estimated that about 40% of the energy consumed is in buildings, so the close attention of the authorities to the problem of rational energy consumption in residential buildings seems quite logical. Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-ФЗ “On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” obliges to install metering devices on almost all communal resources both in apartments and houses.

Among the latest support measures is the financial participation of the Housing and Utilities Reform Assistance Fund in the overhaul of houses that are ready to spend money on energy efficiency measures that will lead to savings of at least 10% of heat and electricity. Each house can count on up to 5 million rubles. The Ministry of Construction recently announced that the corresponding draft Government Decree is already ready.

How is the energy efficiency class calculated?

By order of the Ministry of Construction, the base level of the specific annual consumption of energy resources in an apartment building was approved. It corresponds to class D - a certain average value. Actual consumption may differ from it both up and down. If less, it means that the house can qualify for a higher energy efficiency class.

For new buildings, the energy efficiency class will be approved by the state construction supervision authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. If the house has already been put into operation, the duty is assigned to the Housing Inspectorate (GZhI). It will be determined based on the actual readings of common household metering devices for communal resources.

Every five years, the energy efficiency class must be re-confirmed, which can be done earlier by the decision of the owners, but not more than once a year. Such a survey will be required when there is reason to suspect the developer of dishonesty and discrepancy between the energy efficiency class declared when selling the apartment. If the fact is confirmed, you can safely go to court.

Accommodation in an old house. Can it be made more energy efficient?

Owners can always take the initiative and vote at the general meeting for energy efficiency measures. The first step is the installation of common house metering devices for utility resources. However, by themselves they will not lead to savings, but they will teach residents to control consumption and keep records of heat and electricity consumed by the house. If the monthly figures on the counters are frightening, it's time to move on to the next stage - to insulate basements, attics, facades, replace windows in entrances, install energy-saving lamps.

For example, in Tomsk, in a house that is more than 60 years old, as part of the overhaul program, work was carried out to insulate it, replace all windows, and reconstruct internal engineering communications. An automatic heating unit and a system that controls energy consumption were installed in the house. After that, the house was awarded the highest energy efficiency class. The owners themselves invested only 5% of the total costs in repairs, the rest of the funds were allocated as part of state support from budgets of different levels.

How to find out what energy efficiency class a house has?

Ideally, each house should have a sign indicating its energy efficiency class. The management company or HOA should inform residents about this on information boards. The energy efficiency class is included in the energy passport of the house, and the act of assigning it is included in the technical documentation for the apartment building. houses in the country were assigned an energy efficiency class (for comparison, the housing stock of Moscow, according to the Housing Reform website, has more than 30 thousand houses). This situation suggests that earlier work on marking buildings was not carried out efficiently enough. It is assumed that the new Rules for determining the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings will speed up the process of assigning classes.

Business 8172

The energy efficiency class of residential buildings will be determined in a new way

5 WINDOW MEDIA WINDOW MEDIA 14722

The procedure for managing the energy efficiency of buildings, structures, structures is highlighted in a separate article. The requirements include: energy efficiency indicators for the facility as a whole; energy efficiency indicators for architectural and planning solutions; energy efficiency indicators for the elements of the facility and structures, as well as materials and technologies used in overhaul.

The Gosstroynadzor authorities determine the energy efficiency class of an apartment building, and the developer and the owner of the house are required to place an energy efficiency class indicator on the facade of the house.
The owners of buildings, structures, structures are obliged during the entire period of their operation not only to ensure the established energy efficiency indicators, but also to take measures to improve them. This is also the responsibility of the person responsible for the maintenance of the residential building. Once every five years, energy efficiency indicators should be reviewed in the direction of improvement.

The person responsible for the maintenance of a residential building is obliged to bring to the attention of the owners proposals for energy saving, develop appropriate plans and measures, regulate the supply of heat during the heating season in order to save it.

Brief list of measures to improve energy efficiency

Increasing the thermal resistance of enclosing structures:

Cladding of external walls, technical floors, roofs, ceilings above the basement with heat-insulating boards (polystyrene for plastering, mineral wool boards, foamed glass and basalt fiber boards) reduction of heat loss up to 40%;
Elimination of cold bridges in the walls and in the junctions of window frames. Effect 2-3%;
The device in fences / facades of layers ventilated by air removed from the premises;
The use of heat-shielding plasters;
Reducing the glazing area to standard values;
Glazing of balconies and loggias. Effect 10-12%;
Replacement / application of modern windows with multi-chamber double-glazed windows and sashes with increased thermal resistance;
The use of windows with the removal of air from the room through the space between the panes. Effect 4-5%;
Installation of ventilators and the use of microventilation;
The use of heat-reflecting/solar protection glass in windows and glazing of loggias and balconies;
Facade glazing to accumulate solar radiation. Effect from 7 to 40%;
The use of external glazing with different characteristics of heat accumulation in summer and winter;
Installation of additional vestibules at the entrance doors of entrances and in apartments;
regularly informing residents about the state of thermal protection of the building and measures to save heat.

Increasing the energy efficiency of the heating system

replacement of cast-iron radiators with more efficient aluminum ones;
installation of thermostats and temperature controllers on radiators;
application of apartment heat metering systems (heat meters, indicators of heat, temperature);
implementation of measures for the calculation of heat according to the number of installed sections and the location of the heaters;
Installation of heat-reflecting screens behind heating radiators. Effect 1-3%;
the use of controlled heat supply (by time of day, by weather conditions, by room temperature);
the use of controllers in managing the operation of a heat point;
application of apartment heat supply controllers;
seasonal flushing of the heating system;
installation of network water filters at the inlet and outlet of the heating system;
additional heating through the selection of heat from warm drains;
additional heating during the extraction of ground heat in the basement;
additional heating due to the removal of excess air heat in the basement and in the exhaust ventilation (possible use for heating the inflow and air heating of common areas and entrance vestibules);
additional heating and water heating when using solar collectors and thermal accumulators;
use of non-metallic pipelines;
thermal insulation of pipes in the basement of the house;
transition during repair to the scheme of individual apartment heating
regular informing residents about the state of the heating system, losses and waste of heat and measures to improve the efficiency of the heating system.

Improving the quality of ventilation. Reducing the cost of ventilation and air conditioning.

Application of automatic gravity ventilation systems;
Installation of ventilators in rooms and on windows;
The use of microventilation systems with heating of the incoming air and valve control of the supply;
Exclusion of drafts in the premises;
Application in active ventilation systems of engines with smooth or step frequency control;
The use of controllers in the management of ventilation systems.
The use of water-filled coolers in building envelopes to remove excess heat;
Heating of the incoming air by cooling the exhaust air;
The use of heat pumps for cooling the exhaust air;
The use of reversible heat pumps in basements to cool the air supplied to the supply ventilation;
regular informing residents about the state of the ventilation system, about the exclusion of drafts and unproductive blowing of the premises of the house, about the mode of comfortable ventilation of the premises.

Saving water (hot and cold)

Installation of common house meters for hot and cold water;
Installation of apartment water meters;
installation of water meters in rooms with separate consumption;
installation of pressure stabilizers (pressure reduction and pressure equalization by floors);
thermal insulation of DHW pipelines (supply and circulation);
heating of the supplied cold water (from the heat pump, from the return network water, etc.);
installation of economical shower nets;
Installation of keyboard taps and mixers in apartments;
installation of ball valves at points of collective water intake;
installation of two-section sinks;
installation of dual-mode flush cisterns;
use of faucets with automatic water temperature control;
regularly informing residents about the state of water consumption and measures to reduce it.

Saving electrical energy

Replacement of incandescent lamps in entrances with fluorescent energy-saving lamps;
Application of microprocessor control systems for privately controlled drives of elevator motors;
Replacement of used luminescent street lamps with LED lamps;
The use of photoacoustic relays for the controlled switching on of light sources in basements, technical floors and entrances of houses;
installation of reactive power compensators;
the use of energy-efficient circulation pumps, frequency-controlled drives;
promotion of the use of energy-efficient household appliances of class A +, A ++.
using solar panels to light the building;
regularly informing residents about the state of electricity consumption, ways to save electricity, measures to reduce the consumption of electricity for maintenance of common property.

Gas saving

The use of energy-efficient gas burners in the furnace devices of the boiler room;
Application of climate control systems to control gas burners in the boiler block;
Application of climate control systems to control gas burners for apartment heating systems;
Application of programmable heating in apartments;
Use in everyday life of energy-efficient gas stoves with ceramic IR emitters and program control;
Promotion of the use of open flame gas burners in economy mode.

Along with all this, it should be noted that there is no one magic tool that can dramatically increase the energy efficiency and comfort of an apartment building. There are two main principles here: "a little of everything" and expediency associated with payback. In general, it is quite realistic to reduce the cost of energy supply for the entire building and the corresponding costs of all residents living in the house by 4 times.

If the house is strong and it will stand for more than a dozen years, then this work undoubtedly makes sense. The costs will more than pay off, and the comfort is worth a lot. If the house is in a pre-emergency state and it has ten years left to live, then here, as they say, it is better to look for options and get by with low costs to maintain comfort and ensure energy metering. Accounting in any case quickly pays off, and the resulting savings can be spent on "plugging holes."

Multi-apartment energy efficient houses. How will apartment buildings be assigned an energy efficiency class and why is it needed? Home energy efficiency class - what is it

Methodology for analyzing the results of field measurements

Experiment Evaluation

findings

Conclusion

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Calendar plan

abstract

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.1 The concepts of "energy saving" and the management of the energy efficiency process

High energy intensity indicates inefficient use of energy resources, has a negative impact on the Russian economy, its energy security, and the environment.

1.2 Energy saving in an apartment building

- efficient use of energy resources in their extraction, production, processing, transportation, storage and consumption;

- implementation of state supervision over the efficient use of energy resources;

-development of extraction and production of alternative fuels capable of replacing energy resources of more expensive and scarce types;

-creation and use of energy-efficient technologies, energy-consuming and diagnostic equipment, structural and insulating materials, devices for metering the consumption of energy resources and for monitoring their use, automated energy consumption management systems;

- ensuring accuracy, reliability and unity of measurement in terms of accounting for supplied and consumed energy resources.

1.3 Legal basis for the management of multi-apartment buildings in the Russian Federation

Chapter 2. Organization and features of local self-government of the city of Moscow

2.1 Characteristics of the organization of local government in Moscow

2.2 Features of the implementation of local self-government in the city of Moscow

Chapter 3. Problems of local self-government and measures to improve the system of local self-government in Moscow

3.1 Problems of management organization in Moscow

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