Economic encyclopedias. Dictionary - Encyclopedia of Economics Encyclopedia of Economics author
Economist
ECONOMIST a, m. economiste m. 1 .history Fr. writers of the 18th century who took up the theory of economics. Since 1767, the "encyclopedists" have been replaced by economists, theorists of a new, more equitable distribution of social values. Milyukov Nationalism. // M. 3-3 376.
2. Scientist, specialist in the field of economic sciences. BAS-1. From peaceful and objective thinkers, bourgeois economists have become militant protectors and guardians of capital. Plekhanov Socialism and Polit. struggle. Work as an economist in a trust. E. planner. E. statistician. Ush. 1940.
3.
ECONOMIST
(Eng. "Economist") is a British weekly for business people, the main content of which is the latest management, business, experience of business schools, development economic ties. Since 1995, the Russian-language version of the journal has been published.
economist, m. 1. Scientist, specialist in economic sciences. || Office worker, economics specialist. Work as an economist in a trust. Economic planner. Economist-statistician. 2. Supporter of economism (political history). The "Economists" argued that the workers should only wage an economic struggle, but as for the political struggle, let it be waged by the liberal bourgeoisie, which should be supported by the workers. History of the CPSU (b).
scientist engaged in the science of the national economy.
(Source: "The Complete Dictionary of Foreign Words Used in the Russian Language". Popov M., 1907)
economist
planner, housekeeper, accountant, business executive
Job responsibilities. Under the guidance of the leading (senior) economist, or the responsible executor, or the leader of the topic (task), he performs scientific and auxiliary work when conducting research or development in accordance with the methodological and work programs. Carries out the collection, accumulation of scientific and technical information and other necessary materials for the implementation of planned work or individual tasks. Systematizes and summarizes statistical materials and other data on the topic (task) as a whole, its individual sections or stages. Studying special literature on the subject of ongoing research or development, compiling bibliography, annotations, abstracts and reviews. Participates in the preparation of draft long-term and annual research or development plans, measures to improve their economic efficiency, scientific and technical reports, and other technical documentation. Performs calculations necessary to determine the material and labor costs of...
economist Major Economist
Economist Supplement to the journal "Index economic, political and industrial" (see).
1. m. Specialist in the field of economics (3). 2. m. An adherent of economism.
1. The profession of Adam Smith.
2. This is a person who knows more about money than those who have it.
(Eng. "Economist") is a British weekly for business people, the main content of which is the latest management, business, the experience of business schools, the development of economic ties. Since 1995, the Russian-language version of the journal has been published.
Works in planning, financial and statistical bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations. Solves tasks related to planning, organization and analysis economic activity enterprises and institutions, organization of labor of workers in production. Checks the execution of reports for certain types accounting, technical and economic work on planning, logistics, marketing, material and labor costs.
Economist carries out operational accounting of work performance and control of settlements with customers, draws up periodic reporting documents. Analyzes valid forms primary documents and reporting, develops proposals for their improvement.
In computer centers, he participates in the preparation of projects for the mechanization of counting processing of tasks of various types, in the development of standards for material and labor costs, in determining the cost of work and prices for services. Formulates an economic statement of tasks, researches...
Language serves as a means of expressing thought. In turn, the terminology of economic science is an essential element, without which science simply cannot function as a special form of human activity. Modern processes of globalization, computerization and mass use of the Internet in business processes oblige us to speak and think in economic Russian and foreign languages. From the first steps, a university student is immersed in an atmosphere of a special, professional language characteristic only for his specialty. Throughout the years of study and then further activities, the specialist, drawing on new information, enriches his professional language with new words and expressions. The narrow specialization of the language of economists within the multidisciplinary economic profession has reached such a high degree that an economist engaged, for example, in computer economic and mathematical forecasting, is unlikely to understand all the subtleties of the language of a manager in the field of personnel management or public relations and vice versa. The professional language of a business financier says almost nothing to a statistician, and so on. Along with the isolation of narrow professional "languages", there is a certain interaction between them, for example, the economic language of specialists in automated information technology in economics with the languages of different engineering and economic disciplines. All this greatly complicates the professional language of economists, sometimes creating situations that are difficult for mutual understanding, especially in related sciences and scientific areas. The main difference between a professional language and an ordinary, everyday one is a huge number of special words and expressions, rich and widely branched terminology, i.e. a set of names, words and phrases used for precise and unambiguous designation of scientific concepts. A scientific concept is the result of a scientific theoretical generalization, an expression of a certain scientific theory, scientific system knowledge. For novice economists, it is especially important to study economics from the first days in the language of stable and generally accepted terms in the scientific community * . Terminology is in constant motion: something dies, the life cycle of terms and concepts expires. Some are falling into disuse, being eliminated along with concepts that are outdated or turned out to be unscientific, for example, like "chrematistics", "political economy", etc. Other, old and well-known terms, such as "economics", on the contrary, are filled with completely new scientific content. Proceeding mainly from the specifics of the terminology of different economic professions, different areas of knowledge, it is possible to single out within the limits of the literary language as independent sectors various professional languages, or, as they are still commonly called, sublanguages of science. Of course, all of them are based on grammatical means and vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. But at the same time, they operate with a huge number of such special words and expressions, originally Russian and borrowed from other languages, which are not included in the multi-volume dictionaries of the Russian literary language and in the Dictionary of Foreign Words. Economic dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias are repositories or thesauri of a professional language. Special professional vocabulary is recorded in various specialty dictionaries. These are, for example, "Economic Encyclopedia", "Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Economist", terminological dictionaries and reference books on many economic disciplines. In economic encyclopedias, both alphabetical and systematic arrangement of material is used, and in dictionaries, with rare exceptions, only alphabetical arrangement is used. Economic encyclopedias and dictionaries are scientific reference publications containing a systematic collection of information on economic sciences and individual sectors of the economy.
There are the following types of economic encyclopedias and dictionaries:
- · encyclopedias of general economic content;
- special - for certain branches of economic science;
- explanatory terminological dictionaries;
- interlingual dictionaries of equivalents economic terms.
As an example of a general economic, suitable for economists of all professions and specialties, you can use the reference book "Economic Encyclopedia". In this encyclopedia, an attempt is made, based on modern theoretical, methodological and factual materials, to answer the topical questions posed by life, to orient the reader in economic terms, categories, terms, phenomena, models, etc. The encyclopedia includes articles explaining the content of economic and legal concepts. The achievements of world economic science, as well as various aspects Russian system business law. Articles about Russian economists, entrepreneurs, and financiers who made a significant contribution to the development of pre-revolutionary Russia deserve special attention. The encyclopedia contains terms from the field of management. A highly qualified economist is always distinguished by the culture of professional speech. Not only competent knowledge of the literary language, but also a wide and deep knowledge of terminology. The eminent French scientist and philosopher René Descartes once said: "Specify the meaning of words, and you will rid the world of half of its delusions." Therefore, the assimilation and understanding of terminology is required condition acquisition of special professional skills for the future economist.
The terms and concepts included in the dictionary are presented in a form as close as possible to domestic practice, their translation into English, French and German is given in the form in which eni is used in world practice.
ON THE USE OF THE TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
The terms in the dictionary are arranged in the order of the Russian alphabet. The term is followed by its English (e), French Y) and German (d) equivalents in parentheses. Terms in German have a gender and plural indication, if necessary.
The dictionary has a system of direct and back references, which allow you to more fully reveal the essence of the concepts under consideration. These references are given in square brackets (), with an alphanumeric designation, in the text or after a dictionary entry, for example [Н] (see also [Н]), etc.
All terms are numbered within each letter of the Russian alphabet, their alphanumeric designation in the index placed at the end of the dictionary allows you to quickly find a given dictionary entry (definition) in the text.
LITTERS ACCEPTED IN THE DICTIONARY
A normative dictionary of descriptors and keywords with fixed and paradigmatic relationships, designed for coordinate indexing of documents and information queries.
Big encyclopedic dictionary. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional -M Large Russian Encyclopedia, 1998.
Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987.
Chemical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983.
Polytechnic Dictionary. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1980.
Mathematical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1988.
Potapova R.K. Business and commerce (English-German-Russian dictionary of economic terms). - M. Publishing house "Triad, Ltd", 1997.
The concept of intensification of commercial efforts is used especially aggressively in relation to goods of passive demand, i.e. goods that the buyer does not usually think about purchasing, such as insurance, encyclopedic dictionaries, grave plots. In these branches of activity, various methods have been developed and perfected to identify potential buyers and hard sell goods to them.
After conducting a self-assessment, study job descriptions to see which ones best suit your interests, desires, or abilities. Job descriptions and typical job descriptions can be found in the Jobs Directory and the Job Title Dictionary published by the US Department of Labor. These books provide descriptions of the duties of workers in various fields of activity, information about the necessary training and education for these occupations, about the availability of jobs in each field of activity and about opportunities for promotion and earnings.
There are two types of Japanese language dictionaries: hieroglyphic, which systematizes hieroglyphs by determinant keys, and phonetic, which systematizes vocabulary by pronunciation. (Approx. transl.).
Golubkov E.P. Marketing. Dictionary. - M. Economics - Business Ltd, 1994.
This problem-oriented terminological dictionary contains about 2000 words and phrases, terms, concepts and definitions for them on the problems of organizing the oil space, metrology, market economy, investment and exchange activities, commercialization of production, innovation, patent and licensing activities, logistics and marketing.
It was the establishment of market relations in the country's economy, the commercialization of enterprises' activities that revealed a serious lack of mutual understanding among specialists from various groups, caused by the lack of a single, established and well-established terminology. To eliminate this gap is the main task of this dictionary.
The problem-oriented terminological dictionary contains about 2000 terms and concepts on the problems of organizing the oil space, market economy, investment and exchange activities, foreign trade, marketing, and logistics. The activities of oil product supply enterprises, transportation of oil and oil products require increased attention to the issues of commercial accounting and control of the quantity and quality of marketable products. This fact determined the need to introduce into the terminological dictionary a significant number of concepts and definitions from the field of metrology, technical measurements and quality control, as well as from the field of standardization. In addition, the terminological dictionary includes a significant number of concepts and terms used in the field of industrial and intellectual property protection, innovation and patent and licensing activities. The need to include these concepts in this dictionary is explained by the specifics of the work of the university, the "products" that it produces and which, as a rule, refer to intellectual property.
Dictionary of foreign words. -19th ed., stereo.- M. Russian language, 1990.
Ingendorf P., Knutov V.P. Russian-German and German-Russian dictionary of oil and gas. - 1st ed. - M. Russian language, 1981.
Brief Russian-English Dictionary-Reference Manager of about 3000 words and phrases / Comp. V.I.Dedovskikh, Yu.N.Vasiliev. - Kiev Hyperion, 1991.
And how quickly our everyday vocabulary is changing Just a few years ago, many of the concepts that we now freely operate with did not have a very clear meaning for us, but unambiguous labels were not ours. The situation is changing before our eyes. Let's take economics. To the formal and timid, half-hearted self-financing are added and make their way in the public consciousness and in reality its essential components - self-sufficiency, self-financing, economic independence. Return to our dictionary and terms that dragged out a semi-legal existence for a long time (it seems that they were, but it seems that they are not), - market, commodity, commodity-money relations, the law of value ... Citizenship rights regained interest, without which, according to K. Marx, any idea put itself to shame 1.
SEMANTICS is the study of the way words are used and the meanings conveyed by words 4. Because words (symbols) can have different meanings for different people, what one intends to communicate will not necessarily be interpreted and understood in the same way by the recipient of the information. The complete dictionary of the English language gives about 14 thousand possible definitions for the 500 most common words, 79 meanings of this a simple word, like round (circle, round). The word tip (end) can be, for example, interpreted by a waitress as a tip, and by a gambler at the races as private information. For a printer, a tip is a special device, a tip. There is also a more common meaning - the tip of something, for example, an iceberg.
The position of Japanese companies in the current competition is even stronger than ever before. The country has a highly developed computer industry, and this essentially guarantees a constant mass demand for very large integrated circuits, not only for large multifunctional computers, but also for such increasingly popular products as personal computers and speech processors. The transition to serial production of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits makes it possible to modernize many consumer goods for a wide variety of purposes, for example, electronic translators, dictionaries of hieroglyphs1, musical instruments, and watches. We are talking about items of high demand, produced on a massive scale and at low prices, the Japanese are famous for the manufacture of this particular product. The possibilities for using VLSIs are exceptionally great, and the effect of their implementation will almost certainly be many times greater than the incentives that once came from the spread of transistor radios and desktop calculators.
Economic and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematic collection of information on economic sciences and individual industries. There are the following economic encyclopedias and dictionaries: encyclopedias of general economic content, special ones for certain branches of economic science, explanatory terminological dictionaries and interlingual dictionaries of economic terms. Structurally, Economic Encyclopedias use both alphabetical and systematic arrangement of material, while dictionaries, with rare exceptions, use only alphabetical arrangement.
The first editions approaching economic dictionaries appeared in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. in UK, Germany, France and other Europe. At first, these were in-book dictionaries in . So, in the UK, E. Hutton included the "merchant" in his "merchant" (Hatton E., The merchant's magazine: or Trades-man's treasury, L., 1695; 9 ed., L., 1734). From the 18th century Economic encyclopedias and dictionaries were created as independent publications. The grandiose in scale (242 tons) “Economic” (“Oeconomische Encyklopä die, oder Allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Hausund Landwirtschaft, in alphabetischer Ordnung”, B., 1773-1858), deserves special mention, the founder and the editor of 72 volumes of which was the German economist I. G. Kryunitz. The author of works by J. R. McCulloch created a "Practical, theoretical and historical dictionary and commercial navigation" (McCulloch J. R., A dictionary, practical, theoretical and historical of commerce and commercial navigation, L., 1832), which by 1890 withstood in the UK and 30 editions.
In Russia in the 18th century M. V. Lomonosov attempted to compile a merchandising lexicon (“A Brief Arrangement of the Compiled Economic Lexicon of Russian Products ...”, St. Petersburg, 1865; “Russian Products ...”, St. Petersburg, 1869). A number of economic encyclopedias and dictionaries were created in the field of commerce, finance, . Among them are the Commercial Reference (St. Petersburg, 1856) by I. S. Vavilov, the Commercial Dictionary (St. Petersburg, 1898) by A. I. Ipatov, and the Commercial and Industrial Dictionary (St. Petersburg, 1900) by I. P. Babenko.
Since 1972, the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general economic content, Economic. Political Economy” (editor-in-chief A. M. Rumyantsev, vol. 1-2, M., 1972-75, edition continues). The encyclopedia covers a wide range of theoretical problems of the Marxist-Leninist political economy, topical issues of planning, management of the national economy, economic analysis, finance, dana bourgeois economic theories. For the first time in this edition an attempt is made to show the development of economic thought different countries and peoples. The encyclopedia highlights the problems that are at the intersection of economic, sociological and legal sciences. Among other encyclopedic publications and dictionaries, the most important are: 3-volume Economic Encyclopedia. Industry and "(chief editor. A. N. Efimov, M., 1962-65) - a reference publication designed mainly for workers in these industries," economic life USSR. Chronicle of events and facts. 1917-1965 "(vol. 1-2, 2nd ed., M., 1967), "Political Economics" (M., 1964; 2nd ed., M., 1972), "Financial and Credit Dictionary" (vol. 1 -2, M., 1961-64), "Statistical Dictionary" (M., 1965) - the first scientific reference publication in the USSR in all branches of statistical science and. The "Encyclopedia of the People's State of the Ukrainian RSR" was also published, vols. 1-4, ch. ed. S. M. Yampolsky, Kiev, 1969-72: "Economic", ed. P. Bagria and S. Doroguntsova, Kiev, 1973; Vorobieva S. A., Molodid T. K., Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary of Socio-Economics, 2nd ed., K., 1976; Nasyrova M., Brief Russian-Kazakh socio-economic terms (A.-A., 1968); "Russian-Moldovan economic dictionary"(Kish., 1973); "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms" (, 1966), etc.
From foreign economic encyclopedias and dictionaries, published in the 18th century, the most famous are: Shomel N., An economic dictionary containing various ways increase and preserve your good, vol. 1-2 (Chomel N., Dictionnaire oeconomique, contenant divers moyens d'augmenter et conserver son bien. t. 1-2, Lyon, 1709; 4 é d., Commercy, 1741); "General Economic Lexicon", vol. 1-2 ("Allgemeines oeconomisches Lexicon", Lpz., 1731; Bd 1-2, 4 Aufl, Lpz., 1764); Rollt R., New Dictionary (Rolt R., A new dictionary of trade and commerce, L., 1756); "Citizen, or Historical, Theoretical and Practical Trade", v. 1-2 ("Dizionario del cittadino, o sia, Ristretto storico, teorico e pratico del commercio", v. 1-2, Nizza, 1763).
The most important economic encyclopedias and dictionaries published in the 19th century: Leuchs I. M., Detailed trade lexicon ..., vol. 1-2 (Leuchs J. M., Ausfü hrliches Handels-Lexicon, Bd 1-2, Nü rnberg , 1824-26); Schiebe A., Universal-Lexikon der Handelswissenschaften, Bd 1-3, Lpz., 1837-39; Renandière B., the most important terms, banking and (Renandié re V., Dictionnaire des principaux termes du commerce, de la banque et de l' "industrie, Brux., 1840); Dictionary of Political Economy, ed. Sh. Coquelin and Guillaumin, vol. 1-2 ("Dictionnaire de l'é conomie politique", publ. sons la dir. Ch. Coquelin et Guillaumin, t. 1-2, Brux., 1853-54; also, t. 1 -2, P., 1873); G. Boccardo, Dictionary of political economy and trade, both theoretical and practical ..., vol. 1-4 (Boccardo G., Dizionario della economia politica et del commercio cosi teoretico come pratico ..., v. 1-4, Torino, 1857-61; 2 ed., v. 1-2, Mil., 1885-87); National economy(Rentzsch H., Handwörterbuch der Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lpz., 1865-66; 2 Ausg., Lpz., 1869-70); Scarpa V., Dictionary of the Italian commercial language (Scarpa V. G., Vocabolario della lingua italiana mercantile, Torino, 1874); Spamer O., Illustrated trade lexicon, vol. 1-4 (Spamer O., Illustriertes Handels-Lexikon, Bd 1-4, Lpz., 1874-79); Furrer A., Swiss National Economic Lexicon, vol. 1-4 (Furrer A., Volkswirtschaftliches Lexikon der Schweiz, Bd 1-4, Bern, 1885-1892); , Chailley J., Nouveau dictionnaire d'é conomie politique, t. 1-2, P., 1891-97; 2 é d. , t. 1-2, P., 1900); Palgrave R., Dictionary of Political Economy, eds. G. Higgs, vol. 1-3 , L., 1923-26; v. 1-3, N. Y., 1963); Dictionary of the National Economy, ed. L. Elster, vol. 1-2 (“Wö rterbuch der Volkswirtschaft”, hrsg. von L. Elster, Bd 1-2, Jena, 1898; 4 Aufl., Bd 1-3, Jena, 1931-33).
The most important Economic encyclopedias and dictionaries of the 20th century: Bulgaria: "Economic Encyclopedia", rev. ed. I. Stefanov, vol. 1-2 (“Economic Encyclopedia”, editor-in-chief I. Stefanov, vol. 1-2, 1971-72); Shopov D., A Brief Economic Dictionary (Shopov D., Kratak economically a riverman for a worker, 2nd ed., Sofia, 1974). Hungary: "Concise Economic Lexicon", ed. O. Gado (“Kö zgazdasá gi kislexikon”, szerk. O. Gadó, Bdpst, 1972). GDR: Rodin R., Special terms on the outside (Rhodin R., Fachausdrücke des Auß enhandels, V., 1958); "Economic Lexicon", vol. 1-2 ("Ö konomisches Lexikon", Bd 1-2, V., 1966-67; 2 Aufl, V., 1970-71); "by", ed. W. Ehlert et al. (“Wö rterbuch der Ö konomie Sozialismus”, hrsg. von W. Ehlert, 2 Aufl., B., 1969; 3 Aufl., B., 1973). Germany (before 1945): Schirmer A., Dictionary of the German commercial language on a historical basis (Schirmer A., Wörterbuch der deutschen Kaufmannssprache auf geschichtlichen Grundlagen, Straßburg, 1911; 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1954); Bülow F., Dictionary of (National) Economy (Bülow F., Wö terbuch der Wirtschaft, Lpz., 1936). India: Dictionary of Economics, ed. Vira Raghu et al. (Dictionary of economics, ed. by Vira Raghu, Nagpur, 1951). Iran: Rust N., Commercial Dictionary (Rast N., Färhang-e bazärgani, 1944). Italy: Papi G. U., Dictionary of Economics (Papi G. U., Dizionario di economia, Torino, 1967). DPRK: "Economic Dictionary", vol. 1-2, Gyeongje sajong, vol. 1-2, 1970). Netherlands: "Industrial and economic encyclopedia", under the general. ed. Stridiron, vol. 1-5 ("Bedrijfseconomische encyclopedie", ed. by J. G. Stridiron, bd 1-5, Utrecht, 1947-1952); "Economics", ch. ed. A. Mey, v. 1-6 (Encyclopedie van de bedrijfseconomie, hoofdred. A. Mey, v. 1-6, Bussum, 1969-71). Poland: "Concise Economic Dictionary" ("Mał u sł ownik ekonomiczny", red. M. Librowski, Warsz., 1958); “Short Economic Encyclopedia” (“Mał a encykiopedia ekonomiczna”, red. nacz. M. Pohorille, Warsz., 1962; wyd. 2, red. nacz. K. Secomski, Warsz., 1974). USA and UK (parallel ed. and reed.): Horton B., Ripley J., Schnapper M. B., Dictionary modern economy (Horton B. J., Ripley J., Schnapper M. W., Dictionary of modern economics, Wash., 1948); Sloan G. S., Zurcher A., Dictionary of economics (Sloan H. S., Zurcher A., A dictionary of economics, N. Y., 1949; 5 ed., N. Y., 1971); Nemmers E. E., Janzen K. K., Dictionary of economics and business (Nemmers E. E., Janzen C. C., Dictionary of economics and business, N. Y., 1959; 3 ed., Totowa, 1974); Hanson J. L., A dictionary of economics and commerce, L., 1965; 4 ed., L., 1974; The McGraw-Hill dictionary of modern economics, N. Y., 1965; 2 ed., N. Y., 1973; Gilpin A., Dictionary of economic terms (Gilpin A., Dictionary of economics terms, L., 1966; 3 ed., L., 1973); Bannock G., Rice R., Dictionary of economics (Bannock G., Baxter R. E., Rees R., The Penguin dictionary of economics, Harmondsworth, 1972); Greener M., The Penguin dictionary of commerce, Harmondsworth, 1974. France:, Raffalovich A., Dictionary of trade ..., vol. 1-2 (Guyot J., Raffalovich A., Dictionnaire de commerce ..., t. 1-2, P., 1899-1901); Peuchet J., General Dictionary of Political Economy, vol. 1-4 (Peuchet J., Dictionnaire universel d'é conomie politique, t. 1-4, P., 1910); Romeuf J., Pascalaggi J., Dictionary of economic sciences, vol. 1-2 Suave T., Economic and social dictionary (Suavet T., Dictionnaire é conomique et sociale, P., 1963; 6 é d., P., 1970); Glossaire des termes relatifs aux pratiques commerciales restrictives, P., 1965; Dictionary of Economic Sciences, ed. A. Cotta (Dictionnaire de science é conomique, sous la dir. A. Cotta, Tours, 1968; 3 é d., 1972); Mathieu G., Dictionary of Economics (Mathieu G., Vocabulaire de l'é conomie, P., 1970); Bouvier-Ajam M., Ibarrola H., Pasquarelli N., Economic and social dictionary (Bouvier-Ajam M., Ibarrola J., Pasquarelli N., Dictionnaire é conomique et social, P., 1975). Germany: Gabler T., Economic Lexicon, ed. R. and G. Sellin (Dr. Gablers Wirtschafts-Lexikon, hrsg. von R. Sellien und H. Sellien, Bd 1-2, Wiesbaden, 1956; 8 Aufl., Bd 1-2, Wiesbaden, 1971); Lexicon of Modern Economics, ed. G. Eckardt (“Lexikon der modernen Wirtschaftspraxis”, hrsg. von H. Eckardt, Münch., 1968). Czechoslovakia: Prusha J., Desktop Dictionary of Labor Economics (Prúš a J. , Pří ruč ní slovní k ekonomiky prá ce, Praha, 1960); Mervart J. et al., Dictionary of the World Economy (Mervart J. [a. e.], Slovní k svě tove ekonomiky, Praha, 1967); A Concise Dictionary of Economic Planning (Struč ny slovní k plá novania ná rodné ho hospodá rstva, Brat., 1969); "Economic Encyclopedia", vol. 1-2 ("Ekonomická encykiopedie", sv. 1-2, Praha, 1972). Sweden: Eldem R., Mabon H., Ugla H., Economic Lexicon (Eldem R., Mabon H., Uggla H., Bonniers ekonomiska lexikon, Stockh., 1971). Yugoslavia: Andolšek D., Ažman F., A Brief Economic Dictionary (Andolš ek D., Až man F., Mali gospodarski slovar, Ljubljana, 1958). Japan: Dictionary of Economic and Trade Terms (Sio Kiyoshi, Kimata Hizo, Shogyo keizai yogo jiten, 1958); Dictionary of Economics (Hisatake Masao, Konzumi Akira, Nagasawa Koreyuki, Kindai keizaigaku yogo jiten, Tokyo, 1967).
Interlingual dictionaries of economic terms are of great practical importance, areas of foreign trade relations, since mistakes in foreign economics often give rise to legal ones. The most significant among these publications are: “A short foreign trade dictionary in eight languages: German, Russian, Polish, Czech, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese” (“Kleines Aussenhandels Wö rterbuch in acht Sprachen: Deutsch, Russisch, Polnisch, Tschechisch, Englisch, Französisch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch", B., 1960); Clifford Vaughan F. and M., according to, with terminology - English-French-German-Russian (Glossary of economics including Soviet terminology in English/American - French - German - Russian. Comp. and arr. by F. and M. Clifford Vaughan, Amst., 1966; in French, P., 1966); Kols Z., Economic Dictionary for Foreign Affairs - German-Russian-English-French-Spanish (Kohls S., Ö konomisches Wö rterbuch, Aussenwirtschaft: deutsch, russisch, englisch, franzö sisch, spanisch, B., 1972); Munniksma F., International business dictionary in nine languages, English, Esperanto, Deutsch, Espaň ol, Franç ais, Italiano, Nederlands, Portugues, Svensk, Deventer, 1974); Izrailevich E. E., Brief Russian-English Commercial Dictionary, M., 1946; Izrailevich E. E., English-Russian general economic and foreign trade dictionary, M., 1955; 3rd ed., M., 1972; Senin V.P., Chinese-Russian and Russian-Chinese dictionary of export-import goods, ed. E. D. Oksyukevich. Moscow, 1963. Schaarschuh F., Russian-German, German-Russian Dictionary of Trade (Schaarschuh F. J., Wörterbuch des Handels, t. 1 - Russisch-Deutsch, t. 2 - Deutsch-Russisch, Lpz., 1967); Albertova E. L., Brief Russian-French and French-Russian Commercial Dictionary, M., 1951; Zozulenko L. M., Brief Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish Foreign Trade Dictionary, M., 1955; Ultsiferov O. G., Shurshalin B. I., Hindi-Russian and Russian-Hindi general economic and foreign trade dictionary, ed. A. I. Medovoi, M., 1974; Aliskevichova A., Brief Czech-Russian and Russian-Czech economic dictionary (Aliskevič ová A., Krá tky č esko-rusky a rusko-č esky economicky slovní k, Praha, 1965); Nelskyle G., Priklonsky P., Swedish-Russian Dictionary of Trade and Technology (Nelskylä G., Priklonsky P., Svensk-rusk teknisk och kommersiell ordbok, Stockh., 1958); Tulukov M. A., Russian-Japanese general economic and foreign trade dictionary, M., 1964.
Lit .: M., Terminological dictionaries, M., 1961, p. 302-17; Malclé s L. N., Les sources du travail bibliographique, t. 2- Bibliographies spé cialisé es (sciences humaines), Gen.-Lille, 1952, p. 628-30; Zischka G. A., Index lexicorum, W., 1959; S. 183-192; Guide to reference material, 3 cd., ed. by A. J. Walford, v. 2, L., 1975, p. 132-37.
