Problems and ways to improve the assessment of the cadastral value of land plots. Cadastral valuation of forest and water fund lands on the territory of the Russian Federation Methodology for state cadastral valuation of water fund lands
Order No. 99 of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated May 14, 2005 approved the Methodological Recommendations for the State Cadastral Valuation of Water Fund Lands.
For the purposes of cadastral valuation, land plots within the water fund lands are divided into six groups.
The first group includes land plots occupied by separate water bodies that are in circulation. The cadastral value of these land plots is set at 100% of their market value.
The second group includes land plots occupied by:
- - isolated water bodies withdrawn from circulation or limited in circulation;
- - structures designed to protect against floods and destruction of the banks of reservoirs and rivers; structures (dams) enclosing storage facilities for liquid industrial waste; devices against erosion in canals, as well as other structures designed to prevent the harmful effects of water and liquid waste in the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and facilities .
The cadastral value of plots of this group is calculated by multiplying the average value of the land plots for agricultural purposes within the same administrative region by the area of the assessed land plots.
The third group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, right of way and protection zones of water intakes, hydraulic engineering and other water management structures, occupied by:
- - water supply facilities;
- - objects of fishing and hunting;
- - hydraulic structures (except for those classified in the second group);
- - water intake, port and other water management structures and facilities.
The cadastral value of such land plots is calculated in the same way as the second group, but the average value for the same administrative region of industrial land plots and other special purposes assigned to the corresponding group is taken as the UIC. Moreover, if the land plots are located within the boundaries of coastal protective strips, then not the average, but the maximum value of the industrial lands’ SPC is used.
The fourth group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, right of way and protection zones of water intakes, hydraulic engineering and other water management structures, occupied by trees, shrubs or other vegetation.
The cadastral value of such land plots is calculated in the same way as the previous group, but the minimum value for the same administrative region of agricultural land for the type of use that is closest in functional purpose to the land plots being assessed is taken as the UCKS.
The fifth group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, right of way and protection zones of water intakes, hydraulic engineering and other water management structures, provided to horticultural, gardening and dacha associations.
To calculate the cadastral value of such land plots, the average value of the UCC of horticultural, gardening and dacha associations for the same administrative region is taken as the UPKS. If land plots are located within the boundaries of coastal protective strips, then not the average, but the maximum value of this UPCS is used.
The sixth group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, right of way and protection zones of water intakes, hydraulic engineering and other water management structures, occupied by recreational facilities.
The cadastral value of such land plots is calculated in the same way as the previous group, but the average value of the land value of specially protected areas and objects assigned to the corresponding group for the same administrative region is taken as the UCCS. If the assessed land plots are located within the boundaries of coastal protective strips, then the maximum value of the specified UPCS is used.
As a result of studying the cadastral valuation of lands of the water and forest fund of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the following conclusions can be drawn.
The region's surface water resources are rich and diverse. They include: the coast of the Kara Sea, numerous bays and lips, rivers, lakes, swamps.
One of the largest water bodies is the Gulf of Ob - a bay of the Kara Sea, the largest sea bay in the Russian Arctic. Its area reaches 44,000 km2.
The river network of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes about 50 thousand rivers, streams and channels and belongs to the Kara Sea basin, of which over 44 thousand are less than 10 km long.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation dated 02/04/2009 No. 37 “On approval of the list of forest vegetation zones and forest areas of the Russian Federation,” the forests of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are classified into two zones, and within the zones - into two forest areas:
To the zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga, the West Siberian region of tundra forests, forest-tundra and sparse taiga of Siberia. The specified area includes Krasnoselkupsky, Tarkosalinskoye, Noyabrsky, Nadymskoye forest districts, Muzhevskoye and Gorkovsky district forest districts of the Yamal forest district;
To the taiga zone, the North-Ural forest region of the European-Ural part of the Russian Federation. This area includes the Priuralsky district forestry of the Yamal forestry.
The forests of all forest districts are classified as lowland forests.
The total area of the forest fund of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 31,647,670 hectares. In order to organize management for the use, protection, protection and reproduction of forests in accordance with the order of the Rosleskhoz dated 05/07/2008 No. 140 “On determining the number of forest districts in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and establishing their boundaries,” 5 forest districts were established in the forest fund of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
During the study of the process of cadastral valuation of land in the water and forest funds of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the following problems were identified:
1. Presence of cadastral errors. Errors are identified when the cadastral chamber receives the boundaries of land plots from the forest fund lands. Correcting them is labor-intensive and is possible either at the request of the owner to make changes to the coordinates of his site, or in court.
2. Discrepancy between the sizes of areas indicated in forest management materials and the sizes of areas according to Form 22 “Information on the availability of lands and their distribution by forms of ownership, categories, lands and users.”
The problem of inconsistency between land accounting and forest accounting in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in a number of cases leads to a distortion of the areas and boundaries of forest fund lands or to an indefinite delay in the procedure for state cadastral registration.
3. Transfer of lands from the category of agricultural purposes, settlements, water resources to forest lands.
In most subjects of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, changes have not been made to the state real estate cadastre regarding the transfer of agricultural lands to forest lands in forests that were previously in the possession of agricultural organizations. This entails difficulties in registering the lands of state forestries as forest fund lands on the cadastral register. Moreover, when solving this problem, it is also necessary to take into account non-forest lands. In this regard, it is necessary to provide for a simplified procedure for transferring former “rural forests” to the category of forest fund lands. In addition, according to cadastral registration authorities, in a number of subjects the lands of the forest fund are listed as lands of settlements, water resources, etc. However, they were transferred unilaterally, and forest districts were not notified about the change in the category of land.
For forest villages, water bodies, etc., previously registered with the cadastral register, Descriptions (boundary plans) were prepared separately and for them, refusals were received to carry out cadastral registration of real estate objects due to different categories of land. This issue can only be resolved by forest districts in court.
4. Inconsistency of coordinate systems. Cadastral chambers work in different coordinate systems, sometimes even conventional ones, so in the absence of transition keys it is quite difficult to determine the position of adjacent land plots.
The use of local coordinates when calculating the area of forests leads to its significant change. Thus, when converting local coordinate systems into state ones, an error in the location of the boundaries of 10-15 m appears.
The institution of cadastral valuation must be recognized as established, but the quality of its results has exceedingly often begun to satisfy neither its customers, nor the owners of land plots, nor other persons whose interests it affects. The main elements of cadastral valuation - information about the objects of valuation, market information, methods proposed by the regulator and methodological recommendations - do not allow appraisers to perform work with proper quality. Further development of cadastral valuation in the direction of giving the appraiser more and more rights and powers in choosing one or another calculation method will not lead to progress, but will only aggravate the situation. There are at least two ways to solve the problem:
The first is further improvement of cadastral valuation, aimed at improving the quality of both the methodological basis and the information used in the assessment process. To do this, it is necessary to carry out activities in the following areas:
1) improving the quality of information about analogues. At the initial stage, it is advisable to have a structure that would collect and analyze market information about real estate in each assessment region on an ongoing basis;
2) refinement of cadastral valuation methods;
3) refusal of the “work completion period” criterion when selecting a work contractor (appraisal company); the period for completing the work must be sufficient to obtain a high-quality result;
4) eliminating the possibility of the assessment customer influencing the final result of the cadastral assessment by abandoning the mechanism for approving the cadastral value in the so-called “interdepartmental commissions”;
5) development of a mechanism that makes it possible to make maximum use of the experience, methodological developments, and information useful for assessment that appraisers from the regions where the assessment is carried out have.
The second way is to abandon the existing path of development of cadastral valuation and return to its methodological support on a regulatory basis. This will make it possible to carry out assessments on a unified methodological basis, ensuring comparability of results, to solve the problem of challenging the cadastral value, since the element of creativity of the appraiser will disappear, but it is unlikely to seriously affect the restoration of the system of rational and efficient land use in the country.
The cadastral value is one of the elements of taxation - the tax base (in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 17 and paragraph 1 of Article 390 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The establishment of any tax necessarily requires the identification of taxpayers and elements of taxation. Thus, in order to establish land tax in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 390 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, part 2 of Article 66 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 10 of the Rules for conducting state cadastral valuation of land, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 8, 2000 No. 316, approval is required the results of the state cadastral assessment of land categories by the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with Article 5 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, acts of legislation on taxes and fees of constituent entities of the Russian Federation introducing taxes and (or) fees come into force no earlier than January 1 of the year following the year of their adoption, but not earlier than one month from the date of their adoption official publication. Land tax is an important source of replenishment of the municipal budget. The completeness of its accrual and payment becomes particularly important during an economic crisis. An analysis of the situation shows that in the territory of many municipalities, including the city of Ulan-Ude, there remain thousands of land plots from which a land tax should be collected, replenishing the budget, but for various reasons this land does not generate income. Among the reasons are the presence of many unidentified plots, when its owner is unclear, there are many cases of evasion of state registration of rights to land plots during their actual use, and others.
In this regard, there is an important task of creating an up-to-date database of land tax payers, identifying land plots, monitoring the use of land plots for their intended purpose, as well as identifying facts of evasion of state registration of rights to land plots.
This task can only be solved through interdepartmental cooperation, since various departments, such as the Office of the Federal Agency for Real Estate Cadastre in the Republic of Buryatia, the Ministry of Property and Land Relations, have information about land plots, their owners and rights holders, types of permitted use and actual use of land. Republic of Buryatia, tax service, municipal administrations.
In 2012, the Ministry of Property of the Republic of Buryatia, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Valuation Activities in the Russian Federation” and taking into account the current regulatory framework, updated the cadastral valuation of agricultural lands. In accordance with the above-mentioned Federal Law, cadastral valuation must be carried out at least once every 5 years.
The results of the new cadastral assessment were approved on December 6 by Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia No. 738, and came into effect on January 1, 2013.
The previous cadastral assessment of agricultural land was carried out in the republic in 2006 and came into effect in 2007. The average specific cadastral value of 1 sq.m of agricultural land ranged from 8.0 kopecks to 2.26 rubles, since in accordance with the methodology in force at that time for several regions of the Republic of Buryatia, one specific indicator was established in the amount of 8.0 kopecks per 1 sq.m. This value was the minimum indicator of the cadastral value of agricultural land for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
With such a cadastral value, the amounts of accrued land tax were so meager that they contradicted one of the principles on which the Land Code of the Russian Federation and other acts of land legislation issued in accordance with it are based, namely “payment for land use. In addition, with such a low cadastral value, agricultural land often could not be capital for farmers. Banks refused to provide loans for business development secured by such cheap land.
At the same time, the market value of 1 sq. m of land in this category, for example, in the Kabansky and Pribaikalsky regions reached 100 rubles and above.
In accordance with the Guidelines for the state cadastral valuation of agricultural lands (approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation dated September 20, 2010 No. 445), all types of land use are divided into 6 groups. The rules for grouping types of use within agricultural land are as follows:
Group 1 of types of use - lands suitable for arable land, hayfields, pastures, occupied by fallow lands on the date of the state cadastral assessment of land, perennial plantings, on-farm roads, communications, forest plantations, intended to ensure the protection of lands from the effects of negative (harmful) natural, anthropogenic and man-made phenomena, as well as water bodies intended to support on-farm activities;
Group 2 of types of use - lands that are unsuitable for arable land, but suitable for growing some types of industrial crops, perennial crops, berry fields, tea, grapes, rice (not available in the Republic of Buryatia).
3rd group of types of use - lands for agricultural purposes, occupied by buildings, structures, structures;
4th group of types of use - lands for agricultural purposes, occupied by water bodies and used for business activities;
5 group of types of use - lands for agricultural purposes on which forests are located;
6th group of types of use - other agricultural lands, including swamps, disturbed lands, lands occupied by landfills, landfills, ravines, sands.
The List of land plots included in agricultural lands subject to state cadastral valuation was used as the initial information for distribution by types of permitted use and determination of the group of types of permitted use on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. The types of permitted use included in the list of land plots subject to the State Committee for Agriculture, information on actual use, the location and physical characteristics of the assessment objects, economic, political, social and environmental conditions based on the “Analysis of the socio-economic situation of the Republic of Buryatia” (Table 3.1)
Table 3.1 - Number of land plots by groups of types of use
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Use groups |
Number of land plots |
|
Thus, most of the land plots are classified in group 1 of types of use.
As part of the collection of information necessary to calculate the cadastral value of land plots classified as Group 1 of this paragraph, a list of soil types for each cadastral quarter and the area occupied by each type was determined. The areas were determined using MapInfoProfessional tools by digitizing soil maps of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Data were collected on actual unit material costs, gross income, productivity, sown areas, gross harvest and sales prices of agricultural crops by municipality.
Materials provided by the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Agriculture for the Republic of Buryatia were used as sources of information:
Analytical note “On the price index of agricultural producers in the Republic of Buryatia”;
Bulletins “Sown areas and gross yields of agricultural crops” for the period from 2007 to 2011;
Information on material costs for cultivating and harvesting agricultural crops in municipalities of the Republic of Buryatia for the period from 2007 to 2011;
As part of the collection of information necessary to calculate the cadastral value of land plots classified as Group 3, a list of cost factors has been determined that have a significant impact on the market value of land plots classified as Group 3:
Distance from the administrative center of the municipal district (urban district) to the city of Ulan-Ude;
Distance from the land plot to the nearest settlement;
Distance from the land plot to the nearest railway station;
Gross value of agricultural products;
Gross value of livestock products;
Gross value of crop production;
Materials provided by the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Buryatia were used as initial information:
Collection “Output of Agricultural Products” for the period from 2009 to 2011;
A description of each site assigned to group 3 in terms of cost factors was also made. Data obtained from digital thematic maps.
The construction of digital thematic maps was carried out according to the following methodology: creation of vector thematic layers and layout, scaling and labeling of the map, setting up the legend.
The following software was used to create maps:
Raster graphics programs (AdobePhotoshop) for raster image processing;
Vector graphics programs (CorelDraw) for graphically constructing a vector image;
Specialized GIS applications for creating digital maps (MapInfo, etc.).
In accordance with the above software, the following were created:
Map-scheme of the assessment zoning of the municipal district of the Republic of Buryatia by soil types;
Map-scheme of the assessment zoning of the Municipal District of the Republic of Buryatia for group 3
The cadastral value of agricultural land classified as group 1 is determined in the following sequence:
Combining soil subtypes into types;
Determination of soil types within the boundaries of each cadastral quarter and the areas occupied by each type;
Determination of reference crop rotations for each soil type;
Determination of the standard yield of agricultural crops included in the reference crop rotations for each soil type;
Determination of the forecast sales price for each crop as part of the reference crop rotation;
Calculation of the projected specific gross income of all agricultural crops as part of each reference crop rotation;
Determination of the predicted unit material costs for cultivating and harvesting crops for each reference crop rotation;
Determining the amount of profit of an entrepreneur;
Calculation of SIZR for all agricultural crops as part of each reference crop rotation;
Determination of the maximum values of SLR for each agricultural crop as part of reference crop rotations;
Determination of capitalization ratio;
Calculation of the CVS of each agricultural crop included in the reference crop rotations;
Calculation in the context of cadastral quarters of the UPKS of agricultural lands classified as group 1;
Determination of the cadastral value of land plots located on the territory of the Moscow Region and classified as group 1.
When determining reference crop rotations, the key factors influencing the composition of crops that can be grown on a particular soil are the characteristics of the local climate.
The list of types of agricultural crops that can be grown on the territory of the Moscow Region and the composition of crop rotations by soil type are determined in accordance with the natural and climatic conditions characteristic of each region.
The standard yield was determined using formula 1:
Where U- the value of the possible yield, t/ha;
W- reserve of productive moisture in the soil in spring, mm;
R- the amount of precipitation during the growing season 2, mm;
0.7 - precipitation utilization factor;
TO V - water consumption coefficient (the amount of water (m 3) evaporated by plants and soil to form 1 ton of wet weight of a commercial crop), m 3 /t;
S- the sum of the components of commercial (main) and non-commercial (by-product) products;
IN With- standard humidity, %.
The reserve of productive moisture in the soil is determined by the formula:
W = 0,1 -d-h-(B-B 3), (3.2)
Where W- reserve of productive moisture, mm;
0,1 - conversion coefficient of the water layer;
d- volumetric mass of soil, g/cm 3 ;
h- thickness of the soil layer, cm;
IN- soil moisture, %;
IN 3 - wilting moisture content, %.
The results of the cadastral assessment of agricultural land in 2012 are characterized by the following indicators:
In all regions, there is an increase in the specific indicators of the cadastral value of agricultural land, while:
The minimum specific indicator of cadastral value was 91 kopecks per square meter in the Muisky district, the maximum - 6.2 rubles per square meter in the Bichursky district;
The average specific cadastral value for the republic as a whole was 3.07 rubles/sq.m.;
On average in the republic, the cadastral value of agricultural land increased by 4.81 times.
Taking into account the increase in cadastral value, the average land tax for a Group I land plot with an area of 10 hectares will be on average:
1176 rubles per year (Dzhidinsky district);
1062 rubles per year (Bichursky district);
414 rubles per year (Ivolginsky district)
1170 rubles per year (Mukhorshibirsky district);
273 rubles per year (Muysky district).
For agricultural lands occupied by buildings, structures, structures, the maximum specific cadastral value is 10.71 rubles/sq.m. in the Dzhidinsky district and 8.85 rubles/sq.m. in Bichursky district.
The increase in cadastral value is due to a change in the assessment methodology: if previously the actual yield was taken into account, now the calculation of the specific indicator of the cadastral value (hereinafter referred to as UPKS) is carried out based on the standard productivity of land.
In addition, for the 3rd group of types of use, the UPKS is determined by dividing the market value of the reference land plot by its area, and for the 4th group of types of uses, the UPKS is taken equal to the market value of these lands, determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on valuation activities (Table 3.2)
Table 3.2 - Results of calculations of the UPCS of lands classified as group 3
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Municipality |
UPKS of lands classified as group 3 |
|
|
Barguzinsky | ||
|
Bauntovsky | ||
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Bichursky | ||
|
Dzhidinsky | ||
|
Eravninsky | ||
|
Zaigraevsky | ||
|
Zakamensky | ||
|
Ivolginsky | ||
|
Kabansky | ||
|
Kizhinginsky | ||
|
Kurumkansky | ||
|
Kyakhtinsky | ||
|
Mukhorshibirsky | ||
|
Okinsky | ||
|
Pribaikalsky | ||
|
Severobaikalsky | ||
|
Seleginsky | ||
|
Tarbagataisky | ||
|
Tunkinsky | ||
|
Khorinsky |
Since the land tax is calculated on the basis of the cadastral value of land plots and depends, first of all, on the area and the adopted tax rate in the slides, we provided some calculations of land tax for large land plots based on the approved cadastral value in the Ivolginsky and Tarbagataysky districts, with a maximum tax rate of 0 .3%
In order to increase the efficiency of land management in the Republic of Buryatia, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the development of the real estate market and the development of the infrastructure of the state real estate cadastre to create a complete and reliable source of information used for taxation purposes, including measures for:
improving the system of tax and non-tax payments for the use of land, including on the principle of taking into account the need to support socially significant activities, as well as protecting the interests of people from among the poor and socially vulnerable categories of citizens;
improving the legal and methodological framework for regulating land relations, aimed at streamlining and simplifying the procedures for providing land plots to citizens and legal entities, and coordinating the activities of government bodies, local governments involved in the provision of land plots to citizens and legal entities
formation by local government bodies of municipal districts in the Republic of Buryatia of funds for the redistribution of agricultural land and their further disposal.
Currently, improving the information support for valuation activities, including cadastral valuation of land plots, is the main factor in improving the quality of valuation work. Without fundamental decisions in the information support of cadastral valuation, its further organizational and methodological transformations are a waste of money and time.
At the same time, it is extremely important to expand the information content of the real estate cadastre, which is a direct function of the state. The description of the registered land plot must indicate all its details necessary for calculating the cadastral value according to the approved methodology and SPO. For example, for land plots under industrial facilities outside populated areas, the belonging of the land plot to the assessment group, the parameters of the adjacency of the land plot, etc., must be directly recorded in the cadastral registration materials based on the entire set of data for this plot. Currently, methodological support for cadastral valuation of land plots of all types and categories is available. Known indicators of cadastral valuation of land plots must be presented in cadastral records.
The expert component is almost completely excluded from the cadastral assessment. Based on the existing experience of valuation work, we can make an unambiguous conclusion that market information does not allow us to build acceptable statistical models without involving expert assessments of specialists.
The cadastral value of land plots in the central part of large Russian settlements was underestimated by 2-5 times. This economic basis of corruption has already brought both moral and economic damage. On the contrary, the overestimation of cadastral values on the periphery of large settlements has created serious problems for the development of industry in these territories.
A cadastral valuation must necessarily include an examination by two or three appraisal organizations of a constituent entity of the federation. This provision must be introduced into the Administrative Regulations
A subject of the federation should have the right, at its own expense, to update the cadastral valuation in a time frame and in volumes corresponding to its needs, that is, annually, and not once every three to five years.
Work on the state cadastral assessment of water fund lands was carried out on the territory of the country in 2004-2006 in accordance with the Methodological recommendations for the state cadastral assessment of water fund lands, approved by order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated May 14, 2005 No. 99. Depending on the methodological approaches used to determine the cadastral the value of land plots as part of the water fund lands are combined into six groups.
The first group includes land plots occupied by separate water bodies that are in circulation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The second group includes land plots occupied by isolated water bodies, withdrawn from circulation or limited in circulation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as land plots occupied by structures designed to protect against floods and destruction of the banks of reservoirs, the banks and bottom of river beds ; structures (dams) enclosing liquid waste storage facilities of industrial and agricultural organizations; devices against erosion on canals, as well as other structures designed to prevent the harmful effects of water and liquid waste in the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for establishing right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and facilities . The third group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and facilities occupied by: water supply facilities; objects of fishing and hunting; hydraulic structures; water intake, port and other water management structures and facilities. The fourth group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and objects occupied by trees, shrubs or other vegetation. The fifth group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and facilities, provided to horticultural, gardening and dacha associations. The sixth group includes land plots within the lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and facilities occupied by recreational facilities.
At the same time, in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in 26 other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, assessment of these lands was not carried out due to the lack of an assessment object.
In 2010, work on the state cadastral assessment of water fund lands was carried out in the Sverdlovsk region.
In 2011, work on the state cadastral assessment of water fund lands was carried out in the Perm Territory, the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the Orenburg region, work was carried out in 2011, and the results were approved in 2012.
The results of assessment work approved by regional executive authorities by group are presented in Appendix 21.
Determination of the cadastral value of newly formed land plots that have undergone state cadastral registration, as well as land plots in respect of which the state cadastral registration has been carried out; current changes associated with changes in the category of land, type of permitted use or clarification of the area of land plots
In accordance with the Law on Valuation, if in the period between the date of the last state cadastral valuation and the date of the next state cadastral valuation, state cadastral registration of previously unrecorded real estate objects was carried out and (or) the relevant information was entered into the state real estate cadastre when there was a change in quality and (or) quantitative characteristics of real estate objects, entailing a change in their cadastral value, the body performing the functions of state cadastral valuation determines the cadastral value of such real estate objects. The specified powers of the body performing the functions of state cadastral valuation to determine the cadastral value of newly registered real estate objects and real estate objects in respect of which there has been a change in their quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics, on the basis of a decision of this body, are entitled to be exercised by state budgetary institutions subordinate to it.
The procedure for determining the cadastral value in cases of formation of a new land plot; changes in the area of a land plot when streamlining its borders; changes in the type of permitted use of the land plot; transfer of a land plot from one category to another or assignment of a land plot to a certain category of land; identifying previously registered land plots not included in the inventory list is established in the Methodological Guidelines for determining the cadastral value of newly formed land plots and existing land plots in cases of changing the category of land, the type of permitted use or clarifying the area of a land plot (approved by order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated 12.08 .2006 No. 222) (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines).
Information on the number of newly formed land plots, as well as existing land plots in cases of changes in the characteristics by which the cadastral value was determined in 2011, broken down by constituent entities of the Russian Federation, is presented in Appendix 21. In 2011, a total of 5,828,779 of these were identified throughout the Russian Federation land plots. In the context of federal districts of the Russian Federation, information is presented in Figure 3-21.
The largest number (2,428,248 or 41.6% of the total in the Russian Federation) of newly formed land plots, as well as existing land plots in cases of changes in the characteristics by which the cadastral value was determined in 2011, was observed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the Central Federal District For example, in the Moscow region, 1,894,000 land plots were identified during the reporting period.
A significant number of these land plots were also identified in the Ural (1,269,978 or 21.8% of the total in the Russian Federation), Privolzhsky (802,613 or 13.8% of the total in the Russian Federation) and Siberian (765,713 or 13. 1% of the total in the Russian Federation) federal districts.
The overwhelming number of newly formed land plots, as well as existing land plots, for which in 2011 the state cadastral registration of current changes took place in connection with a change in the category of land, type of permitted use or clarification of the area of land plots, was observed in the categories of lands of settlements and agricultural purposes. This circumstance is explained by the high activity of the land market in populated areas.
Rice. 3-21. Information on the number of newly formed land plots, as well as existing land plots in the event of a change in the characteristics by which the cadastral value was determined in 2011
Structure and placement of water bodies in the regions Water bodies and their waters, that is, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, canals, swamp waters, groundwater, inland seas and territorial waters of the seas constitute the water fund of Ukraine. It covers part of the water found in the natural environment within Ukraine. Water, which is a component of plant and animal organisms, rocks, atmospheric air, as well as water extracted from the natural environment and located in water supply systems, vessels, reservoirs, is not included in the water fund.
The main water bodies include:
Large, medium and small rivers with a total length of more than 373 thousand km;
Reservoirs with a water surface area of about 10 thousand km2;
Groundwater of drinking quality with predicted reserves of about 21 billion m,
Large main canals with a total length of about 1.2 thousand km and large water pipelines, through which more than 22 billion m3 of water are supplied annually to low-water areas;
Wells that annually supply almost 5 billion m3 of groundwater;
Large water intakes with water pipelines for water supply to regional cities and industrial centers;
Large interregional irrigation systems providing irrigation to dry lands, water supply to the population, industry and agriculture;
Large interregional drainage systems that provide the necessary water-air regime for waterlogged lands and are widely used for fish farming;
Protective dams with hydraulic structures, drainage systems, and pumping stations protect an area of 1 million hectares.
The river network of Ukraine is the river systems of the Dnieper, Vistula,
Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Seversky Donets and rivers of the Black Sea and Azov coasts.
It should be noted that the greatest load and the largest specific amount of water consumption fall on small rivers. their water content decreases due to direct water intake from the riverbed and aquifers that are hydraulically connected to the riverbed. Very often the volume of losses reaches 30-50%. Most of the volume of natural reservoirs (lakes, estuaries) is represented by salty and brackish waters, which excludes the possibility of taking significant volumes of water from them, although in some areas they can be a source of water supply on a limited scale.
Artificially created reservoirs contain a volume of water that exceeds the average annual flow of the Dnieper and the country’s water resources in general (52.4 km3), which are formed on its territory in years of average water availability. Artificial reservoirs are distributed unevenly across the territory of Ukraine. There are relatively many lakes and reservoirs in the basins of the Southern Bug, Seversky Donets, forest-steppe and steppe tributaries of the Dnieper. The distribution of ponds across regions is also uneven. there are more of them in Vinnytsia (3216), Kyiv (2J389), Cherkasy (2312), Kirovograd (2185) regions.
Qualitative and quantitative depletion of water resources
The quantitative depletion of water resources is evidenced by the studies of A.V. Yatsik (2003) who established that losses of runoff due to additional evaporation from the water surface of ponds and reservoirs (except for the Dnieper and Dniester reservoirs) reduce water resources: in Polesie - by 1-2% in years with average water content and by 5-7% - in very dry years; in the Forest-Steppe zone - by 2-5 and 7-15%, respectively; in the Steppe zone - 5-7 and 20-40%.
Theoretically, water resources are inexhaustible because “they are replenished through the cycle. Until recently, it was believed that there was so much water on Earth that, with the exception of some arid areas, people should not worry about running out of it. However, water consumption is growing at such a pace that humanity is increasingly faced with the problem of clean water.
Excessive regulation of the water regime along with the mentioned factors, urbanization, deforestation, etc. leads to disruption of the water cycle. Along with the destruction of the flow regime through the intensive use of groundwater, their level in some places has decreased significantly (up to 100 m), that is, the water regime in the underground sphere has also changed. Finally, climate change due to the greenhouse effect may also cause the expansion of arid zones in various regions of the world. However, neither the probability nor the scale of these processes can be reliably assessed today.
Quantitative depletion of water resources is only one side of the problem. The other side is their qualitative “depletion,” that is, water pollution. Nowadays, more water is polluted than is used. One cubic meter of contaminated water taken and then returned to the source spoils clean water five to ten, and sometimes more times. In addition, polluted waters increasingly contain substances that do not exist in nature and which nature cannot neutralize. These pollutants, for example DDT and its derivatives, spread from their places of origin and cause significant damage to all living things, possibly at the genetic level. Nature needs time for self-purification and self-healing, and the intensification of human activity does not give this time to water resources.
At the same time, it should be understood that the state of water bodies and water resources is closely related to the state of watersheds, the state of soils, forests, atmospheric air, and the state of the environment. Therefore, the state of aquatic ecosystems can only be assessed in conjunction with an assessment of the state of the entire catchment area, region, region, or country.
The water bodies of Ukraine are very polluted. These pollutants affect the hydrochemical and hydrological regimes of water bodies, as well as living systems - hydrobionts. Pollution is an unfavorable change in the environment, wholly or partly the result of human activity, directly or indirectly changing the distribution of energy, incoming radiation levels, the physico-chemical properties of the environment and the conditions of existence of living beings. These changes can affect humans directly or through agricultural inputs, water or other biological products (substances). They can also influence a person, worsening the physical properties of objects that are in her possession, conditions for outdoor recreation, and distort her herself. It follows that river pollution is only one of many, many facets of the problem of biosphere pollution, which is an inevitable consequence of the extensive use of natural resources.
Pollution of water bodies, including all rivers, is divided into biological and anthropogenic. Biological pollution of rivers occurs through the natural processes of growth of biomass of hydrobionts, mainly hydrophytes, followed by their death and decay, as well as organic substances formed in forests, fields and meadows. Therefore, a distinction is made between organic substances of autochthonous (from the Greek word, which means - local, indigenous) origin, formed in the reservoir itself, and allochthonous (also from the Greek word, meaning - not local, not indigenous), brought from outside. Anthropogenic pollution of water bodies is "related" with human economic activities: industry, public utilities and agriculture.
Industry pollutes water, air, and soil with its waste and emissions, while public utilities and agricultural production “feed” rivers and lakes with heavy metals, petroleum products, various chemicals and pathogens of infectious diseases.
Since everything in nature is interconnected, the quality of water resources determines the quality of other natural resources and, in particular, land resources (migration of chemical compounds with ground and surface waters, water regime of soil cover, etc.). In turn, the increased anthropogenic load on natural resources is primarily manifested in the quality of water (limited supplies of fresh water on the planet, the deterioration of its quality in the near future may threaten the existence of humanity). Therefore, there is no alternative to careful treatment of water bodies.
